Examine individual changes

'{{redirect|Royal purple|other uses|Royal Purple (disambiguation)}} {{distinguish2|[[byzantium (color)]], a modern colour}} {{Infobox color |textcolor=white |title=Tyrian purple |hex=66023C |r=102|g=2|b=60 |c=45|m=100|y=47|k= 42 |h=325|s=98|v=40<ref>[http://web.forret.com/tools/color.asp?RGB=%2366023C web.Forret.com Color Conversion Tool set to colour #66023C (Tyrian purple):]</ref> |spelling=colour |source=[http://www.colorhexa.com/66023c Tyrian purple]}} [[File:Purpur-mit-Ausfaerbung.png|thumb|A small amount of dibromindigo as a powder, and its effect on a piece of fabric]] [[File:Haustellum brandaris 000.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Two [[gastropod shell|shells]] of ''[[Bolinus brandaris]]'', the spiny dye-murex, source of the dye]] [[File:Tyrian-Purple.svg|thumb|right|200px|The chemical structure of '''6,6′-dibromoindigo''', the main component of '''Tyrian purple''']] [[File:Tyrian-Purple-from-xtal-3D-vdW.png|thumb|right|200px|A [[space-filling model]] of 6,6′-dibromoindigo, based on the [[crystal structure]]]] '''[[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyrian]] purple''' ([[Greek language|Greek]], {{lang|grc|πορφύρα}}, ''porphyra'', {{lang-la|purpura}}), also known as '''Tyrian red''', '''royal purple''', '''imperial purple''' or '''imperial dye''', is a bromine-containing reddish-[[purple]] [[natural dye]]. It is a secretion produced by several species of predatory [[sea snail]]s in the family [[Muricidae]], rock snails originally known by the name ''Murex''. ==Background== Tyrian purple may first have been used by the ancient [[Phoenicia]]ns as early as 1570 BC.<ref>McGovern, P. E. and Michel, R. H.; Royal Purple dye: tracing the chemical origins of the industry, Anal. Chem. 1985, 57, 1514A-1522A</ref> The [[dye]] was greatly prized in antiquity because the colour did not easily fade, but instead became brighter with weathering and sunlight. Its significance is such that the name Phoenicia means 'land of purple.'<ref>Cunliffe, Barry. Europe Between the Oceans; 9000 BC-AD 1000. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008), 241.</ref><ref>[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Phoenician "Phoenician",] ''Online Etymology Dictionary''.</ref> It came in various shades, the most prized being that of "blackish clotted blood".{{Citationneeded|date=January 2016}} Tyrian purple was expensive: the 4th-century-BC [[History|historian]] [[Theopompus]] reported, "Purple for dyes fetched its weight in silver at [[Colophon (city)|Colophon]]" in [[Asia Minor]].<ref>Theopompus, cited by [[Athenaeus]] (12:526) around 200 BC; according to Gulick, Charles Barton 1941. ''Athenaeus, The Deipnosophists''. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.</ref> The expense meant that purple-dyed textiles became [[status symbol]]s, and early [[sumptuary law]]s restricted their uses. The production of Tyrian purple was tightly controlled in [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantium]] and was subsidized by the imperial court, which restricted its use for the colouring of [[Byzantine silk|imperial silks]].<ref>David Jacoby, "Silk in Western Byzantium before the Fourth Crusade" in ''Trade, Commodities, and Shipping in the Medieval Mediterranean'' (1997) pp. 455f and notes 17–19.</ref> Later (9th century)<ref>Porphyrogennetos" in The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Oxford University Press, New York & Oxford, 1991, p. 1701. ISBN 0195046528</ref> a child born to a reigning emperor was said to be ''[[porphyrogenitos]]'', "[[born in the purple]]". <!-- although this term may also refer to the fact that the imperial birthing apartment was walled in the purple-red rock known as [[Porphyry (geology)|porphyry]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2014}} --> This is speculation, and a matter of debate today, but according to some, in [[Hebrew language|Biblical Hebrew]], the dye extracted from the [[Bolinus brandaris]] is known as ''argaman'' (''ארגמן''). Another dye extracted from a related sea snail, [[Hexaplex trunculus]], produced a blue colour which according to some is known as ''[[tekhelet]]'' (''תְּכֵלֶת''), used in garments worn for ritual purposes.<ref>O. Elsner, "Solution of the enigmas of dyeing with Tyrian purple and the Biblical tekhelet", ''Dyes in history and Archaeology'' '''10''' (1992) p 14f.</ref> ==Production from sea snails== The dye substance is a mucous secretion from the [[hypobranchial gland]] of one of several species of medium-sized [[predatory]] [[sea snail]]s that are found in the eastern [[Mediterranean Sea]]. These are the [[Marine (ocean)|marine]] [[gastropod]]s ''[[Bolinus brandaris]]'' the spiny dyemurex, (originally known as ''Murex brandaris'' (Linnaeus, 1758)), the banded dye-murex ''[[Hexaplex trunculus]]'', the rock-shell ''[[Stramonita haemastoma]]'',<ref>Ziderman, I.I., 1986. Purple dye made from shellfish in antiquity. Review of Progress in Coloration, 16: 46–52.</ref><ref name="Radwin, G. E 1986. p93">Radwin, G. E. and A. D'Attilio, 1986. ''Murex shells of the world. An illustrated guide to the Muricidae'', p93, Stanford University Press, Stanford, California, USA, 284pp incl 192 figs. & 32 pls.</ref> and less commonly a number of other species such as [[Bolinus cornutus]]. The dye is an organic compound of [[bromine]] (i.e., an [[organobromine compound]]), a class of compounds often found in algae and in some other sea life, but much more rarely found in the biology of land animals. In nature the snails use the secretion as part of their [[predatory]] behaviour in order to sedate prey and as an [[antimicrobial]] lining on egg masses.<ref name="Benkendorff">{{cite journal |first= Kirsten |last= Benkendorff |title= Bioactive molluscan resources and their conservation: Biological and chemical studies on the egg masses of marine molluscs |publisher= University of Wollongong |date= March 1999 |url= http://www.library.uow.edu.au/adt-NWU/public/adt-NWU20011204.154039/index.html |format= PDF |accessdate= 2008-02-25 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070830143907/http://www.library.uow.edu.au/adt-NWU/public/adt-NWU20011204.154039/index.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2007-08-30}}</ref><ref>Because of research by Benkendorff et al., the Tyrian purple precursor [[tyrindoleninone]] is being investigated as a potential antimicrobial agent with uses against [[multidrug resistant]] bacteria.</ref> The snail also secretes this substance when it is attacked by predators, or physically antagonized by humans (e.g., poked). Therefore the dye can be collected either by "milking" the snails, which is more labour-intensive but is a [[renewable resource]], or by collecting and destructively crushing the snails. David Jacoby remarks that "twelve thousand snails of ''[[Murex brandaris]]'' yield no more than 1.4 g of pure dye, enough to colour only the trim of a single garment."<ref>Jacoby, "Silk Economics and Cross-Cultural Artistic Interaction: Byzantium, the Muslim World, and the Christian West" ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'' '''58''' (2004:197–240) p. 210.</ref> Many other species worldwide within the family Muricidae, for example ''Plicopurpura pansa'',<ref>Gould, 1853{{fcn|date=January 2016}}</ref> from the tropical eastern Pacific, and ''Plicopurpura patula''<ref name="Linnaeus, 1758a">Linnaeus, 1758a{{fcn|date=January 2016}}</ref> from the Caribbean zone of the western [[Atlantic]], can also produce a similar substance (which turns into an enduring purple dye when exposed to sunlight) and this ability has sometimes also been historically exploited by local inhabitants in the areas where these snails occur. (Some other predatory gastropods, such as some wentletraps in the family [[Epitoniidae]], seem to also produce a similar substance, although this has not been studied or exploited commercially.) The [[dog whelk]]'' Nucella lapillus'', from the North Atlantic, can also be used to produce red-purple and violet dyes.<ref>Whelks and purple dye in Anglo-Saxon England. Carole P. Biggam. Department of English Language, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK THE ARCHAEO+MALACOLOGY GROUP NEWSLETTER. Issue Number 9, March 2006. [http://triton.anu.edu.au/MalacGp09.pdf]</ref> ==Royal blue== The Phoenicians also made an [[indigo dye]], sometimes referred to as ''royal blue'' or ''hyacinth purple'', which was made from a closely related species of marine snail.{{Citation needed|date=April 2013}} The Phoenicians established an ancillary production facility on the [[Iles Purpuraires]] at [[Mogador]], in [[Morocco]].<ref>C.Michael Hogan, ''Mogador: Promontory Fort'', The Megalithic Portal, ed. Andy Burnham, November 2, 2007 [http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=17926]</ref> The sea snail harvested at this western Moroccan dye production facility was ''[[Hexaplex trunculus]]'' (mentioned above) also known by the older name ''[[Murex trunculus]]''.<ref name="Linnaeus, 1758b">Linnaeus, 1758b{{fcn|date=January 2016}}</ref> This second species of dye murex is found today on the Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts of Europe and Africa (Spain and Portugal, Morocco, and the Canary Islands).<ref name="Radwin, G. E 1986. p93"/> == History == [[File:Justinian.jpg|right|thumb|Byzantine Emperor [[Justinian I]] clad in Tyrian purple, 6th-century mosaic at [[Basilica of San Vitale]], [[Ravenna]], [[Italy]]]] The colour-fast (non-fading) dye was an item of luxury trade, prized by [[Ancient Rome|Romans]], who used it to colour [[Toga|ceremonial robes]]. Used as a dye, the colour shifts from blue (peak absorption at 590&nbsp;nm, which is yellow-orange) to reddish-purple (peak absorption at 520&nbsp;nm, which is green).<ref>Christopher J. Cooksey, “[http://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/6/9/736/pdf Tyrian Purple: 6,6’-Dibromoindigo and Related Compounds],” ''Molecules'', 2001, '''6''': 736–769.</ref> It is believed that the intensity of the purple hue improved rather than faded as the dyed cloth aged. [[Vitruvius]] mentions the production of Tyrian purple from shellfish.<ref>Vitruvius, ''De Architectura'', [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Vitruvius/7*.html Book VII], Chapter 13.</ref> In his ''[[History of Animals]]'', [[Aristotle]] described the shellfish from which Tyrian purple was obtained and the process of extracting the tissue that produced the dye.<ref>Aristotle, ''History of Animals'' (Whitefish, Montana, U.S.: Kessering Publishing, 2004), Book V, see especially [https://books.google.com/books?id=Dma7o9N6zWkC&pg=PA132&vq=stains&ie=ISO-8859-1&output=html&source=gbs_search_r&cad=1 pages 131–132].</ref> [[Pliny the Elder]] described the production of Tyrian purple in his ''[[Pliny's Natural History|Natural History]]'':<ref>Pliny the Elder, ''The Natural History'', eds. [[John Bostock (physician)|John Bostock]], [[Henry Thomas Riley]] (London, England: Taylor and Francis, 1855), Book IX. ''The Natural History of Fishes''. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D9%3Achapter%3D62 Chapter 62.] Pliny discusses Tyrian purple in Chapters 60–65 of his ''Natural History''.</ref><ref>The problem with Tyrian purple is that the precursor reacts very quickly with air and light to form an insoluble dye. (Hence Pliny says: "...when [the shellfish] have once discharged their waxy secretion, their juices have no consistency....") The cumbersome process that Pliny describes is necessary to reverse the oxidation and to restore the water-soluble precursor so that large masses of wool can be dyed. See: Carole P. Biggam (2006) "Knowledge of whelk dyes and pigments in Anglo-Saxon England," ''Anglo-Saxon England'', vol. 35, pages 23–56; see especially [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZojyGIfG9m4C&pg=PA26&lpg=PA26&dq=soluble+insoluble&source=bl&ots=to-93GKu_d&sig=OXfhlEHrIYWKX1F3or7OXpERvsE&hl=en&ei=h40LTI_XJYOB8gbv0fmOBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CCIQ6AEwAzgU#v=onepage&q=soluble%20insoluble&f=false pages 26–27]. See also: C. J. Cooksey (2001) "Tyrian purple: 6,6’-Dibromoindigo and Related Compounds," ''Molecules'', vol. 6, no. 9, pages 736–769, especially page 761. Indigo, which is chemically very similar to Tyrian purple, behaves similarly. See: http://www.indigopage.com/chemistry.htm</ref> <blockquote>The most favourable season for taking these [shellfish] is after the rising of the [[Sirius|Dog-star]], or else before spring; for when they have once discharged their waxy secretion, their juices have no consistency: this, however, is a fact unknown in the dyers' workshops, although it is a point of primary importance. After it is taken, the vein [i.e. hypobranchial gland] is extracted, which we have previously spoken of, to which it is requisite to add salt, a sextarius [about 20 fl. oz.] about to every hundred pounds of juice. It is sufficient to leave them to steep for a period of three days, and no more, for the fresher they are, the greater virtue there is in the liquor. It is then set to boil in vessels of tin [or lead], and every hundred amphoræ ought to be boiled down to five hundred pounds of dye, by the application of a moderate heat; for which purpose the vessel is placed at the end of a long funnel, which communicates with the furnace; while thus boiling, the liquor is skimmed from time to time, and with it the flesh, which necessarily adheres to the veins. About the tenth day, generally, the whole contents of the cauldron are in a liquefied state, upon which a fleece, from which the grease has been cleansed, is plunged into it by way of making trial; but until such time as the colour is found to satisfy the wishes of those preparing it, the liquor is still kept on the boil. The tint that inclines to red is looked upon as inferior to that which is of a blackish hue. The wool is left to lie in soak for five hours, and then, after carding it, it is thrown in again, until it has fully imbibed the colour.</blockquote> Archaeological data from [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]] indicate that the snails were collected in large vats and left to decompose. This produced a hideous stench that was actually mentioned by ancient authors. Not much is known about the subsequent steps, and the actual ancient method for mass-producing the two murex dyes has not yet been successfully reconstructed; this special "blackish clotted blood" colour, which was prized above all others, is believed to be achieved by double-dipping the cloth, once in the indigo dye of ''H. trunculus'' and once in the purple-red dye of ''B. brandaris''.{{Citation needed|date=August 2007}} The Roman [[mythographer]] [[Julius Pollux]], writing in the 2nd century AD, asserted (''Onomasticon'' I, 45–49) that the purple dye was first discovered by [[Heracles]], or rather, by his dog, whose mouth was stained purple from chewing on snails along the coast of the [[Levant]]. Recently, the archaeological discovery of substantial numbers of Murex shells on [[Crete]] suggests that the [[Minoans]] may have pioneered the extraction of Imperial purple centuries before the Tyrians. Dating from collocated pottery suggests the dye may have been produced during the Middle Minoan period in the 20th–18th century BC.<ref>Reese, David S. (1987). "Palaikastro Shells and Bronze Age Purple-Dye Production in the Mediterranean Basin," ''Annual of the British School of Archaeology at Athens'', '''82''', 201–6); Stieglitz, Robert R. (1994), "The Minoan Origin of Tyrian Purple," ''Biblical Archaeologist'', '''57''', 46–54.</ref> Accumulations of crushed murex shells from a hut at the site of [[Coppa Nevigata]] in southern Italy may indicate production of purple dye there from at least the 18th century BC.<ref>Cazzella, Alberto & Maurizio Moscoloni. 1998. "Coppa Nevigata: un insediamento fortificato dell'eta del Bronzo," in Luciana Drago Troccoli (ed.), ''Scavi e ricerche archeologiche dell'Università di Roma La Sapienza'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zcc5P5hqsu8C&pg=PA178&lpg=PA178 pp. 178–179].</ref> The production of ''Murex'' purple for the Byzantine court came to an abrupt end with the [[Siege of Constantinople (1204)|sack of Constantinople in 1204]], the critical episode of the [[Fourth Crusade]]. David Jacoby concludes that "no Byzantine emperor nor any Latin ruler in former Byzantine territories could muster the financial resources required for the pursuit of murex purple production. On the other hand, murex fishing and dyeing with genuine purple are attested for Egypt in the tenth to 13th centuries."<ref>Jacoby 2004, p. 210.</ref> By contrast, Jacoby finds that there are no mentions of purple fishing or dyeing, nor trade in the colorant in any Western source, even in the Frankish Levant. The European West turned instead to [[vermilion]] provided by the insect ''[[Kermes vermilio]]'', known as ''grana'', or [[crimson]]. In 1909, Harvard anthropologist [[Zelia Nuttall]] compiled an intensive comparative study on the historical production of the purple dye produced from the carnivorous [[murex snail]], source of the [[royal purple]] dye valued higher than gold in the ancient Near East and ancient Mexico. Not only did the people of ancient Mexico use the same methods of production as the Phoenicians, they also valued murex-dyed cloth above all others, as it appeared in codices as the attire of nobility. "Nuttall noted that the Mexican murex-dyed cloth bore a "disagreeable... strong fishy smell, which appears to be as lasting as the color itself.<ref>name="Tyrian Purple">{{cite journal|last1=Nuttall|first1=Zelia|title=A Curious Survival in Mexico of the Use of the Purpura Shell-fish for Dyeing|journal=Putnam Anniversary Volume|date=April 16, 1909|volume=Anthropological Essays Presented to Fredrick Ward Putnam in Honor of his Seventieth Birthday, by his Friends and Associates, ed. F. Boas (New York: G. E. Strechert & Co., Publishers, 1909)|pages=368–384|accessdate=1909}}</ref> Likewise, the ancient Egyptian ''Papyrus of Anastasi'' laments: "The hands of the dyer reek like rotting fish..."<ref>name="Tyrian Purple">{{cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=Stuart|title=A History of Dyed Textiles|date=1969|publisher=Sudio Vista| location=London| page=24}}</ref> So pervasive was this stench that the [[Talmud]] specifically granted women the right to divorce any husband who became a dyer after marrying".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Compton|first1=Stephen|title=Exodus Lost|date=2010|publisher=Booksurge Publishing|isbn=9781439276839|pages=29–33|edition=first|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1439276838}}</ref> == Murex purple production in Tunisia == Murex purple was a very important industry in many Phoenician colonies and Carthage was no exception. Traces of this once very lucrative industry are still visible in many Punic sites such as Kerkouane, Zouchis, Meninx and even in Carthage itself. According to Pliny, Meninx (today's Djerba) produced the best purple in Africa which was also ranked second only after Tyre's. ==Dye chemistry== [[File:Fig18j.JPG|thumb|Purple dye-bath with fresh ''Hexaplex trunculus'']] The main chemical constituent of the Tyrian dye was discovered by [[Paul Friedländer (chemist)|Paul Friedländer]] in 1909 to be '''6,6′-dibromoindigo''', a substance that had previously been synthesized in 1903. The dye was thus shown to be an organobromine compound.<ref>Friedlaender, P. (1909). [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015031383998;view=1up;seq=257 "Zur Kenntnis des Farbstoffes des antiken Purpurs aus ''Murex brandaris''"] ([Contribution] to our knowledge of the ancient purple dye from ''Murex brandaris''). ''Monatshefte für Chemie'' … , '''30''': 247–253.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi= 10.1002/cber.190303603113 |author= Sachs, F. & Kempf, R. |year= 1903 |title= Über p-Halogen-o-nitrobenzaldehyde |journal= [[Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges.]] |volume= 36 |issue= 3 |pages= 3299–3303}}</ref> However, it has never been synthesized commercially.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | year=1981 | title=Indigo | volume=V | pages=338 | encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica | edition=15th | publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc | location=Chicago | isbn=0-85229-378-X}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title = Tyrian purple: 6,6’-Dibromoindigo and Related Compounds |author = Cooksey C. J. |journal = Molecules |volume = 6 |issue = 9 |year= 2001 |pages = 736–769 |url =http://www.mdpi.org/molecules/papers/60900736.pdf|format=PDF |doi = 10.3390/60900736}}</ref> In 1998, through a lengthy trial and error process, an English engineer named John Edmonds rediscovered a process for dyeing with Tyrian purple.<ref>John Edmonds, ''Tyrian or Imperial Purple: The Mystery of Imperial Purple Dyes'', Historic Dye Series, no. 7 (Little Chalfont, Buckinghamshire, England: John Edwards, 2000).</ref><ref>Article about John Edmonds: http://www.imperial-purple.com/profile.html</ref> He researched recipes and observations of dyers from the 15th century to the 18th century. He explored the biotechnology process behind [[Isatis tinctoria|woad]] fermentation. After collaborating with a chemist, Edmonds hypothesized that an alkaline fermenting vat was necessary. He studied an incomplete ancient recipe for Tyrian purple recorded by Pliny the Elder. By altering the percentage of sea salt in the dye vat and adding [[potash]], he was able to successfully dye wool a deep purple colour.<ref>Chenciner, Robert. Madder red: a history of luxury and trade: plant dyes and pigments in world commerce and art. Richmond: Curzon Press, 2000. P.295</ref> Recent research in [[organic electronics]] has shown that Tyrian purple is an ambipolar organic semiconductor. Transistors and circuits based on this material can be produced from sublimed thin-films of the dye. The good semiconducting properties of the dye originate from strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding that reinforces [[pi stacking]] necessary for transport.<ref>Ambipolar organic field effect transistors and inverters with the natural material Tyrian Purple, E. D. Głowacki et al., AIP Advances 1, 042132 (2011)[http://aipadvances.aip.org/resource/1/aaidbi/v1/i4/p042132_s1]</ref> == Modern hue rendering == ===Tyrian purple=== ====Azalea Society of America hue rendering==== True Tyrian purple, like most high-[[Colorfulness|chroma]] [[pigment]]s, cannot be accurately displayed on a computer display. Ancient reports are also not entirely consistent, but these [[wikt:swatch|swatches]] give an indication of the likely range in which it appeared: <span style="background-color:#b80049">_________</span> <br> <span style="background-color:#990024">_________</span> This is the [[sRGB]] colour #990024, intended for viewing on an output device with a [[gamma correction|gamma]] of 2.2. It is a representation of [[Royal Horticultural Society|RHS]] colour code 66A,<ref>"RHS, UCL and RGB Colors, gamma = 1.4, fan 2", ''Azalea Society of America website'' [http://www.azaleas.org/index.pl/rhsmacfan2.html] (this gives the RGB value #b80049, which has been converted to #990024 for the sRGB gamma of 2.2)</ref> which has been equated to "Tyrian red",<ref>[http://www.ag.iastate.edu/centers/cad/Eroses.html Buck, G. ''Buck Rose Website'', Page 5]</ref> a term which is often used as a synonym for Tyrian purple. ====Website design hue rendering==== ''See also [[Purple#Tyrian purple: Classical antiquity]]'' At right is the colour called "Tyrian purple" that is used in [[web site design]]. This colour matches the colour of the Tyrian purple cloak worn by [[Justinian I]] as depicted in mosaics in the 6th century [[Basilica of San Vitale]], shown in the image of Justinian I depicted above.<ref>[http://www.mmdtkw.org/VPurple.html Tyrian Purple in Ancient Rome:]</ref> ====Philately==== The colour name "Tyrian plum" is popularly given to a [[Edward VII 2d Tyrian plum|British postage stamp]] that was prepared, but never released to the public, shortly before the death of King Edward VII in 1910. {{Clear}} <gallery widths="190px" heights="180px" > File:Cuneiform tablet BM62788.jpg|alt=cuneiform tablet|[[Cuneiform]] tablet, dated 600-500 BC, with instructions for dyeing wool purple and blue. Ref.{{British-Museum-db|BM62788|id=327282}}. File:Contemporary portrayal of a toga picta.jpg| Painting of a man wearing an all-purple ''toga picta'', from an [[Etruscan civilization|Etruscan]] tomb (about 350 BC). File:Compitalia fresco.jpg|Roman men wearing ''togae praetextae'' with reddish-purple stripes during a religious procession (1st century BC). File:Empress Theodora.jpg|The Empress Theodora, the wife of the Emperor Justinian, dressed in Tyrian purple. (6th century). File:Karl den store krons av leo III.jpg|A medieval depiction of the coronation of the Emperor [[Charlemagne]] in 800. The bishops and cardinals wear Tyrian purple, and the Pope wears white. File:Shroud of Charlemagne manufactured in Constantinople 814.jpg|A fragment of the shroud in which the Emperor [[Charlemagne]] was buried in 814. It was made of gold and Tyrian purple from Constantinople. File:Peter Paul Rubens - La découverte de la pourpre.JPG|Heracles and the Discovery of the Secret of Purple by [[Peter Paul Rubens]] (1636), [[Musée Bonnat]] File:Tyrian purple on grayscale.jpg|6,6'-dibromoindigo, the major component of Tyrian purple </gallery> == See also == * ''[[Bolinus brandaris]]'' * ''[[Hexaplex trunculus]]'' * [[Tekhelet]] * [[Indigo dye]] ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==External links== * [http://www.chriscooksey.demon.co.uk/tyrian/cjcbiblio.html Bibliography] from Chris J. Cooksey (1994) "Making Tyrian purple," ''Dyes in History and Archaeology'', vol. 13, pages 7–13. * [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Plicopurpura+pansa+(Gould,+1853)+from+the+Pacific+Coast+of+Mexico+and...-a0118543935 The Free Library: article on Tyrian purple] * [http://tekhelet.com/pdf/Jenson-RoyalPurple-1963.pdf Royal Purple of Tyre] {{Shades of red}} {{Shades of violet}} {{Dyeing}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tyrian Purple}} [[Category:Animal dyes]] [[Category:Organic pigments]] [[Category:Mollusc products]] [[Category:Organobromides]] [[Category:Halogen-containing natural products]] [[Category:Shades of violet]]'