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'{{sources|date=June 2015}} [[File:1871UFO.png|thumb|right|200px|One of the first claimed pictures of a UFO, in reality a cropped image of an elaborate frost formation [[USA]], 1870.]] '''Mystery airships''' or '''phantom airships''' are a class of [[unidentified flying object]]s best known from a series of newspaper reports originating in the western United States and spreading east during 1896 and 1897.<ref name ="reece-11-13">{{Harvnb | Reece | 2007 | pp = 11–13}}.</ref> According to researcher [[Jerome Clark]], airship reports were made worldwide from the 1880s to 1890s.<ref>{{Citation | last = Clark | first = Jerome | title = Unexplained! 347 Strange Sightings, Incredible Occurrences, and Puzzling Physical Phenomena | place = Detroit | publisher = Visible Ink Press | year = 1993 | ISBN = 0-8103-9436-7}}.</ref> Mystery airship reports are seen as a cultural predecessor to modern claims of extraterrestrial-piloted flying saucer-style UFOs.{{Sfn | Reece | 2007 | p = 14}} Typical airship reports involved unidentified lights, but more detailed accounts reported ships comparable to a [[dirigible]].<ref name = "reece-11" /> Reports of the alleged crewmen and pilots usually described them as human looking, although sometimes the crew claimed to be from Mars.{{Sfn | Reece | 2007 | p = 11}} It was popularly believed that the mystery airships were the product of some genius inventor not ready to make knowledge of his creation public.{{Sfn | Reece | 2007 | p = 12}} For example, [[Thomas Edison]] was so widely speculated to be the mind behind the alleged airships that in 1897 he "was forced to issue a strongly worded statement" denying his responsibility.<ref name = "reece-12-13">{{Harvnb | Reece | 2007 | pp = 12–13}}.</ref> Author Gregory L. Reece has argued that mystery airships are unlikely to represent test flights of real human-manufactured dirigibles as no record of successful airship flights are known from the period and "it would have been impossible, not to mention irrational, to keep such a thing secret."{{Sfn | Reece | 2007 | p = 14}} To the contrary, however, there were in fact several functional airships manufactured before the 1896–[[1897 |97]] reports (e.g., [[Solomon Andrews (inventor)|Solomon Andrews]] made successful test flights of his "Aereon" in 1863), but their capabilities were far more limited than the mystery airships. Reece{{Sfn | Reece | 2007 | p = 14}} and others<ref name = "Jacobs 16">{{Harvnb | Jacobs | 1975 | p = 16}}.</ref> note that contemporary American newspapers of the "[[Yellow journalism]]" era were more likely to print manufactured stories and hoaxes than modern news sources, and editors of the late 1800s often would have expected the reader to understand that such stories were phony.<ref name = "reece-14" /> Period journalists did not seem to take airship reports very seriously, as after the major 1896–97 flap concluded the subject was not given further investigation and quickly fell from public consciousness.<ref name="reece-14" /> The airship reports received further attention only in the mid-twentieth century when UFO investigators suggested the airships might represent earlier precursors to post-World War II UFOs.<ref name="reece-14">Reece (2007), page 14.</ref> ==The 1896–1897 wave== [[File:Mystery airship SFCall Nov 22 1896.jpg|thumb| Mystery airship illustrated in the ''[[San Francisco Call]]'', 1896]] The best-known of the mystery airship waves began in [[California]] in 1896.{{Sfn | Reece | 2007 | p = 12}} Afterwards, reports and accounts of similar airships came from other areas, generally moving east.{{Sfn | Reece | 2007 | p = 12}} Some accounts during this wave of airship reports claim that occupants were visible on some airships, and encounters with the pilots were reported as well.{{Sfn | Reece | 2007 | p = 12}} These occupants often appeared to be human, though their behaviour, mannerisms and clothing were sometimes reported to be unusual.{{Sfn | Reece | 2007 | p = 11}} Sometimes the apparent humans claimed to be from the planet Mars.{{Sfn | Reece | 2007 | p = 11}} Historian [[Mike Dash]] described and summarized the 1896–1897 series of airship sightings, writing: {{quote |Not only were [the mystery airships] bigger, faster and more robust than anything then produced by the aviators of the world; they seemed to be able to fly enormous distances, and some were equipped with giant wings... The 1896–1897 airship wave is probably the best investigated of all historical anomalies. The files of almost 1,500 newspapers from across the United States have been combed for reports, an astonishing feat of research. The general conclusion of investigators was that a considerable number of the simpler sightings were misidentification of [[planet]]s and [[star]]s, and a large number of the more complex the result of [[hoax]]es and [[practical joke]]s. A small residuum remains perplexing.<ref>{{Citation | last = Dash | first = Mike | title = Borderlands: The Ultimate Exploration of the Unknown | place = Woodstock | publisher = Overlook Press | year = 2000 | ISBN = 0-87951-724-7}}.</ref>}} === Specific cases === * The ''[[Sacramento Bee]]'' and the ''[[San Francisco Call]]'' reported the first sighting on November 18, 1896.<ref name="reece-12" /> Witnesses reported a light moving slowly over [[Sacramento]] on the evening of November 17 at an estimated 1,000-foot elevation.<ref name="reece-12" /> Some witnesses said they could see a dark shape behind the light.<ref name="reece-12" /> A witness named R.L. Lowery reported that he heard a voice from the craft issuing commands to increase elevation in order to avoid hitting a church steeple.<ref name="reece-12" /> Lowery added "in what was no doubt meant as a wink to the reader" that he believed the apparent captain to be referring to the tower of a local brewery, as there were no churches nearby.<ref name="reece-12" /> Lowery further described the craft as being powered by two men exerting themselves on bicycle pedals. Above the pedaling men seemed to be a passenger compartment, which lay under the main body of the dirigible. A light was mounted on the front end of the airship.<ref name="reece-12" /> Some witnesses reported the sound of singing as the craft passed overhead.<ref name="reece-12">{{harvnb | Reece | 2007 | p = 12}}</ref> * The November 19, 1896, edition of the [[Stockton, California]], ''Daily Mail'' featured one of the earliest accounts of an alleged alien craft sighting.<ref name="reece-10">{{harvnb|Reece|2007|p=10}}</ref> Colonel H.G. Shaw claimed that while driving his buggy through the countryside near Stockton, he came across what appeared to be a landed spacecraft.<ref name="reece-10" /> Shaw described it as having a metallic surface which was completely featureless apart from a rudder, and pointed ends.<ref name="reece-10" /> He estimated a diameter of 25 feet and said the vessel was around 150 feet in total length.<ref name="reece-10" /> Three slender, {{convert|7|ft|m|adj=mid|-tall}}, apparent extraterrestrials were said to approach from the craft while "emitting a strange warbling noise."<ref name="reece-10" /> The beings reportedly examined Shaw's buggy and then tried to physically force him to accompany them back to the airship.<ref name="reece-1011">{{harvnb|Reece|2007|p=10-11}}</ref> The aliens were said to give up after realizing they lacked the physical strength to force Shaw onto the ship.<ref name="reece-11" /> They supposedly fled back to their ship, which lifted off the ground and sped out of sight.<ref name="reece-11" /> Shaw believed that the beings were Martians sent to kidnap an earthling for unknowable but potentially nefarious purposes.<ref name="reece-11" /> This has been seen by some as an early attempt at [[alien abduction]]; it is apparently the first published account of explicitly extraterrestrial beings attempting to kidnap humans into their spacecraft.<ref>[http://www.virtuallystrange.net/ufo/updates/2004/mar/m19-001.shtml UFOs And Fairies/Legends/Supernatural – Pt. I]</ref> * The mystery light reappeared over Sacramento the evening of November 21. It was also seen over Folsom, San Francisco, Oakland and [[Sebastopol, California|Sebastopol]] later that same evening and was reportedly viewed by hundreds of witnesses. * One witness from [[Arkansas]] – allegedly a former state senator Harris – was supposedly told by an airship pilot (during the tensions leading up to the [[Spanish American War]]) that the craft was bound for [[Cuba]], to use its "[[Hotchkiss gun]]" to "kill [[Spain|Spaniards]]".<ref>{{harvnb|Jacobs|p= 10}}</ref> * In one account from [[Texas]], three men reported an encounter with an airship and with "five peculiarly dressed men" who asserted that they were descendants of the [[lost tribes of Israel]], and had learned English from the 1553 [[North Pole]] expedition led by [[Hugh Willoughby (sea captain)|Hugh Willoughby]]. * On February 2, 1897, the ''[[Omaha Bee]]'' reported an airship sighting over Hastings, Nebraska, the previous day.<ref name="reece-13">{{harvnb|Reece|2007| p=13}}</ref> * An article in the ''[[Albion Weekly News]]'' reported that two witnesses saw an airship crash just inches from where they were standing.<ref name="reece-13" /> The airship suddenly disappeared, with a man standing where the vessel had been.<ref name="reece-13" /> The airship pilot showed the men a small device that supposedly enabled him to shrink the airship small enough to store the vessel in his pocket.<ref name="reece-13" /> A rival newspaper, the ''[[Wilsonville Review]]'', playfully claimed that its own editor was an additional witness to the incident and that he heard the pilot say "Weiver eht rof ebircsbus!"<ref name="reece-13" /> The phrase he allegedly heard is "subscribe for the ''Review''" spelled backwards.<ref name="reece-13" /> * On April 10, 1897, the ''[[St. Louis Post-Dispatch]]'' published a story reporting that one W.H. Hopkins encountered a grounded airship about 20 feet in length and 8 feet in diameter near the outskirts of Springfield, Missouri.<ref name="reece-11" /> The vehicle was apparently propelled by three large propellers and crewed by a beautiful, nude woman and a bearded man, also nude.<ref name="reece-11" /> Hopkins attempted with some difficulty to communicate with the crew in order to ascertain their origins.<ref name="reece-11" /> Eventually they understood what Hopkins was asking of them and they both pointed to the sky and "uttered something that sounded like the word ''Mars.''"<ref name="reece-11">{{harvnb|Reece|2007|p=11}}</ref> * An April 16, 1897, a story published by the ''[[Table Rock Argus]]'' claimed that a group of "anonymous but reliable" witnesses had seen an airship sailing overhead.<ref name="reece-13" /> The craft had many passengers.<ref name="reece-13" /> The witnesses claimed that among these passengers was a woman tied to a chair, a woman attending her, and a man with a pistol guarding their apparent prisoner.<ref name="reece-13" /> Before the witnesses thought to contact the authorities, the airship was already gone.{{Sfn | Reece | 2007 | p = 13}} * [[Aurora, Texas, UFO incident|An account]] from [[Aurora, Texas]],<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.unmuseum.org/crash19.htm | title = Crash | publisher = UN Museum}}.</ref> related in the ''[[Dallas Morning News]]'' on April 19, 1897, reported that a couple of days before, an airship had smashed into a [[windmill]] – later determined to be a [[sump pump]] – belonging to a Judge Proctor, then crashed. The occupant was dead and mangled, but the story reported that presumed pilot was clearly "not an inhabitant of this world."<ref name="Jacobs 17">{{Harvnb | Jacobs | 1975 | p = 17}}.</ref> Strange "[[logogram|hieroglyphic]]" figures were seen on the wreckage, which resembled "a mixture of [[aluminum]] and [[silver]]... it must have weighed several tons."<ref name="Jacobs 17" /> In the 20th century, unusual metallic material recovered from the presumed crash site was shown to contain a percentage of aluminum and iron admixed.{{Needs citation |reason =This statement needs to be supported by a citation of a reliable source.|date=May 2015}} The story ended by noting that the pilot was given a "[[Christian burial]]" in the town cemetery. {{Citation needed span|text=In 1973, [[MUFON]] investigators discovered the alleged stone marker used in this burial. Their metal detectors indicated a quantity of foreign material might remain buried there. However, they were not permitted to exhume, and when they returned several years later, the headstone – and whatever metallic material had lain beneath it – was gone.|date=February 2007}} * An account by Alexander Hamilton of [[Leroy, Kansas]], supposedly occurred about April 19, 1897, and was published in the ''Yates Center Farmer's Advocate'' of April 23. Hamilton, his son and a tenant witnessed an airship hovering over his cattle pen. Upon closer examination, the witnesses realized that a red "cable" from the airship had lassoed a heifer, but had also become entangled in the pen's fence. After trying unsuccessfully to free the heifer, Hamilton cut loose a portion of the fence, then "stood in amazement to see the ship, cow and all rise slowly and sail off."{{Sfn | Jacobs | 1975 | p = 15}} Some have suggested this was the earliest report of [[cattle mutilation]]. In 1982, however, UFO researcher [[Jerome Clark]] [[debunker|debunked]] this story, and confirmed via interviews and Hamilton's own [[affidavit]] that the story was a successful attempt to win a Liar's Club competition to create the most outlandish [[tall tale]]. ==Other waves== ===1887 wave=== There were a number of mystery airship reports from the east coast of the U.S. in 1887.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.angelfire.com/ma4/oddities/airshiplog3.html|title=THE MYSTERY AIRSHIP LOG - 1871 through 1895|work=angelfire.com}}</ref> ===1909–1913=== There was a series of mystery airship sightings in 1909 in [[New England]],<ref>Stephen Whalen and Robert E. Bartholomew: [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1559788 The Great New England Airship Hoax of 1909], in: The New England Quarterly, Vol. 75, No. 3 (Sep., 2002), pp. 466-476 (JSTOR link)</ref> [[New Zealand]]<ref name="Clark 123">Clark (2000), page 123.</ref> and various [[Europe]]an locations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ufo.se/english/articles/wave.html|title=The Airship Wave of 1909|work=ufo.se}}</ref> Later reports came from the United Kingdom in 1912 and 1913.<ref>[http://mimufon.org/1970%20articles/PhantomAirships1913.htm 1970s Phantom Airships of 1913<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> However, by this time airship technology was well advanced ([[Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin]] had been flying his massive passenger-carrying airships for nearly a decade by then), making the prospect that these may have been small, private airships rather than evidence of extraterrestrial visitation or newspaper hoaxes more reasonable. ==Later research== [[Jerome Clark]] writes, "One curious feature of the post-1887 airship waves was the failure of each to stick in historical memory. Although 1909, for example, brought a flood of sightings worldwide and attendant discussion and speculation, contemporary accounts do not allude to the hugely publicized events of little more than a decade earlier."<ref name="Clark 123" /> Clark writes that any attempt to "uncover the truth about the late 19th-century airship scare comes up against some unhappy realities: newspaper coverage was unreliable; no independent investigators ('airshipologists') spoke directly with alleged witnesses or attempted to verify or debunk their testimony; and, with a single unsatisfactory exception, no eyewitness was ever interviewed even in the 1950s, when some were presumably still living."<ref>Clark (1998), page 37.</ref> The "single unsatisfactory exception" Clark cites is a former ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'' employee interviewed via telephone by [[Edward J. Ruppelt]] in 1952. Ruppelt wrote that the man "had been a copy boy ... and remembered the incident, but time had cancelled out the details. He did tell me that he, the editor of the paper, and the news staff had seen 'the ship', as he referred to the UFO. His story, even though it was fifty-six years old, smacked of others I'd heard when he said that no one at the newspaper ever told anyone what they had seen; they didn't want people to think they were 'crazy'." Jacobs notes, "Most arguments against the airship idea came from individuals who assumed that the witnesses did not see what they claimed to see. This is the crucial link between the 1896–97 phenomenon and the modern unidentified flying object phenomenon beginning in 1947. It also was central to the debate over whether unidentified flying objects constituted a unique phenomenon."<ref>Jacobs, pages 33–34.</ref> In 2009, American author J. Allan Danelek wrote a book entitled ''The Great Airship of 1897''<ref>Adventures Unlimited Press.</ref> in which he made the case that the mystery airship was the work of an unknown individual, possibly funded by a wealthy investor from San Francisco, to build an airship prototype as a test vehicle for a later series of larger, passenger-carrying airships. In the work, Danelek demonstrates how the craft might have been built using materials and technologies available in 1896 (including speculative line drawings and technical details). The ship, Danelek proposes, was built in secret to safeguard its design from patent infringement as well as to protect investors in case of failure. Noting that the flights were initially seen over California and only later over the Midwest, he speculates that the inventor was making a series of short test flights, moving from west to east and following the main railway lines for logistical support, and that it was these experimental flights that formed the basis for many – though not all – of the newspaper accounts from the era. Danelek also notes that the reports ended abruptly in mid-April 1897, suggesting that the craft may have met with disaster, effectively ending the venture and permitting the sightings to fall into the realm of mythology. ==Explanations== ===Hoaxes or misidentification=== During the 1896–97 wave, there were many attempts to explain the airship sightings, including suggestions of [[hoax]]es, [[prank]]s, [[publicity stunt]]s and [[hallucination]]s. One man suggested the airships were swarms of [[firefly |lightning beetles]] misidentified by observers.{{Sfn | Jacobs | 1975 | p = 30}} Jacobs believes that many airship tales originated with "enterprising reporters perpetrating journalistic hoaxes."<ref name="Jacobs 16" /> He notes that many of these accounts "are easy to identify because of their tongue-in-cheek tone, and accent on the sensational."<ref name = "Jacobs 16" /> Furthermore, in many such newspaper hoaxes, the author makes his intent obvious "by saying – in the last line – that he was writing from an [[insane asylum]] (or something to that effect)."{{Sfn | Jacobs | 1975 | pp = 17–18}} ===Human airships=== Some argued that the airship reports were genuine accounts. Steerable airships had been publicly flown in the U.S. since the [[Solomon Andrews (airship)|Aereon]] in 1863, and numerous inventors were working on airship and aircraft designs (the idea that a secretive inventor might have developed a viable craft with advanced capabilities was the focus of [[Jules Verne]]'s 1886 novel ''[[Robur the Conqueror]]''). In fact, two French army officers and engineers, [[Arthur Krebs]] and [[Charles Renard]], had successfully flown in an electric-powered airship called [[La France (airship)|''La France'']] as early as 1885, making no fewer than seven successful flights in the craft over an eleven-month period. Also during the 1896–97 period, [[David Schwarz (aviation inventor) |David Schwarz]] built an aluminum-skinned airship in Germany that successfully flew over [[Berlin Tempelhof Airport|Tempelhof Field]] before being irreparably damaged during a hard landing. Both events clearly demonstrated that the technology to build a practical airship existed during the period in question, though if reports of the capabilities of the California and Midwest airship sighted in 1896–97 are true, it would have been considerably more advanced than any airship built up to that time. Several individuals, including [[Lyman Gilmore]] and [[Charles Dellschau]], were later identified as possible candidates for being involved in the design and construction of the airships, although little evidence was found in support of these ideas. ===Claims of extraterrestrial origin=== Early sources citing the [[extraterrestrial hypothesis]], all from 1897, include the ''[[Washington Times-Herald |Washington Times]]'', which speculated that the airships were "a reconnoitering party from [[Mars]]"; and the ''[[Saint Louis Post-Dispatch]]'', which suggested of the airships, "these may be visitors from Mars, fearful, at the last, of invading the planet they have been seeking."{{Sfn | Jacobs | 1975 | p = 29}} In 1909, a letter printed in the ''[[Otago Daily Times]]'' ([[New Zealand]]) suggested that the mystery airship sightings then being reported in that country were due to [[Martian]] "atomic-powered spaceships."<ref name="Clark 123" /> ==See also== * [[Airshit]] * [[Ghost rockets]] * [[Unidentified flying object]] ==Footnotes== {{Reflist |32em}} ==References== * {{Citation | last = Clark | first = Jerome | year = 1998 | title = The UFO Book: Encyclopedia of the Extraterrestrial | publisher = Visible Ink | ISBN = 1-57859-029-9}}. * {{Citation | last = Clark | first = Jerome | year = 2000 | contribution = The Extraterrestrial Hypothesis in the Early UFO Age | pages = 122–40 | title = UFOs and Abductions: Challenging the Borders of Knowledge | editor-first = David M | editor-last = Jacobs | publisher = University Press of Kansas | ISBN = 0-7006-1032-4 | author-mask = 3}}. * {{Citation | first = Jeff | last = Gorvetzian | year = 1998 | url = http://www.forteantimes.com/articles/115_aurora.shtml | title = Once Upon A Time In Aurora | newspaper = [[Fortean Times]] | issue = 115}}. * {{Citation | author = The Heirophant's Apprentice | title = The Fortean Times Random Dictionary of the Damned: No. 6: Airships & Scareships Part One: 1896–7 | newspaper = Fortean Times | issue = 196 | pages = 46–49}}. * {{Citation | author = The Heirophant's Apprentice | title = The Fortean Times Random Dictionary of the Damned: No. 7: Airships & Scareships Part Two: 1909–14 | newspaper = Fortean Times | issue = 198 | pages = 48–50 | author-mask = 3}}. * {{Citation | last = Jacobs | first = David Michael | year = 1975 | title = The UFO Controversy In America | publisher = Indiana University Press | ISBN = 0-253-19006-1}}. * {{cite book | last = Reece | first =Gregory L | date =August 21, 2007 | title =UFO Religion: Inside Flying Saucer Cults and Culture | publisher =I. B. Tauris | isbn = 1-84511-451-5 | ref = harv}}, 213 pp. * {{Citation | last = Ruppelt | first = Edward J | year = 1956 | title = The Report on Unidentified Flying Objects | url = http://www.nicap.org/rufo/contents.htm | publisher = Nicap}}. {{UFOs}} [[Category:Unidentified flying objects]] [[Category:Airships]]'