Examine individual changes

[ 0 => '{{multiple issues|', 1 => '{{more footnotes|date=April 2015}}', 2 => '{{overly detailed|date=April 2015}}', 3 => '{{copy edit|for=Wikipedia style, too much detail|date=April 2015}}', 4 => '}}', 5 => false, 6 => '{{Infobox single <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Songs -->', 7 => '|Name = The Lion Sleeps Tonight', 8 => '|Cover = The Lion Sleeps Tonight by The Tokens single cover.jpg', 9 => '|Artist = [[The Tokens]]', 10 => '|from Album = The Lion Sleeps Tonight', 11 => '|Genre = [[Rhythm and blues]], [[doo-wop]], [[World music|world]]', 12 => '|A-side = "Tina"', 13 => '|Released = 1961', 14 => '|Recorded =', 15 => '|Length = 2:41', 16 => '|Label = [[RCA Records|RCA]]', 17 => '|Writer = [[Solomon Linda]]<br/>[[Hugo Peretti]]<br/>[[Luigi Creatore]]<br/>[[George David Weiss]]<br/>Albert Stanton', 18 => '|Producer =', 19 => '|Certification =', 20 => '|Last single =', 21 => '|This single =', 22 => '|Next single =', 23 => '|Misc = {{Audiosample', 24 => '|Upper caption = Audio sample', 25 => '|Audio file = The Lion Sleeps Tonight by The Tokens.ogg ', 26 => '}}', 27 => '}}', 28 => '"'''The Lion Sleeps Tonight'''", also known as "'''Wimoweh'''", "'''Wimba Way'''" or "'''Awimbawe'''", is a song written and recorded originally by [[Solomon Linda]] with the Evening Birds<ref name="In the Jungle">{{Cite news|last=Malan|first=Rian|authorlink=Rian Malan|title=In the Jungle|url=http://longform.org/stories/in-the-jungle-rian-malan|publisher=Longform.org|accessdate=2015-04-23}}</ref> for the South African [[Gallo Record Company]] in 1939, under the title "'''Mbube'''". Composed in [[Zulu language|Zulu]], it was adapted and [[cover version|covered]] internationally by many 1950s pop and [[Roots revival|folk revival]] artists, including [[the Weavers]], [[Jimmy Dorsey]], [[Yma Sumac]], [[Miriam Makeba]] and [[the Kingston Trio]]. In 1961, it became a number one hit in the United States as adapted in English with the best-known version by the [[doo-wop]] group [[The Tokens]]. It went on to earn at least US$15 million in [[royalties]] from cover versions and film licensing.', 29 => false, 30 => '==History==', 31 => '"Mbube" ({{lang-zu|lion}}) was written in the 1920s, by [[Solomon Linda]], a South African singer of [[Zulu people|Zulu origin]], who later worked for the [[Gallo Record Company]] in [[Johannesburg]] as a [[cleaner]] and record packer. He spent his weekends performing with the Evening Birds, a musical ensemble, and it was at Gallo Records, under the direction of black producer Griffiths Motsieloa, that Linda and his fellow musicians recorded several songs including "Mbube," which incorporated a [[call and response (music)|call-response]] pattern common among many [[Sub-Saharan Africa]]n [[ethnic group]]s, including the Zulu.', 32 => false, 33 => 'According to journalist [[Rian Malan]]:<blockquote>"Mbube" wasn't the most remarkable tune, but there was something compelling about the underlying chant, a dense meshing of low male voices above which Solomon yodelled and howled for two exhilarating minutes, improvising occasionally. The third take was the best, achieving immortality when Solly took a deep breath, opened his mouth, and improvised the [[melody]] that the world now associates with these words:', 34 => false, 35 => ':::<poem>''In the jungle, the mighty jungle, the lion sleeps tonight.''<ref name="In the Jungle"/></poem></blockquote>', 36 => 'Issued by Gallo as a [[78 rpm disc|78 recording]] in 1939,<ref>{{cite web|last=Cad|first=Saint|title=Top 10 Famous Songs With Unknown Originals|url=http://listverse.com/2012/07/31/top-10-famous-songs-with-unknown-originals/|work=listverse.com|accessdate=21 June 2013}}</ref> and marketed to black audiences, "Mbube" became a hit and Linda a star throughout [[South Africa]]. By 1948, the song had sold over 100,000 copies in Africa and among black South African immigrants in Great Britain. Linda also lent its name to [[Mbube (genre)|a style]] of African [[a cappella]] music that evolved into ''[[isicathamiya]]'' (also called ''mbube''), popularized by [[Ladysmith Black Mambazo]].<ref>Frith, Simon, ''Popular music: critical concepts in media and cultural studies, Volume 4''], London : Routledge, 2004. ISBN 978-0-415-33270-5.</ref>', 37 => false, 38 => 'In 1961, two [[RCA records]] producers, [[Hugo Peretti]] and [[Luigi Creatore]], hired [[Juilliard]]-trained musician and [[lyricist]] [[George David Weiss]] to arrange a [[pop music]] cover of "Wimoweh", for the B-side of a 45-rpm single called "Tina," sung by the teenage [[doo-wop]] group [[The Tokens]]. Weiss wrote the English lyrics: "''In the jungle, the mighty jungle, The lion sleeps tonight...''" and "''Hush, my darling, don't fear, my darling...''"', 39 => false, 40 => 'Weiss also brought in [[soprano]] [[Anita Darian]] to [[reprise]] [[Yma Sumac]]'s [[Exotica]] version, before, during and after the [[saxophone]] [[solo (music)|solo]].<ref name=pc18>{{cite web|url=http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc19768/m1/ |title=Show 18 - ''Blowin' in the Wind: Pop discovers folk music''. [Part 1&#93; : UNT Digital Library |publisher=Digital.library.unt.edu|date=18 May 1969|work=[[Pop Chronicles]]|accessdate=24 September 2010}}</ref> "The Lion Sleeps Tonight" was issued by RCA in 1961, and it rocketed to number one on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]. Weiss' Abilene Music Inc., was the publisher of this arrangement, and listed "Albert Stanton" (a [[pseudonym]] for Al Brackman, the business partner of Pete Seeger's music publisher, [[Howie Richmond]]), as one of the song's writers or arrangers.', 41 => false, 42 => '==Copyright issues==', 43 => 'Social historian Ronald D. Cohen writes, "Howie Richmond copyrighted many songs originally in the public domain [sic] but now slightly revised to satisfy Decca and also to reap profits."<ref>Ronald D. Cohen, ''Rainbow Quest: the Folk Music Revival and American Society'' (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2002), page 71.</ref> Canadian writer [[Mark Steyn]], on the other hand, attributes the invention of the pseudonym "Paul Campbell" to Pete Seeger. Howie Richmond's claim of author's copyright could secure both the songwriter's royalties and his company's publishing share of the song's earnings.<ref name="In the Jungle" />', 44 => false, 45 => 'Although Linda was listed as a performer on the record itself, the Weavers thought he had recorded a [[Oral tradition|traditional]] Zulu song. Their managers, publisher, and their attorneys knew otherwise because they had been contacted by—and had reached an agreement with—Eric Gallo of Gallo Records in South Africa. The Americans maintained, however, that South African copyrights were not valid because South Africa was not a signatory to U.S. copyright law.<ref name="In the Jungle" /> In the 1950s, after Linda's authorship was made clear, Seeger sent Linda $1000. Seeger also instructed TRO/Folkways to henceforth pay his share of authors' earnings to Linda. The folksinger apparently trusted his publisher's word of honor and either saw no need, or was unable to make sure these instructions were carried out.<ref name="In the Jungle" />', 46 => false, 47 => 'In 2000, [[South Africa]]n journalist [[Rian Malan]] wrote a feature article for ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' magazine in which he recounted Linda's story and estimated that the song had earned $15 million for its use in the [[Disney]] movie ''[[The Lion King]]'' alone. The piece prompted filmmaker [[François Verster]] to create the [[Emmy Award|Emmy]]-winning documentary ''[[A Lion's Trail]]'' that told Linda's story while incidentally exposing the workings of the multi-million dollar corporate music publishing industry.<ref>"National Television Academy Presents 27th Annual News & Documentary Emmy Awards" (press release), September 25, 2006.</ref>', 48 => false, 49 => 'In July 2004, as a result of the publicity generated by Malan's ''Rolling Stone'' article and the subsequent filmed documentary, the song became the subject of a lawsuit between Solomon Linda's estate and Disney, claiming that Disney owed $1.6 million in royalties for the use of "The Lion Sleeps Tonight" in the film and musical stage productions of ''The Lion King''.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.3rdearmusic.com/forum/forumaug04/mbube_mmouse.html |title=3rd Ear Music Forum - Mbube - Mickey Mouse Under House Arrest in SAfrica? |publisher=3rdearmusic.com |date= |accessdate=2014-03-29}}</ref> At the same time, the Richmond Organization began to pay $3,000 annually into Linda's estate. In February 2006, Linda's descendants reached a legal settlement with Abilene Music Publishers, who held the worldwide rights and had licensed the song to Disney, to place the earnings of the song in a trust.<ref>{{cite news|title=Penniless singer's family sue Disney for Lion King royalties|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/1475434/Penniless-singers-family-sue-Disney-for-Lion-King-royalties.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=It's a Lawsuit, a Mighty Lawsuit|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,995466,00.html|date=25 October 2004|accessdate=14 February 2007}}</ref>', 50 => false, 51 => '==Selected list of recorded versions==', 52 => 'The song has been recorded by numerous artists, and is a standard that has become a part of popular culture.', 53 => false, 54 => '==="Mbube"===', 55 => '*1939 [[Solomon Linda]] and the Evening Birds<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/TheLionSleepsTonight1939 |title=The Lion Sleeps Tonight 1939 : Linda Solomon, The Evening Birds |publisher=Archive.org |date= |accessdate=2014-03-29}}</ref>', 56 => '*1951 In the first film adaptation of ''[[Cry, the Beloved Country]]''', 57 => '*1960 [[Miriam Makeba]], on ''[[Miriam Makeba (album)|Miriam Makeba]]''', 58 => '*1988 [[Ladysmith Black Mambazo]], as "Mbube", during opening sequence of movie ''[[Coming to America#Production|Coming to America]]'' (but not on the soundtrack album)', 59 => '*1991 The Elite Swingsters Featuring Dolly Rathebe, as "Mbube" on ''Woza!''', 60 => '*1994 Ladysmith Black Mambazo, as "Mbube (The Lion Sleeps Tonight)", on ''Gift of the Tortoise''', 61 => '*1996 [[Soweto String Quartet]], as "Imbube" on ''Renaissance''', 62 => '*2005 [[Soweto Gospel Choir]], as "Imbube" on ''Blessed''', 63 => '*2006 Ladysmith Black Mambazo, as "Mbube", on ''Long Walk to Freedom''', 64 => '*2007 CH2 and [[Soweto String Quartet]], as "Imbube" on ''Pap & Paella''', 65 => '*2010 [[Angélique Kidjo]], as "Mbube" on ''Õÿö''', 66 => false, 67 => '==="Wimoweh"===', 68 => '*1952: [[The Weavers]]: US #6', 69 => '*1952: [[Jimmy Dorsey]]', 70 => '*1952: [[Yma Sumac]]', 71 => '*1957: [[The Weavers]], live.', 72 => '*1959: [[Bill Hayes (actor)|Bill Hayes]] (on Kapp Records)', 73 => '*1959: [[The Kingston Trio]]', 74 => '*1961: [[Karl Denver]] Trio: UK #4', 75 => '*1962: [[Bert Kaempfert]] on ''That Happy Feeling''', 76 => '*1964: [[Chet Atkins]]', 77 => '*1993: [[Nanci Griffith]] with [[Odetta]], on ''[[Other Voices, Other Rooms (Nanci Griffith album)|Other Voices, Other Rooms]]''', 78 => '*1994: [[Roger Whittaker]], on ''Roger Whittaker Live!''', 79 => '*1994: [[Manu Dibango]] and [[Ladysmith Black Mambazo]], on ''Waka Afrika''', 80 => '*1998: [[Pete Seeger]] on ''For Kids And Just Plain Folks''', 81 => '*1999: [[Desmond Dekker]] on ''Halfway To Paradise''', 82 => false, 83 => '==="The Lion Sleeps Tonight"===', 84 => '{{Infobox single <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Songs -->', 85 => '| Name = The Lion Sleeps Tonight', 86 => '| Cover = The Lion Sleeps Tonight by Tight Fit.jpg', 87 => '| Caption = ''The Lion Sleeps Tonight''', 88 => '| Artist = [[Tight Fit]]', 89 => '| Album = [[Tight Fit (album)|Tight Fit]]', 90 => '| Released = January 1982', 91 => '| Genre = [[Pop music|Pop]]', 92 => '| Recorded =', 93 => '| Length = 3:18', 94 => '| Label = [[Jive Records|Jive]]', 95 => '| Writer = [[Hugo Peretti]]<br/>[[Luigi Creatore]]<br/>[[George David Weiss]]<br/>Albert Stanton<br/>[[Solomon Linda]]', 96 => '| Producer = [[Tim Friese-Greene]]<ref name="500 Number One Hits">{{cite book', 97 => '| first= Jo', 98 => '| last= Rice', 99 => '| year= 1982', 100 => '| title= The Guinness Book of 500 Number One Hits', 101 => '| edition= 1st', 102 => '| publisher= Guinness Superlatives Ltd ', 103 => '| location= Enfield, Middlesex', 104 => '| page= 222', 105 => '| isbn= 0-85112-250-7}}</ref>', 106 => '| Certification = [[Gold Disc|Gold]]', 107 => '| Last single = "Back to the Sixties Part II"<br>(1981)', 108 => '| This single = "'''The Lion Sleeps Tonight'''"<br>(1982)', 109 => '| Next single = "Fantasy Island" <br>(1982)', 110 => '| Misc =', 111 => '}}', 112 => '*1961: [[The Tokens]]: US #1, UK #11', 113 => '*1962: [[Henri Salvador]] ([[French language]]: "Le lion est mort ce soir", which translates into English as "The Lion Died Tonight") FR #1', 114 => '*1965: [[The New Christy Minstrels]]', 115 => '*1965: The Shangaans, on "Jungle Drums"', 116 => '*1968: [[The Tremeloes]], on ''Silence is Golden''', 117 => '*1971: [[Eric Donaldson]]', 118 => '*1972: [[Robert John]]: US #3', 119 => '*1972: [[David Newman (composer)|Dave Newman]]: UK #34', 120 => '*1974: [[Ras Michael]] and the Sons of Negus, as "Rise Jah Jah Children (The Lion Sleeps)"', 121 => '*1975: [[Brian Eno]], on ''The Ambivalent Collection''', 122 => '*1979: [[The Stylistics]]', 123 => '*1980: [[Passengers (Italian band)|Passengers]]', 124 => '*1982: [[Tight Fit]]: UK #1,<ref name="British Hit Singles & Albums">{{cite book', 125 => '| first= David', 126 => '| last= Roberts', 127 => '| year= 2006', 128 => '| title= [[British Hit Singles & Albums]]', 129 => '| edition= 19th', 130 => '| publisher= Guinness World Records Limited ', 131 => '| location= London', 132 => '| isbn= 1-904994-10-5', 133 => '| page= 406}}</ref> This version has sold over a million copies in the UK.<ref name="guardian nov2012">{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/datablog/2012/nov/04/uk-million-selling-singles-full-list |title=UK's million-selling singles: the full list |author= Ami Sedghi |publisher=Guardian |date=4 November 2012 |accessdate=4 November 2012 }}</ref> ', 134 => '*1982: [[The Nylons]]', 135 => '*1989: [[Sandra Bernhard]]', 136 => '*1991: Hotline & P.J. Powers, on ''The Best of''', 137 => '*1992: Talisman, on ''A Capella''', 138 => '*1992: [[They Might Be Giants]] with [[Laura Cantrell]], interpolated into "[[The Guitar (The Lion Sleeps Tonight)]]"', 139 => '*1993: [[Pow woW]]: FR #1, cover of Salvador's version.', 140 => '*1993: [[R.E.M.]]: B-side of "[[The Sidewinder Sleeps Tonite]]" and on [[The Automatic Box]] (Disc 3).', 141 => '*1993: [[The Nylons]]', 142 => '*1994: [[Dennis Marcellino]]', 143 => '*1994: [[Tonic Sol-Fa]]', 144 => '*1995: [[Lebo M.]] for ''[[Rhythm of the Pride Lands]]'', an album with songs inspired by the music of ''[[The Lion King]]''', 145 => '*1997: [['N Sync]]: B-side of "[[For the Girl Who Has Everything (song)|For the Girl Who Has Everything]]"', 146 => '*1997: [[The Muppets]], on an episode of ''[[Muppets Tonight]]''', 147 => '*1998: [[Helmut Lotti]], on ''Out of Africa''', 148 => '*1998: [[The Undertones]], on ''8 Degrees and Rising''', 149 => '*1990's: [[The Streetnix]]', 150 => '*2001: [[Baha Men]] featuring [[Imani Coppola]], sampled the chrous in the song "[[You All Dat]]" on ''[[Who Let the Dogs Out (album)|Who Let the Dogs Out]]''', 151 => '*2001: [[Rockapella]]', 152 => '*2001: Scallwags, on ''Punk Chartbusters''', 153 => '*2001: Straight no chaser', 154 => '*2002: [[Mango Groove]], on ''Eat A Mango''', 155 => '*2004: [[Daniel Küblböck]]', 156 => '*2005: [[The Mavericks]]', 157 => '*2009: [[Melo-M]], on ''Around the World''', 158 => '*2009: Russell Levia, on ''Morningtown Ride''', 159 => '*2010: Cool Down Cafe Feat [[Gerard Joling]], on ''Goud''', 160 => '*2010: Voices Unlimited, on ''Africapella''', 161 => '*2010: Tony Teran, on ''The Song's Been Sung''', 162 => '*2015: The Eclectics: AUS #1', 163 => '*2015: [[Justin Fletcher]] as Gail Force on ''[[Gigglebiz]]''', 164 => false, 165 => '== Charted singles ==', 166 => false, 167 => '=== The Tokens ===', 168 => '{|class="wikitable sortable"', 169 => '|-', 170 => '!Chart (1961)', 171 => '!Peak<br />position', 172 => '|-', 173 => '|US ''Billboard'' Top 100 Singles', 174 => '| style="text-align:center;"|1', 175 => '|-', 176 => '|US ''Billboard'' R&B Singles', 177 => '| style="text-align:center;"|7', 178 => '|-', 179 => '|Australia Kent Music Report', 180 => '| style="text-align:center;"|15', 181 => '|-', 182 => '|Belgian ''Ultratop'' 50', 183 => '| style="text-align:center;"|6', 184 => '|-', 185 => '|German ''Media Control'' Charts', 186 => '| style="text-align:center;"|23', 187 => '|-', 188 => '|U.K. Singles Charts', 189 => '| style="text-align:center;"|11', 190 => '|}', 191 => false, 192 => '=== Robert John ===', 193 => '{|class="wikitable sortable"', 194 => '|-', 195 => '!Chart (1972)', 196 => '!Peak<br />position', 197 => '|-', 198 => '|US ''Billboard'' Top 100 Singles', 199 => '| style="text-align:center;"|3', 200 => '|-', 201 => '|US ''Billboard'' Adult Contemporary', 202 => '| style="text-align:center;"|6', 203 => '|-', 204 => '|Canadian ''RPM'' Top Tracks', 205 => '| style="text-align:center;"|15', 206 => '|-', 207 => '|Canadian ''RPM'' Adult Contemporary', 208 => '| style="text-align:center;"|17', 209 => '|-', 210 => '|German Singles Charts', 211 => '| style="text-align:center;"|40', 212 => '|}', 213 => false, 214 => '=== Tight Fit ===', 215 => '{|class="wikitable sortable"', 216 => '|-', 217 => '!Chart (1982)', 218 => '!Peak<br />position', 219 => '|-', 220 => '|U.K. Singles Charts', 221 => '| style="text-align:center;"|1', 222 => '|-', 223 => '|Ö3 Austria Top 40', 224 => '| style="text-align:center;"|8', 225 => '|-', 226 => '|Belgian ''Ultratop'' 50', 227 => '| style="text-align:center;"|1', 228 => '|-', 229 => '|German ''Media Control'' Charts', 230 => '| style="text-align:center;"|3', 231 => '|-', 232 => '|Dutch Singles Charts', 233 => '| style="text-align:center;"|1', 234 => '|-', 235 => '|Irish Singles Charts', 236 => '| style="text-align:center;"|1', 237 => '|-', 238 => '|New Zealand Singles Charts', 239 => '| style="text-align:center;"|3', 240 => '|-', 241 => '|Swedish ''Sverigetopplistan'' Charts', 242 => '| style="text-align:center;"|17', 243 => '|-', 244 => '|Swiss ''Ultratop'' Charts', 245 => '| style="text-align:center;"|8', 246 => '|}', 247 => false, 248 => '==References==', 249 => '{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}', 250 => false, 251 => '==External links==', 252 => '* [http://www.richardsilverstein.com/tikun_olam/2006/03/26/solomon-linda-songwriter-who-penned-the-lion-finally-gets-his-just-desserts/ Solomon Linda, Songwriter Who Penned ‘The Lion,’ Finally Gets His Just Desserts]', 253 => '* Sample of [http://www.amazon.com/gp/music/wma-pop-up/B000001I1S001015 Mbube] performed by Solomon Linda's ''Original Evening Birds'' (WMA Stream).', 254 => '* [http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5300359 NPR: All Things Considered: Family of 'Lion Sleeps Tonight' Writer to Get Millions]', 255 => '* [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/1475434/Penniless-singers-family-sue-Disney-for-Lion-King-royalties.html Telegraph: Penniless singer's family sue Disney for Lion King royalties]', 256 => '* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/documentaries/2010/07/100715_greatest_hits_pt2.shtml The Lion Sleeps Tonight. BBC World Service Documentary by Paul Gambaccini first broadcast 16th July 2010]', 257 => false, 258 => '{{S-start}}', 259 => '{{Succession box', 260 => ' | before = "[[Please Mr. Postman]]" by [[The Marvelettes]]', 261 => ' | title = [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] [[List of number-one hits (United States)|number one single]] (The Tokens version)', 262 => ' | years = December 18, 1961 (three weeks)', 263 => ' | after = "[[The Twist (song)|The Twist]]" by [[Chubby Checker]]', 264 => '}}', 265 => '{{Succession box', 266 => ' | before = "[[Town Called Malice]]" by [[The Jam]]', 267 => ' | title = [[List of number-one singles (UK)|UK Singles Chart number one single]] (Tight Fit version)', 268 => ' | years = 28 February 1982 - 20 March 1982', 269 => ' | after = "[[Seven Tears (song)|Seven Tears]]" by [[Goombay Dance Band]]', 270 => '}}', 271 => '{{S-end}}', 272 => false, 273 => '{{Authority control}}', 274 => false, 275 => '{{DEFAULTSORT:Lion Sleeps Tonight, The}}', 276 => '[[Category:South African songs]]', 277 => '[[Category:1961 singles]]', 278 => '[[Category:1972 singles]]', 279 => '[[Category:1982 singles]]', 280 => '[[Category:Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles]]', 281 => '[[Category:Miriam Makeba songs]]', 282 => '[[Category:Nanci Griffith songs]]', 283 => '[[Category:European Hot 100 Singles number-one singles]]', 284 => '[[Category:Dutch Top 40 number-one singles]]', 285 => '[[Category:UK Singles Chart number-one singles]]', 286 => '[[Category:Robert John songs]]', 287 => '[[Category:Songs written by Hugo Peretti]]', 288 => '[[Category:Songs written by Luigi Creatore]]', 289 => '[[Category:Songs written by George David Weiss]]', 290 => '[[Category:Songs about animals]]', 291 => '[[Category:1939 songs]]', 292 => '[[Category:RCA Records singles]]' ]