Examine individual changes

'[[File:Qais Abdur Rashid's Shrine on the Takht-i-Suliman.jpg|thumb|Qais Abdur Rashid's Shrine on the Takht-i-Suliman]] '''Qais Abdur Rashīd''' or '''Qays ʿAbd ar-Rashīd''' ({{lang-ps|قيس عبد الرشيد}}), also called '''Kasay''', '''Qish''', and '''Kish''' ({{lang-ps|کسی، قيش، کيش}}), is said to be the [[legend]]ary founding father of the [[Pashtun people|Pashtun nation]]. Qais is said to have traveled to [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]] in [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]] during the early days of [[Islam]].<ref>[http://www.gl.iit.edu/govdocs/afghanistan/Religion.html Meaning and Practice], ''Afghanistan Country Study: Religion'', [[Illinois Institute of Technology]] (retrieved 18 January 2007).</ref> According to the legend, Qais had three sons: ''Sarbaṇ'' (سربڼ), ''Beṭ'' (بېټ), and ''Ghurghax̌t'' (غرغښت).<ref>[http://www.khyber.org/tribes/web/ppl/8/d/be30fcb57e8a9f83f4beaa0fd8.shtml Qais Abdul Rasheed]. Khyber.ORG.</ref> His sons founded three supertribal confederacies named after them: '''1'''. [[Sarbani]] (which has [[Durrani]], [[Yusufzai (Pashtun tribe)|Yusufzai]], [[Ghoryakhel]], [[Kasi (Pashtun tribe)|Kasi]], [[Muhammadzai (Charsadda)]] etc.); '''2'''. [[Bettani]] (which has [[Ghilji]], [[Lodi (Pashtun tribe)|Lodi]], [[Shirani]], etc.); '''3'''. [[Ghurghakhti]] (which has [[Kakar]], [[Naghar (Pashtun tribe)]], [[Pani]], [[Davi (Pashtun tribe)|Davi]], [[Babai (Pashtun tribe)|Babi]], [[Jadun]], [[Safi (Pashtun tribe)|Safi]], etc.) Qais also had [[adoption|adopted]] son, '''4'''. [[Ormur]] [[Ormur|Baraki]] who became progenitor of the [[Ormer]] and [[Wardak (Pashtun tribe)|Wardak]] tribes and the [[Karlani]] confederacy.<ref name="UND">{{cite web |url=http://arts-sciences.und.edu/summer-institute-of-linguistics/theses/_files/docs/2014-coyle-dennis-w.pdf |title=Placing Wardak among Pashto varieties |last=Coyle |first=Dennis Walter |date=August 2014 |publisher=University of North Dakota:UND |accessdate=26 December 2014}}</ref> There are multiple versions of the legend, including several regional variants that mention only one, two, or three of the four legendary brothers. [[File:The Family Tree and Lineage of Kish Kysh Qais Abdur Rashid Al Pithon.jpg|thumb|Family Tree & Lineage]] ==Genealogical tree== Some Afghan genealogies list Qais as the 37th descendant of King [[Talut]] (or [[Saul]], [[Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)|reigned]] c. 1050 BC–1010 BC) through Malik [[Afghana]], a legendary grandson of Talut.<ref>''Dawn'', [http://www.dawn.com/weekly/dmag/archive/040404/dmag9.htm The cradle of Pathan culture], by Alauddin Masood, 4 April 2004.</ref><ref>Pakistan pictorial, Pakistan Publications, 2003.</ref><ref>Niamatullah's history of the Afghans, Volume 1, Niʻmat Allāh, Nirod Bhusan Roy, Santiniketan Press, 1958, pg. 5.</ref> The [[British India|British Indian]] administrator [[Muhammad Hayat Khan]], in his book ''Hayāt-e Afghānī'' (حیات افغانی; orig 1865, English translation 1874), writes that Qais was the 101st{{clarification|date=December 2014}}<!-- generation? --> descendant of Saul through his son [[Jonathan (1 Samuel)|Yehonatan]].<ref>Hayat i Afghan, Section on [[Tareen]] tribe, Appendix 4 to the original Persian text by Nawab Muhammad Hayat Khan, published Lahore, 1865. English translation by HB Priestley, Lahore, 1874</ref> According to the [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]], the [[theory of Pashtun descent from Israelites|theory of Pashtun descent from the ancient Israelites]] is traced to ''Tārīkh-e Khān Jahānī wa Makhzan-e Afghānī'' (تاریخ خان جهانی ومخزن افغانی), a history compiled by [[Nimat Allah al-Harawi]] for the Pashtun chieftain Khan Jahan Lodi (also known as Khan Jahan II), during the reign of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] [[Mughal emperors|emperor]] [[Jahangir]] in the 17th century. The ''Makhzan-e Afghānī'''s Israelite theory, however, has been dismissed by modern authorities due to numerous historical and linguistic inconsistencies. ==Legend== Legend has it that Qais was born in the [[Ghor]] region of present-day central [[Afghanistan]]. Upon hearing about the advent of [[Islam]], his tribe sent him to [[Medina]] in the [[Arabian Peninsula]], in present-day [[Saudi Arabia]]. He met the Prophet [[Muhammad]] and embraced Islam there, and was given the name ''Abdur Rashīd'' by the Prophet. He then returned to Ghor and introduced Islam to his tribe. According to [[Mountstuart Elphinstone]], in legend the famous military leader and companion of Muhammad, [[Khalid ibn al-Walid]], introduced Qais to the Prophet Muhammad. {{Quote|The Afghan historians proceed to relate that the Jewish tribe, both in [[Ghor]] and in [[Saudi Arabia|Arabia]], preserved their knowledge of the unity of [[Allah|God]] and the purity of their religious belief, and that on the appearance of the last prophet and messenger, Prophet [[Muhammad]], the Afghans of Ghor listened to the invitation of their [[Arab people|Arabian]] brethren, the chief of whom was [[Khalid ibn al-Waleed]], so famous for his conquest of [[Syria]], and marched to the aid of the true faith, under the command of Kyse, afterwards surnamed "Abdul Rasheed".<ref>[http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=YXg9AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA5&dq=life+of+amir+dost+muhammad+waleed&hl=en&ei=_S4hTp_WPIf3rQf8rrT_AQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Life of the Amir Dost Mohammed Khan; of Kabul, Volume 1. By Mohan Lal (1846), quoting Mountstuart Elphinstone pg. 5]</ref>}} ===Settlement=== One legend has it that when Qais felt his time was near, he asked his sons to take him from Ghor to the [[Sulaiman Mountains]] and bury him at the spot where his ancestor [[Malik Afghana]] was buried, and he was buried on top of [[Takht-e-Sulaiman]] ("Throne of Solomon"), also called ''Da Kasī Ghar'' (د کسي غر, "Mount of Qais"), located near the village of Darazinda in [[Frontier Region Dera Ismail Khan]] of the [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas]] of [[Pakistan]], close to Frontier Region Dera Ismail Khan's borders with both [[South Waziristan]] and [[Zhob District]], [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]]. Some people visit the place, mostly in the summer, since in winters the snowfall makes it difficult to climb, and [[animal sacrifice|sacrifice]] an animal, usually a [[Domestic sheep|sheep]] or a [[goat]] at the tomb of Qais.{{source?|date=December 2014}} According to another legend, however, Qais settled in the [[Balkh Province|Balkh]] region of present-day northern Afghanistan. From there, his different descendants migrated south, west, and east.<ref name="UND"/> ==Genetics== There is, however, no strong evidence to show any genealogical connection between the present-day Pashtuns and the ancient [[Semitic languages|Semitic-speaking]] [[Israelites]]. [[Y chromosome|DNA]] shows that Pashtuns have several Y-haplogroups, although [[Haplogroup R-M420|R1a]], which has originated in [[Eurasia]] and is associated with [[Proto-Indo-Europeans|Proto Indo-European speakers]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klyosov|first=Anatole A.|title=Haplogroup R1a as the Proto Indo-Europeans and the Legendary Aryans as Witnessed by the DNA of Their Current Descendants |journal=Advances in Anthropology |year=2012 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=1–13 |doi=10.4236/aa.2012.21001}}</ref> makes up about 51% among Pashtuns.<ref name="plsone">{{cite journal |vauthors=Haber M, Platt DE, Ashrafian Bonab M, Youhanna SC, Soria-Hernanz DF, etal |year=2012 |title=Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events |url=http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0034288#pone.0034288.s005 |journal=[[PLoS ONE]] |volume=7 |issue=3 |page=e34288 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0034288 |pmid=22470552 |pmc=3314501}}</ref> Hence, Pashtuns have a significant affinity with their neighboring Indo-European speaking ethnic groups,<ref name="plsone"/> and most present-day Pashtuns descended from the original Indo-European population who have lived in the territory by other names, such as [[Scythians]], Aryans ([[Indo-Iranians]]), and their forebears. ==See also== *[[Amir Kror Suri]], a legendary 8th-century Pashtun prince from Ghor *[[Amir Suri]], a pagan Ghorid king in the 9th and 10th century who was defeated in war with the Saffarid emir Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar *[[Lech, Čech, and Rus]], three legendary brothers who are said to have founded the three modern Slavic nations of Poles (or Lechites), Czechs, and Rus' (or Russians, Ukrainians, and Belarusians) *[[Fénius Farsaid]], a legendary Scythian prince who is said to have founded the modern Irish nation and invented the Ogham Irish alphabet ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== *[http://www.khyber.org/pashtohistory/ethnology-arabs.shtml History of Pashtun Race & Resemblance to Arabs] *[http://www.islamicrepublicofafghanistan.com/the-legendary-qais-abdur-rashid The Legendary Qais Abdur Rashid] {{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. --> | NAME = Qais Abdur Rashid | ALTERNATIVE NAMES = | SHORT DESCRIPTION = Pashtun patriarch | DATE OF BIRTH = 575 | PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Zhob]] | DATE OF DEATH = 661 | PLACE OF DEATH = }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Qais Abdur Rashid}} [[Category:Pashtun people]] [[Category:Pashtun tribes]] [[Category:Converts to Islam from Judaism]] [[Category:Legendary progenitors]] [[Category:575 births]] [[Category:661 deaths]] [[Category:Sahabah]]'