Examine individual changes

'{{featured article}}bithh ass nigga fuck titties [[File:Bergen County, NJ municipalities labeled.svg|thumb|right|The 70 municipalities of [[Bergen County]], [[New Jersey]]]] '''Boroughitis''' (also '''borough fever''' or '''borough mania''') was a political phenomenon in the American state of [[New Jersey]] in the 1890s, particularly in [[Bergen County]]. Attempts by the [[New Jersey Legislature]] to reform local government and the school systems led to the formation of dozens of low-population [[borough (New Jersey)|boroughs]], communities small in area that still [[Balkanization|balkanize]] the state's political map. This occurred because of the development of [[commuter suburb]]s in New Jersey, residents of which wanted more government services than did the long-time rural population. In the late 19th century, much of New Jersey was divided into large [[township (New Jersey)|townships]], in which there might be several small communities, each with a local school that formed its own district. Political disputes arose between the growing number of [[commuter]]s, who wanted more government services for the new developments near railroad lines, and long-time residents such as farmers, who feared higher taxes. A previously little-used law permitted small segments of existing townships to vote by referendum to form independent boroughs. In late 1893, Republicans, backed by commuters, captured control of the legislature and the following year passed legislation allowing boroughs that were formed from parts of two or more townships to elect a representative to the county [[Board of Chosen Freeholders]]. This 1894 act, in combination with a second one the same year that consolidated the school districts into one per township, made it easy and attractive for dissatisfied communities to break away and become boroughs, in order to gain a seat on the county board or to keep control of the local school. Forty new boroughs were formed in 1894 and 1895, with the bulk in Bergen County, where townships were broken up or greatly reduced in size; there are few there today. Feeling that the 1894 laws had allowed the formation of an excessive number of municipalities, the legislature scuttled the right to elect a freeholder in 1895, and ended the formation of boroughs by referendum the following year. Municipalities continued to be created by the legislature into the 20th century, and although there have been efforts at consolidation in recent years to lower the cost of government, their number has been only slightly reduced. == Background == {{further|Local government in New Jersey}} [[File:Bergen Passaic 1872.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bergen County]] (and neighboring [[Passaic County]]) in 1872]] At the time of the union of [[East Jersey]] and [[West Jersey]] into the [[Province of New Jersey]] in 1702, there were about 24 [[township (New Jersey)|townships]]; more were added under British government by [[letters patent]], court decrees, or legislative action.{{sfn|Snyder|p=22}} Following the [[American Revolutionary War]], the [[New Jersey Legislature]] confirmed all [[municipal charter]]s, and granted new ones; by 1798, the state had 104 townships. Increased economic activity in [[Essex County, New Jersey|Essex]], [[Morris County, New Jersey|Morris]] and [[Sussex County, New Jersey|Sussex]] counties, and the formation of [[Warren County, New Jersey|Warren County]], raised the number to 125 by 1834.{{sfn|Karcher|pp=53–55}} Most of the townships had low taxes and little government; the roads (mostly of dirt) were maintained by farmers in lieu of taxes. Township meetings occurred each February; the citizens would discuss concerns, seek solutions, and collectively appoint agents to carry out their will. Voters in each township elected members of the county governing body, the [[Board of Chosen Freeholders]].<ref name="Wright Part 1" >{{cite web|last=Wright|first=Kevin|title=Punkin Duster Finds the Woodchuck Borough: A Centennial Review of Bergen County Borough Fever 1894–95, Part One|url=http://www.bergencountyhistory.org/Pages/part1.html|accessdate=September 9, 2015|publisher=Bergen County Historical Society}}</ref> The railroad brought major changes to New Jersey beginning in the mid-19th century. The state was mostly agricultural, and the new lines made it easier for farmers to get their crops to market. But they also made it easier for those employed in New York City or Philadelphia to live outside the urban core and yet go to work each day.<ref name="Wright Part 1" /> Even before the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], the [[Brick Church (NJT station)|Brick Church station]], in [[Orange, New Jersey|Orange]], Essex County, about {{convert|15|mi}} from New York City, became the center of the nation's first [[commuter suburb]].{{sfn|Bruck & Pinto|pp=307–308}} New Jersey's townships acquired a new population, of [[commuter]]s, who formed communities near railroad stations, and who wanted good well-lit streets and roads, quality schools, and a stake in the government. They were bitterly opposed on each issue by the rural, agricultural population (or "punkin dusters"), who believed their taxes would go up to pay for services they did not want.<ref name="Wright Part 1" /> Schools and school districts caused angry debate between commuters and long-time residents. School district lines were independent of those of townships, for every school formed its own school district.<ref name="Wright Part 1" /><ref name = "wolfe">{{cite web|title=A History of Municipal Government in New Jersey Since 1798|last=Wolfe|first=Albert J.|publisher=The Community Environmental Legal Defense Fund|url=http://celdf.org/downloads/New%20Jersey%20-%20A%20history%20of%20municipal%20govt%20in%20NJ%20since%201798.pdf|accessdate=September 13, 2015}}</ref> Accordingly, townships could contain a number of school districts; [[Bergen County]]'s [[Franklin Township, Bergen County, New Jersey|Franklin Township]] contained eleven school districts serving 774 students.{{sfn|Karcher|p=83}} The [[Town meeting|town-meeting]] style of government then prescribed for townships proved ill-suited to those changing times.{{sfn|Ridgewood|pp=42–43}} The [[New Jersey Constitution]] gave the state government in [[Trenton, New Jersey|Trenton]] relatively weak powers over the townships, but from time to time the legislature attempted reform. The townships were divided into road districts, with residents appointed to see that maintenance was done; in 1859, the state allowed residents of each district to elect a road commissioner, who saw to it their road taxes were spent effectively. Many of these districts later became individual municipalities, with the road commissioner often the first mayor.{{sfn|Bruck & Pinto|p=307}} == Legislation == [[Image:Monmouth County New Jersey Municipalities.png|thumb|left|400px|[[Monmouth County, New Jersey]] displays a number of "doughnut holes" where boroughs have seceded from the townships around them.]] Until 1875, municipalities had been created or modified only by special acts of the legislature, but this ended then, with lawmakers instead passing general laws, and leaving actual incorporation of municipalities to referenda in areas wanting redress.{{sfn|Snyder|p=3}} In 1878, the legislature passed the Borough Act, allowing landowners in an area less than {{convert|4|sqmi}} and with fewer than 1,000 people to seek a referendum on secession from the township to become a [[borough (New Jersey)|borough]]. This referendum could take place on petition of the owners of 10 percent of the land, as measured by value, in the area in question, and 10 days notice of the vote was required. In 1882, the legislature expanded this measure to allow areas of less than {{convert|2|sqmi}} to become borough commissions with some autonomy within the township. Another impetus towards more municipalities developed in the 1870s, with the New Jersey public soured on the railroads because of the [[Panic of 1873]]. The newly [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] legislature passed laws that ended tax exemptions on railroad-owned lands. Much of the land, generally near stations, was sold off, and was transformed into communities that in the following years would [[Urban secession|secede from the township]] in which they lay, creating some of the "doughnut holes", with boroughs surrounded by the townships they were formerly part of, that mark the New Jersey municipal landscape today.{{sfn|Bruck & Pinto|pp=310–311}}{{sfn|Karcher|pp=77–83}} In the 1893 elections, [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] recaptured control of the New Jersey Legislature. This was due in part to another economic depression, the [[Panic of 1893]], which had occurred with Democrat [[Grover Cleveland]] in the [[White House]], and in part because some Democrats, like Republicans before them, had proven corrupt.{{sfn|Karcher|pp=77–83}} The increasing commuter population also played a role; Bergen County contained (and still does) many commuter communities because of its proximity to New York City. These new residents were strongly Republican, as contrasted with the Democratic farmers. According to local historian Kevin Wright, "Having gained sufficient numbers by 1893 to challenge Punkin Dusters at the polls, the Commuters of Bergen County led a political revolution in Home Rule that finally toppled the ancien régime."<ref name = "Wright Part 1" /> Legal disputes about control of the [[New Jersey Senate]] and the Republican desire to undo many Democratic policies occupied the legislature in the early part of its 1894 session.{{sfn|Karcher|pp=77–83}} Nevertheless, interest groups such as local landowners pushed the legislature for permissive policies on municipal incorporation, hoping to gain power in the new governments.{{sfn|Karcher|pp=10–14}} [[File:NJ Capitol.JPG|thumb|left|The [[New Jersey State House]] in Trenton, where the 1894 acts were passed]] As the legislature sat, the townships of Bergen County fractured. The provision of the Borough Act allowing separation had been little-used prior to 1893.<ref name = "lang">{{cite journal|last=Lang|first=Arnold|title=Bergen County's Townships and Municipalities|url=http://njgsbc.org/files/bc-maps/bergenhistory.pdf|journal=The Archivist|date=1999–2000}}</ref> A year long legal battle in [[Palisades Township, New Jersey|Palisades Township]], along the [[Hudson River]], led to a referendum that saw [[Tenafly, New Jersey|Tenafly]] break away in January 1894.<ref name = "Wright Part 1" /> Some communities seceded in early 1894 because of disputes about how to pay for [[macadam]]ized roads, which were first paved through much of Bergen County in the first half of the 1890s. The [[Hackensack, New Jersey|Hackensack]] ''Republican'' reported on March 1, "the chief reason why Delford [later [[Oradell, New Jersey|Oradell]]], [[Westwood, New Jersey|Westwood]], [[Hillsdale, New Jersey|Hillsdale]] and [[Park Ridge, New Jersey|Park Ridge]] want to become boroughs is that they may avoid what is feared will be<!-- no "a" in source --> heavy macadam tax".<ref name="Wright Part 2" /> The proposed borough of Delford would take land from multiple townships, uniting communities on both sides of the [[Hackensack River]] that shared a school, but incorporation was put on hold because of legal uncertainty as to whether a borough could be formed from parts of more than one township.<ref name="Wright Part 2" >{{cite web|last=Wright|first=Kevin|title=Punkin Duster Finds the Woodchuck Borough: A Centennial Review of Bergen County Borough Fever 1894–95, Part Two|url=http://www.bergencountyhistory.org/Pages/part2.html|accessdate=September 9, 2015|publisher=Bergen County Historical Society}}</ref> In April, the Republican majority in Trenton let it be known they were working on a bill to solve Delford's problem by allowing boroughs to be formed from portions of two or more townships, and this became the Act of May 9, 1894. The act also granted such boroughs a seat on the county Board of Chosen Freeholders. According to Wright, "the consequences of casting special legislation under guise of a general law soon became patent".<ref name = "Wright Part 2" /> Since 1885, new boroughs had not gotten their own freeholder, with borough voters instead joining with those in the township they were formerly part of to elect one.<ref>{{cite book| title=Revision of the Statutes of New Jersey|volume=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n400AQAAMAAJ|page=62|year=1887|publisher=Frederick D. Linn & Co.}}</ref> Partisans saw the political possibilities of the 1894 law, and contested control of the Bergen County government through the formation of boroughs that would elect freeholders of their party.<ref name="Wright Part 2" /> The energetic legislators finally reached school reform with Chapter CCCXXXV of the Public Laws of 1894. That act, passed on May 25, provided that "the several school districts in each township shall be consolidated into one school district".{{sfn|Karcher|pp=81–86}} The legislature's intent was to equalize funding between wealthier districts and poorer ones.<ref name="Wright Part 2" /> Had the legislature left it there, according to former [[New Jersey General Assembly]] Speaker [[Alan Karcher]], "New Jersey might have had fewer than 500 municipalities today".{{sfn|Karcher|pp=81–83}} However, the legislature further enacted in the bill, "that each [[city (New Jersey)|city]], borough, and [[town (New Jersey)|incorporated town]], shall be a school district, separate and distinct from the township school district".{{sfn|Karcher|pp=81–83}} Thus, if a community seceded from its township to form a borough, it would keep control of its school.{{sfn|Karcher|pp=81–83}} The new township school districts would be responsible for the debts of their predecessors, meaning that some communities faced the prospect of paying off, in part, the debts of others, and seeing some of their tax dollars going to fund others' schools. Under the law, by becoming an incorporated borough, they could avoid these things.{{sfn|Woodcliff Lake|p=24}} The school legislation greatly fueled the borough craze in Bergen County. Wealthy communities that had had their own school districts now faced the prospect of sharing their school tax revenues with poorer areas, or of being divided up piecemeal in borough referenda. [[Allendale, New Jersey|Allendale]] broke away, principally from Franklin Township, because of such fears. At 650 people, Allendale was one of the more populous boroughs formed in 1894.{{sfn|Karcher|pp=83–85}} In such commuter communities as Park Ridge, those new residents often led the borough drives against the opposition of the old inhabitants who feared the improvements would not benefit them and that the new borough would quickly incur debt through issuance of [[municipal bonds]].<ref name= "Wright Part 2" /> Another new borough created by the residents to keep local school control was Woodcliff, which was formed around the settlement of Pascack from parts of [[Harrington Township, New Jersey|Harrington Township]] and [[Orvil Township, New Jersey|Orvil Township]], and which in 1910 became [[Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey|Woodcliff Lake]].{{sfn|Woodcliff Lake|pp=23–26}} Rural [[Upper Saddle River, New Jersey|Upper Saddle River]] broke away from Orvil Township and [[Hohokus Township, New Jersey|Hohokus Township]], taking one of Orvil Township's six schoolhouses—the press noted that the nascent borough would most likely go Democratic as only 16 Republicans could be found.<ref name = "lang" /><ref name = "Wright Part 3" /> [[Ridgewood, New Jersey|Ridgewood]], then a township, avoided further depredations by [[Midland Park, New Jersey|Midland Park]] and [[Glen Rock, New Jersey|Glen Rock]] by incorporating as a [[village (New Jersey)|village]].{{sfn|Ridgewood|p=43}} The borough of [[Wood-Ridge, New Jersey|Wood-Ridge]] was formed after the boundary lines were carefully drawn with an eye to the referendum, to exclude the home of a family of prominent landowners who were opposed to the incorporation—though not excluding their farmland. Once Wood-Ridge was successfully established, the farmhouse was annexed by borough ordinance.{{sfn|Karcher|p=84}} Of the 40 boroughs created in 1894 and 1895, 26 were in Bergen County. The ones elsewhere included [[Roselle, New Jersey|Roselle]] and [[Mountainside, New Jersey|Mountainside]], in Union County.{{sfn|Karcher|p=86}} In September 1894, state Senator Henry D. Winton warned that the legislature at its next session was likely to amend if not gut the Borough Act because of the craze in Bergen County. Nine new members had been added to the Board of Chosen Freeholders from the previous sixteen, Winton noted, with a proportionate increase in the cost of government, which would be further inflated by the multiplicity of boroughs. The signal that the law might change did not slow the incorporations: Wood-Ridge, [[Carlstadt, New Jersey|Carlstadt]], [[Edgewater, New Jersey|Edgewater]], [[Old Tappan, New Jersey|Old Tappan]] and other boroughs trace their geneses to late 1894.<ref name = "Wright Part 3">{{cite web|last=Wright|first=Kevin|title=Punkin Duster Finds the Woodchuck Borough: A Centennial Review of Bergen County Borough Fever 1894–95, Part Three|url=http://www.bergencountyhistory.org/Pages/part3.html|accessdate=September 9, 2015|publisher=Bergen County Historical Society}}</ref> There were some fistfights and hard feelings over the borough formations, and Russell Jones, whose house was on the newly drawn line between [[Teaneck, New Jersey|Teaneck]] and [[Bogota, New Jersey|Bogota]], saw it burn down as firefighters argued about who had jurisdiction.{{sfn|Cunningham|p=86}} == Aftermath and legacy == {{quote box | align = right | width = 25em | salign = right | quote = We believe that there are many boroughs in this State which have no sufficient excuse for existence, which were prompted by some local desire for extravagant improvement, or were a part of a scheme of speculation to encourage the sale of real estate, or were the outgrowth of sectional or local jealousy which found too easy a vent in the facility which the borough law afforded for the creation of a new municipality. We have not thought it advisable, however, to question in any way the existence of any of these boroughs or, in rehabilitating them, to make any distinction between those that ought to exist and those that ought not. It will be sufficient for the present, we trust, to guard against the increase of such boroughs. | source = State Senator [[Foster M. Voorhees]], report of the Joint Committee to Revise the Laws Concerning Boroughs, March 25, 1896<ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of the Senate of the State of New Jersey|p=758|year=1896|publisher=MacCrellish & Quigley|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q0JNAAAAYAAJ}}</ref>}} The wave of incorporations continued into 1895, with [[Cliffside Park, New Jersey|Cliffside Park]] gaining borough status in January. That month, Bergen County's school superintendent, John Terhune, wrote a report to Trenton, decrying that the law allowed borough petitioners to set the proposed lines to exclude opponents of incorporation, "The idea of allowing a bare majority the power to accept or reject a few that have dared to oppose the new fad, and for this simple expression of their rights to cut them from all school facilities is radically wrong and gross injustice. There is no defense for the injured, but they must meekly accept the situation. It is inconsistent with liberty, a term so dear to us all".<ref name = "Wright Part 4">{{cite web|last=Wright|first=Kevin|title=Punkin Duster Finds the Woodchuck Borough: A Centennial Review of Bergen County Borough Fever 1894–95, Part Four|url=http://www.bergencountyhistory.org/Pages/part4.html|accessdate=September 9, 2015|publisher=Bergen County Historical Society}}</ref> Superintendent Terhune wrote that "until the boroughing is done", it would not be possible to assess the many problems that the rapid subdivision had caused: "I would not attempt to estimate, let alone approximate, the changes caused by the boroughs. It is simply inconceivable".<ref name = "Wright Part 4" /> The Act of February 18, 1895 amended the previous year's borough bill to raise the requirement for incorporation petitions from owners of 10 percent of the land value to 50 percent.<ref name = "Wright Part 4" /> The rush was also slowed by the legislature deciding that no borough created thereafter could maintain a separate school system unless there were at least 400 children living within its limits.<ref name = "lang" /> With the Bergen County Board of Chosen Freeholders by then at 28 members, divided evenly between the parties, the legislature passed a bill setting the number of members of such boards in third-class counties (including Bergen) at 9, with the freeholders elected from the Delford-style boroughs to go out of office on May 8. Nevertheless, on May 9, electors in what became the borough of [[Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey|Englewood Cliffs]] voted to secede from [[Englewood, New Jersey|Englewood]], 34–1.<ref name = "Wright Part 4" /> [[File:Ho-Ho-Kus Public School.jpg|thumb|left|Public school for the borough of [[Ho-Ho-Kus, New Jersey|Ho-Ho-Kus]], Bergen County]] [[North Arlington, New Jersey|North Arlington]] was incorporated as a borough by a referendum held on March 26, 1896, the day the state legislature passed a bill providing that, "no borough or village shall hereafter be incorporated in this state except by special act of the legislature."<ref name = "Wright Part 4" /> The following year, the legislature undertook a thorough revision of the laws relating to boroughs, and forbade incorporations, dissolutions, or boundary changes without its leave.<ref name = "wolfe" /> This simply moved the venue for conflicts over schools from local referenda to the corridors of the [[New Jersey State House|State House]] in Trenton. Boroughs continued to be incorporated by legislative act, with a major burst in the 1920s. These 20th century increases in the number of boroughs were sometimes caused by conflicts over road funds, causing [[Caldwell Township, New Jersey|Caldwell Township]], Essex County, to divide into six municipalities by 1908, and with [[Clementon Township, New Jersey|Clementon Township]], [[Camden County, New Jersey|Camden County]] fracturing into nine between 1915 and 1929.{{sfn|Karcher|p=59}} By the 1920s, the number of municipalities in Bergen County had reached 70, where it still stands.<ref name="lang" /> After the 1920s, the legislature did not create many new municipalities, but local officials used [[zoning]] to affect land use, making annexation less attractive.{{sfn|Karcher|pp=9–11}} Because of boroughitis, the township all but disappeared from Bergen County as a form of government.<ref name = "wolfe" /> One that remains is [[South Hackensack, New Jersey|South Hackensack]], the remnants of [[Lodi Township, New Jersey|Lodi Township]] that no seceding borough wanted. Its three pieces are separated from each other by several miles.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ma|first=Myles|date=March 16, 2014|url=http://www.nj.com/bergen/index.ssf/2014/03/boroughitis_illustrated_the_three_south_hackensacks.html|title=A Town Divided: Boroughitis Leaves South Hackensack Split|publisher=nj.com|accessdate=October 1, 2015}}</ref> Although other counties saw borough formation, the scope was far greater in Bergen County. Sparsely populated when the railroad lines went through in the 1850s, this made for a different pattern of development than other suburban counties, such as Union and Camden, which saw more planned development around railroad stations. Bergen's pattern of development was unique in New Jersey, with, until 1894, several commuter suburbs in a single township, something rare elsewhere in the state. With only one suburb to a township, commuter suburbs outside Bergen County tended to form "doughnut hole" boroughs rather than the township fracturing entirely. Another factor in the division was the overriding desire to keep control of the community school: as New Jersey State Senator [[Fairleigh Dickinson, Jr.]] later put it, "Home Rule is regarded as a political concept in other states, but in New Jersey it is a precept of theology".{{sfn|Karcher|p=75}} Karcher agreed with this statement, especially on the matter of education, and the desire for home rule has proven a barrier to consolidation.{{sfn|Karcher|p=75}} A number of boroughs became townships in the early 1980s, though they did not necessarily change their form of government, as until 1986, more federal aid was available to municipalities called townships than to those styled boroughs.{{sfn|Karcher|pp=166–168}} As of 2014, New Jersey has 565 municipalities, the highest number of municipalities ''per capita'' of any state, and more than eight other states combined. Its boroughs include [[Teterboro, New Jersey|Teterboro]] in Bergen County, site of [[Teterboro Airport|an airport]], industrial buildings, and the homes of fewer than a hundred residents. Governor [[Chris Christie]] has urged consolidation to lower the cost of government, and a number of municipalities have studied it, but the only significant recent merger has been that of [[Borough of Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton Borough]] with [[Princeton Township, New Jersey|Princeton Township]] (2012).<ref>{{cite news|last=Magyar|first=Mark A.|url=http://www.njspotlight.com/stories/14/11/17/size-doesn-t-matter-study-of-nj-municipal-government-costs-concludes/|title=Size Doesn't Matter—Study of NJ Municipal Government|date=November 17, 2014|publisher=NJ Spotlight|accessdate=September 10, 2015}}</ref>{{sfn|Karcher|pp=193–194}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/DPDP1/0600000US3400372480|title=DP-1 – Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 for Teterboro Borough, Bergen County, New Jersey|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=September 10, 2015}}</ref>{{sfn|Bruck & Pinto|pp=289, 295}} Karcher, both while Speaker and afterwards, promoted consolidation, but saw it fall victim to home rule advocates.{{sfn|Karcher|p=215}} He discussed the long-term effect of the boroughitis craze: {{quote | The ultimate cost to the state's taxpayers&nbsp;... directly attributable to the Republican reforms of 1894, is incalculable. One need only take an afternoon drive through Bergen County. The only evidence that you have traversed one borough in the last five minutes and are now entering another, which may take only three minutes to cross, is a sign. Otherwise it is virtually impossible to tell one [[wikt:fungible|fungible]] borough from the other. Yet each has its own most prized possession, and prized it should be considering its cost: its own school district.{{sfn|Karcher|p=87}} }} == References == {{Research help|Gen}}{{Reflist|30em}} == Sources == *{{cite journal|last=Bruck|first=Andrew I.|last2=Pinto III|first2=H. Joseph|title=Overruled by Home Rule: The Problems with New Jersey's Latest Effort to Consolidate Municipalities|journal=Seton Hall Legislative Journal|volume=32|issue=2|url=http://mutex.gmu.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=lft&AN=502592545&site=ehost-live|pages=287–350|year=2008|ref={{sfnRef|Bruck & Pinto}}}}{{subscription}} *{{cite book|editor=Chazotte, Irma|title=One Hundred Years of Woodcliff Lake Heritage, 1894–1994|publisher=Woodcliff Lake [New Jersey] Centennial Book Committee|oclc= 55524597|year=1997|ref={{sfnRef|Woodcliff Lake}} }} *{{cite book|last=Cunningham|first=John T.|title=This is New Jersey|edition=4th|publisher=Rutgers University Press|date=1998|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rMk1LTo9wYcC&lpg=PA86&ots=ne_NtrEDQz&dq=russell%20jones%20bogota%20teaneck&pg=PA86#v=onepage&q=russell%20jones%20bogota%20teaneck&f=false|isbn=978-0-8135-2141-1|ref={{sfnRef|Cunningham}} }} *{{cite book|last=Karcher|first=Alan|authorlink=Alan Karcher|title=New Jersey's Multiple Municipal Madness|publisher=Rutgers University Press|date=1998|edition=Kindle|isbn=978-0-8135-2566-2|ref={{sfnRef|Karcher}} }} *{{cite book|publisher=Citizens Semi-Centennial Association [Ridgewood, NJ]|title=Ridgewood, Bergen County, New Jersey, Past and Present|oclc= 11745553|url=https://archive.org/details/ridgewoodbergenc00citi|year=1916|ref={{sfnRef|Ridgewood}} }} *{{ cite book|last=Snyder|first=John P.|title=The Story of New Jersey's Civil Boundaries, 1606–1968|publisher=Department of Geology and Topography|year=1969|url=http://www.state.nj.us/dep/njgs/enviroed/oldpubs/bulletin67.pdf|oclc=23824|ref={{sfnRef|Snyder}}}} [[Category:1890s in New Jersey]] [[Category:Bergen County, New Jersey]] [[Category:History of New Jersey]] [[Category:Local government in New Jersey]]'