Examine individual changes

'SUCK MY BALLSSSSSSS BIAAAAATCHHHHHHHHHHH YEWAAAHAHHHHHH MALIK SHAH IS SO GAYYAAYAYAAYYA HAAHHAAHHAHAHAHAHAAH FUCK YOUUUUUUUUUU 8==========D~~~~~ == Early life == Malik-Shah was born on 16 August 1055 and spent his youth in [[Isfahan]]. According to the 12th-century [[Persian people|Persian]] historian [[Muhammad bin Ali Rawandi]], Malik-Shah had fair skin, was tall and somewhat bulky.{{sfn|Durand-Guédy|2012}} In 1064, Malik-Shah, only 9 years old by then, along with [[Nizam al-Mulk]], the Persian ''[[vizier]]'' of the Empire,{{sfn|Luther|1985|pp=895–898}} took part in Alp Arslan’s campaign in the [[Caucasus]]. The same year, Malik-Shah was married to [[Terken Khatun (wife of Malik-Shah I)|Terken Khatun]], the daughter of the [[Kara-Khanid Khanate|Karakhanid]] khan [[Ibrahim Tamghach-Khan]].{{sfn|Durand-Guédy|2012}} In 1066, Alp Arslan arranged a ceremony near [[Merv]], where he appointed Malik-Shah as his heir and also granted him Isfahan as a [[fief]].{{sfn|Bosworth|1968|p=61}}{{sfn|Durand-Guédy|2012}} In 1071, Malik-Shah took part in the [[Syria]]n campaign of his father, and stayed in [[Aleppo]] when his father fought the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] emperor [[Romanos IV Diogenes]] at [[Battle of Manzikert|Manzikert]].{{sfn|Durand-Guédy|2012}} In 1072, Malik-Shah and Nizam al-Mulk accompanied Alp-Arslan during his campaign in [[Transoxiana]] against the Karakhanids. However, Alp-Arslan was badly wounded during his expedition, and Malik-Shah shortly took over the army. Alp-Arslan died some days later, and Malik-Shah was declared as the new ''sultan'' of the empire. ==Reign== However, right after Malik-Shah accession, his uncle [[Qavurt]] claimed the throne for himself and sent Malik-Shah a message which said: "I am the eldest brother, and you are a youthful son; I have the greater right to my brother Alp-Arslan's inheritance." Malik-Shah then replied by sending the following message: "A brother does not inherit when there is a son.".{{sfn|Bosworth|1968|p=88}} This message enraged Qavurt, who thereafter occupied Isfahan. In 1073 a battle took place near [[Hamadan]], which lasted three days. Qavurt was accompanied by his seven sons, and his army consisted of [[Turkmen people|Turkmens]], while the army of Malik-Shah consisted of ''[[ghilman|ghulam]]s'' ("military slaves") and contingents of [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] and [[Arabs|Arab]] troops.{{sfn|Bosworth|1968|p=88}} During the battle, the Turks of Malik-Shah's army mutinied against him, but he nevertheless managed to defeat and capture Qavurt.{{sfn|Durand-Guédy|2012}}{{sfn|Bosworth|1968|pp=88-89}} Qavurt then begged for mercy and in return promised to retire to [[Oman]]. However, Nizam al-Mulk declined the offer, claiming that sparing him was an indication of weakness. After some time, Qavurt was strangled to death with a bowstring, while two of his sons were blinded. After having dealt with that problem, Malik-Shah appointed [[Qutlugh-Tegin]] as the governor of [[Fars Province|Fars]] and [[Sav-Tegin]] as the governor of [[Kerman]].{{sfn|Bosworth|1968|p=89}} Malik-Shah then turned his attention towards the Karakhanids, who had after the death of Alp-Arslan invaded [[Tukharistan]], which was ruled by Malik-Shah's brother Ayaz, who was unable to repel the Karakhanids and was killed by them. Malik-Shah eventually managed to repel the Karakhanids and captured [[Tirmidh]], giving Sav-Tegin the key of the city. Malik-Shah then appointed his other brother [[Shihab al-Din Tekish]] as the ruler of Tukharistan and [[Balkh]].{{sfn|Bosworth|1968|pp=90-91}} During the same period, the [[Ghaznavid]] ruler [[Ibrahim of Ghazna|Ibrahim]] was seizing Seljuq territory in northern [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]], but was defeated by Malik-Shah, who then made peace with the latter and gave his daughter [[Gawhar Khatun]] in marriage to Ibrahim's son [[Mas'ud III]].{{sfn|Bosworth|2002|p=179}}{{sfn|Durand-Guédy|2012}}{{sfn|Bosworth|1968|p=94}} In 1074, Malik-Shah ordered the Turkic warlord Arghar to restore what he had destroyed during his raids in the territory of the [[Shirvanshah]] [[Fariburz I]].{{sfn|Minorsky|1958|p=40}} During the same year, he appointed Qavurt's son Rukn al-Dawla Sultan-Shah as the ruler of Kerman.{{sfn|Bosworth|1968|p=89}} One year later, Malik-Shah sent an army under Sav-Tegin to [[Arran (Caucasus)|Arran]], which was ruled by the [[Shaddadid]] ruler [[Al-Fadl III bin al-Fadl II|Fadlun III]]. Sav-Tegin managed to easily conquer the region, thus ending Shaddadid rule. Malik-Shah then gave [[Gorgan]] to Fadlun III as a fief.{{sfn|Bosworth|1968|p=95}} Throughout Malik's reign new institutions of learning were established<ref>{{cite book|last=Gibb|first=H. A. R.|title=The Encyclopedia of Islam, vol. 8|year=1960–1985|publisher=Brill |location=Leiden|pages=71}}</ref> and it was during this time that the [[Jalali calendar]] was reformed<ref>''Djalali'', S. H. Taqizadeh, '''The Encyclopaedia of Islam''', Vol. 2 , Ed. B. Lewis, C. Pellat and J. Schacht, (E. J. Brill, 1991), 397-398.</ref> In 1089, Malik-Shah captured [[Samarkand]] with the support of the local clergy, and imprisoned its Karakhanid ruler Ahmad Khan ibn Khizr, who was the nephew of Terken Khatun. He then marched to [[Semirechye]], and made the Karakhanid Harun Khan ibn Sulayman, who was the ruler of [[Kashgar]] and [[Khotan]], acknowledge him as his suzerain.{{sfn|Durand-Guédy|2012}} In 1092 Nizam al-Mulk was assassinated near Sihna, on the road to [[Baghdad]], by a man disguised as a [[Sufi]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Gibb|first=H. A. R.|title=The Encyclopedia of Islam, vol. 8|year=1960–1985|publisher=Brill|location= Leiden|pages=69–72}}</ref> As the assassin was immediately cut down by Nizam's bodyguard, it became impossible to establish with certainty who had sent him. One theory had it that he was an [[assassins|Is'maili fanatic]], since these regularly made attempts on the lives of Seljuq officials and rulers during the 11th century. Another theory had it that the attack had been instigated by Malik-Shah, who may have grown tired of his overmighty ''vizier''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gibb|first=H. A. R.|title=The Encyclopedia of Islam, vol. 8|year=1960–1985|publisher=Brill|location= Leiden|pages=72}}</ref> After Nizam al-Mulk's death, Malik-Shah appointed another Persian named [[Taj al-Mulk Abu'l Ghana'im]] as his ''vizier''.{{sfn|Durand-Guédy|2012}} Malik-Shah then went to Baghdad and decided to depose al-Muqtadir and sent him the following message: "You must relinquish Baghdad to me, and depart to any land you choose." This was because Malik-Shah wanted to appoint his grandson (or nephew) Ja'far as the new [[Caliph]].{{sfn|Durand-Guédy|2012}}{{sfn|Bosworth|1968|p=101}} == Death and aftermath == Malik-Shah died on 19 November 1092 while he was hunting. He was most likely poisoned by the Caliph or the supporters of Nizam al-Mulk. Under the orders of Terken Khatun, Malik-Shah's body was taken back to Isfahan, where it was buried in a [[madrasa]].{{sfn|Durand-Guédy|2012}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Gibb|first=H. A. R.|title=The Encyclopedia of Islam, vol. 7|year=1960–1985|publisher=Brill|location= Leiden|pages=275}}</ref> Upon his death, the Seljuq Empire fell into chaos, as rival successors and regional governors carved up their empire and waged war against each other. The situation within the Seljuq lands was further complicated by the arrival of the [[First Crusade]], which detached large portions of Syria and [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] from Muslim control in 1098 and 1099. The success of the First Crusade is at least in part attributable to the political confusion which resulted from Malik-Shah's death.<ref>[[Jonathan Riley-Smith]], ''The Oxford History of the Crusades'', (Oxford University Press, 2002), 213.</ref> ==Legacy== The 18th century English historian [[Edward Gibbon]] wrote of him: {{quote|On his father's death the inheritance was disputed by an uncle, a cousin, and a brother: they drew their cimeters, and assembled their followers; and the triple victory of Malek Shah established his own reputation and the right of primogeniture. In every age, and more especially in Asia, the thirst of power has inspired the same passions, and occasioned the same disorders; but, from the long series of civil war, it would not be easy to extract a sentiment more pure and magnanimous than is contained in the saying of the Turkish prince. On the eve of the battle, he performed his devotions at Thous, before the tomb of the Imam Riza. As the sultan rose from the ground, he asked his vizier Nizam, who had knelt beside him, what had been the object of his secret petition: "That your arms may be crowned with victory," was the prudent, and most probably the sincere, answer of the minister. "For my part," replied the generous Malek, "I implored the Lord of Hosts that he would take from me my life and crown, if my brother be more worthy than myself to reign over the Moslems." The favourable judgment of heaven was ratified by the caliph; and for the first time, the sacred title of Commander of the Faithful was communicated to a Barbarian. But this Barbarian, by his personal merit, and the extent of his empire, was the greatest prince of his age.<ref>[[Edward Gibbon]], ''[[The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire]]'', New York: The Modern Library, n.d. v. 3, p. 406.</ref>}} ==References== {{reflist|2}} == Sources == * {{cite book | title = The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol periods | year = 1968 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | editor-last = Frye | editor-first = R. N. | last = Bosworth | first = C. E. | authorlink = C. E. Bosworth | chapter = The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000–1217) | pages = 1–202 | isbn = 0-521-06936-X | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=16yHq5v3QZAC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last=Minorsky|first=Vladimir|title=A History of Sharvān and Darband in the 10th-11th Centuries|location=|publisher=University of Michigan|year=1958|pages =1–219|isbn=978-1-84511-645-3|url=https://books.google.dk/books?id=GPMHVEt_wVUC&q}} * {{cite encyclopedia | article = GOWHAR ḴĀTUN | last = Bosworth | first = C. Edmund | authorlink = | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gowhar-katun- | editor-last = | editor-first = | editor-link = | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XI, Fasc. 2 | pages = 179 | location = London et al. | publisher = | year = 2002 | isbn = |ref=harv}} *{{cite encyclopedia | last = Bosworth | first = C. E | title = The Later Ghaznavids: Splendour and Decay: The Dynasty in Afghanistan and Northern India 1040-1186 | url = http://books.google.dk/books?id=YhHVPQAACAAJ&dq=The+Later+Ghaznavids&hl=da&sa=X&ei=_b3iUumtGKyQ4ATB5IBQ&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAQ | year = 1995 | encyclopedia = | accessdate = 17 May 2014|ref=harv}} * {{cite encyclopedia | article = MALEKŠĀH | last = Durand-Guédy | first = David | authorlink = | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/maleksah | editor-last = | editor-first = | editor-link = | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica | pages = | location = | publisher = | year = 2012 | isbn = |ref=harv}} * {{cite encyclopedia | article = SHADDADIDS | last = Peacock | first = Andrew | authorlink = | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/shaddadids | editor-last = | editor-first = | editor-link = | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica | pages = | location = | publisher = | year = | isbn = |ref=harv}} * {{cite encyclopedia | article = ALP ARSLĀN | last = Luther | first = K. A. | authorlink = | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/alp-arslan-saljuq-sultan | editor-last = | editor-first = | editor-link = | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 8-9 | pages = 895-898 | location = | publisher = | year = 1985 | isbn = |ref=harv}} {{Authority control}} {{s-start}} {{s-hou|[[Seljuq Dynasty|House of Seljuq]]||1055||19 November 1092}} {{s-reg|}} {{s-bef|before=[[Alp Arslan]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[List of sultans of the Seljuq Empire|Sultan of the Seljuq Empire]]|years=1072-1092}} {{s-aft|after=[[Mahmud I of Great Seljuq|Mahmud I]]}} {{s-end}} {{Seljuk dynasty}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Malik-Shah 01}} [[Category:Seljuk rulers]] [[Category:Monarchs of Persia]] [[Category:1055 births]] [[Category:1092 deaths]] [[Category:11th-century Turkic people]]'