Examine individual changes

'{NEEKERINRAKASTAJA *** SUOMENVIHAAJA *** AIVOKUOLLUT HUORA *** SIIONISTINEEKERINRAKASTAJA *** SUOMENVIHAAJA *** AIVOKUOLLUT HUORA *** SIIONISTINEEKERINRAKASTAJA *** SUOMENVIHAAJA *** AIVOKUOLLUT HUORA *** SIIONISTINEEKERINRAKASTAJA *** SUOMENVIHAAJA *** AIVOKUOLLUT HUORA *** SIIONISTINEEKERINRAKASTAJA *** SUOMENVIHAAJA *** AIVOKUOLLUT HUORA *** SIIONISTINEEKERINRAKASTAJA *** SUOMENVIHAAJA *** AIVOKUOLLUT HUORA *** SIIONISTINEEKERINRAKASTAJA *** SUOMENVIHAAJA *** AIVOKUOLLUT HUORA *** SIIONISTINEEKERINRAKASTAJA *** SUOMENVIHAAJA *** AIVOKUOLLUT HUORA *** SIIONISTINEEKERINRAKASTAJA *** SUOMENVIHAAJA *** AIVOKUOLLUT HUORA *** SIIONISTINEEKERINRAKASTAJA *** SUOMENVIHAAJA *** AIVOKUOLLUT HUORA *** SIIONISTI{Infobox President |honorific-prefix = President<ref>Courtesy title in Finland for former Presidents of the Republic</ref> | name = Mauno Koivisto | order = 9th [[President of Finland]] | nationality = Finnish | image = Mauno Koivisto.png | term_start = January 27, 1982 | term_end = March 1, 1994 | primeminister = [[Kalevi Sorsa]]<br>[[Harri Holkeri]] <br> [[Esko Aho]] | predecessor = [[Urho Kekkonen]] | successor = [[Martti Ahtisaari]] | order2 = [[Prime Minister of Finland]] | term_start2 = May 26, 1979 | term_end2 = January 26, 1982 | president2 = [[Urho Kekkonen]] | predecessor2 = [[Kalevi Sorsa]] | successor2 = [[Kalevi Sorsa]] | deputy2 = [[Eino Uusitalo]] | term_start3 = March 3, 1968 | term_end3 = May 14, 1970 | president3 = [[Urho Kekkonen]] | predecessor3 = [[Rafael Paasio]] | successor3 = [[Teuvo Aura]] | deputy3 = [[Johannes Virolainen]] | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1923|11|25}} | birth_place = [[Turku]], [[Finland]] | death_date = | death_place = | spouse = Taimi Tellervo, [[née]] Kankaanranta | children = Assi Koivisto (born 1957) | religion = [[Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland|Lutheranism]] | signature = Mauno Kovisto Signature.svg | party = [[Social Democratic Party of Finland|Social Democratic Party]] |}} '''Mauno Henrik Koivisto''' (<small>Finnish pronunciation: [[Help:IPA for Estonian and Finnish|[(like written)]]]</small>; born November 25, 1923) is a [[Finland|Finnish]] [[politician]] who served as the [[List of Presidents of Finland|ninth]] [[President of Finland]] from 1982 to 1994. He also served twice as [[Prime Minister of Finland|Prime Minister]], from 1968 to 1970 and 1979 to 1982.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.valtioneuvosto.fi/hakemisto/ministerikortisto/ministeritiedot.asp?nro=167 |title=Ministerikortisto |publisher=Valtioneuvosto}}</ref> He was the first [[Social Democratic Party of Finland|Social Democrat]] to be elected President of Finland. ==Early life== Koivisto was born in [[Turku]], [[Finland]], the second son of Juho Koivisto, a [[carpenter]] at [[Crichton-Vulcan]] [[shipyard]], and Hymni Sofia Eskola, who died when he was 10. After attending primary school, Koivisto worked a number of jobs, and at the beginning of the [[Winter War]] in 1939 joined a field firefighting unit at the age of 16. During the [[Continuation War]], Koivisto served in the Infantry Detachment Törni led by the famous [[Lauri Törni]], which was a [[reconnaissance]] detachment operating behind enemy lines. This detachment was only open to selected volunteers.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bennett|first=Richard M.|title=Elite Forces|date=2003|publisher=Random House|isbn=9780753508237|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=4JsL8v_sg5wC&pg=PT213&dq=Lauri+T%C3%B6rni&hl=en&sa=X&ei=dtJKU8CiDsmh8AGS-4C4BA&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBDgK#v=onepage&q=Lauri%20T%C3%B6rni&f=false}}</ref> During the war he received the [[Order of the Cross of Liberty]] (2nd class) and was promoted to the rank of [[corporal]]. While reflecting on his wartime experiences later in life, he said ''"When you have taken part in a game in which your own life is at stake, all other games are small after that".''<ref name="natbiography">[http://www.kansallisbiografia.fi/english/?id=633 ''Mauno Koivisto'', in The National Biography of Finland, English translation.]</ref> After the war, he earned a living as a carpenter and became active in [[politics]], joining the [[Social Democratic Party of Finland|Social Democratic Party]]. In 1948 he found work at Turku harbor - in December that same year he was appointed manager of the Harbour Labour Office of Turku, a post he held until 1951. In 1949 [[communism|communist-controlled]] [[trade union]]s attempted to topple [[Karl-August Fagerholm]]'s Social Democrat minority government, and the Social Democratic leadership of the Finnish Confederation of Trade Unions (SAK) declared the port of [[Hanko]] an "open site", urging port workers who supported legality to go there. Koivisto went to Hanko to take charge of the harbour-master's office and recruit workers to break the strike, the government having banned strike action. The Communist newspapers branded Koivisto as their number one enemy due to his status as a major figure in the struggle for control of the trade unions. ==Banker and politician== In addition to his political engagements and ongoing career Koivisto continued with his education, passing his intermediate examination in 1947 and his university entrance examination in 1949. In 1951 he became a primary school teacher; the following year he married Taimi Kankaanranta (born 1930). Together they had a daughter, [[Assi Koivisto]], in 1957, who was later voted to the electoral college during the [[Finnish presidential election, 1982|Finnish presidential election in 1982]]. Koivisto graduated from the [[University of Turku]] with a [[Master of Arts]] degree and a [[Licentiate]] in 1953, and had plans to become a [[sociologist]]. Three years later he completed his doctoral thesis, which looked at social relations in the Turku dockyards. Koivisto also served as a Vocational Counselor of the City of Turku, and as a member of Turku City Council. In 1957, he started working for the Helsinki Workers' Savings Bank and served as its General Manager from 1959 to 1968. In 1968 he was appointed Chairman of the board of the [[Bank of Finland]], a position he retained until 1982. During the 1960s, he witnessed a number of internal schisms within the Social Democratic party, and made efforts to improve the party's relationships with the communists and also with President [[Urho Kekkonen]]. The 1966 Social Democrat election victory saw the formation of a new government under [[Rafael Paasio]], with Koivisto, the party's expert on economic policy, appointed [[Minister of Finance (Finland)|Minister of Finance]]. By the beginning of 1968, however, many people in the Social Democratic Party had become disillusioned with Paasio's leadership style, and Koivisto came to emerge as the chief candidate to succeed Paasio as Prime Minister; this happened on March 22, 1968. He served as Prime Minister for two years until the Parliamentary election of 1970, which saw the other parties in his coalition government suffer heavy losses, bringing about his own resignation. In the 1970s, President Kekkonen started to regard Koivisto as a potential rival and instead threw his weight behind Koivisto's Social Democratic colleague, [[Kalevi Sorsa]]. For most of the decade Koivisto concentrated mainly on his work as Chairman of the Bank of Finland until the 1979 elections saw him return as Prime Minister. By this point there was an increasing dissatisfaction with the aging President Kekkonen, whose failing health was becoming difficult to conceal, and also a perceived lack of change. As a Prime Minister and Chairman of the Bank of Finland who enjoyed high ratings in opinion polls, Koivisto began to be seen as a likely future candidate for President. In early 1981 President Kekkonen began to regret Koivisto's appointment as Prime Minister and started to offer support to those who wanted to get rid of him. In spring 1981, members of the Finnish [[Centre Party of Finland|Centre Party]], which was serving as part of the government coalition, launched a behind-the-scenes attempt to bring down the government through a parliamentary vote of no confidence, so that Koivisto would not be able to conduct a Presidential election campaign from the position of Prime Minister. At the critical moment Koivisto managed to gain the support of the Finnish People's Democratic League; by now Kekkonen no longer had the energy to topple the government when Koivisto called his bluff by refusing to tender his resignation. Finnish historians, political scientists and journalists still debate whether President Kekkonen really wanted to dismiss Prime Minister Koivisto or whether Kekkonen simply wanted to speed up Koivisto's slow and ponderous decision-making. Some question whether this government crisis was just a part of the ruthless "presidential game" that top politicians such as Koivisto and Social Democratic Chairman Sorsa were laying with one another. Later that year, as Kekkonen became too ill to carry out his duties, Koivisto became acting President and was able to launch his Presidential election campaign from that position as well. During the campaign, Koivisto was questioned particularly thoroughly on two issues: the nature of his [[Socialism]] and relations with the [[Soviet Union]]. Describing the nature of his socialism, he referred to [[Eduard Bernstein]], a revisionist, pro-capitalism Social Democrat, saying "The important thing is the movement, not the goal." To a journalist's question, intended to be a difficult one, on the issue of relations with Moscow, Koivisto replied that they were nothing to boast about; this answer increased his popularity. Koivisto did not want to be elected with the support of Moscow. The voter turnout in the elections reached almost 90%; Koivisto's wife and daughter were in fact among the members of the [[electoral college]]. Koivisto won 167 of the 301 votes of the electoral college in the first round; his closest competitor, the [[National Coalition Party]] candidate [[Harri Holkeri]], received 58. As a result, Koivisto became the first Social Democrat to be elected Finland's President. ==Presidency== As president, he kept a low profile and used less authoritarian leadership tactics than Kekkonen had, refraining from using some of his presidential powers and initiating a new era of parliamentarianism in Finland. On the other hand, he had a sometimes difficult relationship with [[journalist]]s, whom he famously called "[[lemming]]s". One practical problem that quite a few reporters had with Koivisto's statements was their deeply pondering and philosophical nature. Those statements were not often easy to interpret, unlike Kekkonen's blunt and sometimes harsh statements (see, for example, "The Republic's President 1956-1982"/Tasavallan presidentti 1956-1982, published in Finland in 1993-94; "The Republic's President 1982-1994"/Tasavallan presidentti 1982-1994, published in Finland in 1993-94; Mauno Koivisto, "Two Terms I: Memories and Notes, 1982-1994"/Kaksi kautta I. Muistikuvia ja merkintöjä 1982-1994, Helsinki: Kirjayhtymä Publishing Ltd., 1994). As the leader of [[Foreign relations of Finland|Finland's foreign policies]] he initially continued Kekkonen's line until the collapse of the [[Soviet Union]]. He also continued the established practice of returning Soviet defectors to the Soviet Union, a custom nowadays considered a human rights violation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hs.fi/english/article/1101980957580 |title=President Kekkonen insisted on sending back Soviet defectors |publisher=Helsingin Sanomat, International Edition |accessdate = 2007-11-11}}</ref> In the critical moments in which the Soviet Union was collapsing, and the Baltic countries, particularly Estonia, were declaring themselves independent, Koivisto referred to the policy of neutrality and avoided publicly supporting the independence movement, but its members were allowed to work from inside Finland. Koivisto's Finland recognized the new Estonian government only after the major powers had done so. Koivisto made two bold unilateral diplomatic moves that significantly changed the Finnish political position. In 1990, after the [[reunification of Germany]], Koivisto unilaterally renounced the terms of [[Treaty of Paris (1947)|Paris peace treaty]] which limited the strength and armament of the [[Finnish Defence Forces]]. The rationale was that after Germany had been given its full rights as a sovereign state, Finland could not remain bound by the antiquated treaty. The renunciation caused no official protest from Soviet Union or from Great Britain. The other major move was the renunciation of the [[Finno-Soviet Treaty of 1948]] in 1991, concurrently with the fall of Soviet Union. The treaty, the military article of which had shaped Finnish foreign policy for decades, was substituted with a new treaty without military obligations in the next year. In 1990, partly motivated by nationalism, partly by the fear of the declining work force, Koivisto proposed that any Soviet citizen with either Finnish or [[Ingrian Finns|Ingrian]] ancestry be enabled to immigrate to Finland as a returnee.<ref name="mmm1991">Koivisto, "Two Terms I". In ''"What Where When - Citizen's Yearbook 1991"'' / ''"Mitä Missä Milloin - Kansalaisen vuosikirja 1991"''</ref><ref name="mmm1992">''"What Where When - Citizen's Yearbook 1992"'' / ''"Mitä Missä Milloin - Kansalaisen vuosikirja 1992"''</ref> The proposal resulted in a modification of immigration law to this end even during the year. In the 1988 presidential election, Koivisto was re-elected with 189 out of 301 votes in the electoral college on the second round. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, he supported more radical ideals like joining the [[European Union]]. In 1992, Koivisto initiated the process of Finnish accession to then [[European Union|European Community]]. The final terms of membership agreement were finalised on the day when Koivisto left office. He was followed by [[Martti Ahtisaari|President Martti Ahtisaari]], who was also a supporter of EU membership. Koivisto's popularity sharply declined during Finland's economic depression of the early 1990s, because many unemployed, otherwise impoverished, and even employed citizens believed that he could have and even should have forced the centre-right government of [[Esko Aho]] to stimulate the economy and give many unemployed people temporary public-sector jobs.<ref name="mmm1992-1993-1994">Koivisto, "Two Terms I". In ''"What Where When - Citizen's Yearbook 1992, 1993, 1994"'' / ''"Mitä Missä Milloin""'' - Kansalaisen vuosikirja 1992, 1993, 1994"''</ref> Koivisto's term ended in 1994. He has published his memoirs in four volumes and continued as a commentator on economics and both domestic and international politics. ==Post-Presidency== In 2009, Koivisto declined to apologize to Estonia that his administration did not support the independence of Estonia.<ref>[http://newsroom.finland.fi/stt/showarticle.asp?intNWSAID=21248&group=Politics Finland's Koivisto rejects Nato membership and Estonia apology calls]</ref> He has been writing his memoirs and also plays [[volleyball]] regularly. In March 2010, he was hospitalized for [[cardiac dysrhythmia]] but was released less than a week later. == Bibliography == * ''Sosiaaliset suhteet Turun satamassa'', 1956 * ''Linjan vetoa'', 1968 * ''Väärää politiikkaa'', 1978 ISBN 951-26-1511-8 * ''Tästä lähtien'', 1981 ISBN 951-26-2285-8 * ''Linjaviitat'', 1983 * ''Politiikkaa ja politikointia'', 1978–81; 1988 * ''Maantiede ja historiallinen kokemus: Ulkopoliittisia kannanottoja'', 1992 ISBN 951-1-12614-8 * ''Kaksi kautta'', 1994 ISBN 951-26-3947-5 * ''Historian tekijät'', 1995 ISBN 951-26-4082-1 * ''Liikkeen suunta'', 1997 ISBN 951-26-4272-7 * ''Koulussa ja sodassa'', 1998 ISBN 951-26-4384-7 * ''Venäjän idea'', 2001 ISBN 951-31-2108-9 * ''Itsenäiseksi imperiumin kainalossa - mietteitä kansojen kohtaloista'', 2004 ISBN 951-31-3181-5 ==Honours== [[File:Mauno Koivisto Coat of Arms.svg|thumb|Mauno Koivisto Coat of Arms]] ===Awards and decorations=== ==== National orders ==== * {{Flag|Finland}} : Grand Cross of the [[Order of the White Rose]] * {{Flag|Finland}} : Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Lion of Finland]] * {{Flag|Finland}} : Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Cross of Liberty]] * {{Flag|Finland}} : Order of the Holy Lamb ==== Foreign orders ==== * {{Flag|Sweden}} : Knight of the [[Order of the Seraphim]] (16/04/1982) * {{Flag|Norway}} : Grand Cross of the [[Order of St. Olav]] (1983) * {{Flag|Denmark}} : Knight of the [[Order of the Elephant]] (20.4.1983) <ref>[https://bdkv2.borger.dk/foa/Sider/default.aspx?fk=26&foaid=10195054&paid= Persondetaljer], Hans Excellence, Mauno Henrik Koivisto, fhv. præsident for Republikken Finland (20.4.1983)</ref><ref>[https://secure.flickr.com/photos/thecrimsoncomet/3425692965/in/faves-kelisli/ Coat of arms] in the chappel of [[Frederiksborg Castle]]</ref> * {{Flag|Iceland}} : Grand Cross with Collar of the [[Order of the Falcon]] & wife : Grand Cross (20 October 1982) <ref>Icelandic Presidency Website (''Icelandic''), Order of the Falcon, [http://falkadb.forseti.is/orduskra/fal03.php?term=Koivisto%2C+&sub=Leita Mauno & Tellervo Koivisto], 20 October 1982, Grand Cross with Collar & Grand Cross respectively</ref> * {{Flag|Estonia}} : 1st Class Cross of the [[Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana]] (20.11.2001) <ref>Estonian State Decorations, [http://www.president.ee/en/estonia/decorations/bearers.php?id=282 Mauno Henrik Koivisto]</ref> * {{Flag|Poland}} : [[Order of the White Eagle (Poland)|Order of the White Eagle]] * {{Flag|Japan}} : [[Order of the Chrysanthemum]] * {{Flag|Portugal}} : Order of Prince Henry (Portugal) * {{Flag|Italy}} : Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (Italy) * {{Flag|France}} : Legion of Honour * {{Flag|France}} : National Order of Merit * {{Flag|USSR}} : Order of Lenin * {{Flag|Spain}} : Order of Isabella the Catholic (Spain) * {{flag|Luxembourg}} : [[Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau]] * {{flag|United Kingdom}} : Order of the British Empire * {{flag|Poland}} : Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland * {{flag|Austria}} : Order of Merit (Austria) * {{flag|Bulgaria}} : Order of Stara Planina (Bulgaria) * {{flag|Nepal}} : Order of Ojaswi Rajanya (Nepal) * {{flag|Jordan}} : Order of al-Hussein bin Ali (Jordan) * {{flag|Hungary}} : Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary (Hungary) * {{flag|Hungary}} : Order of the Flag of the Hungarian Republic (Hungary) * {{flag|Netherlands}} : Order of the Netherlands Lion (Netherlands) * {{flag|Yugoslavia}} : Order of the Yugoslav Star (Yugoslavia) * {{flag|Czechoslovakia}} : Order of the White Lion (Czechoslovakia) * {{flag|San Marino}} : Order of San Marinus (San Marino) * {{flag|DDR}} : Star of People's Friendship * {{flag|Colombia}} : [[Order of San Carlos]] ===Honorary degrees=== * {{flag|Finland}} : University of Helsinki 1990 * {{flag|Finland}} : University of Helsinki 1988 * {{flag|Czech}} : University of Praha 1987 * {{flag|Finland}} : University of Tampere 1985 * {{flag|France}} : University of Toulose 1983 * {{flag|Finland}} : Åbo Akademi 1978 * {{flag|Finland}} : University Of Turku 1977 == References == {{reflist|2}} {{s-start}} {{s-off}} {{succession box| title=[[Prime Minister of Finland]]| before=[[Rafael Paasio]]| years=1968&ndash;1970| after=[[Teuvo Aura]] }} {{succession box| title=[[Prime Minister of Finland]]| before=[[Kalevi Sorsa]]| years=1979&ndash;1982| after=[[Kalevi Sorsa]] }} {{succession box| title=[[President of Finland]]| before=[[Urho Kekkonen]]| years=1982&ndash;1994| after=[[Martti Ahtisaari]] }} {{s-end}} {{FinnishPresidents|state=expanded}} {{FinnishPrimeMinisters}} {{Authority control}} {{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. --> | NAME = Koivisto, Mauno | ALTERNATIVE NAMES = | SHORT DESCRIPTION = Politician | DATE OF BIRTH = November 25, 1923 | PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Turku]], [[Finland]] | DATE OF DEATH = | PLACE OF DEATH = }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koivisto, Mauno}} [[Category:1923 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:People from Turku]] [[Category:Finnish Lutherans]] [[Category:Social Democratic Party of Finland politicians]] [[Category:Presidents of Finland]] [[Category:Prime Ministers of Finland]] [[Category:Deputy Prime Ministers of Finland]] [[Category:Ministers of Finance of Finland]] [[Category:Central bankers]] [[Category:Finnish military personnel of World War II]] [[Category:University of Turku alumni]] <!-- Honours : Finland --> [[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Cross of Liberty]] [[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Liberty, 2nd Class]] [[Category:Commanders Grand Cross of the Order of the Lion of Finland]] <!-- Honours --> [[Category:Grand Crosses with Collar of the Order of the Falcon]] [[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana, 1st Class]]'