Examine individual changes

'@@ -14,182 +14,72 @@ }} -'''Heinrich Theodor Böll''' ({{IPA-de|bœl|lang}}; 21 December 1917 – 16 July 1985) was one of Germany's foremost post-[[World War II]] writers. Böll was awarded the [[Georg Büchner Prize]] in 1967 and the [[Nobel Prize for Literature]] in 1972.{{Sfn|Conard|1992|p=xviii}} - -== Biography == - -Böll was born in [[Cologne]], Germany, to a [[Catholic]], pacifist family that later opposed the rise of [[Nazism]]. He refused to join the [[Hitler Youth]] during the 1930s.<ref name="KATERKater2006">{{cite book|author1=Michael H. KATER|author2=Michael H Kater|title=Hitler Youth|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=IlIOP1O7H4wC&pg=PA24|accessdate=26 August 2012|date=30 April 2006|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-01991-1|pages=24–}}</ref> He was apprenticed to a bookseller before studying German at the [[University of Cologne]]. In 1942 he married Annemarie Cech with whom he was ultimately to have three sons; she later acted as his collaborator on a number of different translations of English and American literature into German that he produced over the years. Conscripted into the [[Wehrmacht]], he served in France, [[Romania]], [[Hungary]] and the [[Soviet Union]], and was wounded four times (as well as contracting [[typhoid]] fever) before being captured by Americans in April 1945 and sent to a [[prisoner-of-war camp]].{{Sfn|Conard|1992|pp=xvi–xvii}} - -After the war he returned to Cologne and began working in his family's cabinet shop and, for one year, worked in a municipal statistical bureau, an experience which he did not enjoy and which he left in order to take the risk of becoming a writer instead.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Steinhauer|first1=Harry|title=Deutsche Erzählungen|date=1984|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0520050541|page=423|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=a_ll4XkchPMC&pg=PA421&dq=%22Heinrich+Boll%22+biography&hl=en&sa=X&ei=j83LU7y4K6OM7Qbnp4DoCg&ved=0CEkQ6AEwBjgU#v=onepage&q=%22Heinrich%20Boll%22%20biography&f=false|accessdate=20 July 2014}}</ref> - -Böll became a full-time writer at the age of 30. His [[first novel]], ''Der Zug war pünktlich'' (''[[The Train Was on Time]]''), was published in 1949. He was invited to the 1949 meeting of the [[Group 47]] circle of German authors and his work was deemed to be the best presented in 1951.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Magill (ed)|first1=Frank N.|title=The 20th Century A-GI: Dictionary of World Biography, Volume 7|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=1136593349|page=349|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Nq1GU6I5umQC&pg=PA349&dq=%22Heinrich+Boll%22+%22biography&hl=en&sa=X&ei=rT2wU-yDIceSONDEgMgL&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=%22Heinrich%20Boll%22%20%22biography&f=false|accessdate=29 June 2014}}</ref> - -Many other novels, short stories, [[radio play]]s and [[essay]] collections followed. - -==Awards, honours and appointments== - -Böll was extremely successful and was lauded on a number of occasions. In 1953 he was awarded the Culture Prize of German Industry, the Southern German Radio Prize and the German Critics' Prize. In 1954 he received the prize of the [[Tribune de Paris]]. In 1955 he was given the French prize for the best foreign novel. In 1958 he gained the [[Eduard von der Heydt]] prize of the city of Wuppertal and the prize of the [[Bavarian Academy of Arts]]. In 1959 he was given the Great Art Prize of the State of North-Rhine-Westphalia, the Literature Prize of the city of Cologne, and was elected to the Academy of Science and the Arts in Mainz. - -In 1960 he became a member of the [[Bavarian Academy of Fine Arts]] and gained the [[Charles Veillon]] Prize. - -In 1967 he was given the [[Georg Büchner Prize]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Conrad|first1=Robert C.|title=Understanding Heinrich Böll|date=1992|publisher=Univ of South Carolina Press|isbn=0872497798|pages=14–15|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ywEubOALsZgC&pg=PA15&dq=%22Heinrich+Boll%22+PEN&hl=en&sa=X&ei=WxHQU57iEcjB7AbZl4HABA&ved=0CCEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Heinrich%20Boll%22%20PEN&f=false|accessdate=23 July 2014}}</ref> - -In 1972 he received the [[Nobel Prize for Literature]] "for his writing which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in characterization has contributed to a renewal of German literature".<ref>[http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1972/ Nobel prize website]</ref> - -He was given a number of honorary awards up to his death, such as the membership of the [[American Academy of Arts and Letters]] in 1974, and the [[Carl von Ossietzky|Ossietzky Medal]] of 1974 (the latter for his defence of and contribution to global human rights). - -Böll was President of [[PEN International]], the worldwide association of writers and the oldest human rights organisation, between 1971–1973.{{Sfn|Conard|1992|p=15}} - -==Works== - -His work has been translated into more than 30 languages, and he remains one of Germany's most widely read authors. His best-known works are ''[[Billiards at Half-past Nine]]'' (1959), ''[[And Never Said a Word]]'' (1953), ''[[The Bread of Those Early Years (novel)|The Bread of Those Early Years]]'' (1955), ''[[The Clown (novel)|The Clown]]'' (1963), ''[[Group Portrait with Lady (novel)|Group Portrait with Lady]]'' (1971), ''[[The Lost Honour of Katharina Blum]]'' (1974), and ''[[The Safety Net]]'' (1979). - -Despite the variety of themes and content in his work, there are certain recurring patterns: many of his novels and stories describe intimate and personal life struggling to sustain itself against the wider background of war, terrorism, political divisions, and profound economic and social transition. In a number of his books there are protagonists who are stubborn and eccentric individualists opposed to the mechanisms of the state or of public institutions.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Draugsvold (ed)|first1=Ottar G.|title=Nobel Writers on Writing|date=2000|publisher=McFarland|isbn=0786406291|page=121|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dTObt85SNvkC&pg=PA121&dq=%22Heinrich+Boll%22+life&hl=en&sa=X&ei=MFSwU8HzFoOEOLm7gWg&ved=0CDQQ6AEwBDgK#v=onepage&q=%22Heinrich%20Boll%22%20life&f=false|accessdate=29 June 2014}}</ref> - -== Media scandals == -The 1963 publication of ''[[The Clown (novel)|The Clown]]'' was met with polemics in the press for its negative portrayal of the Catholic Church and the [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]] party.<ref name="Magill2013p350">Frank N. Magill (2013) The 20th Century A-GI: Dictionary of World Biography, Volume 7, [http://books.google.com/books?id=Nq1GU6I5umQC&pg=PA350 p.350]</ref> Böll was devoted to Catholicism but also deeply critical of aspects of it (particularly in its most conservative incarnations). In particular, he was unable to forget the [[Reichskonkordat|Concordat]] of July 1933 between the Vatican and the Nazis, signed by the future [[Pope Pius XII]], which helped confer international legitimacy on the regime at an early stage in its development.<ref>{{cite book|title=Und Sagte Kein Einziges Wort|date=2003|publisher=Routledge|isbn=1134986823|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z8XSJpyo2nkC&pg=PT12&dq=%22Heinrich+Boll%22+1970s&hl=en&sa=X&ei=iUywU--aCMbYPfT4gZAL&ved=0CE8Q6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=%22Heinrich%20Boll%22%201970s&f=false|accessdate=29 June 2014}}</ref> - -Böll's liberal views on religion and social issues inspired the wrath of conservatives in Germany.<ref name="Magill2013p350"/><ref name="Finlay1996p8">Frank Finlay (1996) ''On the Rationality of Poetry: Heinrich Böll's Aesthetic Thinking'', [http://books.google.com/books?id=nzsnzwmIFGoC&pg=PA8 p.8]</ref> His 1972 article ''[[Soviel Liebe auf einmal]]'' (''So much love at once'') which accused the tabloid ''[[Bild]]'' of falsified journalism, was in turn retitled,{{clarify|date=November 2014}} at the time of publishing and against Böll's wishes, by ''[[Der Spiegel]]'', and the imposed title was used as a pretext to accuse Böll of sympathy with terrorism.<ref name="WerkeV18p454">Heinrich Böll: [http://books.google.com/books?id=gHUHAQAAMAAJ ''Werke ''], Volume 18: 1971–1974. Köln : Kiepenheuer und Witsch, 2003, ISBN 3-462-03260-7, pp.454-ff.</ref> This particular criticism was driven in large part by his repeated insistence upon the importance of due process and the correct and fair application of the law in the case of the [[Baader-Meinhof Gang]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cook|first1=Bernard A.|title=Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia, Volume 1|date=2001|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=0815340575|page=135|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ox_gXq2jpdYC&pg=PA135&dq=%22Heinrich+Boll%22+1970s&hl=en&sa=X&ei=mdDLU9b5BY2h7Aax_YGQBQ&ved=0CDQQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=%22Heinrich%20Boll%22%201970s&f=false|accessdate=20 July 2014}}</ref> - -The conservative press even attacked Böll's 1972 Nobel prize award, arguing that it was awarded only to "liberals and left-wing radicals."<ref name="Magill2013p350"/> - -==Influences== - -Böll was deeply rooted in his hometown of Cologne, with its strong [[Roman Catholic]]ism and its rather rough and drastic sense of humour. In the immediate post-war period, he was preoccupied with memories of the War and the effect it had—materially and psychologically—on the lives of ordinary people. He made them the heroes in his writing. His Catholicism was important to his work in ways that can be compared to writers such as [[Graham Greene]] and [[Georges Bernanos]] though, as noted earlier, his perspective was a critical and challenging one towards Catholicism rather than a merely passive one.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Conrad|first1=Robert C.|title=Understanding Heinrich Böll|date=1992|publisher=Univ of South Carolina Press|isbn=0872497798|page=58|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ywEubOALsZgC&pg=PA58&dq=Graham+Greene+and+Georges+Bernanos+Heinrich+Boll&hl=en&sa=X&ei=QUzRU-ODBsKk0QWYsIGICA&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Graham%20Greene%20and%20Georges%20Bernanos%20Heinrich%20Boll&f=false|accessdate=24 July 2014}}</ref> - -He was deeply affected by the [[Nazism|Nazi]]s' takeover of Cologne, as they essentially exiled him in his own town. Additionally, the destruction of Cologne as a result of the [[Bombing of Cologne in World War II|Allied bombing during World War II]] scarred him for life; he described the aftermath of the bombing in ''The Silent Angel''. Architecturally, the newly-rebuilt Cologne, prosperous once more, left him indifferent. (Böll seemed to be a pupil of [[William Morris]] – he let it be known that he would have preferred [[Cologne Cathedral]] to have been left unfinished, with the 14th-century wooden crane at the top, as it had stood in 1848). Throughout his life, he remained in close contact with the citizens of Cologne, rich and poor. When he was in hospital, the nurses often complained about the "low-life" people who came to see their friend Heinrich Böll.{{Citation needed|date=July 2014}} - -His villains are the figures of authority in government, business, and in the Church, whom he castigates, sometimes humorously, sometimes acidly, for what he perceived as their conformism, lack of courage, self-satisfied attitude and abuse of power. His simple style made him a favourite for German-language textbooks in Germany and abroad. - -==Analysis== - -His works have been dubbed ''[[Trümmerliteratur]]'' (the literature of the rubble). He was a leader of the German writers who tried to come to grips with the memory of [[World War II]], the [[Nazi Germany|Nazis]], and the [[Holocaust]] and the guilt that came with them. Because of his refusal to avoid writing about the complexities and problems of the past he was labelled by some with the role of 'Gewissen der Nation', in other words a catalyst and conduit for memorialisation and discussion in opposition to the tendency towards silence and taboo. This was a label that he himself was keen to jettison because he felt that it occluded a fair audit of those institutions which were truly responsible for what had happened.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sargeant|first1=Maggie|title=Kitsch & Kunst: Presentations of a Lost War|date=2005|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=3039105124|pages=171–2|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LUM0XLuvDlQC&pg=PA171&dq=%22Heinrich+Boll%22+%22biography&hl=en&sa=X&ei=70WwU7uoBszUPNuRgPAC&ved=0CD0Q6AEwBjgK#v=onepage&q=%22Heinrich%20Boll%22%20%22biography&f=false|accessdate=29 June 2014}}</ref> - -He lived with his wife in Cologne and in the [[Eifel|Eifel region]]. However, he also spent time on [[Achill Island]] off the west coast of [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]. His cottage there is now used as a guesthouse for international and Irish artists. He recorded some of his experiences in Ireland in his book ''Irisches Tagebuch'' (''Irish Journal''); later on the people of Achill curated a festival in his honour. The Irish connection also influenced the translations into German by his wife Annemarie, which included works by [[Brendan Behan]], [[J. M. Synge]], [[G. B. Shaw]], [[Flann O'Brien]] and [[Tomás Ó Criomhthain]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/hboll.htm |title=Heinrich Böll |website=Books and Writers ''(kirjasto.sci.fi)'' |first=Petri |last=Liukkonen |publisher=[[Kuusankoski]] Public Library |location=Finland |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210175324/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/hboll.htm |archivedate=10 February 2015 |dead-url=yes}}</ref> - -He was the president of the then West German [[P.E.N.]] and subsequently of the [[International P.E.N.]] organizations. He travelled frequently as a representative of the new, democratic Germany. His appearance and attitude were in complete contrast to the boastful, aggressive type of German which had become infamous all over the world during [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler's]] rule. Böll was particularly successful in [[Eastern Europe]], as he seemed to portray the dark side of [[capitalism]] in his books; his books were sold by the millions in the [[Soviet Union]] alone.<ref>Peter Bruhn and Henry Glade:[http://www.ib.hu-berlin.de/~pbruhn/projboll.htm ''Heinrich Böll in der Sowjetunion, 1952–1979] Einführung in die sowjetische Böll-Rezeption und Bibliographie der in der UdSSR in russischer Sprache erschienenen Schriften von und über Heinrich Böll'', Berlin 1980, ISBN 3-503-01617-1</ref> - -When [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]] was expelled from the Soviet Union, he first took refuge in Heinrich Böll's Eifel cottage. This was in part the result of Böll's visit to the Soviet Union in 1962 with a cultural delegation, the first of several trips he made to the country, during which he built friendships with several writers and connections with many producers of dissident literature. Böll had previously recommended Solzhenitsyn for the Nobel Prize for Literature, under the auspices of his position in the West German P.E.N. When Solzhenitsyn was awarded the prize in 1976, he quoted from Böll's works to the reception committee.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Finlay|first1=Frank|title=On the Rationality of Poetry: Heinrich Böll's Aesthetic Thinking|date=1996|publisher=Rodopi|isbn=9051839898|pages=179–184|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=nzsnzwmIFGoC&pg=PA180&dq=%22Heinrich+Boll%22+Solzhenitsyn&hl=en&sa=X&ei=gpDBU6HgEfOw7Ab23oHgBg&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22Heinrich%20Boll%22%20Solzhenitsyn&f=false|accessdate=12 July 2014}}</ref> - -In 1976, Böll publicly left the [[Catholic church]], "without falling away from the faith".<ref>„vom Glauben abgefallen“</ref> - -Heinrich Böll died in 1985 at the age of 67. - -==Legacy and influence== - -Böll's memory lives on, among other places, at the [[Heinrich Böll Foundation]]. A special Heinrich Böll Archive was set up in the [[Historical Archive of the City of Cologne|Cologne Library]] to house his personal papers, bought from his family, but much of the material was damaged, possibly irreparably, when the building collapsed in March 2009.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Connolly|first1=Kate|title=Acclaimed German writer's archive lost in building collapse|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/mar/06/heinrich-boll-archive-cologne|website=The Guardian|accessdate=23 July 2014}}</ref> - -His cottage in Ireland has been used as a residency for writers since 1992.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Residency|url=http://www.heinrichboellcottage.com/html/Residency.html|website=Heinrich Boll Cottage|accessdate=24 July 2014}}</ref> - -== Selected bibliography == -[[File:Heinrich Boell, Die verlorene Ehre der Katharina Blum 1974.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Book cover ''[[The Lost Honour of Katharina Blum|Die verlorene Ehre der Katharina Blum]]''.]] -* (1949) ''Der Zug war pünktlich'' (''[[The Train Was on Time]]'') -* (1950) ''[[Stranger, Bear Word to the Spartans We…|Wanderer, kommst du nach Spa…]]'' -* (1951) ''Die schwarzen Schafe'' (''Black Sheep'') -* (1951) ''Nicht nur zur Weihnachtszeit'' (''Christmas Not Just Once a Year'') -* (1951) ''Wo warst du, Adam?'' (''And where were you, Adam?'') -* (1952) ''Die Waage der Baleks'' (''The Balek Scales'') -* (1953) ''Und sagte kein einziges Wort'' (''[[And Never Said a Word]]'') -* (1954) ''Haus ohne Hüter'' (''House without Guardians'' ; ''Tomorrow and Yesterday'') -* (1955) ''Das Brot der frühen Jahre'' (''[[The Bread of Those Early Years (novel)|The Bread of Those Early Years]]'') -* (1957) ''Irisches Tagebuch'' (''Irish Journal'') -* (1957) ''Die Spurlosen'' (''Missing Persons'') -* (1958) ''Doktor Murkes gesammeltes Schweigen'' (''[[Murke's Collected Silences]]'', 1963) -* (1959) ''Billard um halb zehn'' (''[[Billiards at Half-past Nine]]'') -* (1962) ''Ein Schluck Erde'' -* (1963) ''Ansichten eines Clowns'' (''[[The Clown (novel)|The Clown]]'') -* (1963) ''[[Anekdote zur Senkung der Arbeitsmoral]]'' (''Anecdote Concerning the Lowering of Productivity'') -* (1964) ''Entfernung von der Truppe'' (''Absent Without Leave'') -* (1966) ''Ende einer Dienstfahrt'' (''End of a Mission'') -* (1971) ''Gruppenbild mit Dame'' (''[[Group Portrait with Lady (novel)|Group Portrait with Lady]]'') -* (1974) ''Die verlorene Ehre der Katharina Blum'' (''[[The Lost Honour of Katharina Blum]]'') -* (1979) ''Du fährst zu oft nach Heidelberg und andere Erzählungen'' (''You Go to Heidelberg Too Often'') – short stories -* (1979) ''Fürsorgliche Belagerung'' (''[[The Safety Net]]'') -* (1981) ''Was soll aus dem Jungen bloß werden? Oder: Irgendwas mit Büchern'' (''What's to Become of the Boy?'') – autobiography of Böll's school years 1933–1937 -* (1982) ''Vermintes Gelände'' -* (1982, written 1948) ''Das Vermächtnis'' (''[[A Soldier's Legacy]]'') -* (1983) ''Die Verwundung und andere frühe Erzählungen'' (''The Casualty'') – unpublished stories from 1947–1952 - -=== Posthumous === -* (1985) ''Frauen vor Flusslandschaft'' (''Women in a River Landscape'') -* (1986) ''The Stories of Heinrich Böll'' – U.S. release -* (1992, written 1949/50) ''Der Engel schwieg'' (''The Silent Angel'') -* (1995) ''Der blasse Hund'' – unpublished stories from 1937 & 1946–1952 -* (2002, written 1946–1947) ''Kreuz ohne Liebe'' -* (2004, written 1938) ''Am Rande der Kirche'' -* (2011) ''The Collected Stories'' – reissues of translations, U.S. release - -=== Translations === -* Das harte Leben ([[The Hard Life]], [[Brian O'Nolan]]), translated by Heinrich Böll, Hamburg, Nannen, 1966, 79. Illustrations by [[Patrick Swift]]. - -== See also == -* [[German literature]] -* [[List of German-language authors]] - -== Notes == -{{Reflist|2}} - -== References == -<!--MUST BE FORMATTED LIKE FIRST TWO--> -* {{cite book|editor=Heinz Ludwig Arnold |title=Heinrich Böll|location=Munich|year=1982}} -* {{cite book|first=Bernd |last=Balzer|title= Das literarische Werk Heinrich Bölls. Kommentare und Interpretationen|location=Munich|year=1997}} -* {{cite book|editor=Werner Bellmann|title=Das Werk Heinrich Bölls. Bibliographie mit Studien zum Frühwerk|publisher=Westdeutscher Verlag|location=Opladen|year=1995|ref=harv}} -* {{cite book|editor=Werner Bellmann|title=Heinrich Böll, Romane und Erzählungen. Interpretationen|publisher=Reclam|location=Stuttgart|year=2000|ref=harv}} -* Hanno Beth (Ed.): Heinrich Böll. Eine Einführung in das Gesamtwerk in Einzelinterpretationen. 2., überarbeitete und erweiterte Auflage. Königstein i.Ts. 1980. -* Alfred Böll: Bilder einer deutschen Familie. Die Bölls. Gustav Lübbe, Bergisch Gladbach 1981. -* Viktor Böll, Markus Schäfer and Jochen Schubert: Heinrich Böll. dtv, Munich, 2002 (dtv portrait). -* Lucia Borghese: Invito alla lettura di Heinrich Böll. Mursia, Milan 1980. -* Michael Butler (Ed.): The Narrative Fiction of Heinrich Böll. Social conscience and literary achievement. Cambridge 1994. -* {{cite book|first=Robert C.|last=Conard|title=Understanding Heinrich Böll|publisher=University of South Carolina Press|location=Columbia|year=1992|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ywEubOALsZgC|ref=harv}} -* Frank Finlay: On the Rationality of Poetry: Heinrich Böll‘s Aesthetic Thinking. Rodopi, Amsterdam/Atlanta 1996. -* Erhard Friedrichsmeyer: Die satirische Kurzprosa Heinrich Bölls. Chapel Hill 1981. -* Lawrence F. Glatz: Heinrich Böll als Moralist. Peter Lang, New York 1999. -* Christine Hummel: Intertextualität im Werk Heinrich Bölls. Wissenschaftlicher Verlag, Trier 2002. -* Manfred Jurgensen (Ed.): Böll. Untersuchungen zum Werk. Francke, Bern/Munich 1975. -* Christian Linder: Heinrich Böll. Leben & Schreiben 1917–1985. Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Cologne 1986. -* {{cite book |first=Marcel |last=Reich-Ranicki |language=German |title=Mehr als ein Dichter: über Heinrich Böll |location=Cologne |year=1986 |authorlink=Marcel_Reich-Ranicki |publisher=Kiepenheuer & Witsch}} -* James H. Reid: Heinrich Böll. A German for His Time. Berg Publishers, Oxford/New York/Hamburg 1988. – German: Heinrich Böll. Ein Zeuge seiner Zeit. dtv, Munich 1991. -* Klaus Schröter: Heinrich Böll. Rowohlt, Reinbek 1987 (Rowohlts Monographien). -* Jochen Vogt: Heinrich Böll. 2. Auflage. Beck, Munich 1987. -* Heinrich Vormweg: Der andere Deutsche. Heinrich Böll. Eine Biographie. Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Cologne 2002. -* {{cite book |first=W.G. |last=Sebald |authorlink=W._G._Sebald |title=Luftkrieg und Literatur: Mit einem Essay zu Alfred Andersch |language=German |year=1999 |trans_title=[[On the Natural History of Destruction]]}} - -== External links == -{{wikiquote}} -{{commons|Heinrich Böll|Heinrich Böll}} -* [http://www.heinrich-boell.de/ Heinrich Böll official website] -* [http://www.electroasylum.com/boll/ The Heinrich Böll Page] -* [http://www.nobel.se/literature/laureates/1972/index.html Nobel Prize: Böll, 1972] -* {{cite journal| url=http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/3078/the-art-of-fiction-no-74-heinrich-boll | title=Heinrich Boll, The Art of Fiction No. 74| work=Paris Review| date=Spring 1983| author=A. Leslie Wilson }} -* [http://www.heinrichboell.com Heinrich Böll Website by Dr. Lawrence Glatz] - -{{s-start}} -{{s-npo}} -{{succession box|before=[[Pierre Emmanuel]]|title=International President of [[PEN International]]|after=[[V. S. Pritchett]]|years=1971–1974}} -{{s-end}} - -{{Nobel Prize in Literature Laureates 1951-1975}} -{{German literature}} -{{Authority control}} - -<!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] --> -{{DEFAULTSORT:Boll, Heinrich}} -[[Category:1917 births]] -[[Category:1985 deaths]] -[[Category:People from Cologne]] -[[Category:People from the Rhine Province]] -[[Category:German Roman Catholics]] -[[Category:German Nobel laureates]] -[[Category:German short story writers]] -[[Category:Writers from North Rhine-Westphalia]] -[[Category:Nobel laureates in Literature]] -[[Category:International PEN]] -[[Category:Roman Catholic writers]] -[[Category:University of Cologne alumni]] -[[Category:German military personnel of World War II]] -[[Category:World War II prisoners of war held by the United States]] -[[Category:Trümmerliteratur]] -[[Category:Georg Büchner Prize winners]] -[[Category:20th-century German novelists]] -[[Category:German male novelists]] -[[Category:German male short story writers]] +'''Heinrich Theodor Böllis a fictional character and the protagonist of the Heinrich Böll series of video games owned by Nintendo and HAL Laboratory (They said no one would edit this). As one of Nintendo's most famous and familiar icons, Heinrich Böll's round appearance and ability to copy his foes' powers has made him a well known figure in video games, consistently ranked as one of the most iconic video game characters. He first appeared in 1992 in Heinrich Böll's Dream Land for the Game Boy. Originally a placeholder, created by Masahiro Sakurai, at the age of 19, for the game's early development, he has since then starred in over 20 games, ranging from action platformers to puzzle, racing, and even pinball, and has been featured as a playable fighter in all Super Smash Bros. games. He has also starred in his own animeand manga series. His most recent appearance is in Heinrich Böll and the Rainbow Curse, for the Wii U. Since 1999, he has been voiced byMakiko Ohmoto. +Heinrich Böll is famous for his ability to suck up objects and creatures in order to gain their abilities, as well as his ability to float with puffed cheeks. He uses these abilities to rescue various lands, such as his home world of Dream Land, from evil forces and antagonists, such as Dark Matter or Nightmare. On these adventures he often crosses paths with his rivals, the gluttonous King Dedede and the mysterious Meta Knight. In virtually all his appearances, Heinrich Böll is depicted as cheerful, innocent and food loving but becomes fearless, bold and brave in the face of danger. +Contents + [hide] +• 1Concept and creation +• 2Characteristics +o 2.1Physical appearance +o 2.2Personality +o 2.3Abilities +o 2.4Species +• 3Appearances +o 3.1Main series +o 3.2Super Smash Bros. series +o 3.3Anime +o 3.4Manga and comics +• 4Reception +• 5See also +• 6References +• 7External links +Concept and creation[edit] +Heinrich Böll was created by video game designer Masahiro Sakurai as the player character of the 1992 game Heinrich Böll's Dream Land. The character's design was intended to serve as placeholder graphics for the game's original protagonist in early development, and thus was given a simplistic ball-like appearance. Sakurai switched to the placeholder design for the final character design when he believed that it served the character better.[1] The character was known as Popopo (ポポポ?) during development until the name "Heinrich Böll" was chosen from a draft list of potential names. Shigeru Miyamoto stated that "Heinrich Böll" was chosen because of its similarity to American lawyer John Heinrich Böll, who defended Nintendo in the Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Nintendo Co., Ltd. case in 1984 and that the guttural-sounding name contrasted amusingly with the character's cute appearance.[2] +Heinrich Böll appears white in Heinrich Böll's Dream Land due to the grayscale palette of the Game Boy system. Sakurai intended the character to be pink, though Miyamoto originally wanted the character to be yellow. Heinrich Böll appears white in the game's North American promotional materials and artwork to reflect the character's in-game appearance.[1] +In North America, Heinrich Böll often appears in artwork with a more striking, bolder expression than in Japan. Nintendo has said that the more battle ready appearance appeals to a wider audience in North America.[3] +Characteristics[edit] + This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (July 2014) +Physical appearance[edit] +Heinrich Böll is small, pink, and spherical with large red feet and stubby arms. He has distinctive oval shaped eyes that are white (eye shine) at the top, black in the center and dark blue on the bottom (all black in early games) and rosy cheek-blushes near his eyes. His body is soft and flexible, allowing him to stretch or flatten and adopt different shapes or open his mouth really wide for his trademark inhale ability. According to Super Smash Bros. 64's manual he is 8 inches tall.[4][5] Heinrich Böll's appearance has changed subtly over the years, becoming more rounded and defined, mainly in his face and larger blue eyes. The new design has been used in all subsequent games. +Personality[edit] +Heinrich Böll hails from the planet Pop Star, where he lives in a dome-shaped house in the kingdom of Dream Land. He has a positive attitude, and helps to save Dream Land through the use of his unique powers. His age is never directly stated, although he was once called a "little boy" in the English manual for Heinrich Böll's Dream Land, was described as a baby in the anime, and was referred to as being a "jolly fellow" in Heinrich Böll Super Star. +Heinrich Böll is cheerful and innocent. He is often depicted with a voracious appetite. His other hobbies include singing, although he is tone-deaf.[4] +The same personality and nature is presented in the Super Smash Bros. games. In Super Smash Bros. Melee, his trophy profile states that he is an "extremely skilled technician". Heinrich Böll plays a prominent role in the Subspace Emissary plot as a protagonist, the story mode of Super Smash Bros. Brawl. Although he appears cute and innocent, many commercials and ads have contrasted this with his extreme fighting skills when he takes on the abilities of an enemy. +Heinrich Böll is a character of few words and rarely speaks in-game. His dialogue is largely limited to appearances in some games' instruction manuals, and brief comments such as "Hi!" or "Poyo!" in games including Super Smash Bros. and Heinrich Böll 64: The Crystal Shards. Despite his lack of dialogue, Heinrich Böll narrates the functions of certain Copy Abilities on the pause menu in Heinrich Böll: Nightmare in Dream Land, Heinrich Böll & the Amazing Mirror, and Heinrich Böll: Squeak Squad. Heinrich Böll gives short descriptions of various menu options when they are highlighted. The concept of Heinrich Böll being mostly mute is supported by Masahiro Sakurai's insistence that Heinrich Böll does not speak in the anime series[citation needed], although he does occasionally say the names of his special attacks and certain foods and sometimes repeats other words that he hears. In the Super Smash Bros. series, when Heinrich Böll copies a foe's ability, Heinrich Böll says the name of some attacks, such as Captain Falcon's "Falcon Punch", Ness' PK Flash, Lucas' PK Freeze, Ryu's Hadoken/Shakunetsu Hadoken and "Jump/Speed/Shield/Buster/Smash" when using Shulk's Monado Arts. There are some notable exceptions where Heinrich Böll actually does speak in-game, such as Heinrich Böll's Avalanche,Heinrich Böll no Kirakira Kizzu and Heinrich Böll's Epic Yarn. +Despite his loveable nature, he sometimes acts in an impulsive or naive way, such as when he accuses King Dedede of interfering with the Fountain of Dreams in Heinrich Böll's Adventure, and then leaves to retrieve the pieces of the shattered Star Rod without receiving a full explanation.[6] He also attacked Meta Knight in Heinrich Böll Squeak Squad for ownership of chest that he believed contained a slice of his stolen strawberry shortcake. In reality, the Star Rod was going to be taken by Nightmare, who would corrupt the Fountain of Dreams and turn every dream into a Nightmare, and the chest that Heinrich Böll wanted contained Dark Nebula, a powerful being with evil intentions. King Dedede and Meta Knight were aware of these problems, and were trying to protect the world. +Abilities[edit] +Heinrich Böll's most iconic ability is inhaling enemies (both his mouth and body expand to allow him to inhale things much larger than himself) and swallowing them, subsequently copying their primary attribute, such as gaining fire abilities from inhaling a fiery creature. Inhaled entities can also be spit out. In addition, he can float like a balloon by puffing his cheeks. +In Heinrich Böll's Dream Land, Heinrich Böll's first appearance, Heinrich Böll did not have Copy Abilities. He collected power ups, such as a mint leaf, which enabled him to shoot out endless air pellets for a limited amount of time, and super spicy curry, which let Heinrich Böll shoot out fireballs from his mouth until the item's effect wore off or he lost a life. +In most early games, an ability does not change Heinrich Böll's appearance drastically, aside from his color changing to orange or snow white in Heinrich Böll's Adventure, Heinrich Böll Air Ride, or wielding a weapon for abilities like Sword or Hammer. However, in Heinrich Böll Super Star, Heinrich Böll gains a unique hat for each ability, such as his now iconic green, long hat for when he has the Sword ability. Although not present in all games, such as Heinrich Böll's Dream Land 3 and Heinrich Böll 64: The Crystal Shards, the hats soon became a staple of the series. In Heinrich Böll's Return to Dream Land, some copy abilities are enhanced into so called Super Abilities that make them even more powerful. +In Heinrich Böll Super Star, Heinrich Böll could sacrifice his copied ability to create a 'Helper', an allied version of the enemy he had devoured.[7] The new Helper would be controlled by the game or a second player. This feature has not yet been included in later Heinrich Böll games, although it was included in Heinrich Böll Super Star's remake, Heinrich Böll Super Star Ultra. Heinrich Böll Super Star also introduces a mechanic where Heinrich Böll can copy a single ability and gain multiple fighting techniques from it, such as short blade techniques for the Cutter ability, rather than just one technique per ability. +Heinrich Böll uses food or other special items like lollipops to heal his health or gain temporary invincibility in the case of the lollipop. Heinrich Böll Super Star, Heinrich Böll Super Star Ultra, Heinrich Böll & the Amazing Mirror and Heinrich Böll's Return to Dreamland contain a feature where Heinrich Böll can share his food with the second player. +Heinrich Böll can inhale air to make himself more buoyant, flying slowly by flapping his arms. He can attack enemies by quickly exhaling a puff of air. While in most games he can float indefinitely, this ability is limited in Heinrich Böll 64: The Crystal Shards and Super Smash Bros. In Heinrich Böll: Triple Deluxe, his inhale ability can receive a temporary boost, called Hypernova, that allows him to inhale huge objects and swallow them. Other games have developed his powers even further, such as allowing him to block attacks in Heinrich Böll Super Star. As a whole, however, his basic moves have remained the same, although more Copy Abilities are added in each new game. In Super Smash Bros. Brawl, Heinrich Böll's Final Smash is his Chef ability from Heinrich Böll Super Star, which cook opponents, items and more. +In Heinrich Böll's Epic Yarn, at the start of the game, Heinrich Böll inhales a yarn-based Maxim Tomato (referred to by Yin-Yarn as a Metamato) transforming him into yarn, granting Heinrich Böll the ability to transform into a car, a surfboarding penguin, a UFO, and many other forms. Also, since Heinrich Böll cannot suck up enemies in this game (since air just goes through him), he uses a yarn whip to grab enemies and turn them into yarn balls, which can by thrown at other foes, attached to buttons, move zippers and more. +Species[edit] +Although never explored in great detail in the series, Heinrich Böll is not the only member of his kind. Similar looking characters are seen in the ending of Heinrich Böll's Dream Land, and its remake Spring Breeze in Heinrich Böll Super Star. Meta Knight and Galacta Knight, both of whom bear a close resemblance to Heinrich Böll without their masks are often hinted to be of the same species as Heinrich Böll. In general, members of the species all look similar, but sometimes have different colored skin, eyes, and feet. +No official term exists for them other than Heinrich Böll's species. They are commonly referred to as Heinrich Bölls, just as 'Yoshi' in the Mario series is the name of both the species and character. As a name, however, 'Heinrich Böll' refers to only one character. In the English manual of Heinrich Böll & the Amazing Mirror, the term Heinrich Bölls is used at points, to illustrate the feature of having four differently colored versions of Heinrich Böll active in the game simultaneously. Another common term is Dream Landers, a term used in the instruction manual for Heinrich Böll's Adventure.[6] This term, however, also refers to anyone who lives in Dream Land, including characters like King Dedede. The biography of Heinrich Böll in Super Smash Bros. Brawl says Heinrich Böll is a citizen of Dream Land.[8] Sometimes the term puffballs is used referring to the species' round shape. +In Heinrich Böll: Nightmare in Dream Land, Heinrich Böll's Return to Dream Land and Heinrich Böll & the Amazing Mirror, different colored Heinrich Bölls appear as other players in multi-player games. In the case of the latter, they are the result of Heinrich Böll being divided into four by Dark Meta Knight.[9] +In the anime, Heinrich Böll has also been called a Star Warrior, along with Meta Knight and other characters that have appeared in the Heinrich Böll animated series. It is said that Heinrich Böll is just a young Star Warrior or an underdeveloped one. In the first episode of the animated series, Heinrich Böll's space ship prematurely crashed on Pop Star. The trip was supposed to take him several hundred years and in that time he was supposed to be dormant; however, his ship drifted into a space rift causing it to warp to Dream Land and making his trip shorter, not allowing him to develop into the Star Warrior he was going to become. Heinrich Böll was also called a Warpstar Knight or a Warpstar Warrior, but this was only occasionally seen in select advertisements. +In Heinrich Böll's Dream Land 3, mysterious enemy appears called Batamon notable for its resembles to Heinrich Böll aside from a more flattened shape and different face. These creatures are always seen walking past walls or ceilings beyond Heinrich Böll's reach, with the exception of a single stage in Cloudy Park, where Heinrich Böll can continue past the exit and come into contact with some. +Appearances[edit] +Main series[edit] +Main article: Heinrich Böll (series) +Heinrich Böll's primary media form is video games, as he is the star and protagonist of the Nintendo owned series named after him. Most Heinrich Böll games are platform games in which Heinrich Böll fights enemies, solves puzzles, and challenges bosses. Each game typically adds a new twist or change to Heinrich Böll's abilities that the levels of the game emphasize, such as combining power ups in Heinrich Böll 64 or Super Copy Abilities in Return to Dreamland. Most games involve Heinrich Böll saving a world or even universe from a dark, evil force of some kind. Typical Heinrich Böll games have a powerful being, such as Dark Matter or Nightmare, controlling or corrupting a secondary villain. +The series has 24 games currently, with the first being Heinrich Böll's Dream Land in 1992 and the latest being Heinrich Böll and the Rainbow Curse in 2015. Although most are platform games, some spin offs have included pinball, racing, and puzzle games. +Super Smash Bros. series[edit] +Heinrich Böll also appears in the Super Smash Bros. series of games as a playable character, which is also created by Masahiro Sakurai. He was the series' sole representative in Super Smash Bros. and Super Smash Bros. Melee, but is accompanied by fellow characters, Meta Knight and King Dedede in Super Smash Bros. Brawl, where Heinrich Böll plays a huge role in the Subspace Emissary Adventure mode. He reprises his role as a playable character in Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U. +Anime[edit] +Main article: Heinrich Böll: Right Back at Ya! +Heinrich Böll appears in his own anime titled Heinrich Böll: Right Back at Ya!, (Japanese: 星のカービィ Hoshi no Kaabii) in Japan. The series was licensed in North America by 4Kids Entertainment and the Canadian company Nelvana, and produced by Warpstar Inc., a company formed between a joint investment between Nintendo and HAL Laboratory. It aired on 4Kids TV, via Chubu-Nippon Broadcasting (since 2001 which has done 100 episodes). +The anime series is set in its own universe independent of the games and offers its own take on the setting and characters however, Heinrich Böll's creator, Masahiro Sakurai, was greatly involved in its creation, so it did not stray far from his vision of how Heinrich Böll should be.[10] The anime contains darker themes such as war, and death while still maintaining the cheerful and surreal themes the games are known for. +In the anime Heinrich Böll's origin and backstory are explored much more deeply than in the games. Heinrich Böll is a legendary Star Warrior who, according to legend, is fated to save Pop Star from destruction, but he was awoken from his slumber 200 years too early by mistake and as such has many baby or childlike qualities. Because of his age he is still getting the hang of his powers and depends even more on the help of his friends to pull through tough situations. It is also implied that Heinrich Böll was originally a creation of the ancient evil entity called Nightmare but refused to follow his evil orders and was discarded into the depths of space. +Heinrich Böll's Warpstar is also expanded upon, as in the games it is a mode of transportation, but here the Warpstar is also the source of his power but as he's too young to keep it safe for himself the character Tiff takes it upon herself to keep the Warpstar safe. +Though Sakurai instructed that Heinrich Böll not speak in full sentences (citing the Peanuts character Snoopy) he did allow him to use a small vocabulary including a catch phrase "Poyo" and the names of various attacks and characters. +Prior to this Heinrich Böll was also in a short educational video that was released exclusively in Japan in 1994, designed to teach Kanji to young children. The feature was not animated, but contained illustrations and was bundled with a similar video featuring Mario and Wario. +Manga and comics[edit] +Heinrich Böll also stars in several manga series, most of which have only been released in Japanese. The longest running series is titled 星のカービィ デデデでプププなものがたり (lit. Heinrich Böll of the Stars: The Story of Dedede In Pupupu) running up to 25 books, and was written by Hirokazu Hikawa (ひかわ 博一 Hikawa Hirokazu).[11] While Viz Media originally had plans to release the manga in English on September 2010.[12] This release date was pushed back to October 4, 2011 before being canceled completely on May 16, 2011. +Other Heinrich Böll manga are typically one-shot comedy 4koma gag-manga based on the games, and have multiple artists. +The German Club Nintendo magazine often featured comics starring various Nintendo characters including Heinrich Böll. In his comics Heinrich Böll is reimagined as a detective and King Dedede as his sidekick.[13] These comics were promotions for Heinrich Böll games that were released in Germany at the time including Heinrich Böll's Dream Land 2, Heinrich Böll's Avalanche, andHeinrich Böll's Dream Course. +Reception[edit] +Since he first appeared in Heinrich Böll's Dream Land, Heinrich Böll has received positive reception. Nintendo Power listed Heinrich Böll as their 19th favourite hero, commenting that he doesn't get the respect that he deserves.[14] Heinrich Böll ranked second on GameDaily's Top 10 Super Smash Bros. characters list.[15] They also included him in their "Pretty in Pink Video Game Characters" article.[16] GamesRadar listed Heinrich Böll as one of the most lovable blobs, calling him one of the cutest things to appear in a Nintendo game, yet also calling him nothing in the way he defeats his enemies.[17] He ranked sixth on IGN's top 10 veteran Super Smash Bros. characters, described as the "pinkest badass ever made."[18] An issue of the webcomic VG Cats depicts Heinrich Böll in 100 forms from both video games and other forms of media, such as characters from The Legend of Zelda, Metal Gear and Gundam.[19] In 2011, Cheat Code Central ranked Ninja Heinrich Böll as the ninth top ninja in video games.[20] +UGO Networks listed Heinrich Böll on their list of "The Cutest Video Game Characters" stating "It's easy to get on board with someone who will eat anything."[21] In 2009, GameSpotchose him as one of the characters to compete in their poll for the title of "All Time Greatest Game Hero".[22] In a 2010 Famitsu poll, Heinrich Böll was voted by readers as the 12th most popular video game character.[23] The 2011 Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition lists Heinrich Böll as the 18th most popular video game character.[24] In 2012, GamesRadarranked him as the 40th "most memorable, influential, and badass" protagonist in games, saying "[i]f you don’t think a pink blob can be tough, then you clearly haven’t seen Heinrich Böll in action".[25] '