Examine individual changes

'{{Infobox Ballet |name = Petrushka |image = Stravinsky Nijiinsky.jpg |image_size = |caption = Stravinsky with Nijinsky as Petrushka. |choreographer = [[Michel Fokine]] |composer = [[Igor Stravinsky]] |based_on = |premiere = 13 June 1911 |place = [[Théâtre du Chatelet]], [[Paris]] |ballet_company = [[Ballets Russes]] |characters = |set designer = [[Alexandre Benois]] |setting = Russia |created for = [[Vaslav Nijinsky]] |genre = [[Neoclassical ballet]] |type = classical ballet }} {{Refimprove|date=May 2008}}adffffffffffff i was here '''''Petrouchka''''' or '''''Petrushka''''' ({{lang-fr|'''Pétrouchka'''}}; {{lang-ru|'''Петрушка'''}}) is a [[ballet]] with music by [[Russia]]n [[composer]] [[Igor Stravinsky]]. ''Petrushka'' is a story of a Russian traditional [[puppet]], [[Petrushka]], who is made of straw and with a bag of sawdust as his body, but who comes to life and develops emotions. The story superficially resembles that of [[Pinocchio]], but perhaps has more in common with Mary Shelley's [[Frankenstein]]. According to Andrew Wachtel, ''Petrushka'' is a work that fuses music, ballet, choreography and history in perfect balance. It resembles [[Richard Wagner]]'s ''[[Gesamtkunstwerk]]'' (total artwork), but with a Russian approach.<ref name = wachtel>Wachtel 1998, Petrushka: Sources and Contexts.<!--page number needed--></ref> ==Composition == Stravinsky composed the music during the winter of 1910–11 for [[Sergei Diaghilev]]'s [[Ballets Russes]]. It was premièred in [[Paris]] at the [[Théâtre du Chatelet]] on [[June 13]] [[1911]] under conductor [[Pierre Monteux]], with choreography by [[Mikhail Fokine]] and sets by [[Alexandre Benois]]. The title role was danced by [[Vaslav Nijinsky]].<ref>Walsh 2001.</ref> While the production was generally a success, more than a few observers{{Weasel-inline|date=May 2008}} were taken aback by music that was brittle, caustic, and at times even grotesque. One critic approached Diaghilev after a dress rehearsal and said, "And it was to hear ''this'' that you invited us?" Diaghilev succinctly replied, "Exactly".{{Citequote|date=May 2008}} When Diaghilev and his company traveled to Vienna in 1913, the Vienna Philharmonic initially refused to play the score, deriding ''Petrushka'' as ''schmutzige Musik'' ("dirty music").{{Fact|date=May 2008}} The work is characterized by the so-called [[Petrushka chord]] (consisting of C major and F{{music|sharp}} major triads played together), a [[bitonality]] device heralding the appearance of the main character. ==Instrumentation== ===1911 original version=== The original 1911 version of ''Petrushka'' is scored for 4 [[flute]]s (3rd and 4th doubling [[piccolo]]), 4 [[oboe|oboes]] (4th doubling [[English horn]]), 3 [[clarinet|clarinets]] in B flat, [[bass clarinet]] in B flat (doubling clarinet 4), 3 [[bassoon|bassoons]], [[contrabassoon]] (doubling bassoon 4), 4 [[Horn (instrument)|horns]] in F, 2 [[trumpet|trumpets]] in B flat (often doubling piccolo trumpet), 2 [[cornet|cornets]] in B flat and A, 3 [[trombone|trombones]], [[tuba]], [[timpani]], [[bass drum]], [[cymbal]]s, 2 [[snare drum|snare drums]] (one offstage), 2 [[tambourine|tambourines]] (one offstage), [[Triangle (instrument)|triangle]], [[Gong|tamtam]], [[glockenspiel]], [[xylophone]], [[piano]], [[celesta]], 2 [[harp|harps]] and [[String section|strings]]. ===1947 revised version=== Stravinsky's 1947 revised version is scored for the following smaller orchestra: 3 flutes (3rd doubling [[piccolo]]), 2 [[oboe|oboes]], [[English horn]], 3 [[clarinet|clarinets]] in B flat (3rd doubling [[bass clarinet]] in B flat), 2 [[bassoon|bassoons]], [[contrabassoon]], 4 [[Horn (instrument)|horns]] in F, 3 [[trumpet|trumpets]] in B flat and C, 3 [[trombone|trombones]], [[tuba]], [[timpani]], [[bass drum]], [[cymbal|cymbals]], [[snare drum]], [[tambourine]], [[Triangle (instrument)|triangle]], [[Gong|tamtam]], [[xylophone]], [[piano]], [[celesta]], [[harp]] and [[String section|strings]]. Compared to the 1911 version, the 1947 version requires: one fewer flute; two fewer oboes, but a dedicated English horn player instead of one doubled by the fourth oboe; one fewer bassoon, but a dedicated contrabassoon; neither of two cornets, but an additional trumpet; one fewer snare drum and one fewer tambourine by removing the offstage instruments; no glockenspiel; and one fewer harp. == Story == [[Image:Benois-petrushka.jpg|250px|thumb|Sets and costumes for ''Petrushka'''s original production were designed by [[Alexandre Benois]].]] The libretto was written by [[Alexandre Benois]] and [[Igor Stravinsky]]. The play opens on [[St. Petersburg]]'s [[Admiralty Square]]. In progress is the [[Shrovetide]] fair known as ''[[Maslenitsa]]'', a [[Russia]]n carnival before [[Lent]], analogous to [[Mardi Gras]]. The people rejoice before the privations of the long fast. Stravinsky's [[orchestration]] and rapidly changing [[rhythms]] depict the hustle and bustle of the fair. An [[organ grinder]] and two dancing girls entertain the crowd to the popular French song [[Une Jambe de Bois]]. Drummers announce the appearance of the [[Charlatan]], who charms the captivated audience. Suddenly, the curtain rises on a tiny [[theater]], as the Charlatan introduces the inert, lifeless puppet figures of Petrushka, a Ballerina, and a [[Moors|Moor]]. The Charlatan casts a magic spell with his [[flute]]. The puppets come to life, leap from their little stage, and perform a vigorous Russian Dance among the astounded carnival-goers. The second scene, after the performance, is set in Petrushka's Cell 'inside' the little theatre. The walls are painted in dark colors and decorated with [[star]]s, a half-moon, and jagged icebergs or snow-capped mountains. With a resounding crash, the Charlatan kicks Petrushka into this barren cell. We see that Petrushka leads a dismal "life" behind the show curtains. Although Petrushka is a puppet, he feels human emotions, including bitterness toward the Charlatan for his imprisonment, as well as love for the beautiful Ballerina, all of which is sensitively described by Stravinsky's [[Expressionist]] piano breaks. A frowning portrait of his jailer hangs above, as if to remind Petrushka that he is a mere puppet. This infuriates Petrushka, and he shakes his fists at the Charlatan's stern glare. Petrushka tries to escape from his cell, but fails. The Ballerina enters the room. Petrushka tries to profess his love, but the Ballerina rejects his pathetic advances and hastily leaves. Petrushka collapses in a melancholic reverie. In the third scene, the audience learns that the Moor leads a much more comfortable "life" than Petrushka. The Moor’s room is spacious and lavishly decorated, painted in bright reds, greens and blues. Rabbits, palm trees, and exotic flowers decorate the walls and floor. The Moor reclines on a [[divan]] and plays with a [[coconut]], attempting to cut it with his scimitar. When he fails, he believes that the coconut must be a God and proceeds to pray to it. The Charlatan places the Ballerina in the Moor’s room. The Ballerina is attracted to the Moor’s handsome appearance. She plays a saucy tune on a toy trumpet (represented by a [[cornet]] in the original 1911 orchestration) and dances with the Moor. Petrushka finally breaks free from his cell, and he interrupts the seduction of the Ballerina. Petrushka attacks the Moor, but soon realizes he is too small and weak. The Moor beats Petrushka. Petrushka runs for his life, with the Moor chasing him, and escapes from the room. The fourth and final scene returns to the carnival. Some time has passed: it is now early evening. The orchestra introduces a chain of colourful dances as a series of apparently unrelated characters come and go about the stage as snow begins to fall. The first and most prominent is the Wet-Nurses’ Dance, to the tune of the folk song "Down the Petersky Road". Then comes a peasant with his dancing bear, followed in turn by a group of a gypsies, coachmen and grooms and masqueraders. As the merrymaking reaches its peak, a cry is heard from the puppet-theater. Petrushka suddenly runs across the scene, followed by the Moor in hot pursuit brandishing his sword. The crowd is horrified when the Moor catches up with Petrushka and slays him with a single stroke of his blade. The police question the Charlatan. The Charlatan seeks to restore calm by holding the "corpse" above his head and shaking it to remind everyone that Petrushka is but a puppet. As night falls and the crowd disperses, the Charlatan leaves, carrying Petrushka’s limp body. All of a sudden, Petrushka’s ghost appears on the roof of the little theatre, his cry now in the form of angry defiance. Petrushka’s spirit thumbs its nose at his tormentor from beyond the wood and straw of his carcass. Now completely alone, the Charlatan is terrified to see the leering ghost of Petrushka. He runs away, with a single frightened glance over his shoulder. The scene is hushed, leaving the audience to wonder who is "real" and who is not.<ref>Cyril Beaumont, 1937, Complete Book of Ballets; Entry: Petrushka.</ref> ==Sections== The work is divided into four parts ''(tableaux)'' with the following scenes: '''Part I: The Shrovetide Fair''' *Introduction (at the Shrovetide Fair) *The Charlatan's Booth *Russian Dance '''Part II: Petrushka's Cell''' *Petrushka's Cell '''Part III: The Moor's Room''' *The Moor's Room *Dance of the Ballerina *Waltz - The Ballerina & the Moor '''Part IV: The Shrovetide Fair (Evening)''' *Dance of the Wet Nurses *Peasant With Bear *The Jovial Merchant with Two Gypsy Girls *Dance of the Coachmen and Grooms *The Masqueraders *The Fight - The Moor and Petrushka *Death of Petrushka *Apparition of Petrushka's Double. ==Other versions== In 1921, Stravinsky created a piano arrangement for [[Arthur Rubinstein]] entitled ''[[Trois mouvements de Petrouchka]]'', which the composer admittedly could not play himself for lack of adequate left hand technique. In 1947, Stravinsky penned a revised version of ''Petrushka'' for a smaller orchestra, in part because the original version was not covered by [[copyright]] and Stravinsky wanted to profit from the work's popularity. The drumrolls linking each scene, optional in the 1911 original, are compulsory in the 1947 edition. The [[ballerina]]'s tune is assigned to a [[trumpet]] in the 1947 version instead of a [[cornet]] as in the original. The 1947 version provides an optional ''fff'' ([[fortississimo]]) near the piano conclusion of the original. Stravinsky also removed some of the difficult [[Metric modulation|metric modulations]] in the original version of the first tableau from the 1947 revision. He also created a [[suite]] for concert performance that cut the last three sections: The Fight - The Moor and Petrushka, Death of Petrushka and Apparition of Petrushka. In 1956, an animated version of the ballet appeared as part of [[NBC]]'s [[Sol Hurok Music Hour]]. It was personally conducted by Stravinsky himself and was the first such collaboration. Directed by animator [[John David Wilson]] with [[Fine Arts Films]], it has been noted as the first animated special ever to air on television. [[Basil Twist]] debuted his puppetry version of Petrushka at Lincoln Center in 2001; it was performed as well at [[New York City Center]]'s 2009 [[Fall for Dance Festival]]. [[Expressions Dance Company]] performed a contemporary adaptation of ''Petrushka'' at the [[Judith Wright Centre of Contemporary Arts]] in 2009. The performance was entitled ''Score!'' and drew heavily on the concept of [[Reality Television]]. ==Notable recordings== * [[Arturo Toscanini]] conducting the [[NBC Symphony Orchestra]], live performance from 1940, [[RCA]] ''(1911 concert suite)'' (mono) * [[Ferenc Fricsay]] conducting the [[RIAS Symphony Orchestra]], live performance from 1953, [[Deutsche Grammophon]], ''(1947 concert suite)'' (mono) * [[Ernest Ansermet]] conducting the [[Orchestre de la Suisse Romande]], studio recording from 1957, [[Decca Records|Decca]], ''(1911 version)'' * [[Pierre Monteux]] conducting the [[Boston Symphony Orchestra]], studio recording from 1959, [[RCA]] ''(1911 version)'' * [[Igor Stravinsky]] conducting the [[Columbia Symphony Orchestra]], studio recording from 1961, [[Sony]] ''(1911 version)'' * [[Karel Ančerl]] conducting the [[Czech Philharmonic Orchestra]], studio recording from 1962, [[Supraphon]] ''(1947 version)'' * [[Antal Doráti]] conducting the [[Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra]], studio recording from 1962, [[Mercury Records|Mercury]] ''(1947 version)'' * [[Leonard Bernstein]] conducting the [[New York Philharmonic]], studio recording from 1969, [[Sony Classical]] ''(1911 version)'' * [[Pierre Boulez]] conducting the [[New York Philharmonic]], studio recording from 1971, [[Sony]] ''(1911 version)'' * [[Kiril Kondrashin]] conducting the [[Concertgebouw Orchestra]], live performance from 1973, [[Philips]] ''(1947 version)'' * [[Bernard Haitink]] conducting the [[London Philharmonic Orchestra]], studio recording from 1973, [[Philips]] ''(1911 version)'' * [[Sir Colin Davis]] conducting the [[Concertgebouw Orchestra]], studio recording from 1977, [[Philips]] ''(1947 version)'' * [[Claudio Abbado]] conducting the [[London Symphony Orchestra]], studio recording from 1980, [[Deutsche Grammophon]] * [[Riccardo Chailly]] conducting the [[Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra]], studio recording from 1995, [[London]] ''(1947 version)'' ==Notes== <references/> Ricardo Chailly conducting the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra (1995) ==External links== *[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3763/is_199803/ai_n8786360 Book review ] on Wachtel's book *[http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0027-4380(199909)2%3A56%3A1%3C120%3AIATRML%3E2.0.CO%3B2-6 Book review] on Wachtel's book (subscription required) *[http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0037-6752(199924)1%3A43%3A4%3C746%3APSAC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-H Book review] on Wachtel's book (subscription required) *Public Domain Scores of Petrushka were available at the [[International Music Score Library Project]] *[http://www.superopera.com/mp3/therecital/therecital.htm Recordings of Stravinsky's Three Movements of Petrushka -piano version- by Alberto Cobo] ==Bibliography== *Wachtel, Andrew (ed.). 1998. ''Petrushka: Sources and Contexts''. Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press. ISBN 978-0810115668 *Walsh, Stephen. 2001. "Stravinsky, Igor". ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', ed. S. Sadie and J. Tyrrell. London: Macmillan. {{Ballet}} [[Category:Ballets by Igor Stravinsky]] [[Category:Ballets by Michel Fokine]] [[Category:Ballets Russes productions]] [[Category:Compositions by Igor Stravinsky]] [[Category:1911 ballet premieres]] [[Category:Ballets designed by Alexandre Benois]] [[de:Petruschka (Ballett)]] [[es:Petrushka]] [[fr:Petrouchka]] [[ko:페트르슈카]] [[it:Petruška (balletto)]] [[he:פטרושקה]] [[nl:Petroesjka]] [[ja:ペトルーシュカ]] [[pl:Pietruszka (balet)]] [[pt:Petruschka]] [[sv:Petrusjka]] [[ru:Петрушка (балет)]]'