Examine individual changes

'{{Incomplete|date=March 2015}} [[Image:Nicoderm.JPG||thumb|right|A 21 mg dose patch applied to the left arm]] A '''nicotine patch''' is a [[transdermal patch]] that releases [[nicotine]] into the body through the skin. It is used as an aid in [[nicotine replacement therapy]] (NRT), a process for [[smoking cessation]]. ==Medical uses== Dozens of clinical trials have shown that the patch approximately doubles success rates over placebo treatment. Placebo tests show a 5.9% success rate, in comparison to the 7.2% blind active tests, and the 10.8% open tests.<ref>{{cite web|last=Renshaw|first=Amy|title=The Real Story Behind the Nicotine Patch and Smoking Cessation|url=http://healthpsych.psy.vanderbilt.edu/health-patch.htm|work=vanderbilt.edu|publisher=Vanderbilt University|accessdate=25 November 2013}}</ref><ref>Fiore MC, Jaén CR, Baker TB, et al. Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence: 2008 Update. Quick Reference Guide for Clinicians. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service. April 2009</ref><ref>In India, Rusan Healthcare has launched the Nicotine Transdermal Patches under the Tradename '2baconil'</ref> ==Side effects== Analysis of nicotine patches has shown that they contain [[tobacco-specific nitrosamines]] (TSNAs), known cancer-causing agents, in quantities of up to 173&nbsp;mg per patch.<ref>UCSF Library, 3 Feb 1995, [http://www.legacy.library.ucsf.edu/documentStore/n/y/a/nya24e00/Snya24e00.pdf Tobacco-Specific N-Nitrosamines in Nicotine Patches], retrieved 11 Aug 2013.</ref> ==History== The first study of the pharmacokinetics of a transdermal nicotine patch in humans was published in 1984<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/0376-8716(84)90061-9 | last1 = Rose | first1 = J. E. | last2 = Jarvik | first2 = M. E. | last3 = Rose | first3 = K. D. | title = Transdermal administration of nicotine | journal = Drug and Alcohol Dependence | volume = 13 | issue = 3 | pages = 209–213 | year = 1984 | pmid = 6734425}}</ref> by [[Jed Rose (scientist)|Jed E. Rose, Ph.D.]], [[Murray Jarvik|Murray E. Jarvik]], M.D., Ph.D. and K. Daniel Rose, and was followed by publication by Rose et al. (1985) of results of a study of smokers showing that a transdermal nicotine patch reduced craving for cigarettes.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Rose | first1 = J. E. | last2 = Herskovic | first2 = J. E. | last3 = Trilling | first3 = Y. | last4 = Jarvik | first4 = M. E. | title = Transdermal nicotine reduces cigarette craving and nicotine preference | journal = Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics | volume = 38 | issue = 4 | pages = 450–456 | year = 1985 | pmid = 4042528 | doi=10.1038/clpt.1985.203}}</ref> Frank Etscorn Ph.D. filed a patent in the [[United States]] on January the 23rd 1985 and was issued the patent on July 1, 1986.<ref>{{ cite patent | country = US | number = 4597961 | status = | title = | pubdate = | gdate = | fdate = | pridate = | inventor =Etscorn, FT | invent1 = | invent2 = | assign1 = | assign2 = | class = }}</ref> The University of California filed a competing patent application nearly 3 years after Etscorn's filing on February the 19th, 1988, which was granted on May 1, 1990.<ref>{{cite patent | country = US | number = 4920989 }}</ref> Subsequently, the U.S. Patent Office declared an interference action and, after a thorough review of conception, reduction to practice and patent filing dates, issued on September 29, 1993 a priority decision in favor of the Rose et al. patent.<ref>{{cite web|title=Adverse Decisions in Interference|url=http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/com/sol/og/1995/week08/patadve.htm|accessdate=25 November 2013|date=21 February 1995|publisher= Board of Patent Appeals & Interferences|author=OLIVIA M. DUVALL}}</ref> ==Research== Nicotine patches are under study to help relieve the symptoms of [[post-surgical pain]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Nicotine Patch Decreases Post Surgical Pain|url=http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/85508.php|publisher=MediLexicon International Ltd, Bexhill-on-Sea, UK|accessdate=25 November 2013|date=15 October 2007}}</ref> and treat early [[dementia]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Nicotine Patches Up Early Memory Loss In Study|url=http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2012/01/09/144906236/nicotine-patches-up-early-memory-loss-in-study|accessdate=3 February 2014|date=9 January 2013}}</ref> Studies are being conducted about the use of transdermal nicotine patches to treat anxiety, depression, and inattentiveness in subjects with [[ADHD]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Cocores,|first=James A.|title=Transdermal Nicotine in Adult ADHD With Depression and Anxiety|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2446482/|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine|accessdate=25 November 2013|year=2008}}</ref> {{vs|date=August 2013}} Transdermal nicotine patches can be used to relieve [[ulcerative colitis]] symptoms. However, this is not the case with [[Crohn's disease]], a similar health condition, where smoking and nicotine intake in general worsen the disease's effects. ==See also== * [[Smoking cessation]] * [[Nicotine replacement therapy]] * [[Nicotine lozenge]] * [[Nicotine gum]] * [[Transdermal patch]] ==References== <references /> {{Dosage forms|state=expanded}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nicotine Patch}} [[Category:American inventions]] [[Category:Smoking cessation]] [[Category:Transdermal patches]]'