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'{{recent death}} {{EngvarB|date=November 2013}} {{About|the Egyptian diplomat|his grandfather, the former Prime Minister of Egypt|Boutros Ghali}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2013}} {{Infobox officeholder |name = Boutros Boutros-Ghali |image = Naelachohanboutrosghali-2.jpg{{!}}border |caption = Boutros-Ghali in March 2002 |order = [[List of Secretaries-General of the United Nations|6th]] |office = Secretary-General of the United Nations |term_start = 1 January 1992 |term_end = 31 December 1996 |predecessor = [[Javier Pérez de Cuéllar]] |successor = [[Kofi Annan]] |order1 = |office1 = 1st [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie|Secretary General of La Francophonie]] |term_start1 = 16 November 1997 |term_end1 = 31 December 2002 |predecessor1 =''Position established'' |successor1 = [[Abdou Diouf]] |office2 = [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Egypt)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]<br><small>Acting</small> |primeminister2 = [[Mamdouh Salem]]<br />[[Mustafa Khalil]] |term_start2 = 17 September 1978 |term_end2 = 17 February 1979 |predecessor2 = [[Muhammad Ibrahim Kamel]] |successor2 = [[Mustafa Khalil]] |primeminister3 = [[Mamdouh Salem]] |term_start3 = 17 November 1977 |term_end3 = 15 December 1977 |predecessor3 = [[Ismail Fahmi]] |successor3 = [[Muhammad Ibrahim Kamel]] |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1922|11|14|df=y}} |birth_place = [[Cairo]], [[Kingdom of Egypt|Egypt]] |death_date = {{death date and age|2016|02|16|1922|11|14|mf=y}} |death_place = |party = {{nowrap|[[Arab Socialist Union (Egypt)|Arab Socialist Union]] <small>(before 1978)}}</small><br />[[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|National Democratic]] <small>(1978–2011)</small><br />[[Independent (politician)|Independent]] <small>(2011–present)</small> |spouse = Leia Maria Boutros-Ghali |alma_mater = [[Cairo University]]<br>[[Pantheon-Sorbonne University]]<br>[[Institut d'Études Politiques de Paris|Institute of Political Studies, Paris]] |religion = [[Coptic Orthodox Christianity]] |signature = }} '''Boutros Boutros-Ghali''' ({{lang|ar|بطرس بطرس غالى}} ''{{transl|ar|ALA|Buṭrus Buṭrus Ghālī }}'', {{IPA-arz|ˈbotɾos ˈɣæːli}}; born 14 November 1922) is an Egyptian politician and diplomat who was the [[Secretary-General of the United Nations#List of Secretaries-General|sixth Secretary-General]] of the [[United Nations]] (UN) from January 1992 to December 1996. An academic and former Vice Foreign Minister of Egypt, Boutros Boutros-Ghali oversaw the UN at a time when it dealt with several world crises, including the [[break-up of Yugoslavia]] and the [[Rwandan Genocide]]. He was then the [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie#Executive Secretariat (Secretaries-General)|first Secretary-General of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]] from November 1997 to December 2002. ==Early life and education== Boutros Boutros-Ghali was born in [[Cairo]] on 14 November 1922 into a [[Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria|Coptic Christian]] family.<ref>[http://www.notablebiographies.com/Be-Br/Boutros-Ghali-Boutros.html Boutros Boutros-Ghali Biography], ''Encyclopedia of World Biography''</ref> His grandfather [[Boutros Ghali]] had been [[Prime Minister of Egypt]] from 1908 until he was assassinated in 1910.<ref name=reid>{{cite journal|last=Reid|first=Donald M.|title=Political Assassination in Egypt, 1910–1954|journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies|year=1982|volume=15|issue=4|pages=625–651|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/217848|accessdate=14 January 2013|doi=10.2307/217848}}</ref> Boutros-Ghali graduated from [[Cairo University]] in 1946. He received a PhD in [[Public international law|international law]] from the [[University of Paris]] and diploma in [[international relations]] from the [[Institut d'Études Politiques de Paris|Sciences Po]] in 1949. During 1949–1979, he was appointed Professor of International Law and International Relations at Cairo University. He became President of the Centre of Political and Strategic Studies in 1975 and President of the African Society of Political Studies in 1980. He was a [[Fulbright Program|Fulbright Research Scholar]] at [[Columbia University]] from 1954 to 1955, Director of the Centre of Research of the [[Hague Academy of International Law]] from 1963 to 1964, and Visiting Professor at the Faculty of Law at Paris University from 1967 to 1968. He is also the Honorary Rector of the Graduate Institute of Peace Studies, a branch of [[Kyung Hee University|Kyunghee University Seoul]]. ==Political career== His political career developed during the [[President of Egypt|presidency]] of [[Anwar El Sadat]]. He was a member of the Central Committee of the Arab Socialist Union from 1974 to 1977. He served as Egypt's [[Foreign Minister of Egypt|Minister of State for Foreign Affairs]] from 1977 until early 1991. He then became Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs for several months before moving to the UN. As Minister of State for Foreign Affairs, he played a part in the peace agreements between President Sadat and [[Prime Minister of Israel|Israeli Prime Minister]] [[Menachem Begin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2006/777/profile.htm|title=Boutros Boutros-Ghali: The world is his oyster|publisher=Weekly Ahram|date=18 January 2006|accessdate=8 June 2012}}</ref> According to investigative journalist [[Linda Melvern]], Boutros-Ghali approved a secret $26 million arms sale to the government of [[Rwanda]] in 1990 when he was Egyptian Foreign Minister, the weapons stockpiled by the [[Hutu]] regime as part of the fairly public, long-term preparations for the subsequent [[Rwandan Genocide|genocide]]. He was serving as UN Secretary-General when the killings occurred four years later.<ref>{{cite book|last=Melvern|first=Linda|year=2000|title=A People Betrayed: The Role of the West in Rwanda's Genocide |location=London|publisher=Zed|isbn=1-85649-830-1}}[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1316/is_/ai_68148605 ''Washington Monthly'' Review]</ref> ==UN career== <!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Boutros Boutros-Ghali official portrait.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Official UN portrait of Boutros-Ghali, taken in 1992.]] --> Elected in 1991 as Secretary-General, the top post of the UN, Boutros-Ghali's term in office remains controversial. In 1992, he submitted ''[[An Agenda for Peace]]'', a suggestion for how the UN could respond to violent conflict. However, he was criticised for the UN's failure to act during the 1994 [[Rwandan Genocide]], which officially left over one million people dead, and he appeared unable to muster support in the UN for intervention in the continuing [[Angolan Civil War]]. One of the hardest tasks during his term was dealing with the crisis of the [[Yugoslav Wars]] after the disintegration of the former [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]. His reputation became entangled in the larger controversies over the effectiveness of the UN and the role of the United States in the UN. Some Somalis believed he was responsible for an escalation of the Somalia crisis by undertaking a personal vendetta against [[Mohamed Farrah Aidid]] and his Habr Gidr clan, favouring their rivals, the Darod, clan of the former dictator [[Mohamed Siad Barre]]. It was believed that he demanded the 12 July 1993 US helicopter attack on a meeting of Habr Gidr clan leaders, who were meeting to discuss a peace initiative put forward by the leader of the UN Mission in Mogadishu, retired US Admiral [[Jonathan Howe]]. It is generally believed that the majority of the clan elders were eager to arrange a peace and to rein in the provocative activities of their clan leader, Mohamed Farrah Aidid but, after this attack on a peaceful meeting, the clan was resolved on fighting the Americans and the UN, leading to the [[Battle of Mogadishu (1993)|Battle of Mogadishu]] on 3–4 October 1993.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bowden|first=Mark|title=[[Black Hawk Down: A Story of Modern War]] |location=New York |publisher=New American Library |year=1999 |pages=83–84 |isbn=0-451-20514-6 }}</ref> ===Nomination for second term=== In 1996, ten [[United Nations Security Council|Security Council]] members, led by African members Egypt, [[Guinea-Bissau]] and [[Botswana]], sponsored a resolution backing Boutros-Ghali for a second five-year term, until the year 2001. However, the United States vetoed a second term for him. In addition to the United States, the United Kingdom, South Korea, and Italy did not sponsor the resolution, but the last three nations voted in support of Boutros-Ghali after the United States had firmly declared its intention to veto. Although not the first vetoed candidate (China vetoed the third term of [[Kurt Waldheim]] in 1981 in order to nominate a secretary general from the [[Third World]]), Boutros-Ghali was the only UN Secretary-General not to be elected to a second term in office. He was succeeded at the UN by [[Kofi Annan]]. [[Richard A. Clarke|Richard Clarke]], [[Michael A. Sheehan|Michael Sheehan]], and [[James Rubin]] participated in what they called "[[Operation Orient Express]]". Clarke wrote: {{blockquote| Albright and I and a handful of others (Michael Sheehan, Jamie Rubin) had entered into a pact together in 1996 to oust Boutros-Ghali as Secretary General of the United Nations, a secret plan we had called Operation Orient Express, reflecting our hope that many nations would join us in doing in the UN head. In the end, the US had to do it alone (with its UN veto) and Sheehan and I had to prevent the President from giving in to pressure from world leaders and extending Boutros-Ghali's tenure, often by our racing to the Oval Office when we were alerted that a head of state was telephoning the President. In the end Clinton was impressed that we had managed not only to oust Boutros-Ghali but to have Kofi Annan selected to replace him. (Clinton told Sheehan and me, 'Get me a crow, I should [[eating crow|eat a crow]], because I said you would never pull it off.')<ref>{{cite book |last=Clarke |first=Richard |title=[[Against All Enemies|Against All Enemies: Inside America's War on Terror]] |location=New York |publisher=Free Press |year=2004 |page=201 |isbn=0-7432-6024-4 }}</ref>}} [[Richard Holbrooke]] wrote that the United States was opposed to Boutros-Ghali because of the latter's reluctance on approving NATO bombing in Bosnia (something that Kofi Annan supported). He notes that United States opposition to the Secretary General was opposed by all its allies.<ref>{{cite book |authorlink=Richard Holbrooke |first=Richard |last=Holbrooke |title=To End a War |location=New York |publisher=Modern Library |year=1999 |page=202 |isbn=0-375-75360-5 }}</ref> [[Stanley Meisler]], biographer of Kofi Annan, writes that Boutros Ghali's reluctance to bomb the Serbs in Bosnia stemmed from French and British opposition to the tactic, as both countries had provided most of the UN peacekeepers and feared that the Serbs would retaliate against their soldiers. Meisler instead suggests that Clinton sought to veto Boutros Ghali's second term to increase his own popularity, as Senator [[Bob Dole]], who was running against Clinton in 1996, had gotten a few votes by repeatedly denouncing Boutros-Ghali vehemently.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Stanley Meisler|title=Getting Rid of Boutros-Ghali|url=http://www.stanleymeisler.com/news-commentary/boutros.html|date=18 October 1996}}</ref> In his own autobiographical account, Boutros-Ghali blamed the veto on a variety of factors, including political pressure related to the [[United States presidential election, 1996|1996 US presidential election]], friction between the US and UN over issues such as the [[Bosnian War]] and the [[Rwandan Genocide]], as well as tension over unpaid UN dues owed by the United States.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Lewis|first1=Paul|title=Boutros-Ghali's Book Says Albright and Clinton Betrayed Him|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/24/world/boutros-ghali-s-book-says-albright-and-clinton-betrayed-him.html|accessdate=6 March 2015|work=New York Times|date=24 May 1999}}</ref> ==Later life== From 1997 to 2002, Boutros-Ghali was Secretary-General of [[Francophonie|La Francophonie]], an organisation of French-speaking nations. From 2003 to 2006, he served as the chairman of the board of the [[South Centre (fink Tank)|South Centre]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southcentre.org |title=South Centre website |publisher=Southcentre.org |date= |accessdate=8 June 2012}}</ref> an intergovernmental research organisation of developing countries. He is currently President of the Curatorium Administrative Council at the [[Hague Academy of International Law]]. In 2003, Boutros-Ghali was appointed Director of the [[Egyptian National Council of Human Rights]], which he remained until 2012. Since April 2007, Boutros-Ghali has supported the [[Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly]] and was one of the initial signatories of the Campaign's appeal. In a message to the Campaign, he stressed the necessity to establish democratic participation of citizens at the global level.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unpacampaign.org/documents/en/BBG200705.pdf |publisher=International campaign for the establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly |title=MESSAGE FROM DR. BOUTROS BOUTROS GHALI |format=PDF}}</ref> Since 2009, he has also participated as jury member for the Conflict Prevention Prize<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fondationchirac.eu/en/the-fondation-chirac-prize-for-conflict-prevention/the-jury/ |title=The jury for the Conflict Prevention Prize awarded by the Fondation Chirac |publisher=Fondationchirac.eu |date=30 May 2012 |accessdate=8 June 2012}}</ref> awarded every year by the [[Jacques Chirac Foundation for Sustainable Development and Cultural Dialogue|Fondation Chirac]]. ==Death== It was announced on Tuesday 16 February 2016 that Boutros Boutros-Ghali had died. ==Bibliography== As Secretary-General, Boutros-Ghali wrote ''[[An Agenda for Peace]]''. He has also published two memoirs: * ''[[Egypt's road to Jerusalem]]'' (1997), about the [[Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty]] * ''[[Unvanquished: A US-U.N. Saga]]'' (1999), about his time as Secretary-General at the U.N. ==See also== * [[List of prominent Copts]] * [[List of people with reduplicated names]] ==References== {{Reflist|2}} ==External links== * {{Commons category-inline|Boutros Boutros-Ghali}} * {{wikiquote-inline}} {{s-start}} {{s-off}} {{s-bef|before=[[Ismail Fahmi]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Egypt)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]<br><small>Acting</small>|years=1977}} {{s-aft|after=[[Muhammad Ibrahim Kamel]]}} |- {{s-bef|before=[[Muhammad Ibrahim Kamel]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Egypt)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]<br><small>Acting</small>|years=1978–1979}} {{s-aft|after=[[Mustafa Khalil]]}} |- {{s-dip}} {{s-bef|before=[[Javier Pérez de Cuéllar]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Secretary-General of the United Nations|Secretary General of the United Nations]]|years=1992–1996}} {{s-aft|after=[[Kofi Annan]]}} |- {{s-bef|before=[[Jean-Louis Roy]]<br><small>([[Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique]])</small>}} {{s-ttl|title=Secretary General of [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie|La Francophonie]]|years=1997–2002}} {{s-aft|after=[[Abdou Diouf]]}} {{s-end}} {{LN and UN Secretaries-General}} {{Portal bar|United Nations}} {{La Francophonie}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Boutros-Ghali, Boutros}} [[Category:1922 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Sciences Po alumni]] [[Category:Cairo University alumni]] [[Category:Hague Academy of International Law people]] [[Category:Companions of the Order of Canada]] [[Category:Egyptian people of Coptic descent]] [[Category:Coptic Orthodox Christians from Egypt]] [[Category:Coptic politicians]] [[Category:Egyptian academics]] [[Category:Egyptian diplomats]] [[Category:Foreign Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences]] [[Category:Foreign ministers of Egypt]] [[Category:International Law Commission officials]] [[Category:Members of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques]] [[Category:People from Cairo]] [[Category:Recipients of the Star of Romania Order]] [[Category:United Nations Secretaries-General]] [[Category:Officers of the Order of Merit of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg]] [[Category:Secretaries-General of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]]'