Examine individual changes

'{{Infobox political party |name = Jamaica Labour Party |logo = [[Image:JlpLogo.png]] |colorcode = #00A94C |leader = [[Andrew Holness]] |leader1_title = Chairman |leader1_name = [[Robert Montague (Jamaican politician)|Robert Montague]] |leader2_title = General Secretary |leader2_name = [[Horace Chang]] |foundation = 8 July 1943 |founder = [[Alexander Bustamante]] |youth_wing = [[Young Jamaica]] |wing1_title = Young Professional Arm |wing1 = [[G2K]] (Generation 2000) |wing2_title = Women's Group |wing2 = [[Women's Freedom Movement (WFM)]] |wing3_title = Trade Union Wing |wing3 = [[Bustamante Industrial Trade Union]] |ideology = [[Conservatism]] |position = [[Centre-right]]<ref name="KleinDay2004">{{cite book|author1=Axel Klein|author2=Marcus Day|author3=Anthony Harriott|title=Caribbean Drugs: From Criminalization to Harm Reduction|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=KlJyez-Nr70C&pg=PA70|date=13 November 2004|publisher=Zed Books|isbn=978-1-84277-499-1|pages=70–}}</ref><ref name="Gauldie2007">{{cite book|author=Robin Gauldie|title=Jamaica|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=MxjKy5YZPJIC&pg=PA17|date=July 2007|publisher=New Holland Publishers|isbn=978-1-84537-859-2|pages=17–}}</ref> |headquarters = [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]], [[Jamaica]] |international = [[International Democrat Union]] |affiliation1_title = Regional affiliation |affiliation1 = [[Caribbean Democrat Union]] |seats1_title = [[Parliament of Jamaica|House of Representatives]] |seats1 = {{Composition bar|21|63|hex=green}} |seats2_title = [[Senate of Jamaica|Senate]] |seats2 = {{Composition bar|8|21|hex=green}} |seats3_title = [[Local Government]] |seats3 = {{Composition bar|75|227|hex=green}} |seats4_title = Parish Councils |seats4 = {{Composition bar|0|13|hex=green}} |website = [http://www.jamaicalabourparty.com jamaicalabourparty.com] |country = Jamaica }} The '''Jamaica Labour Party''' (JLP) is one of the two major [[List of political parties in Jamaica|political parties in Jamaica]], the other being the [[People's National Party]] (PNP). Despite its name, the JLP is a [[Conservatism|conservative]]<ref name="Green2002">{{cite book|author=Charles Green|title=Manufacturing Powerlessness in the Black Diaspora: Inner-City Youth and the New Global Frontier|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HXf9AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA133|date=9 May 2002|publisher=AltaMira Press|isbn=978-0-585-38626-3|pages=133–}}</ref><ref name="PaprockiDolan2009">{{cite book|author1=Sherry Paprocki|author2=Sean Dolan|title=Bob Marley: Musician|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=dSbYwAE6WjMC&pg=PA76|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0072-2|pages=76–}}</ref><ref name="Foner2013">{{cite book|author=Nancy Foner|title=One Out of Three: Immigrant New York in the 21st Century|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=qDsjMHBHhsAC&pg=PT235|date=20 August 2013|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-53513-7|pages=235–}}</ref> political party, albeit one with ties to the Jamaican labour movement due to its history. The JLP is a member of the [[Caribbean Democrat Union]]. It currently sits in Opposition in the Parliament, having won 21 of the 63 parliamentary seats in the lower house of parliament (House of Representative) in the [[Jamaican general election, 2011|2011 elections]]. The party did not win any of the local government councils (Municipality) in the 2012 local elections. The JLP uses the [[Liberty Bell]], the [[victory sign]], and the colour [[green]] as electoral symbols. ==Political background== The party was founded on 8 July 1943 by [[Alexander Bustamante]] as the political wing of the [[Bustamante Industrial Trade Union]]. It won the [[Jamaican general election, 1944|1944 general elections]] with 22 of the 32 seats.<ref name=N1>[[Dieter Nohlen|Nohlen, D]] (2005) ''Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume I'', pp432-435 ISBN 978-0-19-928357-6</ref> It went on to win the [[Jamaican general election, 1949|1949 elections]] with a reduced majority, before losing power to the PNP in the [[Jamaican general election, 1955|1955 elections]]. It remained in opposition following the [[Jamaican general election, 1959|1959 elections]], but was victorious in [[Jamaican general election, 1962|1962]] and was therefore the Government when Jamaica gained its political independence from Great Britain on 6 August 1962. In 1964 Bustamante retired from politics, but he did not relinquish the title of party leader for several years until the party gave him the honorific title of "The Chief" following its defeat in the [[Jamaican general election, 1972|1972 elections]]. In the interim the party's effective head was First Deputy Leader [[Donald Sangster]] who led the party to victory at the polls on 21 February 1967. Unfortunately, Sangster suffered a brain hemorrhage and died about six weeks after the elections, while he was preparing for his budget presentation. [[Hugh Shearer]] succeeded Sangster as First Deputy Leader and Prime Minister, defeating David Clement (DC) Tavares by two votes in a run-off by of the JLP parliamentarians. Tavares had came out on top in the first ballot, with Shearer and Robert Lightbourne being the other candidates. Shearer led the JLP to election defeat against the [[People's National Party]]'s [[Michael Manley]] in [[Jamaican general election, 1972|1972]] and served as Opposition Leader until 1974. It is to be noted that both Sangster and Shearer served as prime ministers while Bustamante remained party leader: they both had the title of "First Deputy Leader" of the JLP while they served as Prime Minister. In 1974 [[Edward Seaga]] was elected the second leader of the party. The party lost the [[Jamaican general election, 1976|1976 elections]], but Seaga became Prime Minister after victory in [[Jamaican general election, 1980|1980]] when the party won by a landslide, capturing 51 of the then 60 parliamentary seats. In 1983 with the JLP achieving a spike in popularity, in part because of Seaga's support of the US-led military [[invasion of Grenada]], Seaga called [[Jamaican general election, 1983|early elections]] and won all sixty seats, the majority by acclamation, mainly because the opposition PNP boycotted those elections. The JLP suffered defeat in the [[Jamaican general election, 1989|1989 elections]] and went on to lose elections in [[Jamaican general election, 1993|1993]], [[Jamaican general election, 1997|1997]] and [[Jamaican general election, 2002|2002]], all under the continued leadership of Seaga. In 2005 [[Bruce Golding]] succeeded Seaga as leader of the party, and led it to victory in the [[Jamaican general election, 2007|2007 elections]]. Golding resigned as head of the party and head of government in October 2011 and was succeeded by current leader [[Andrew Holness]], who served as prime minister until January 2012, when he assumed the position as Opposition Leader. Holness called the [[Jamaican general election, 2011|2011 elections]], over a year before it was constitutionally due, and the party lost by a 2:1 margin to the PNP. The party held a leadership election on November 10, 2013 where [[incumbent]] party leader (and [[Leader of the Opposition]]), Andrew Holness, was challenged by party deputy leader and Shadow Minister for Finance, [[Audley Shaw]]. Holness defeated Shaw.<ref>http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20131111/lead/lead1.html</ref> ==List of party leaders== *[[Sir Alexander Bustamante]] (1943–1974) *[[Sir Donald Sangster]] (''acting'': 1965–1967){{ref|1|1}} *[[Hugh Shearer]] (''acting'': 1967–1974){{ref|1|1}} *[[Edward Seaga]] (1974–2005) *[[Bruce Golding]] (2005–2011) *[[Andrew Holness]] (2011–present) :1.{{note|1}} <small>Donald Sangster and Hugh Shearer were not actually leaders of the JLP but were ''de facto'' leaders during Bustamante's illness/withdrawal from active political life.</small> ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== *[http://www.jamaicalabourparty.com/ Official JLP website] *[http://www.discoverjamaica.com/gleaner/discover/geography/history8.htm History of the JLP and the PNP] {{Jamaican political parties}} [[Category:African and Black nationalism in North America]] [[Category:African and Black nationalist parties]] [[Category:Labour parties]] [[Category:Political parties established in 1943]] [[Category:Political parties in Jamaica]] [[Category:Conservative parties in Jamaica]]'