Examine individual changes

'{{pp-pc1|expiry=July 20, 2017}} '''Statistics on rape''' and other [[sexual assault]]s are commonly available in industrialized countries, and are becoming more common throughout the world. Inconsistent [[Rape#Definitions|definitions of rape]], different rates of reporting, recording, prosecution and conviction for [[rape]] create controversial statistical disparities, and lead to accusations that many rape statistics are unreliable or misleading.<ref name="Gordon2002">{{cite book|author=L. P. Gordon|title=Violence Against Women|url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=rmXf-lSuqcgC|year=2002|publisher=Nova Publishers|isbn=978-1-59033-455-3|pages=[https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=rmXf-lSuqcgC&pg=PA4 4–6]}}</ref><ref name=TCJ /> In some jurisdictions, male-female rape is the only form of rape counted in the statistics.<ref name=TCJ>{{cite web|url=http://www.cjonline.com/stories/080804/loc_crimestats.shtml |title=Statistics can be misleading |publisher=CJOnline.com |date=2004-08-08 |accessdate=2013-12-04}}</ref> Countries may or may not criminalize [[marital rape]]. Rape is a severely under-reported crime with surveys showing [[Dark_figure_of_crime|dark figures]] of up to 91.6%.<ref>{{cite web|title=ITALIAN NATIONAL STATISTIC INSTITUTE (ISTAT) SURVEY ON VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN, 2006|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201182537/http://sgdatabase.unwomen.org/searchDetail.action?measureId=26309&baseHREF=country&baseHREFId=675|website=unwomen.org|publisher=UN WOMEN|accessdate=26 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Drug-facilitated, Incapacitated, and Forcible Rape: A National Study|journal=NCJRS|date=02/2007|pages=70|url=https://www.ncjrs.gov/app/publications/abstract.aspx?ID=240972|accessdate=26 August 2016}}</ref> Prevalence of reasons for not reporting rape differ across countries. They may include fear of retaliation, uncertainty about whether a crime was committed or if the offender intended harm, not wanting others to know about the rape, not wanting the offender to get in trouble, fear of prosecution (e.g. due to laws against premarital sex), and doubt in local law enforcement.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Female Victims Of Sexual Violence, 1994-2010|date=March 7, 2013|url=http://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=4594|accessdate=26 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Drug-facilitated, Incapacitated, and Forcible Rape: A National Study|journal=Medical University of South Carolina National Crime Victims Research and Treatment Ctr|date=02/2007|pages=70|accessdate=26 August 2016}}</ref> A [[United Nations]] statistical report compiled from government sources showed that more than 250,000 cases of rape or attempted rape were recorded by police annually. The reported data covered 65 countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/Eighth-United-Nations-Survey-on-Crime-Trends-and-the-Operations-of-Criminal-Justice-Systems.html|title=Eighth United Nations Survey on Crime Trends and the Operations of Criminal Justice Systems |publisher=Unodc.org |date=2005-03-31 |accessdate=2013-12-04}}</ref> ==Research== [[File:(A) Rape rates per 100000 population 2010-2012, world.jpg|thumb|right|280px|Rape rates per 100,000 population 2010-2012.]] [[File:Listening to girls in Zambia (8220719638).jpg|thumb|In a recent survey of schoolgirls in [[Lusaka]], [[Zambia]], 53% reported that girls in their school have experienced sexual harassment.]] Most rape research and reporting to date has been limited to male-female forms of rape. Research on male-male and female-male is beginning to be done. However, almost no research has been done on [[Lesbian rape|female-female rape]], though women can be charged with rape in a few jurisdictions. A few books, such as ''Violent Betrayal: Partner Abuse in Lesbian Relationships'' by Dr. Claire M. Renzetti,<ref>Renzetti, Claire M. ''[https://books.google.com/books/about/Violent_betrayal.html?id=5DNHAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y Violent Betrayal: Partner Abuse in Lesbian Relationships]''. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1992, ISBN 0-8039-3888-8.</ref> ''No More Secrets: Violence in Lesbian Relationships'' by Janice Ristock,<ref>Ristock, Janice. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=s00oU23jgPMC&dq=No+More+Secrets:+Violence+in+Lesbian+Relationships&source=bl&ots=UyatauXB9f&sig=b_Vthc4r6fseoM1fM6innbZwhic&hl=fr&sa=X&ei=91YZUJ-qIeLW0QWC6oHYDw&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAA No More Secrets: Violence in Lesbian Relationships]''. New York: Routledge, 2002, ISBN 0-415-92946-6.</ref> and ''Woman-to-Woman Sexual Violence: Does She Call It Rape?'' by Lori B. Girshick<ref>Girshick, Lori B. ''[https://books.google.com/books/about/Woman_To_Woman_Sexual_Violence.html?id=nHg40DDZWjAC&redir_esc=y Woman-to-Woman Sexual Violence: Does She Call It Rape?] (The Northeastern Series on Gender, Crime, and the Law)''. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2000, ISBN 1-55553-527-5.</ref> also cover the topic of rape of women by other women. ==Policy and statistics by country== ===Afghanistan=== {{Main article|Rape in Afghanistan}} Rape in [[Afghanistan]] is a crime which can be legally prosecuted, but in practice it is very rarely reported, because of the immense risks that women face if they report it. Rape victims in the country face a double risk of being subjected to violence: on one hand they can become victims of honor killings perpetrated by their families, and on the other hand they can be victimized by the laws of the country: they can be charged with adultery, a crime that can be [[punishable by death]]. Furthermore, they can be forced by their families to marry their rapist. In 2011, Afghanistan made international news in regard to the story of a woman who was raped by a man, jailed for adultery, gave birth to a child in jail, and was then subsequently pardoned by president [[Hamid Karzai]], and in the end married the man who raped her.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-16179236 |title=Jailed Afghanistan rape victim Gulnaz is freed |publisher=BBC News |date=2011-12-14 |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.channel4.com/news/gulnaz-afghan-rape-afghanistan-adultery-karzai |title=Gulnaz: the Afghan woman forced to marry her rapist - Channel 4 News |publisher=Channel4.com |date=2013-06-20 |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref> In 2012, Afghanistan recorded 240 cases of honor killings and 160 cases of rape, but the number for both honor killings and rapes is estimated to be much higher.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.khaama.com/240-cases-of-honor-killing-recorded-in-afghanistan-aihrc-2177 |title=240 cases of honor killing recorded in Afghanistan |publisher=Khaama.com |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://latinbusinesstoday.com/2013/06/aihrc-400-rape-honor-killings-registered-in-afghanistan-in-2-years/ |title=AIHRC: 400 rape, honor killings registered in Afghanistan in 2 years |work=Latin Business Today |date=2013-06-10 |accessdate=2013-12-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214224858/http://latinbusinesstoday.com/2013/06/aihrc-400-rape-honor-killings-registered-in-afghanistan-in-2-years/|archivedate=2015}}</ref> In 2013, in eastern Ghazni, a man attacked a woman and attempted to rape her, and as a result the relatives of the woman killed both the woman and the man in an honor killing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.khaama.com/honor-killing-afghan-man-and-woman-killed-in-ghazni-1254 |title=Honor killing: Afghan man and woman killed in Ghazni|publisher=Khaama.com |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref> In Afghanistan, crimes such as adultery, rape and trafficking are often conflated with each other,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cimicweb.org/cmo/afg/Documents/Governance/CFC_AFG_Human_Trafficking_Jan2013.pdf |title=Executive Summary : Human Trafficking and Afghanistan |publisher=Cimicweb.org |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref> and it is generally not acceptable for a woman and a man to be alone together (unless married or related), and if this happens the response can be very violent: an Afghan medical doctor and his female patient were attacked by an angry mob who threw stones at them after the two were discovered in his private examining room without a chaperon.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/14/world/asia/afghan-doctor-is-killed.html?_r=0|title=Mob Attacks Afghan Doctor and Female Patient|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=2013-12-04|first=Rod|last=Nordland|date=2013-06-13}}</ref> Recently, the security forces have been also alleged to rape children in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theamericanconservative.com/routine-child-rape-by-afghan-police/ |title=Routine Child Rape by Afghan Police |work=The American Conservative |date=2013-07-10 |accessdate=2013-07-10}}</ref> ===Algeria=== {{Further information|Hassi Messaoud mob attacks against women}} Article 336 of the Penal Code stipulates that rape is a punishable offence, but does not give a definition of rape (which is left to the courts). The lack of a clear definition of rape in Algerian law makes it difficult for women to report the act and seek legal remedies.<ref>[http://sgdatabase.unwomen.org/searchDetail.action?measureId=26096&baseHREF=country&baseHREFId=115]{{dead link|date=April 2015}}</ref><ref>[http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=11844&LangID=E DisplayNews<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref name="amnesty.org.au">[http://www.amnesty.org.au/news/comments/22931/ Algerian authorities must investigate and prosecute attacks against women - Amnesty International Australia<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> In 2001, in [[Hassi Messaoud]], women accused of being prostitutes have been targeted in mob attacks, and physically and sexually assaulted.<ref name="amnesty.org.au"/> There have been continuous allegations that during the [[Algerian War]] French troops had engaged in acts of [[torture]] and rape against Algerians.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1108014.stm |publisher=BBC News |title=France confronts Algeria torture claims |date=2001-01-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1671064.stm |publisher=BBC News |title=Algerian 'war victim' compensated |date=2001-11-22}}</ref> ===Australia=== Non-consensual sexual penetration is termed "Rape" in [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], [[Queensland]], [[South Australia]], and [[Tasmania]]; "Sexual Assault" in [[New South Wales]]; "Sexual intercourse without consent" in the [[Australian Capital Territory|ACT]] and the [[Northern Territory]]; "Sexual penetration without consent" in [[Western Australia]]. All these offenses are gender neutral and applicable in marriage. The laws in [[Australia]] have evolved from the [[English common law]] offense of rape, but have gradually changed, especially in the late 20th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alrc.gov.au/publications/25.%20Sexual%20Offences/%E2%80%98rape%E2%80%99-penetrative-sexual-offence |title='Rape': the penetrative sexual offence |publisher=ALRC |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alrc.gov.au/publications/24.%20Sexual%20Assault%20and%20Family%20Violence/history-activism-and-legal-change |title=History of activism and legal change |publisher=ALRC |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref> In Australia the reported rape rate per 100,000 people is relatively high, although it is in a decreasing trend, coming down from 91.6 in the year 2003 <ref name=shmh>S. Harrendorf, M. Heiskanen, S. Malby, [http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/Crime-statistics/International_Statistics_on_Crime_and_Justice.pdf INTERNATIONAL STATISTICS on CRIME AND JUSTICE] United Nations Office on Drugs & Crime (2010)</ref> to 28.6 in 2010.<ref name="nationmaster">[http://www.nationmaster.com/country-info/stats/Crime/Rape-rate Countries Compared by Crime > Rape rate. International Statistics at NationMaster.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> This stands in contrast to reported rape rate of 1.2 per 100,000 in [[Japan]], 1.8 per 100,000 in [[India]], 4.6 rapes per 100,000 in [[Bahrain]], 12.3 per 100,000 in [[Mexico]], 24.1 per 100,000 in [[United Kingdom]], 28.6 per 100,000 in [[United States]], 66.5 per 100,000 in [[Sweden]], and world's highest rate of 114.9 rapes per 100,000 in [[South Africa]].<ref name="shmh"/><ref name="nationmaster"/> During the 12 months prior to interview in 2011–12, an estimated 51,200 (0.3%) Australians aged 18 years and over were a victim of sexual assault. Almost a third (30%) of victims of sexual assault had the most recent incident they experienced reported to the police.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4530.0Chapter2062011-12|title=SEXUAL ASSAULT|accessdate=2014-06-22}}</ref> The Australian Women's Safety Survey conducted by the Bureau of Statistics in 1996 involved a random sample of 6,300 women aged 18 and over. It produced incidence finding of 1.9 per cent for sexual assault in the previous 12 months. Men who are known to the woman accounted for over two-thirds of assailants (68%). Only 15% of the assaulted women in the sample reported to the police.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/F16680629C465E03CA256980007C4A81/$File/41280_1996.pdf|title=Women's Safety Australia – 1996 |format=PDF |accessdate=2010-12-31}}</ref> ===Bangladesh=== [[Bangladesh]] has received criticism for its employment of the "two-finger test" in rape investigations. This test consists in a physical examination of women who report rape during which a doctor inserts two fingers in the woman's vagina to determine whether the woman is "habituated to sex". This examination has its origin in the country's British colonial-era laws dating back to 1872. This deters many women from reporting rape. More than 100 experts, including doctors, lawyers, police, and women's rights activists had signed a joint statement in 2013 asking for the test, which they called "demeaning", to be abolished, as it "does not provide any evidence that is relevant to proving the offence." <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blast.org.bd/content/pressrelease/press-release-nc-2-2-2013.pdf |title=100 Experts Demand Change in Medical Evidence Laws and Justice for Rape Victims |publisher=Blast.org.bd |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/world/bangladesh-activists-urge-ban-on-rape-victim-finger-test-326175 |title=Bangladesh activists urge ban on rape victim 'finger test' |publisher=NDTV.com |date=2013-02-04 |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/02/05/world/asia/rape-exam-india/index.html |title=Activists: Get rid of 'degrading' parts of India's sexual assault exam |publisher=CNN.com |accessdate=2013-12-03 |date=2013-02-06}}</ref> The United Nations Multi-country Study on Men and Violence asked men in rural and urban Bangladesh if they had forced a woman to have sex at any point in their lives. 14.1% of men in rural Bangladesh and 9.5% of men in urban Bangladesh said yes (10% averaged). 2.7% of men in rural Bangladesh and 0.5% (6/1252) in urban Bangladesh had raped in the past year. In rural Bangladesh 47.4% of rapists perpetrated more than once, 3.7% had four or more victims, and 40% first raped as a teenager. 82% of rural Bangladeshi and 79% of urban Bangladeshi men cited entitlement as their reason for rape. 61.2% of urban Bangladeshi men who had raped did not feel guilty or worried afterwards, and 95.1% experienced no legal consequences. 3.7% of men in rural Bangladesh had raped another man. 89.2% of urban Bangladeshi men answered 'agree' or 'strongly agree' to the statement 'if a woman doesn't physically fight back, it's not rape.' <ref name="unwomen-asiapacific.org">{{cite web|url=http://unwomen-asiapacific.org/docs/WhyDoSomeMenUseViolenceAgainstWomen_P4P_Report.pdf |title=Why Do Some Men Use Violence Against Women and How Can We Prevent It? |publisher=Unwomen-asiapacific.org |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref> ===Belgium=== {{Main article|Rape in Belgium}} In 2008, the incidence of rapes recorded by the police was 26.3 per 100,000 people, according to data by [[UNODC]].<ref name="unodc1">[http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/Crime-statistics/Sexual_violence_sv_against_children_and_rape.xls "Rape at the National Level, number of police recorded offenses".] [[United Nations]].</ref> Rape in [[Belgium]] is defined by Article 375 of the Penal Code as "any act of sexual penetration, of whatever sort and by whatever means, committed on a non-consenting person".<ref name="ReferenceB">[http://sgdatabase.unwomen.org/searchDetail.action?measureId=10080&baseHREF=country&baseHREFId=213]{{dead link|date=April 2015}}</ref><ref>[http://www.ejustice.just.fgov.be/cgi_loi/loi_a1.pl?DETAIL=1867060801%2FF&caller=list&row_id=1&numero=2&rech=4&cn=1867060801&table_name=LOI&nm=1867060850&la=F&dt=CODE+PENAL&language=fr&fr=f&choix1=ET&choix2=ET&fromtab=loi_all&trier=promulgation&chercher=t&sql=dt+contains++%27CODE%27%26+%27PENAL%27and+actif+%3D+%27Y%27&tri=dd+AS+RANK+&imgcn.x=41&imgcn.y=12 Loi - Wet<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Marital rape is also illegal under this law.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> Apart from criminal proceedings, committing marital rape has also consequences in a [[divorce]] case. The new amendments of the Civil Code regulating marriage and divorce, that came into effect in September 2007, state that any of the spouses, following a divorce, may receive [[alimony]] if they need the money; but a spouse who has committed rape or other violent crimes against the other spouse cannot receive alimony. Article 301 reads: "''The court may refuse to grant the application for a alimony if the defendant proves that the applicant has committed a serious offense that rendered it impossible to continue living together. Under no circumstances will alimony be given to a spouse who was found guilty of an act referred to in '''Articles 375''', 398-400, 402, 403 or 405 of the Penal Code, committed against the person of the defendant, or an attempt to commit an act referred to in '''Articles 375''', 393, 394 or 397 of the Code against the same person''." <ref>Text in French: "Le tribunal peut refuser de faire droit à la demande de pension si le défendeur prouve que le demandeur a commis une faute grave ayant rendu impossible la poursuite de la vie commune. En aucun cas, la pension alimentaire n'est accordée au conjoint reconnu coupable d'un fait visé aux articles 375, 398 à 400, 402, 403 ou 405 du Code pénal, commis contre la personne du défendeur, ou d'une tentative de commettre un fait visé aux articles 375, 393, 394 ou 397 du même Code contre cette même personne."[http://www.ejustice.just.fgov.be/cgi_loi/loi_a1.pl?DETAIL=1804032130%2FF&caller=list&row_id=1&numero=11&rech=14&cn=1804032130&table_name=LOI&nm=1804032150&la=F&dt=CODE+CIVIL&language=fr&fr=f&choix1=ET&choix2=ET&fromtab=loi_all&trier=promulgation&chercher=t&sql=dt+contains++%27CODE%27%26+%27CIVIL%27and+actif+%3D+%27Y%27&tri=dd+AS+RANK+&imgcn.x=34&imgcn.y=10]</ref> ===Belize=== According to the Belize Police Department, in 2013 there were 26 cases of rape reported in the country.<ref>{{cite news|title=Crime And Violence Statistics Released By Police For 2013|url=http://www.ctv3belizenews.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4110:crime-and-violence-statistics-released-by-police-for-2013&catid=44:education&Itemid=112|accessdate=18 March 2014|date=9 January 2014|publisher=CTV3}}</ref> The estimated total population in 2013 was 334,297.<ref>{{cite web|title=Belize|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bh.html|work=CIA World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|accessdate=18 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513185850/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bh.html|archivedate=13 May 2013}}</ref> In 2006, the incidence of rapes recorded by the police was 15.3 per 100,000 people, according to data by [[UNODC]].<ref name="unodc1" /> According to a 2009 report, [[bribery]] in rape investigations, including those involving child rape, is common. Suspects often offer money to the police or to the victims/their families.<ref>[http://sgdatabase.unwomen.org/uploads/Police%20and%20Prosecution%20Training%20Needs-%20Country%20Report.pdf] {{wayback|url=http://sgdatabase.unwomen.org/uploads/Police%20and%20Prosecution%20Training%20Needs-%20Country%20Report.pdf |date=20140319013040 }}</ref> The laws were amended in [[Belize]] in 1999 to criminalize marital rape; the law defines marital rape that happens at the time the spouses are cohabiting more narrowly than rape in other circumstances; it stipulates that the act is criminal if "''The act of sexual intercourse is preceded or accompanied by or associated with, assault and battery, harm or injury to the female spouse''". Rape between unmarried persons, or between separated spouses is defined by lack of consent.<ref>{{cite web|title=s68A(1) of the Criminal Code 1999|url=http://sgdatabase.unwomen.org/searchDetail.action?measureId=10088&baseHREF=country&baseHREFId=220|work=The UN Secretary General's Database on Violence Against Women|publisher=UN Women|accessdate=18 March 2014}}{{dead link|date=April 2015}}</ref><ref>http://www.oas.org/juridico/mla/en/blz/en_blz-int-text-cc.pdf</ref> ===Bosnia and Herzegovina=== {{Main article|Rape in the Bosnian War}} During the [[Bosnian war]], rape was prevalent. In 1993, a European Community commission estimated that around 20,000 women were raped, while the Bosnian Government put the figure at 50,000.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/683846.stm |title=EUROPE &#124; Bosnian rape camp trial opens |publisher=BBC News |date=2000-03-20 |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref> ===Botswana=== In a 2009 study, 4.9% of 1244 women of 13–24 years reported having been raped in their lifetimes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19428100/ |title=Sexual violence and its health consequences for female... [Lancet. 2009&#93; - PubMed - NCBI |publisher=Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref> 10.3% of 654 women reported that they had been raped in their lifetimes in a 2011 study. 4.6% had been raped in the past year. 3.9% of 613 men had been raped in their lifetimes and 4.2% had raped in the past year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3093262/ |title=Prevalence and Correlates of Forced Sex Perpetration and Victimization in Botswana and Swaziland |publisher=Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |date=2010-10-31 |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref> ===Brazil=== In Brazil, rape is "alarmingly under-reported" and there are no accurate rape data to compare rates among the country's twenty-seven states.<ref name=f_ortiz>{{cite web |last=Ortiz |first=Fabiola |title=Rape in Brazil Still an Invisible Crime |url=http://www.ipsnews.net/2013/06/rape-in-brazil-still-an-invisible-crime/ |location=Rio de Janeiro, Brazil |publisher=Inter Press Service News Agency |date=24 June 2013 |accessdate=23 August 2014}}</ref> However, in 2012, there were 6,029 rapes in the [[state of Rio de Janeiro]]; 4,993 of the victims were women.<ref name=f_ortiz /> On average, 416 women a month were raped that year and according to Rio's state [http://www.isp.rj.gov.br/ Institute of Public Security] (ISP) the rate of rape in the state is 37 per 100,000 population for victims of both sexes.<ref name=f_ortiz /> Rio's civil police state that in the first quarter of 2013, 1,822 rapes were committed, while only 70 individuals were arrested for these crimes; the victims were generally women between the ages of 20 and 30, coming from any social class.<ref name=f_ortiz /> ===Burma === Systematic rape committed by the military against civilians has been documented in Myanmar. A 2002 report by The Shan Human Rights Foundation and The [[Shan Women's Action Network]], titled ''License to Rape'', details incidents of sexual violence committed by [[Tatmadaw]] (Burmese Army) troops in Shan State, mostly between 1996 and 2001.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.burmacampaign.org.uk/reports/License_to_rape.pdf |accessdate=March 26, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20130730075555/http://www.burmacampaign.org.uk/reports/License_to_rape.pdf |archivedate=July 30, 2013 }}</ref> The military of Burma has also been accused of continuing to use rape as a weapon of war after the elections of 2010. In 2014, a women's group, ''The Women's League of Burma'', said it had documented more than 100 cases of rape by the military since 2010.<ref>[http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-25730758 Burma military 'using rape as weapon' - BBC News<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-01-15/an-myanmar-military-accused-of-still-using-rape-as-weapon-of-war/5202252 Myanmar military accused of still using rape as weapon of war - Australia Network News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> According to a 2012 report by Human Rights Watch, the Burmese security forces have committed killings, rape, and mass arrests against Rohingya Muslims.<ref>[http://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/08/01/government-could-have-stopped “The Government Could Have Stopped This” | Human Rights Watch<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> ===Burundi=== Rape is illegal. Marital rape was criminalized in 2009, albeit with a rather symbolic sentence of only 8 days imprisonment and a fine of 10.000 to 50.000 Fbu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oenz.de/fileadmin/users/oenz/PDF/Berichte_OENZ/UPR_BURUNDI_submission_by_OENZ_2012.pdf |title=Joint NGO Submission : UPR on Burundi 15th Session 20134 |publisher=Oenz.de |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref> The new 2009 Criminal Code also criminalized homosexuality which was legal before; but it also abolished the [[capital punishment]] in the country, therefore the new Code received mixed reactions from human rights organizations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/news/burundi-abolishes-death-penalty-bans-homosexuality-20090427 |title=Burundi abolishes the death penalty but bans homosexuality |publisher=Amnesty International |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref> A report by [[Amnesty International]] found that rape was very common in [[Burundi]], rarely prosecuted, and that victims faced strong social stigma and a high risk of reprisal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.es.amnesty.org/uploads/media/Burundi_SVAW_report_-_No_protection_from_rape_in_war_and_peace.pdf |title=Burundi : No protection from rape in war and peace |publisher=M.es.amnesty.org |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref> ===Cambodia=== In [[Cambodia]], rape is estimated by local and international NGOs to be common,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/eap/135988.htm |title=2009 Human Rights Report: Cambodia|publisher=State.gov |date=2010-03-11 |accessdate=2010-12-31}}</ref> but only a very small minority of these assaults are ever reported to authorities, due to the social stigma associated to being the victim of a sexual crime, and, in particular, to losing [[virginity]] before [[marriage]] (regardless of how this happened).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/connectasia/stories/201003/s2840482.htm |title=Connect Asia:Story:Amnesty calls on Cambodian government to act on rape |publisher=Radio Australia |date=2010-03-09 |accessdate=2010-12-31}}</ref> From November 2008 to November 2009, police had recorded 468 cases of rape, attempted rape and sexual harassment, a 2.4 percent increase over the previous year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=50602 |title=CAMBODIA: Rape Victims Need Better Protection from New Penal Code |publisher=Ipsnews.net |date=2010-03-09 |accessdate=2010-12-31}}</ref> ''Breaking the Silence&nbsp;– Sexual Violence in Cambodia'' is a report produced by [[Amnesty International]], and released in 2010, which examined the situation of sexual violence in Cambodia. The report found that, in the small minority of rapes which are reported, a very common response is for law-enforcement officials, including police and court staff, to arrange extralegal out-of-court 'agreements' between the victim and the perpetrator (or their families), in which the rapist pays a sum of money which is shared between the authorities and the victim (and her family), after which the victim has to withdraw any criminal complaint against the perpetrator, and public prosecutors close the case. When a rape is investigated, a complainant is generally expected to pay an extralegal sum of money to the authorities, to ensure that the court investigates the case, otherwise progress is slow, and it may take over two years for anything to happen. During the pre-trial period, there is always a risk that the perpetrator’s family will pay a bribe to secure his acquittal or reduced charge.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA23/001/2010/en/17ebf558-95f0-4cf8-98c1-3f052ffb9603/asa230012010en.pdf |title=BREAKING THE SILENCE&nbsp;— SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN CAMBODIA |format=PDF |accessdate=2010-12-31 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20101204205953/https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA23/001/2010/en/17ebf558-95f0-4cf8-98c1-3f052ffb9603/asa230012010en.pdf |archivedate=December 4, 2010 }}</ref> The UN reported results in 2013 from a study that they did in six Asia-Pacific countries about violence against women. 20.4% of Cambodian men said that they had raped a woman in their lifetime and 11.3% had raped in the past year. 3.3% had raped another man at some point and 23% had participated in gang rape, the largest percentage out of the nine areas surveyed. Cambodia was the only area where gang rape was the most commonly reported form of non-partner rape. 45% answered that sexual entitlement was their motive for raping a woman and 42% said they raped to punish a woman. 11.7% of rapists had raped 4 or more women. 52% first perpetrated rape as teenagers and 15.8% first did so under the age of 15. 44.5% of rapists experienced no legal consequences.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asia-pacific.undp.org/content/dam/rbap/docs/Research%20&%20Publications/womens_empowerment/RBAP-Gender-2013-P4P-VAW-Report.pdf |title=Why Do Some Men Use Violence Against Women and How Can We Prevent It? |publisher=Asia-pacific.undp.org |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref> ===Canada=== In [[Former colonies and territories in Canada|Canadian colonies]], rape was an offense at [[common law]]. The conceptualization of rape was based on English common law understanding of this offense. English legal precedent was very important. [[Canada]] got its first statutory definition of rape in 1892, under the 1892 Criminal Code, which read: "''Rape is the act of a man having carnal knowledge of a woman who is not his wife without her consent, or with consent which has been extorted by threats or fear of bodily harm, or obtained by personating the woman’s husband, or by false and fraudulent representations as to the nature and quality of the act''." A boy under 14 could not be convicted of rape.<ref name="constancebackhouse.ca">{{cite web|url=http://www.constancebackhouse.ca/fileadmin/website/rape.htm |title=Rape and Attempt to Commit Rape |publisher=Constancebackhouse.ca |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref> The rape law remained virtually unchanged until 1983, when the criminal offense of "rape" was abolished and replaced by three [[sexual assault]] offenses. Unlike the previous rape offense, the sexual assault offenses are applicable in [[marriage]] and are gender neutral.<ref name="constancebackhouse.ca"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/85f0033m/85f0033m2008019-eng.pdf |title=Sexual Assault in Canada 2004 and 2007 |publisher=Statcan.gc.ca |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref> These three offenses are: * Sexual assault * Sexual assault with a weapon, threats to a third party or causing bodily harm * Aggravated sexual assault. The most frequently cited research on sexual violence was conducted by [[Statistics Canada]] in 1992, which involved a national random sample of 12,300 women (Johnson and Sacco, 1995). The research found that over one in three women had experienced a sexual assault and that only 6% of sexual assaults were reported to the police.<ref>Johnson, H. and Sacco, V. (1995) "Researching violence against women: Statistics Canada’s national study." Canadian Journal of Criminology: Special Issue: Focus on the Violence Against Women Survey, 37(3): 281–304.</ref> According to Justice Institute of British Columbia, one out of every 17 women is raped, 62% of rape victims were physically injured, 9% were beaten or disfigured.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.assaultcare.ca/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=49&Itemid=58 |title=Statistics of Sexual Assault in Canada |publisher=Rape Victims Support Network |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref> ===China=== {{Main article|Rape in China}} The United Nations multi-country Study on Men and Violence in Asia and the Pacific asked men in urban and rural areas of China if they had ever forced a female to have sex. 22.2% said yes. 9.3% had done so in the past year. 55% of the men who had raped had done so more than once and 9% had raped four or more women. 86% cited sexual entitlement as their motive (the highest percentage in the study) and 57% answered that they raped out of boredom. 72.4% experienced no legal consequences. 1.7% had raped another man. 2.2% had participated in gang rape. 25% who had raped reported first doing so as a teenager, the lowest percentage in the study. 53.7% of men and 53.5% of women agreed or strongly agreed with the statement 'if a woman doesn't physically fight back, it's not rape.' <ref name="unwomen-asiapacific.org"/> According to the US Department of State, there were 31,833 cases of rape in China in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uschina.usc.edu/w_usci/showarticle.aspx?articleID=13037&AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1 |title=Rape in China, University of Southern California |date=May 7, 2009 |publisher=Uschina.usc.edu |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref> ===Colombia=== The [[Colombian conflict (1964–present)|armed conflict]] in [[Colombia]] has resulted in increased sexual violence against women; and Colombian authorities have been accused of failing to investigate rape complaints and failing to control sexual attacks in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amnesty.org/en/news/colombian-authorities-fail-stop-or-punish-sexual-violence-against-women-2012-10-04 |title=Colombian authorities fail to stop or punish sexual violence against women |publisher=Amnesty International |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref> Marital rape was criminalized in 1996.<ref name="omct.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.omct.org/files/2004/07/2409/eng_2003_04_colombia.pdf |title=Violence against Women in Colombia |publisher=Omct.org |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref> Rape is very common among internally displaced women: it is reported that 1 in 5 of these women were raped.<ref name="omct.org"/> ===Democratic Republic of the Congo=== {{Main article|Sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo}} [[File:DRC raped women.jpg|thumb|Meeting of victims of sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.]] In eastern Congo, the prevalence and intensity of rape and other sexual violence is described as the worst in the world.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/08/AR2007090801194.html|title=Prevalence of Rape in E.Congo Described as Worst in World |work=The Washington Post |date=2007-09-09|accessdate=2010-12-31 |first=Stephanie |last=McCrummen}}</ref> It is estimated that there are as many as 200,000 surviving rape victims living in the Democratic Republic of the Congo today.<ref name="film.guardian.co.uk">{{cite news|author=Kira Cochrane|url=http://film.guardian.co.uk/features/featurepages/0,,2279021,00.html |title=Kira Cochrane talks to filmmaker Lisa F Jackson on her documentary about rape in the Congo |publisher=Film.guardian.co.uk |date= 2008-05-09|accessdate=2010-12-31|location=London}}</ref><ref name="pbs.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/pov/pov2007/lumo/special_ensler.html |title=A Conversation with Eve Ensler: Femicide in the Congo |publisher=Pbs.org |accessdate=2010-12-31}}</ref> A new study says more than 400,000 women are raped in the Democratic Republic of Congo annually.<ref>"[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/400000-rapes-in-congo-in-one-year-2283102.html 400,000 rapes in Congo in one year]". The Independent. May 12, 2011.</ref> War rape in the Democratic Republic of Congo has frequently been described as a "weapon of war" by commentators. Louise Nzigire, a local social worker, states that "this violence was designed to exterminate the population." Nzigire observes that rape has been a "cheap, simple weapon for all parties in the war, more easily obtainable than bullets or bombs." In an analysis of 2565 patients who received medical care in the Médecins Sans Frontières sexual violence clinic in the capital of Ituri, Bunia, between 2005 and 2006, 73% (95.2% of male victims) reported being raped by armed men. 74.5% experienced gang rape (89.3% of male and 73.9% of female victims), with attack by between 2 and 4 perpetrators being the most common scenario (58.9%) for both sexes. 48.6% of victims were attacked while doing daily domestic activities outside their homes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-698X/11/5/ |title=Description and consequences of sexual violence in Ituri province, Democratic Republic of Congo |publisher=Biomedcentral.com |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref> ===Denmark=== Although only approximately 500 rapes are reported to the Danish police annually, several studies estimate that only a small minority of all rapes are actually reported, and only one in five reported rapes result in a conviction in court.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tal og fakta om voldtægt|url=http://www.amnesty.dk/side/tal-og-fakta-om-voldtaegt|publisher=[[Amnesty International]]|accessdate=13 October 2014|language=Danish}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Voldtægt|url=http://www.dkr.dk/voldt%C3%A6gt-0|publisher=Danish Crime Prevention Council|accessdate=13 October 2014|language=Danish}}</ref> For example, according to a 2014 study published by the [[Fundamental Rights Agency|European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights]], Denmark had the highest prevalence rate of physical and sexual violence against women in Europe.<ref>{{cite web|title=A third of women in EU have suffered 'sexual violence'|url=http://www.france24.com/en/20140305-one-third-women-eu-victims-sexual-violence-crime-rape/|publisher=[[France 24]]|accessdate=13 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="EU-study">{{cite web|title=Violence against women: an EU-wide survey|url=http://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra-2014-vaw-survey-main-results_en.pdf|publisher=[[European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights]]|accessdate=14 May 2014|pages=28–30}}</ref> The Danish government was harshly criticized for inadequate laws in regard to sexual violence in a 2008 report produced by [[Amnesty International]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ACT77/001/2010/en/5ba7f635-f2c3-4b50-86ea-e6c3428cf179/act770012010eng.pdf |title=Case Closed: Rape and Human Rights in the Nordic Countries, Summary Report |publisher=[[Amnesty International]] |accessdate=2013-02-03 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20120131193304/http://www.amnesty.org:80/en/library/asset/ACT77/001/2010/en/5ba7f635-f2c3-4b50-86ea-e6c3428cf179/act770012010eng.pdf |archivedate=January 31, 2012 }}</ref> The Danish criminal provisions regarding sexual crimes had remained nearly unchanged for 30 years, which lead Amnesty International to declare that "legislation on rape and sexual violence [conflicted] with human rights principles concerning the need to protect an individual's sexual and physical integrity and right to self-determination."<ref name="caseclosed">{{cite web|title=Case Closed|url=http://www.amnesty.dk/sites/default/files/mediafiles/44/case-closed.pdf|publisher=[[Amnesty International]]|accessdate=13 October 2014}}</ref> The organization repeatedly urged Denmark to bring legislation on rape in line with international law over several years,<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/EUR18/001/2011/en/7a777ab6-deff-4ec0-9fb0-62d1fa6d1a06/eur180012011en.pdf |title=Amnesty International Public Statement |publisher=Amnesty International |date=23 September 2011 |accessdate=2013-02-03 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20140613211935/http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/EUR18/001/2011/en/7a777ab6-deff-4ec0-9fb0-62d1fa6d1a06/eur180012011en.pdf |archivedate=June 13, 2014 }}</ref> which lead to an amendment to the sexual offences code in 2013, following a change in government after the [[Danish general election, 2011|2011 elections]].<ref name="ReferenceC">{{cite web|url=http://www.amnesty.dk/nyhed/amnesty/ny-voldtaegtslovgivning-er-en-sejr-danske-kvinders-retssikkerhed|title=Ny voldtægtslovgivning er en sejr for danske kvinders retssikkerhed |language=Danish|publisher=[[Amnesty International]]}}</ref><ref name="konerabat">{{cite web|title=Slut med 'konerabat' for voldtægt|url=http://www.b.dk/nationalt/slut-med-konerabat-for-voldtaegt|publisher=Berlingske|accessdate=13 October 2014|language=Danish}}</ref> Sexual offences ({{lang-da|Seksualforbrydelser}}) are defined in the [[Danish Penal Code]], Chapter 24, Section 216-236. References in legislation to marriage were removed following the 2013 amendment (previously providing for a reduced sentence or a pardon),<ref name="caseclosed" /> and sexual acts performed on victims in a helpless state now also count as rape.<ref name="konerabat" /><ref name="themis.dk">{{cite web|title=Straffeloven|url=http://www.themis.dk/synopsis/index.asp?hovedramme=/synopsis/docs/lovsamling/straffeloven_indholdsfortegnelse.html|language=Danish}}</ref> In Denmark it was only 1999 that the first [[rape crisis centre]] was established.<ref>http://www.nsfk.org/BIBLIOGRAPHY/p/show/BArticleID/5116/Politi--og-ikke-politianmeldt-voldt%C3%A6gt-og-voldt%C3%A6gtsfors%C3%B8g-i-%C3%85rhus-amt-i-perioden-1.-november-1999---1.-november-2000</ref> ===East Timor=== Rape is illegal in [[East Timor]]. Marital rape was made illegal in 2010, under the ''Law on Domestic Violence, Law No. 7/2010'' which states that "Sexual violence is understood as any conduct that induces the person to witness, to maintain or participate in unwanted sexual relations, ''even within a marriage'', through intimidation, threats, coercion or use of force, or which limits or nullifies the exercise of sexual and reproductive rights".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sgdatabase.unwomen.org/uploads/Timor%20Leste%20-%20Law%20Against%20Domestic%20Violence%20Law%20No.%207-2010%20%28English%29.pdf |title=Law Against Domestic Violence |publisher=Sgdatabase.unwomen.org |accessdate=2013-12-03}}{{dead link|date=April 2015}}</ref> The UN claimed that thousands of East Timorese women were raped during the [[Indonesian occupation of East Timor]] and that rape was used by the [[Indonesian military]] as a [[war rape|weapon of war]]. The UN commission stated that: "Rape, sexual slavery and sexual violence were tools used as part of the campaign designed to inflict a deep experience of terror, powerlessness and hopelessness upon pro-independence supporters." <ref>{{cite web|url=http://gsp.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/UN%20verdict%20on%20East%20Timor.pdf |title=UN verdict on East Timor |publisher=Yale.edu |date=2006-01-19 |accessdate=2013-12-03 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20150528141816/http://gsp.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/UN%20verdict%20on%20East%20Timor.pdf |archivedate=May 28, 2015 }}</ref> ===Egypt=== {{Main article|Rape in Egypt}} Rape is illegal in [[Egypt]]; but marital rape is not a criminal offense. Unlike many other countries in the Middle East, Egypt has, in 1999, abolished the law which stipulated that a man could escape a rape conviction if he married his victim after the fact.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://globalwebpost.com/farooqm/study_res/islam/gender/norman_rape.pdf |title=Democracy and Development : Challenges for the Islamic World |publisher=Globalwebpost.com |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref> Women are generally fearful when it comes to reporting rape. [[Engy Ghozlan]] of [[Egyptian Centre for Women's Rights]] and others suggest that the number of rape cases is over 200,000 every year. Ghozlan further adds that rapes are not decreasing because young men lack adequate income and employment, so their marriages are delayed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/76827/egypt-are-attitudes-to-rape-beginning-to-change |title=EGYPT: Are attitudes to rape beginning to change? |publisher=Irinnews.org |date=2008-02-19 |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref> During the current [[2012–13 Egyptian protests|Egyptian protests]], rape has been carried out publicly, on 3 July 2013, it was reported that about 91 women were raped and sexually abused in [[Tahrir Square]] in 4 days.<ref>{{cite news|author=Steve Nolan |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2354477/Egypt-protests-2013-NINETY-ONE-women-raped-sexually-abused-Tahrir-Square-4-days.html |title=Egypt protests 2013: NINETY-ONE women raped and sexually abused in Tahrir Square in 4 days |work=Daily Mail |accessdate=2013-12-03 |location=London |date=2013-07-03}}</ref> By some estimates, the figure was about 169.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rappler.com/world/32942-women-raped-egypt-protests-human-rights |title=At least 169 women raped at Egypt protests |publisher=Rappler.com |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref> ===Ethiopia=== Rape is a very serious problem in [[Ethiopia]],<ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/did-west-ignore-rape-charges-related-ethiopia-land-211839133.html ]{{Dead link|date=December 2013}}</ref> and the country is infamous for the practice of [[marriage by abduction]], with the prevalence of this practice in Ethiopia being one of the highest in the world.<ref>{{cite news|last=Henshaw |first=Amber |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4763185.stm |title=Ethiopian girls fear forced marriage |publisher=BBC News |date=2006-05-14 |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Ross |first=Will |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13681053 |title=Ethiopian girls fight child marriages |publisher=BBC News |date=2011-06-07 |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.popcouncil.org/pdfs/briefingsheets/ETHIOPIA.pdf |title=Child Marriage Briefing : Ethiopia |publisher=Popcouncil.org |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pathfinder.org/publications-tools/pdfs/Causes-and-Consequesnces-of-Early-Marriage-in-the-Amhara-Region-of-Ethiopia.pdf |title=Report on Causes and Consequences of Early Marriage in Amhara Region |publisher=Pathfinder.org |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref> In many parts of [[Ethiopia]], it is common for a man, working in co-ordination with his friends, to kidnap a girl or woman, sometimes using a horse to ease the escape.<ref>BBC, [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/371944.stm "Ethiopia: Revenge of the Abducted Bride"], 18 June 1999.</ref> The abductor will then hide his intended bride and rape her until she becomes pregnant. As the father of the woman's child, the man can claim her as his wife.<ref name="ReferenceA">BBC, "Ethiopia: Revenge of the Abducted Bride"</ref> Subsequently, the kidnapper may try to negotiate a [[bride price]] with the village elders to legitimize the marriage.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Girls as young as eleven years old are reported to have been kidnapped for the purpose of marriage.<ref>UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, [http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=69993 ''ETHIOPIA: Surviving forced marriage'']</ref> Ethiopia is estimated to have one of the highest rates of [[violence against women]] in the world. A report by the UN found that women in Ethiopia are the most likely to suffer [[domestic violence]] at the hands of their partners, and that nearly 60% of Ethiopian women were subjected to sexual violence.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6040180.stm |title=Ethiopian women are most abused |publisher=BBC News |date=2006-10-11 |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref> The 2004 Criminal Code of Ethiopia creates the offense of rape, by Article 620, which states that: ''"Whoever compels a woman to submit to sexual intercourse outside wedlock, whether by the use of violence or grave intimidation, or after having rendered her unconscious or incapable of resistance, is punishable with rigorous imprisonment from five years to fifteen years"''. There are also certain aggravated circumstances which lead to an increased punishment for rape. Apart from the criminal offense of rape, there are also other sexual offenses in the Criminal Code. The [[age of consent]] is 18.<ref name="sgdatabase.unwomen.org">{{cite web|url=http://sgdatabase.unwomen.org/uploads/Ethiopia%20-%20Revised%20Criminal%20Code%202004.pdf |title=The Criminal Code of The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia |publisher=Sgdatabase.unwomen.org |accessdate=2013-12-03 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20140222202126/http://sgdatabase.unwomen.org/uploads/Ethiopia%20-%20Revised%20Criminal%20Code%202004.pdf |archivedate=February 22, 2014 }}</ref> As can be seen above, a woman cannot charge her husband with rape. However, the 2004 Criminal Code brings major improvements for [[women's rights]] in the country, by criminalizing several forms of violence against women, such as [[female genital mutilation]], violence against [[pregnant]] women, marriage by abduction, [[child marriage]], [[Human trafficking|trafficking]] and [[sexual harassment]], though ''Chapter III – Crimes Committed against life, person and health through harmful traditional practices'' (Articles 561–570) and other provisions (Articles 587, 597, 625, 635, 637, 648). Article 564 – ''Violence Against a Marriage Partner or a Person Cohabiting in an Irregular Union'' is a major step forward.<ref name="sgdatabase.unwomen.org"/> The Ethiopian [[military]] has been accused of committing systematic rapes against civilians.<ref name="hrw.org">{{cite web|author1=Leslie Lefkow |author2=deputy Africa director |url=http://www.hrw.org/news/2012/08/28/ethiopia-army-commits-torture-rape |title=Ethiopia: Army Commits Torture, Rape |publisher=Human Rights Watch |date=2012-08-28 |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref><ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4379119.stm |title=Ethiopia army 'killed and raped' |publisher=BBC News |date=2005-03-24 |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref> Human Rights Watch has repeatedly claimed that the army has attacked, beaten, raped and killed civilians, something which the Ethiopian authorities have denied.<ref name="hrw.org"/><ref name="news.bbc.co.uk"/> However, US scientists said that satellite images confirmed reports that the Ethiopian military had burnt towns and villages in Ethiopia's Somali region.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7450533.stm |title=Images back Ethiopia abuse claim |publisher=BBC News |date=2008-06-12 |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref> A study in [[Addis Ababa]] of high school boys found that 4.3% had been raped in their lives.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-698X/13/24 |title=BMC International Health and Human Rights &#124; Full text &#124; Prevalence of sexual abuse of male high school students in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia |publisher=Biomedcentral.com |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref> According to the ''WHO Multi-country Study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence against Women'', 59% of women reported sexual abuse by a partner; while one third of women reported being "physically forced" to have sex against their will with their partner within the past 12 months. This was the highest prevalence of all countries surveyed.<ref name="who.int">[http://www.who.int/gender/violence/who_multicountry_study/summary_report/summary_report_English2.pdf?ua=1 WHO Multi-country Study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence against Women - Initial results on prevalence, health outcomes and women's responses] WHO</ref> ===Finland=== {{Main article|Sexual violence in Finland}} In [[Finland]], the legal regulations on sexual offenses were revised with a law that came into effect on 1. January 1999. Under this revision, sexual offenses were divided into three levels: rape, aggravated rape and forcing someone into a sexual act. The revision also affects the cause of action. The law on rape (Chapter 20 - Sex offences Section 1 - Rape) states that: ''(1) A person who forces another into sexual intercourse by the use or threat of violence shall be sentenced for rape to imprisonment for at least one year and at most six years.'' ''(2) Also a person who, by taking advantage of the fact that another person, due to unconsciousness, illness, disability, state of fear or other state of helplessness, is unable to defend himself or herself or to formulate or express his or her will, has sexual intercourse with him or her, shall be sentenced for rape.'' <ref name=StatTiedotteet>{{cite web|url=https://www.stat.fi/ajk/tiedotteet/v2004/275oiks_tausta-aineisto.pdf|title=Rikollisuustilanne |publisher=Tilastokeskus |year=2004|accessdate=11 October 2014}}</ref><ref name=Finlex>{{cite web|url=http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/ajantasa/1889/18890039001#L20|title=Rikoslaki|publisher=Finlex|year=2014|accessdate=11 October 2014}}</ref> The Finnish government does not produce data on rape on a regular basis, beyond the raw numbers of reported rape to Finnish police. The laws and guidelines have been criticized for not making specific reference to "consent" and for offering the possibility of [[mediation]] between the victim and perpetrator.<ref name="European Women's Lobby">{{cite web|title=2013 EWL Barometer on Rape - Report|url=http://www.womenlobby.org/spip.php?action=acceder_document&arg=3156&cle=ab1b643179f1c246da5c58170ed9b716248632e0&file=pdf%2F2714_finland_lr.pdf|publisher=European Women's Lobby|accessdate=13 October 2014}}</ref> Specific information on women victims of rape can be found only from separate studies, the last one made in 2004,<ref name="European Women's Lobby"/> and that study was based on reported rape offences during the years 1998–1999. The study showed that of 468 rapes or attempted rapes reported to the police, only 47 rape charges were made, or that merely 10 per cent of the rapes reported to the police lead to a prosecution. In most cases the rape victim and the offender knew each other, only in every fourth case was the woman attacked by a stranger. Almost half the rape occurred among acquaintances (corresponding to a [[date rape]]), and intimate or family relations were involved in 13 per cent of the cases.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kainulainen|first1=Heini|title=Raped? A Study of Rape in Criminal Proceedings|url=http://www.optula.om.fi/material/attachments/optula/julkaisut/tutkimuksia-sarja/0SrSnm6gZ/212_Kainulainen_2004.pdf|publisher=The National Research Institute of Legal Policy in Finland|accessdate=13 October 2014|language=Finnish, English|year=2004}}</ref> Finland had 980 cases of reported rape in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Petosten ja maksuvälinepetosten määrä lisääntyi vuonna 2013|url=http://www.stat.fi/til/polrik/2013/04/polrik_2013_04_2014-01-17_tie_001_fi.html|publisher=Statistics Finland|accessdate=13 October 2014|language=Finnish|date=1 January 2014}}</ref> The number of reported rape had increased in 2006 by 91% when measured since 1977, and by 27% when measured from 1997.<ref name="daphne-study">{{cite book|author1=Jo Lovett|author2=Liz Kelly|title=Different systems, similar outcomes?|url=http://kunskapsbanken.nck.uu.se/nckkb/nck/publik/fil/visa/197/different|publisher=London Metropolitan University|accessdate=10 July 2014|year=2009}}</ref> According to a 2014 study published by the [[European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights]], approximately 47% of women surveyed in Finland were said to have suffered physical and/or sexual abuse; which was the second highest rate after Denmark.<ref name="EU-study" /><ref>{{cite web|title=A third of women in EU have suffered 'sexual violence'|url=http://www.france24.com/en/20140305-one-third-women-eu-victims-sexual-violence-crime-rape/|publisher=France 24 with AP & AFP|accessdate=14 May 2014}}</ref> Finland was one of the last countries in the EU to criminalize marital rape, making it illegal in 1994, after years of debate.<ref name="amnesty.dk">{{cite web|url=http://www.amnesty.dk/sites/default/files/mediafiles/44/case-closed.pdf |title=Case Closed : Rape and Human Rights in the Nordic Countries |publisher=Amnesty International |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref> Convicted rapists receive very short penalties compared to other countries, although this may be due to the fact that Finland has one of the lowest [[incarceration rate]]s in the world. During 2001–2003, the average sentence for rape was two years' imprisonment, and only 63% of offenders served their sentences in prison, as 37% of sentences were conditional. The average sentence for aggravated rape was four years' imprisonment. For the offense of coercion into sexual intercourse, sentences were most often one year conditional imprisonment, but only 4% of offenders went to prison.<ref name="amnesty.dk"/> The issue of [[violence against women]] in Finland has been of major international interest and the situation has been described as a [[paradox]], because otherwise the country has offered women high professional and social opportunities.<ref name="academia.edu">{{cite web|last=Clarke |first=Kris |url=http://www.academia.edu/992154/The_Paradoxical_Approach_to_Intimate_Partner_Violence_in_Finland |title=The Paradoxical Approach to Intimate Partner Violence in Finland &#124; Kris Clarke |publisher=Academia.edu |date=1970-01-01 |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref><ref>[http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/6440/ Gender-neutrality, gender equality and policy: comparing and contrasting policy responses to 'domestic violence' in Finland and Scotland - University of Huddersfield Repositor...<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> According to Turku University law professor Kevät Nousiainen, "...the way Finns conceive gender is different. It's assumed women are perfectly capable of taking care of themselves, and if they are not able to do so, that is unacceptable." After World War I, Finland fought a war of independence, a civil war, and two decades later the Winter War, the Continuation War, and the Lapland War, which made up Finland's part in World War II. In each case Finland fought as a poorly trained underdog in brutal conditions that Nousiainen says left men "unbalanced". "Violence was taken somehow for granted, it was tolerated. And then you have to consider the transfer of violent behaviour from generation to generation," she said.<ref>https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:aRa6CVPjbJUJ:www.dawn.com/news/916449/feminism-war-and-silence-fuel-domestic-abuse-in-finland+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us</ref> ===France=== {{Main article|Rape in France}} Article 222-23 of the criminal code reads: "Any act of sexual penetration, whatever its nature, committed against another person by violence, constraint, threat or surprise, is rape".<ref>[http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCode.do;jsessionid=3199A092657C0E24B4F431E0EFEFA28F.tpdjo14v_1?idSectionTA=LEGISCTA000006181753&cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070719&dateTexte=20140605 Code pénal | Legifrance<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> ===Germany=== {{Main article|Rape in Germany}} Rape is illegal in Germany. A person commits rape if he/she employs either of these three types of coercion: 1. force; or 2. threat of imminent danger to life or limb; or 3. exploitation of a situation in which the victim is unprotected and at the mercy of the offender.<ref name="gesetze-im-internet.de">{{cite web|url=http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_stgb/index.html |title=German Criminal Code |publisher=Gesetze-im-internet.de |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref> Germany was one of the last Western countries to criminalize marital rape, it did so only in 1997, after a lengthy political battle which started in the 1970s. The criminalization of marital rape has been delayed by political disagreement: even when there was consensus that it should be criminalized, there was disagreement between those who wanted it punished and prosecuted in the same way as non-marital rape and those who opposed this. These disagreements have delayed the criminalization until 1997, when rape in marriage was made illegal being treated in the same way as non-marital rape.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jurawelt.com/sunrise/media/mediafiles/13792/tenea_juraweltbd52_kieler.pdf |author=Marita Kieler |title=Tatbestandsprobleme der sexuellen Notigung, Vergewaltigung sowie des sexuellen Mitbrauchs widerstandsunfahiger Personen |publisher=Jurawelt.com |accessdate=2013-12-04}}</ref> In Germany the [[age of consent]] is 14, although some limitations do exist up to the age of 18 (regarding the exploitation of the lack of capacity for sexual self-determination of 14–15 y/o; and engaging in sexual activity with a person under 18 "by taking advantage of an exploitative situation"; or paying for sex with a minor under 18 - ''Section 182'' of the [[Strafgesetzbuch|Criminal Code]]).<ref name="gesetze-im-internet.de"/> Chapter 13 of the Criminal Code is called "''Offences against sexual self-determination''" and consists of Sections 174 to 184 which define sexual crimes. ===Ghana=== In a survey of [[Ghana]]ians, 8% of women reported having been raped by a man in their lifetimes and 5% of men reported having raped a wife or girlfriend.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/egm/vaw-stat-2005/docs/expert-papers/Ardayfio.pdf |title=Violence against women: a statistical overview, challenges and gaps in data collection and methodology and approaches for overcoming them |format=PDF |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref> ===Iceland=== Rape in [[Iceland]] is defined by Article 194 of the Penal Code which states: "''Any person who has sexual intercourse or other sexual relations with a person by means of using violence, threats or other unlawful coercion shall be guilty of rape and shall be imprisoned for a minimum of 1 year and a maximum of 16 years. ‘Violence’ here refers to the deprivation of independence by means of confinement, drugs or other comparable means. Exploiting a person’s psychiatric disorder or other mental handicap, or the fact that, for other reasons, he or she is not in a condition to be able to resist the action or to understand its significance, in order to have sexual intercourse or other sexual relations with him or her, shall also be considered as rape, and shall result in the same punishment as specified in the first paragraph of this article''."<ref>[http://eng.innanrikisraduneyti.is/laws-and-regulations/nr/119 Excerpts from the General Penal Code, No. 19/1940, with subsequent amendments. Chapter XXII - Sexual Offences and Chapter XXIII - Homicide and Bodily Harm | Laws and Regulatio...<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Although a [[Nordic country]], known for a high level of [[gender equality]], Iceland has, until recently, maintained outdated provisions in its sexual offenses laws. Before 2007, the law in regard to rape and certain other sexual offenses stated that, if after the assault the victim and the perpetrator got married or entered into an informal cohabitation, then the punishment could be waived; if the assault took place between married or cohabiting partners, and following the act, the victim continued to live together with the perpetrator, then the punishment could also be waived. These provisions were repealed by Act No. 61/2007. Other legal changes which were made included the broadening of the definition of rape and other sexual offenses, and the raising of the age of consent to 15, from 14.<ref>[http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/socialcharter/reporting/statereports/Iceland22_en.pdf] The former Article 205, repealed by Act No. 61/2007, stated that "''Penalty under Art. 194–199, 202 and 204 may be dropped if a man and a woman between whom the sexual intimacy has occurred have later entered into wedlock or embarked upon informal co-habitation or if they were married at the time or in informal co-habitation, having thereafter embarked upon continued co-habitation.''" – the text of the Penal Code as it was in the year 2003 can be found here:[http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=190914]</ref> In 2008, the incidence of rapes recorded by the police was 21.6 per 100,000 people, according to data by [[UNODC]].<ref name="unodc1" /> A 2010 study found that 6% of Icelandic women had been sexually victimized in an intimate relationship during their lifetime.<ref>http://www.wave-network.org/sites/default/files/05%20ICELAND%20END%20VERSION.pdf</ref> ===India=== {{Main article|Rape in India}} Rape is Illegal in India by law. However Marital rape is not considered as criminal offence. Minister for Women and Child Development Maneka Gandhi was quoted saying that 'Concept of Marital Rape can't be applied in Indian context'<ref>{{cite web|title=‘Concept of marital rape can’t be applied in Indian context’: Maneka Gandhi|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/budget/imarital-rape-concept-maneka-gandhi-indian-context/|website=Indian Express|publisher=Indian Express|accessdate=3 June 2016}}</ref> Rape and sexual assault crimes are very high in India. Times of India reported 300 rapes and 500 molestation cases were reported in 2 months from Jan-Feb 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=300 rapes and 500 molestation cases reported in just 2 months|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/300-rapes-and-500-molestation-cases-reported-in-just-2-months/articleshow/46488674.cms|website=Times of India|publisher=Times of India|accessdate=3 June 2016}}</ref> The National Crime Records Bureau of India suggests a reported rape rate of 2 per 100,000 people, much lower than reported rape incidence rate in the local Indian media.<ref name=shmh/><ref name=ncrb13/> However, Times of India reported the data by National Crime Records Beauru unveiling that 93 women are being raped in India everyday<ref>{{cite web|title=93 women are being raped in India every day, NCRB data show|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/93-women-are-being-raped-in-India-every-day-NCRB-data-show/articleshow/37566815.cms|website=Times of India|publisher=Times of India|accessdate=3 June 2016}}</ref> Rape is the fourth most common crime against [[women in India]].<ref name=Kumar>{{cite book|last=Kumar|first=Radha|title=The History of Doing: An Account of Women's Rights and Feminism in India|year=1993|publisher=Zubaan|isbn=978-8185107769|page=128}}</ref><ref name=ncrbchap5>NCRB, [http://ncrb.nic.in/CD-CII2012/cii-2012/Chapter%205.pdf Crime against women], Chapter 5, Annual NRCB Report, Government of India (2013), page 81</ref> According to the [[National Crime Records Bureau]] 2013 annual report, 24,923 [[rape]] cases were reported across India in 2012.<ref name=ncrb13>National Crimes Record Bureau, [http://ncrb.nic.in/CD-CII2012/Statistics2012.pdf Crime in India 2012 - Statistics] Government of India (May 2013)</ref> Out of these, 24,470 were committed by someone known to the victim (98% of the cases).<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/good-laws-bad-implementation/article5639799.ece | title=Good laws, bad implementation | publisher=[[The Hindu]] | date=1 February 2014 | accessdate=1 February 2014 | author=Vasundhara Sirnate | location=Chennai, India}}</ref> According to 2012 statistics, New Delhi has the highest raw number of rape reports among Indian cities.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/data-busts-some-myths-on-sexual-violence/article5089690.ece Data busts some myths on sexual violence]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatribune.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10195:rape-statistics-around-the-world-&catid=107:coverpage&Itemid=471 |title=Rape statistics around the world |publisher=Indiatribune.com |date=2012-09-11 |accessdate=2013-03-17}}</ref> Apart from sexual crimes against women, child abuse is also a major problem in India. Union minister for Women and Child Development Maneka Gandhi told Lok Sabha that 13,766 cases of child rapes were reported in 2014. <ref>{{cite web|title=13,766 cases of child rapes reported in 2014|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/child-rapes-shoot-up-in-three-years/1/457104.html|website=India Today|publisher=India Today|accessdate=4 June 2016}}</ref> ===Indonesia=== The United Nations Multi-country Study on Men and Violence studied three different sites of Indonesia ([[Jakarta]], rural Java, and [[Jayapura]]). In the rural area, the lifetime prevalence of perpetration of rape towards a female/females was 19.5% and gang rape 7%. When rapists were asked why they perpetrated their last non-partner rape, 76.5% of the men in the three areas averaged cited sexual entitlement, 55.2% entertainment-seeking, and 29.7% anger/punishment.<ref name="unwomen-asiapacific.org"/> ===Italy=== In [[Italy]], traditional attitudes towards rape have been slow to change, although in recent years there have been many advances. During the first half of the 20th century, in Italy, like in many other places, rape victims were often expected and forced to marry their rapist. In 1965, [[Franca Viola]], a 17-year-old girl from [[Sicily]], created a sensation when she refused to marry the man who [[kidnapping|kidnapped]] and raped her. In refusing this "rehabilitating marriage" to the perpetrator, she went against the traditional social norms of the time which dictated such a solution. The Criminal Code of Italy also supported this practice, by exonerating the rapist who married his victim. The article of law whereby a rapist could extinguish his crime by marrying his victim was abolished in 1981.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.festivaldeldiritto.it/app/document-detail.jsp?id_prodotto=2996&IdC1=1169&css=&tipo=0 |title=Festival del diritto |publisher=Festivaldeldiritto.it |accessdate=2013-12-04}}</ref> The Franca Viola incident was made into a movie called [[La moglie più bella]]. In 1999, in an infamous case that gained international attention, the [[Court of Cassation (Italy)|Court of Cassation]] of Italy declared a man not guilty of the rape of a woman who was wearing tight jeans, claiming that it was impossible to forcibly remove tight jeans "without the collaboration of the person wearing them" if she resists. The court also equated the removal of the jeans with consent to sexual penetration. Following this ruling, there was outrage, both in Italy and abroad. In Italy, female politicians wore jeans to parliament in protest. It was only in 2008, in a new case, that the Court of Cassation overturned this ruling, admitting that women who wear tight jeans can indeed be raped.<ref>{{cite news|last=Swaine |first=Jon |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/2447225/Italy-overturns-ruling-that-women-wearing-tight-jeans-cannot-be-raped.html |title=Italy overturns ruling that women wearing tight jeans 'cannot be raped' |work=Telegraph |date=2008-07-23 |accessdate=2013-12-03 |location=London}}</ref> In another case that sparked outrage, in 2006, the Court of Cassation ruled that a 41-year-old man who raped his 14-year-old stepdaughter can seek to have his sentence reduced on mitigating circumstances, due to the fact that the girl had been already sexually active and "since the age of 13 had had many sexual relations with men of every age and it's right to assume that at the time of the encounter with the suspect her personality, from a sexual point of view, was much more developed than what one might normally expect from a girl of her age". UNICEF in Italy stated that the decision "seriously violates human rights and the dignity of a minor."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/11416953/ns/world_news-europe/t/courts-child-rape-guidance-sparks-firestorm/#.UbbGfNjGE8s |title=Rape recommendation sparks firestorm |publisher=NBC News |date=2006-02-17 |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref> In a survey by United Nations, 14% of Italian women had experienced attempted rape and 2.3% had experienced rape in their lifetimes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/egm/vaw_indicators_2007/papers/Invited%20Paper%20Italy%20ISTAT.pdf |title=Expert Group Meeting on indicators to measure violence against women |publisher=Un.org |accessdate=2013-12-04}}</ref> ===Jordan=== Under the law of [[Jordan]], rape is defined by Article 292, which reads: "''Whoever has sexual intercourse with a woman, other than his wife, without her consent — whether through coercion, threat, deception, or fraud—is punished with hard labor for no less than 15 years''". According to [[UNODC]] statistics, in 2006, the incidence of rapes recorded by the police was 1.9 per 100,000 people.<ref name="unodc1" /> ===Latvia=== The laws on sexual offenses were modified in [[Latvia]] in 2014, broadening the scope of the legislation. In Latvia, a person who commits an act of sexual intercourse by means of violence, threats, taking advantage of the state of helplessness of the victim, or by abuse of authority, is guilty of rape. (Section 159 of the Criminal Code). Rape and other sexual crimes are defined under ''Chapter XVI'' called "''Criminal Offences against Morals and Sexual Inviolability''". In 2014, Section 48 called ''Aggravating Circumstances'' (which defines circumstances which constitute an aggravation to a crime) was modified, ensuring that marital rape is covered by legislation, by defining as an aggravating circumstance the fact that: "(15) a criminal offence related to violence or threats of violence, or ''against morals and sexual inviolability'', is committed against a person to whom the perpetrator is related in the first or the second degree of kinship, ''against the spouse or former spouse, or against a person with whom the perpetrator is or has been in unregistered marital relationship'', or against a person with whom the perpetrator has a joint (single) household".<ref>[http://likumi.lv/doc.php?id=88966 Krimināllikums<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>'''''Note''''': Before this amendment, crimes involving violence and threat of thereof, committed against relatives, spouses/partners, ex-spouses/partners, or other family members, did constitute an aggravating circumstance, but there was no explicit reference to sexual offenses. (while marital rape was not excluded from the definition of rape, according to some sources [from 2005] "''In theory, rape and sexual assault between married partners should be prosecuted and sentenced as non-marital rape or sexual assault would be; in practice, however, the CoE stated that these marital crimes are not brought before Latvian courts (Nov. 2002)''"." [http://www.refworld.org/docid/45f147fd11.html]</ref> In 2008, according to data by UNODC, the incidence of rapes recorded by the police was 4.4 per 100,000 people.<ref name="unodc1" /> In ''J. L. v. Latvia'' (2012),<ref>http://sim.law.uu.nl/SIM/CaseLaw/hof.nsf/d0cd2c2c444d8d94c12567c2002de990/986815722cbac2f4c12579df00443721?OpenDocument</ref> the [[European Court of Human Rights]] found that Latvia had failed to comply with its obligation under Article 3 of the [[European Convention on Human Rights]] to carry out an effective investigation into allegations of ill-treatment, because it had failed to properly investigate a prisoner's allegations of rape and assault by fellow inmates, who sought revenge against the victim due to his co-operation with the police. ===Lesotho=== Rape is one of [[Lesotho]]'s main social issues. According to [[UNODC]], the incidence of rapes recorded in 2008 by the police in Lesotho was the highest incidence of any country.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|url=http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/Crime-statistics/Sexual_violence_sv_against_children_and_rape.xls |title=Crime Statistics : Sexual Violence Against Children and Rape |publisher=Unodc.org |accessdate=2013-12-04}}</ref> In a study of 1,049 women, 33% said they had been raped by the age of 18. In 66% of cases the rapist was a boyfriend.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apha.confex.com/apha/133am/techprogram/paper_114115.htm |title=Magnitude of sexual violence in Lesotho |publisher=Apha.confex.com |date=2005-12-12 |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref> In the 2009 [[Demographic and Health Surveys|DHS survey]] 15.7% of men said that a husband is justified in hitting or beating his wife if she refuses to have sex with him, while 16% said a husband is justified to use force to have sex.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR241/FR241%5BNEW_completeHHQst_3March2012%5D.pdf |title=Lesotho : Demographic and Health Survey 2009 |publisher=Measuredhs.com |accessdate=2013-12-04}}</ref> HIV/AIDS in Lesotho is a very serious problem, with 23.1% of adults aged 15 to 49 living with it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/lesotho/ |title=Lesotho |publisher=Unaids.org |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref> In a study, researches have concluded that "Given the high prevalence of HIV in Lesotho, programs should address women's right to control their sexuality."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17209284 |title=Sexual violence in Lesotho. [Stud Fam Plann. 2006&#93; - PubMed - NCBI |publisher=Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |date=2013-08-12 |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref> ===Libya=== Victims of rape in [[Libya]] are often deemed as having 'dishonoured' their families and communities, and may face serious violence, including honor killings. According to [[UNHCR]], "In Libya when rape occurs, it seems to be a whole village or town which is seen to be dishonoured".<ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite news| url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13760895 |publisher=BBC News |title=Libya rape victims 'face honour killings'}}</ref> Women who have been raped experience extreme shame; according to a charity worker, being raped is "worse than death for them [the victims]".<ref name="bbc.co.uk"/> ===Mexico=== [[Mexico]] has a federal law, as well as state laws. Mexican laws have been modernized significantly from the 1990s onwards. Rape laws used to include stipulations that the penalty was to be reduced if the victim had "provoked" the attacker.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/mexico/rape.htm |title=Mexican lawmakers review rape law |publisher=Latinamericanstudies.org |date=2001-09-19 |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref> In 2005, the [[Supreme Court of Mexico]] ruled that forced sex in marriage is rape.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.un.org/spanish/News/story.asp?NewsID=5773#.UjNZlX9edO4 |title=Centro de Noticias de la ONU - México: UNIFEM aplaude tipificación como delito de violación dentro del matrimonio |publisher=Un.org |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref> In doing so, it overturned its prior verdict from 1994 when it had ruled that the laws on rape were inapplicable in marriage.<ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/17/international/americas/17mexico.html?_r=0|title=Mexican Court Says Sex Attack by a Husband Is Still a Rape|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=2013-12-04|first1=Elisabeth|last1=Malkin|first2=Ginger|last2=Thompson|date=2005-11-17}}</ref> In Mexico, the rape laws did not include a statutory exemption for marriage, but were, as elsewhere, generally understood as inapplicable in this context. This has started to be challenged in the late 20th century. Following the Court's decision in 1994, women's organizations worked to pass state laws against marital rape in order to overturn this precedent. The new 2005 verdict has been interpreted as evidence of the improvement of the position of women in the country.<ref name="nytimes.com"/> Mexico has recently been plagued by scandals of [[child sexual abuse]] in [[Catholic]] institutions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jHFt_Rut8_u89I1UBLUuadghpzPw?hl=en |title=AFP: Mexico Catholic Church seeks child sex abuse pardon |publisher=Google.com |date=2010-04-13 |accessdate=2013-12-03 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20140130145034/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jHFt_Rut8_u89I1UBLUuadghpzPw?hl=en |archivedate=January 30, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ipsnews.net/2013/07/activists-demand-justice-for-victims-of-clerical-sex-abuse-in-mexico/ |title=Activists Demand Justice for Victims of Clerical Sex Abuse in Mexico - Inter Press Service |publisher=Ipsnews.net |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref> A 2013 violent [[gang rape]] of six [[Spain|Spanish]] tourist women in [[Acapulco]] has raised questions about how safe Mexico is for tourists.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-21350187 |title=Mexico hunts Acapulco Spanish tourist rape gang |publisher=BBC News |date=2013-02-06 |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref> ===Netherlands=== The law on rape in the [[Netherlands]] states that: "''A person who by an act of violence or another act or by threat of violence or threat of another act compels a person to submit to acts comprising or including sexual penetration of the body is guilty of rape and liable to a term of imprisonment of not more than twelve years or a fine of the fifth category.''"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wetboek-online.nl/wet/Wetboek%20van%20Strafrecht.html#1824 |title=Wetboek van Strafrecht |publisher=Wetboek-online.nl |accessdate=2014-02-03}}</ref> Apart from the offense of 'rape', there are also other sexual offenses. Marital rape was made illegal in 1991; before that date, rape was defined as a man forcing, by violence or threat of thereof, a woman to engage in sexual intercourse outside of marriage.<ref>[http://www.bjutijdschriften.nl/tijdschrift/rem/2012/1/ReM_2212-2508_2012_002_001_005.pdf]{{dead link|date=April 2015}}</ref> According to a 2014 study published by the [[European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights]], the Netherlands had the fourth highest prevalence rate of physical and sexual violence against women in Europe, with 45% of women having experienced such violence, which is well above the European average of 33%.<ref>[http://www.iamexpat.nl/read-and-discuss/expat-page/news/dutch-women-assaulted-per-cent-statistics 45 per cent of Dutch women have been assaulted | Dutch News<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>http://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra-2014-vaw-survey-main-results_en.pdf</ref> ===Nicaragua=== In a 2010 report on sexual violence in [[Nicaragua]], Amnesty International stated that "Rape of girls is endemic". In Nicaragua, between 1998 and 2008, police recorded 14,377 cases of rape, with more than two thirds of reports involving girls under the age of 17. Reporting of rape, however, is estimated to be low, because rape victims often face social hostility and indifference from authorities.<ref>[http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/AMR43/008/2010/en/9eaf7298-e3b2-41ae-acdd-f235b5575589/amr430082010en.pdf]</ref> Since 2008, abortion is illegal without any exception, and this ban has been criticized as oppressive to rape victims who become pregnant.<ref>[http://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/news/un-urged-condemn-nicaragua-abortion-ban-20100204 Everything you need to know about human rights. | Amnesty International<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> In 2012, Nicaragua enacted Law no 779 – Integral Law against Violence against Women (''Ley Integral contra la Violencia hacia la Mujer''). This law criminalizes a wide range of acts of violence against women, such as domestic violence, including marital rape.<ref>http://legislacion.asamblea.gob.ni/SILEG/Iniciativas.nsf/0/8f45bac34395458c062578320075bde4/$FILE/Ley%20No.%20779%20Ley%20Integral%20contra%20la%20Violencia.pdf</ref> ===Nigeria=== According to Amnesty International, police forces in [[Nigeria]] are reported to have perpetrated acts of rape and other sexual abuse against women, in public locations, or while women were transferred to police stations, or while women visited male detainees in police custody; and sometimes police used sexual violence in order to extract confessions and other information.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/AFR44/005/2014/en/66f2522f-36df-4984-ac35-994ff7d668e7/afr440052014en.pdf |accessdate=May 22, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20140620023926/http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/AFR44/005/2014/en/66f2522f-36df-4984-ac35-994ff7d668e7/afr440052014en.pdf |archivedate=June 20, 2014 }}</ref> [[Marital rape]] is not illegal in Nigeria.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.academicjournals.org/article/article1379405215_Esere%20et%20al.pdf |title=Causes and consequences of intimate partner rape and violence: Experiences of victims in Lagos, Nigeria |publisher=Academicjournals.org |accessdate=2013-12-04}}</ref> A study of students of the Polytechnic, [[Ibadan]] found that in their lifetimes 1.7% (2.5% of males and 1.1% of females) had raped and 2.7% (5.3% of males and 0.9% of females) had attempted rape.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajrh/article/viewFile/83689/73709 |title=Prevalence and Factors Associated with Perpetration on Non-Consensual Sex among Students of a Tertiary Institution in Ibadan, Nigeria |accessdate=2013-12-04}}</ref> Out of a sample of 295 female students from [[Ebonyi State University Abakaliki]] in Southeast Nigeria, 36.7% had experienced sexual harassment/victimization at least once on campus. Of this, 32.4% had been raped (10.8% of the sample).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ajol.info/index.php/jcmphc/article/view/84665 |title=Prevalence of sexual harassment/victimization of female students in Ebonyi State University Abakaliki, southeast Nigeria &#124; Ogbonnaya &#124; Journal of Community Medicine and Primary Health Care |publisher=Ajol.info |date=2013-01-21 |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref> A study comparing the sexual practises of 12- to 19-year-old students with and without mild/moderate intellectual disabilities from schools across [[Oyo State]], Nigeria found that 68.3% of the sexually experienced intellectually disabled females reported a history of rape victimization compared to 2.9% of the sexually experienced non-disabled females.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3568677/#CIT0018 |title=Differences in HIV knowledge and sexual practices of learners with intellectual disabilities and non-disabled learners in Nigeria |publisher=Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref> A study analyzing the hospital records of 76 sexual assault victims in [[Ile-Ife]] from 2007-2011 found that the majority (76.1%) of the victims that sought help at a hospital did so within 24 hours of their sexual assault, but forensic evidence was not gathered because [[rape kits]] have yet to be introduced in the country.<ref name="Badejoko_Nigeria">{{cite journal|last1=Badejoko|first1=Olusegun|last2=Anyabolu|first2=Henry|last3=Badejoko|first3=Bolaji|last4=Ijarotimi|first4=Adebimpe|last5=Kuti|first5=Oluwafemi|last6=Adejuyigbe|first6=Ebunoluwa|title=Sexual assault in Ile-Ife, Nigeria|journal=Nigerian Medical Journal|date=2014|volume=55|issue=3|pages=254–259|doi=10.4103/0300-1652.132065|url=http://www.nigeriamedj.com}}</ref> In a 2013 poll of 585 randomly selected adults from six Nigerian geopolitical zones by NOI Polls, 34% answered 'What do you think is the most prevalent cause of rape in the society?' with 'indecent dressing'. 29% said they personally knew a victim of rape.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://noi-polls.com/index.php?s_id=3&p_id=220&p_pt=1&parent=11#.Umw8R_mTh-d |title=Welcome to NOI-Polls |publisher=Noi-polls.com |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref> ===North Korea=== The situation regarding sexual violence in [[North Korea]] is very difficult to assess because of the unwillingness of the North Korean authorities to allow foreign investigators access in the country. According to Amnesty International, the analysis of satellite images of political prison camps ([[kwanliso]]) suggest that these camps are in continuous use and expansion. Amnesty International stated that hundreds of thousands of people, including children, are detained in these institutions, where they are subjected to extreme forms of abuse and violence, including rape. The organization cited a former security official at a kwanliso who worked there in the 1980s until the mid-1990s, and who confirmed these accounts.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa24/010/2013/en/ |date= 2013 |accessdate=May 22, 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20140107143906/http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA24/010/2013/en/d9d754b7-8fd3-4eaf-bb6b-a533f67bb450/asa240102013en.pdf |title= North Korea: New satellite images show continued investment in the infrastructure of repression |archivedate= January 7, 2014 }}</ref> A United Nations panel has stated that the inmate population at political camps has been subjected to systematic extermination, torture, rape, forced abortions and starvation.<ref>[http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-26223180 BBC News - UN's North Korea report: Main findings<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> According to the UN report, women at these camps are systematically subjected to rape by guards or bought and sold by human traffickers in China.<ref>[http://www.euronews.com/2014/02/17/north-korea-s-gulag-horrors-condemned-by-un/ North Korea’s gulag horrors condemned by UN | euronews, world news<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> ===Norway=== {{split section|Rape in Norway|date=June 2015}} Rape is defined by Section 192 of the Criminal Code which states:<ref name="ub.uio.no">http://www.ub.uio.no/ujur/ulovdata/lov-19020522-010-eng.pdf</ref> ''Any person who a) engages in sexual activity by means of violence or threats, or b) engages in sexual activity with any person who is unconscious or incapable for any other reason of resisting the act, or c) by means of violence or threats compels any person to engage in sexual activity with another person, or to carry out similar acts with himself or herself, shall be guilty of rape (...)''." Sexual crimes in Norway are defined in Chapter 19 – ''Sexual Offenses'', which contains Sections 192 to 208.<ref name="ub.uio.no"/> The incidence of reported rape in [[Norway]] for 2010 is given as ca. 35 out of 100 000; there is no in-depth national statistic.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.politi.no/vedlegg/lokale_vedlegg/oslo/Vedlegg_1309.pdf |title=Voldtekt i den Globale Byen|publisher=Oslo Politiditrikt |date=May 2011 |accessdate=2013-02-03 |language=Norwegian}}</ref> A report released in February 2014, found that 9.4 percent of the 2435 women surveyed and 1.1 percent of the 2091 interviewed men stated that they were raped.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.regjeringen.no/pages/38635924/NKVTS_vold-voldtekt-2014.pdf |title=Vold og voldtekt i Norge |publisher=Nasjonalt kunnskapssenter om vold og traumatisk stress |date=February 2014 |accessdate=2014-05-17 |language=Norwegian |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20140518204926/http://www.regjeringen.no/pages/38635924/NKVTS_vold-voldtekt-2014.pdf |archivedate=May 18, 2014 }}</ref> ====Legislative history==== Norway overhauled its sexual offenses legislation in 2000. The definition of rape was broadened to include also acts committed with persons incapable of resisting, rather than only acts enforced through direct violence or threat.<ref>https://www.amnesty.dk/sites/default/files/mediafiles/44/case-closed.pdf</ref> The law is gender-neutral. In 1974, the [[Supreme Court of Norway]] confirmed the applicability of the rape law to marital intercourse, convicting for the first time a man of raping his wife.<ref>https://www.amnesty.dk/sites/default/files/mediafiles/44/case-closed.pdf</ref> ====Concerns==== There are concerns in Norway about the low reporting and conviction rate for rape. According to Amnesty International, 84% of rape cases reported to the police do not reach court; and of those that reach trial, 36% end in acquittal.<ref>https://www.amnesty.dk/sites/default/files/mediafiles/44/case-closed.pdf</ref> In 2003, the [[CEDAW]] Committee expressed concern about the situation of sexual violence in Norway, stating, "[The Committee] is also concerned that an extremely low percentage of reported rapes results in convictions and that the police and public prosecutors dismiss an increasing number of such cases."<ref>http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/cedaw/cedaw-norway2003.html</ref> ===Pakistan=== {{Main article|Rape in Pakistan}} Rape in Pakistan has been notable, and continues to be a tool for suppressing women in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.humanrights.asia/news/ahrc-news/AHRC-STM-044-2012 |title=PAKISTAN: WOMEN'S DAY - Unheard and unwanted, rape continues to be used as a tool to suppress women—Asian Human Rights Commission |publisher=Humanrights.asia |date=2012-03-07 |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref> One of the notable cases, in which Uzma Ayub, a 16-year-old girl, was abducted by a soldier and policeman, she was repeatedly raped by several persons which included an army official and a policemen. Her brother was murdered. In one case, a teenage girl was burnt alive, as she resisted the rape.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/Pakistani-girl-burnt-alive-for-resisting-rape/articleshow/21306571.cms |title=Pakistani girl burnt alive for resisting rape - The Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref> In another notable case a woman was raped on the orders of a [[Union councils of Pakistan|village council]], which functions as a lower level judiciary. In 2002, 30-year-old [[Mukhtaran Bibi]] was gang raped on the orders of the village council as an "honor rape" after allegations that her 12-year-old brother had had sexual relations with a woman from a higher caste.<ref name="Greenberg" /> Although custom would expect her to commit suicide after being raped,<ref name="NYTimes Kristof 2004-09-29" /><ref name="NYTimes Masood 2009-03-09" /><ref name="UN 2006-05-06" /> Mukhtaran spoke up, and pursued the case, which was picked up by both domestic and international media. On 1 September 2002, an [[Anti Terrorism Court of Pakistan|anti-terrorism court]] sentenced 6 men (including the 4 rapists) to death for rape. In 2005, the [[Lahore High Court]] cited "insufficient evidence" and acquitted 5 of the 6 convicted, and commuted the punishment for the sixth man to a [[life sentence]]. Mukhtaran and the government appealed this decision, and the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan|Supreme Court]] suspended the acquittal and held appeal hearings.<ref name="BBC 2005-06-28" /> In 2011, the Supreme Court too acquitted the accused. Most of the cases in Pakistan results as marriage between the culprit and the victim to keep the honor of victim's family or as suicide of the culprit. Recently, a massive and perhaps the largest ever child molesting crime discovered in Pakistani history. About 280 were raped and filmed. Some of these rapists used these video clips to blackmail the parents of those children. Most of victims were below 14 years old.<ref>http://www.dw.com/en/massive-child-abuse-scandal-unveiled-in-pakistan/a-18636820</ref> Malik Ahmed Saeed Khan, a member of Provincial Assembly (MPA) of Punjab, also a member of the ruling party, Pakistan Muslim League, was accused for his involvement in this series of crimes,<ref>http://dailythepatriot.com/kasur-child-abuse-scandal-role-of-mpa-malik-ahmad-saeed-khan/</ref> including selling rape video clips (around 400 clips) to international market.<ref>http://www.voice.pk/videos/kasur-child-abuse-scandal-pmln-mpa-malik-saeed-supplied-these-videos-to-international-market/</ref> ===Papua New Guinea=== {{Main article|Sexual violence in Papua New Guinea}} [[Papua New Guinea]] has a very high rate of sexual violence. This has been attributed to the interaction between a very male dominated culture and a culture which is also very accepting of [[violence]] in day-to-day life.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/09/130914-rape-asia-pacific-un-men-violence-women/ |title=UN Study Looks at High Rate of Rape |publisher=News.nationalgeographic.com |date=2013-09-14 |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref> Marital rape was criminalized in 2003.<ref name="unwomen-asiapacific.org"/> According to a 1993 survey by the PNG Institute of Medical Research, an estimated 55% of Papa New Guinean women have experienced rape.<ref>{{cite web|title=Key Statistics|url=http://www.rugbyleagueagainstviolence.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Key-Statistics.pdf|accessdate=12 November 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/http://www.rugbyleagueagainstviolence.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Key-Statistics.pdf|archivedate=2015}}</ref> The United Nations Multi-country Study on Men and Violence found that 62% of men from [[Bougainville Island]] had raped a woman and 7.6% had raped a man. 14% had participated in gang rape. 7% said they had been raped by another man. Non-partner rape was more commonly perpetrated than partner rape. 69.3% had raped more than once. 15.5% had four or more victims. 71% reported their motivation behind rape being sexual entitlement, 63% said they raped for entertainment, and 50% said they raped out of anger or to punish a woman. 69.3% of the men who reported rape had raped more than once, and 15.5% had raped 4 or more women or girls. 52.2% had been jailed for their crime. Out of the nine areas surveyed, this was the highest rate of imprisonment.<ref name="unwomen-asiapacific.org"/> ===Qatar=== In [[Qatar]], like in most countries in the Middle East, sex outside of marriage is illegal. Women who report rape or sexual violence risk being charged with "illicit relations".<ref>[http://www.amnesty.org/en/news/qatar-un-review-crucial-reforms-needed-protect-women-and-migrant-workers-2014-05-07 Qatar UN review: Crucial reforms needed to protect women and migrant workers | Amnesty International<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Amnesty International has reported that migrant [[domestic workers]] are at very high risk of sexual abuse.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/MDE22/004/2014/en/7b7121b8-37c1-4e49-b1a1-2d8a005450a3/mde220042014en.pdf |accessdate=May 22, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20140620023938/http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/MDE22/004/2014/en/7b7121b8-37c1-4e49-b1a1-2d8a005450a3/mde220042014en.pdf |archivedate=June 20, 2014 }}</ref> In 2012, the [[UN Committee against Torture]] made reference to "numerous allegations by migrant workers of physical abuse, sexual violence, rape and attempted rape".<ref>[http://www.bettercarenetwork.org/violence/search/closeup.asp?infoID=28271 CRIN - Violence Study - QATAR: Children's Rights in UN Treaty Body Reports<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> ===Rwanda=== {{Further information|Rwandan Genocide}} The UN estimates that in [[Rwanda]] between 100,000 and 250,000 women were raped during the [[Rwandan Genocide#Rape as weapon of war|genocide in 1994]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.un.org/en/preventgenocide/rwanda/about/bgsexualviolence.shtml |title=Background Information on Sexual Violence used as a Tool of War - Outreach Programme on the Rwanda Genocide and the United Nations |publisher=Un.org |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref> Rape was used as a weapon of war, and there are numerous children who were born from these rapes.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/newsnight/8768943.stm |title=Newsnight - Rwanda's children of rape |publisher=BBC News |date=2010-06-30 |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref> Many of the women who were raped were also infected with [[HIV/AIDS]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/panorama/3586409.stm |title=Programmes &#124; Panorama &#124; Rwanda: 10 quick facts |publisher=BBC News |date=2004-04-02 |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref> In 2009 Rwanda adopted a law (''Law on prevention and punishment of Gender Based Violence'') which recognizes, for the first time in the country's history, marital rape as a crime.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sgdatabase.unwomen.org/uploads/Rwanda%20-%20Law%20on%20prevention%20and%20punishment%20of%20GBV%20%282008%29.pdf |title=Official Gazette of the Republic of Rwanda |publisher=Sgdatabase.unwomen.org |accessdate=2013-12-04}}{{dead link|date=April 2015}}</ref> ===Somalia=== According to the UNDP, [[Somalia]] has a low overall rate of sexual violence. In 2012, the reported nationwide prevalence rate ranged from 2% to 13%.<ref name="Shdrt">{{cite web|title=Somalia Human Development Report 2012|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/242/somalia_report_2012.pdf|publisher=UNDP|accessdate=20 February 2014}}</ref> Most incidents of sexual assault occurred within the context of the insurgency in southern Somalia. Over the first quarter of 2013, Amnesty International reported that 56.7% of victims in Mogadishu were internally displaced persons. According to the UN, there were at least 2,924 rape cases in IDP settlements in 2012. A third of the victims were under the age of 18. 70% of the perpetrators were armed men wearing uniforms, although it was not always clear whether they were members of militias, security forces or other individuals or groups.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rape and sexual violence in Somalia - An ongoing epidemic |url=http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/AFR52/009/2013/en/03eed775-84d9-4e3b-bd29-60dd56fafe0d/afr520092013en.pdf |publisher=Amnesty International |accessdate=25 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20131002123958/http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/AFR52/009/2013/en/03eed775-84d9-4e3b-bd29-60dd56fafe0d/afr520092013en.pdf |archivedate=October 2, 2013 }}</ref> To address the issue, the central authorities as of December 2013 were in the process of forming a special crime unit to investigate and counter gender-based violence, as well as constructing a clinic set aside for victims of sexual assault. The national judiciary, security and police forces were all concurrently receiving specialized gender training as part of the broader reform effort.<ref name="Sphaswffftrotmv">{{cite news|title=Somalia President Hassan applauds Somali women for fighting for the rights of the most vulnerable|url=http://horseedmedia.net/2013/12/04/somalia-president-hassan-applauds-somali-women-fighting-rights-vulnerable/|accessdate=20 February 2014|newspaper=Horseed Media|date=4 December 2013}}</ref> In June 2014, the Somali government also launched a National Action Plan against sexual violence in conjunction with local civil society groups.<ref name="Prsgwulogs">{{cite news|title=Press Release: Somali Government welcomes UK's leadership on Global Summit to End Sexual Violence in Conflict and given particular attention to Somalia |url=http://goobjoog.com/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2704:press-release-somali-government-welcomes-uk-s-leadership-on-global-summit-to-end-sexual-violence-in-conflict-and-given-particular-attention-to-somalia&catid=124:local-news&Itemid=653 |accessdate=22 June 2014 |agency=Goobjoog |date=10 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214201219/http://goobjoog.com/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2704:press-release-somali-government-welcomes-uk-s-leadership-on-global-summit-to-end-sexual-violence-in-conflict-and-given-particular-attention-to-somalia&catid=124:local-news&Itemid=653 |archivedate=December 14, 2014 }}</ref> ===South Africa=== {{Main article|Sexual violence in South Africa}} The [[Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act, 2007]] is the relevant legislation in [[South Africa]]. Despite the fact that this act provides modern and progressive laws, that ban rape and other forms of sexual abuse, including sexual violence within marriage, South Africa remains a country where sexual attacks are common. The country has some of the highest incidences of [[Child sexual abuse|child and baby rape]] in the world with more than 67,000 cases of rape and sexual assaults against children reported in 2000, with welfare groups believing that unreported incidents could be up to 10 times higher.<ref name="time"/> In 2001, a 9-month-old was raped and likely lost consciousness as the pain was too much to bear.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/WNT/story?id=130199&page=1|title=Baby rape sparks outrage|publisher=abcnews.com|date=July 30, 2002|accessdate=2011-07-12}}</ref> Another 9-month-old baby was raped by six men, aged between 24 and 66, after the infant had been left unattended by her teenage mother. A 4-year-old girl died after being raped by her father. A 14-month-old girl was raped by her two uncles. In February 2002, an 8-month-old infant was reportedly gang raped by four men. One has been charged. The infant has required extensive reconstructive surgery. The 8-month-old infant's injuries were so extensive, increased attention on prosecution has occurred.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/444213 |title=Child rape in South Africa|publisher=Medscape |accessdate=2010-12-31}}</ref> A significant contributing factor for the escalation in child abuse is the widespread myth in [[HIV]]-ravaged South Africa that having sex with a virgin will cure a man of [[AIDS]].<ref name=telegraph>{{cite news|last=Flanagan |first=Jane |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2001/11/11/wrape11.xml|title=South African men rape babies as 'cure' for Aids |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=UK |date=11 November 2001|accessdate=15 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mediaaids.org/content/page/having_sex_with_a_virgin_will_cure_hiv |title=Having Sex With a Virgin Will Cure HIV |publisher=mediaaids.org |accessdate=28 May 2015}}</ref> According to official figures, circa 11% of South Africans are infected with the virus.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.avert.org/safricastats.htm |title=South Africa HIV & AIDS Statistics |publisher=[[AVERT]].org |accessdate=11 December 2011}}</ref> Edith Kriel, a social worker who helps child victims in the [[Eastern Cape]], said: "Child abusers are often relatives of their victims – even their fathers and providers."<ref name="telegraph"/> One in three of the 4,000 women questioned by the Community of Information, Empowerment and Transparency said they had been raped in the past year.<ref name="bbc1">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/258446.stm |title=South Africa's rape shock|publisher=BBC News |date=1999-01-19 |accessdate=2010-12-31}}</ref> More than 25% of South African men questioned in a survey admitted to raping someone; of those, nearly half said they had raped more than one person, according to a new study conducted by the Medical Research Council (MRC).<ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8107039.stm South African rape survey shock]." BBC News. June 18, 2009.</ref><ref>"[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/jun/17/south-africa-rape-survey Quarter of men in South Africa admit rape, survey finds]"</ref> A 2010 study led by the government-funded Medical Research Foundation says that in Gauteng province, more than 37 percent of men said they had raped a woman. Nearly 7 percent of the 487 men surveyed said they had participated in a gang rape.<ref>"[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/11/27/south-africa-rape-study-m_n_788722.html South Africa Rape Study_ More Than 1 In 3 Men Admit To Rape]</ref> Among children, a survey found 11% of boys and 4% of girls admitted to forcing someone else to have sex with them while in another survey among 1,500 schoolchildren in the [[Soweto]] [[township]], a quarter of all the boys interviewed said that 'jackrolling', a term for [[gang rape]], was fun.<ref name=time/><ref name=bbc1/> In 2013 a study of 1991 grade nine boys at 46 secondary schools in Cape Town and Port Elizabeth found that 17.2% had raped.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sti.bmj.com/content/89/Suppl_1/A270.2.full.pdf+html |title=P3.387 Prevalence and Predictors of Rape Perpetration Among Male Secondary School Students in Peri-Urban Xhosa Communities in South Africa |publisher=Sti.bmj.com |date=2013-07-01 |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref> South Africa has some of the highest incidences of child and baby rape in the world.<ref name=time>{{cite news|title=Oprah scandal rocks South Africa |author=Alex Perry|url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1680715,00.html |newspaper=Time.com |date=2007-11-05 |accessdate=11 December 2011}}</ref> More than 25% of a sample of 1,738 South African men from the [[KwaZulu-Natal]] and [[Eastern Cape]] Provinces admitted when anonymously questioned to raping someone; of those, nearly half said they had raped more than one person, according to a non-peer reviewed policy brief issued by the Medical Research Council (MRC). 4.95% had raped or attempted rape in the past year at the time of the survey.<ref>{{cite report |title=Understanding Men's Health and Use of Violence: Interface of Rape and HIV in South Africa |url=http://www.mrc.ac.za/gender/violence_hiv.pdf |authorlink=Rachel Jewkes |last=Jewkes |first=Rachel |author2=Yandisa Sikweyiya1 |author3=Robert Morrell |author4=Kristin Dunkle |year=2009 |publisher=[[South African Medical Research Council]]|accessdate=24 October 2010}}</ref> Several news publications extrapolated these results to the rest of the South African population.<ref>{{cite news|title=South African rape survey shock |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8107039.stm |publisher=BBC News|date=18 June 2009 |accessdate=11 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Quarter of men in South Africa admit rape, survey finds |author=David Smith |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/jun/17/south-africa-rape-survey|newspaper=Guardian |date=17 June 2009 |accessdate=11 December 2011 |location=London}}</ref><ref name="irin">{{cite news |title=SOUTH AFRICA: One in four men rape |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/84909/south-africa-one-in-four-men-rape |newspaper=[[IRIN]] Africa |date=18 June 2009|accessdate=11 December 2011}}</ref> The humanitarian news organization [[IRIN]] claims that an estimated 500,000 rapes are committed annually in South Africa.<ref name="irin"/> According to [[University of Durban-Westville]] anthropology lecturer and researcher Suzanne Leclerc-Madlala, the myth that sex with a virgin is a cure for AIDS is not confined to South Africa. "Fellow AIDS researchers in [[Zambia]], [[Zimbabwe]] and [[Nigeria]] have told me that the myth also exists in these countries and that it is being blamed for the high rate of [[Child sexual abuse|sexual abuse against young children]]."<ref>{{cite news|title=Child rape: A taboo within the AIDS taboo |author=Prega Govender |url=http://www.aegis.com/news/suntimes/1999/ST990401.html |newspaper=[[The Sunday Times (South Africa)|The Sunday Times]] |date=April 4, 1999 |accessdate=11 December 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20111209203938/http://www.aegis.com:80/news/suntimes/1999/ST990401.html |archivedate=December 9, 2011 }}</ref> "In South Africa, rape is so common it barely makes the news. The rapes of elderly women and babies are outlined in four-line stories on the inside pages of local newspapers, but most sexual assaults get no public attention."<ref name=star>{{cite news| url=http://www.thestar.com/news/world/2013/02/11/south_africa_gang_rape_a_symbol_of_nations_problem.html | title=South Africa gang rape a symbol of nation's problem| first=Erin| last=Conway-Smith| date=11 Feb 2013| accessdate=12 Mar 2013| newspaper=GlobalPost| publisher=Toronto Star Newspapers Ltd}}</ref> "The country has one of the highest rates of rape in the world, with some 65,000 rapes and other sexual assaults reported for the year ending in March 2012, or 127.6 per 100,000 people in the country."<ref name=star /> ===South Sudan=== Rape is illegal in [[South Sudan]]; marital rape is not criminalized; the law on rape excludes it from its definition by stating that "''Sexual intercourse by a married couple is not rape, within the meaning of this section''". (Art 247).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goss-online.org/magnoliaPublic/en/Laws--Legislation--Policies/mainColumnParagraphs/0/content_files/file12/15.pdf |title=Child marriage |format=PDF |publisher=Goss-online.org |accessdate=2013-12-03 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20130913012254/http://www.goss-online.org/magnoliaPublic/en/Laws--Legislation--Policies/mainColumnParagraphs/0/content_files/file12/15.pdf |archivedate=September 13, 2013 }}</ref> [[Child marriage]] is common in the country, and this often leads to [[child sexual abuse]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hrw.org/news/2013/06/14/q-child-marriage-and-violations-girls-rights |title=Q & A: Child Marriage and Violations of Girls' Rights &#124; Human Rights Watch |publisher=Hrw.org |date=2013-06-14 |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hrw.org/news/2013/06/13/south-sudan-ending-child-marriage-will-require-comprehensive-approach |title=In South Sudan, Ending Child Marriage Will Require a Comprehensive Approach &#124; Human Rights Watch |publisher=Hrw.org |date=2013-06-13 |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref> while the law on rape sets an age of consent of 18, this does not apply inside marriage. The Criminal Code criminalizes, among other behaviors, adultery and homosexuality.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goss-online.org/magnoliaPublic/en/Laws--Legislation--Policies/mainColumnParagraphs/0/content_files/file12/15.pdf |title=The Penal Code Act, 2008 |publisher=Goss-online.org |accessdate=2013-12-04 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20130913012254/http://www.goss-online.org/magnoliaPublic/en/Laws--Legislation--Policies/mainColumnParagraphs/0/content_files/file12/15.pdf |archivedate=September 13, 2013 }}</ref> Amnesty International has stated that the security forces in South Sudan have shot and raped civilians while carrying out a civilian disarmament campaign in [[Jonglei State]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amnesty.org/en/news/south-sudan-army-and-police-forces-shooting-and-raping-civilians-jonglei-2012-10-03 |title=South Sudan: Army and police forces shooting and raping civilians in Jonglei &#124; Amnesty International |publisher=Amnesty.org |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref> === South Korea === In recent years, changes have been made to update South Korea's sex crime laws at the behest of President [[Park Geun-hye|Park Geun-Hye]], resulting in an increase in reported incidents. In 2015, reports of sexual assaults against foreigners were up 40% over 2008 numbers. Reports, apprehensions, and prosecutions have all risen with recent changes.<ref>{{Cite web|title = South Korea 2015 Crime and Safety Report|url = https://www.osac.gov/pages/ContentReportDetails.aspx?cid=17513|website = www.osac.gov|accessdate = 2015-10-18}}</ref> However, victims often experience stigma due to traditional views of [[Women in South Korea|women]]'s place in society and, although if convicted of rape an offender may be sentenced to between 7 years and life in prison, convictions seldom result in a prison sentence.<ref>{{Cite news|title = South Korea Struggles to Confront Stigma of Sexual Assaults|url = http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304682504579154571193810410|newspaper = Wall Street Journal|access-date = 2015-10-18|issn = 0099-9660|first = Jason|last = Strother}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Raped and alone in a foreign land|url = http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20130423001036|website = www.koreaherald.com|accessdate = 2015-10-18}}</ref> ===Sri Lanka=== In [[Sri Lanka]] there have been recent allegations that rape and [[torture]] by the Sri Lankan security forces have continued for years after the [[Sri Lankan Civil War|civil war]] ended.<ref>{{cite news|last=Harrison |first=Frances |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-24849699 |title='Tamils still being raped and tortured' in Sri Lanka |publisher=BBC News |date=2013-11-09 |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref> An average rape case in Sri Lanka takes 6 to 12 years to be resolved.<ref>{{cite web|author=Foreign &amp; Commonwealth Office |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/foreign-secretary-speech-preventing-sexual-violence-in-sri-lanka |title=Foreign Secretary speech: Preventing sexual violence in Sri Lanka - Press releases |publisher=GOV.UK |date=2013-11-13 |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref> The UN Multi-country Study on Men and Violence found that 14.5% of the sample of Sri Lankan men had perpetrated rape at some point in their lives. 4.9% had raped in the past year. 2.7% had raped another man. 1.6% had taken part in a gang rape. 96.5% of the men who had raped experienced no legal consequences. 65.8% didn't feel worried or guilty afterwards. 64.9% of rapists had raped more than once, and 11.1% had raped four or more girls or women.<ref name="unwomen-asiapacific.org"/> ===Sudan=== The law on rape states that: "''There shall be deemed to commit the offence of rape, whoever makes sexual intercourse, by way of adultery, or sodomy, with any person without his consent''".<ref name="redress.org">http://www.redress.org/downloads/country-reports/Position%20Paper%20Rape%205%20SEPT%2008%20_3_.pdf</ref> In [[Sudan]], if a case of rape cannot be proven, the person filing the complaint of rape risks being prosecuted for other sexual offenses, because consensual adultery and consensual sodomy are illegal, and may incur the death penalty.<ref name="redress.org"/><ref>[http://www.bbc.com/news/world-25927595 Where is it illegal to be gay? - BBC News<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-26286264 Sudan court convicts Ethiopian woman over 'gang-rape' - BBC News<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Rape and other forms of sexual violence have been reported as being used on a large scale as a weapon of war in [[Darfur]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/AFR54/076/2004/en/f66115ea-d5b4-11dd-bb24-1fb85fe8fa05/afr540762004en.pdf |accessdate=March 18, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20110808182016/http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/AFR54/076/2004/en/f66115ea-d5b4-11dd-bb24-1fb85fe8fa05/afr540762004en.pdf |archivedate=August 8, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3549325.stm |publisher=BBC News |title=Mass rape atrocity in west Sudan |date=2004-03-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7333844.stm |publisher=BBC News |first=James |last=Read |title=Darfur women still face rape risk |date=2008-04-07}}</ref> ===Sweden=== {{Main article|Rape in Sweden}} A frequently cited source when comparing Swedish rape statistics internationally is the regularly published report by the [[United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime]] (UNODC), based on official statistics provided by each member state.<ref group=note>For example, see Table 3.1 (Kelly et al., 2009)</ref> In 2012, Sweden had 66 cases of reported rapes per 100,000 population, according to the [[Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention]] (Brå).<ref>{{cite web|title=Anmälda brott, totalt och per 100 000 av medelfolkmängden, efter brottstyp och månad för anmälan, år 2012 samt jämförelse med föregående år |url=http://www.bra.se/download/18.22a7170813a0d141d21800061146/1364311914171/100La-2012.xls |publisher=[[Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention]] |accessdate=11 July 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20140714125901/http://www.bra.se/download/18.22a7170813a0d141d21800061146/1364311914171/100La-2012.xls |archivedate=July 14, 2014 }}</ref> This was unequivocally the biggest number reported to the UNODC in 2012.<ref name=UNODC2013>{{cite web|title=Rape at the national level, number of police-recorded offences|url=http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/statistics/crime/CTS2013_SexualViolence.xls|publisher=[[UNODC]]|accessdate=10 June 2014|year=2013|quote=Please note that when using the figures, any cross-national comparisons should be conducted with caution because of the differences that exist between the legal definitions of offences in countries, or the different methods of offence counting and recording.}}</ref> However, widely differing legal systems, offence definitions, terminological variations, recording practices and statistical conventions makes any cross-national comparison on rape statistics difficult,<ref name="BBC1">{{cite web|last=Ruth|first=Alexander|title=Sweden's rape rate under the spotlight|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-19592372|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=29 April 2014|date=14 September 2012}}</ref><ref name="BRA">{{cite web|url=https://www.bra.se/bra/bra-in-english/home/news-from-bra/archive/news/2011-01-18-how-common-is-rape-in-sweden-compared-to-other-european-countries.html|title=How common is rape in Sweden compared to other European countries?|publisher=The [[Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention]]|accessdate=14 May 2014|date=18 January 2011}}</ref><ref name=statistics-caution>{{cite book|url=http://kunskapsbanken.nck.uu.se/nckkb/nck/publik/fil/visa/197/different|author1=Jo Lovett|author2=Liz Kelly|title=Different systems, similar outcomes?|date=2009|publisher=London Metropolitan University|isbn=978-0-9544803-9-4|page=17|accessdate=10 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="VonHofer" /> which is why the UNODC itself caution against using their figures.<ref name="UNODC2013" /> It should also be noted that many countries do not report any rape statistics at all to the UNODC,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Masri|first1=Mona|title=Att tolka statistik|url=http://www.sydsvenskan.se/kultur--nojen/att-tolka-statistik/|publisher=[[Sydsvenskan]]|accessdate=11 July 2014|language=Swedish}}</ref> and some report very low numbers, despite studies that indicate otherwise.<ref>{{cite web|title=Almost a quarter of men 'admit to rape in parts of Asia'|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/health-24021573|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=11 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Prevalence of and factors associated with non-partner rape perpetration: findings from the UN Multi-country Cross-sectional Study on Men and Violence in Asia and the Pacific|url=http://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X%2813%2970069-X/fulltext|publisher=[[The Lancet]]|accessdate=11 July 2014}}</ref> [[File:Rape rate per 100,000 - country comparison - United Nations 2012.png|right|thumb|300px|Comparison of selected countries' reported rape rates, 2012.]] The Swedish police record each instance of sexual violence in every case separately, leading to an inflated number of cases compared to other countries.<ref name="BBC1" /><ref name=VonHofer>{{cite journal|title=Crime Statistics as Constructs: The Case of Swedish Rape Statistics|last1=Von Hofer|first1=Hanns|journal=European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research|date=2000|volume=8|issue=1|pages=77–89|doi=10.1023/A:1008713631586}}</ref><ref name="method">{{cite web|title=Rape and Human Rights in the Nordic Countries|url=http://www.amnesty.dk/sites/default/files/mediafiles/44/case-closed.pdf|publisher=[[Amnesty International]]|accessdate=14 May 2014|page=145|date=2008|quote=The Swedish mode of recording is sometimes referred to as 'extensive counting', since the crime statistics cover reported acts of rape. If a woman reports that she was subjected to several rapes by a group of men, or to repeated rapes on different occasions by one and the same man, each rape will be registered as a separate offence in the Swedish crime statistics. Furthermore, if a woman is subjected to repeated rapes during the same day by the same perpetrator, this may be registered as one or several crimes, depending on whether it is possible to distinguish each separate act.}}</ref> Sweden also has a comparatively wide definition of rape.<ref name="BBC1" /><ref name="BRA" /><ref name="statistics-caution" /> This means that more sexual crimes are registered as rape than in most other countries.<ref name="BRA" /> For example, in 2005 Sweden reformed its sex crime legislation and made the legal definition of rape much wider,<ref name="BBC1" /><ref name="paradox">{{cite web|last=Nordlander|first=Jenny|title=Fler brott bedöms som våldtäkt|url=http://www.dn.se/nyheter/sverige/fler-brott-bedoms-som-valdtakt/|publisher=[[Dagens Nyheter]]|accessdate=14 May 2014|language=Swedish|date=10 June 2010}}</ref><ref name="explinationofthelaw">{{cite web|title=Sexualbrottslagstiftningen|url=http://www.nck.uu.se/Kunskapscentrum/Kunskapsbanken/amnen/Sexuellt_vald/Sexualbrottslagstiftningen/|publisher=[[Uppsala University]]|accessdate=15 May 2014|language=Swedish|quote=Begreppet våldtäkt [har] blivit könsneutralt och utvidgats så att det utöver samlag även innefattar annan jämförbar handling med en person som är oförmögen att lämna sitt samtycke. [...] Efter en lagändring 1 april 2005 är det numera lika allvarligt att förgripa sig på en person som på egen hand har druckit sig kraftigt berusad som på en nykter person. Från och med 1 juli 2013 skärptes sexualbrottslagstiftningen [och] utvidgades till att omfatta de fall där offret reagerar med passivitet.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Våldtäktsbegreppet vidgas i förslag|url=http://www.sydsvenskan.se/sverige/valdtaktsbegreppet-vidgas-i-forslag/|publisher=[[Sydsvenskan]]|accessdate=14 May 2014|language=Swedish|date=23 April 2005}}</ref> which led to a marked increase in reports.<ref name="increase">{{cite web|title=Våldtäkt och sexualbrott|url=https://www.bra.se/bra/brott-och-statistik/valdtakt-och-sexualbrott.html|publisher=[[Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention]]|accessdate=15 May 2014|language=Swedish|quote=Sett till en tioårsperiod (2004–2013) har de anmälda våldtäkterna ökat markant, vilket till stor del kan förklaras av förändringar i sexualbrottslagstiftningen som trädde i kraft den 1 april 2005.}}</ref><ref name=reform-effort>{{cite book|url=http://kunskapsbanken.nck.uu.se/nckkb/nck/publik/fil/visa/197/different|author1=Jo Lovett|author2=Liz Kelly|title=Different systems, similar outcomes?|date=2009|publisher=London Metropolitan University|isbn=978-0-9544803-9-4|pages=9, 95, 105|accessdate=10 July 2014|quote=In Sweden, reforms in 2005, which re-defined the sexual exploitation of a person in a helpless state as rape, also coincided with a marked increase in reports. [...] An expert centre for the care of battered and raped women was established, with government funding, at Uppsala University Hospital in 1995. The legal definition of rape in Sweden has been successively broadened over the last two or more decades. [...] Sweden [has] trained male and female officers in most areas}}</ref> Additionally, the Swedish police have improved the handling of rape cases, in an effort to decrease the number of [[Under-reporting|unreported cases]].<ref name="BBC1" /><ref name="reform-effort" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Viktigt att våldtäktsoffer blir trodda|url=http://polistidningen.se/2007/06/viktigt-att-valdtaktsoffer-blir-trodda/|publisher=Polistidningen|accessdate=14 May 2014|language=Swedish}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kunskapsbank - Nationellt Centrum för Kvinnofrid|url=http://www.nck.uu.se/Kunskapscentrum/Kunskapsbanken/Myndigheter/Myndighetspublikationer/?id=31|publisher=[[Uppsala University]]|accessdate=14 May 2014|language=Swedish|quote=Insatserna från Rikspolisstyrelsen består bland annat av utbildning, informationsspridning och andra åtgärder för att förstärka Polisens förmåga upptäcka och utreda dessa brott. En annan målsättning är att allmänhetens förtroende för Polisen ska stärkas, så att fler brott anmäls.}}</ref> For this reason, large-scale [[Victim study|victimisation surveys]] have been presented by [[Criminology|criminologists]] as a more reliable indicator of rape prevalence.<ref name="BBC1" /><ref name="BRA" /><ref name="statistics-caution" /> An EU-wide survey on sexual violence against women, published the [[Fundamental Rights Agency|European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights]] (FRA) in 2014, showed Sweden was only third highest, below Denmark and Finland<ref name="equality">{{cite web|url=http://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra-2014-vaw-survey-main-results_en.pdf|title=Violence against women: an EU-wide survey|publisher=European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights|accessdate=14 May 2014|page=28|quote=Increased gender equality leads to higher levels of disclosure about violence against women}}</ref> and a previous assessment by Brå have placed Sweden at an average level among European nations.<ref name="BRA" /> According to the FRA study there's a strong correlation between higher levels of [[gender equality]] and disclosure of sexual violence.<ref name="equality" /> This, and a greater willingness among Swedish women to report rape in relationships,<ref>{{cite web|title=Flest våldtäkter i Sverige|url=http://www.dn.se/nyheter/sverige/flest-valdtakter-i-sverige/|publisher=[[Dagens Nyheter]]|accessdate=14 May 2014|language=Swedish|date=27 April 2009|quote=[I Sverige finns] bättre anmälningsupptagning än på andra håll, våldtäktsbegreppet har utvidgats och det finns en större vilja hos svenska kvinnor att anmäla våldtäkter även inom relationer, [...] säger professor Kelly.}}</ref> may also explain the relatively high rates of reported rape in Sweden, which has a long-standing tradition of gender equality policy and legislation, as well as an established women's movement,<ref name="statistics-caution" /> and has been ranked as the number one country in sex equality.<ref name="VonHofer" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6167486.stm |publisher=BBC News |title=Nordics show way in sex equality |date=21 November 2006}}</ref> ===Syria=== The [[Syrian Civil War]] has been associated with a high incidence of [[war rape]], which has led to the stigmatization of victims by their relatives and communities, and in turn to honor killings, forced marriages, and child marriages.<ref>[http://www.trust.org/item/20131204182854-8hegf/ Syrian war causing 'honour killings', child marriages - doctor<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> According to the Euro Mediterranean Human Rights Network (EMHRN), about 6,000 women have been raped since the start of the conflict.<ref>[http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-25100122 Syria conflict: Women 'targets of abuse and torture' - BBC News<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>http://www.euromedrights.org/eng/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Doc-report-VAW-Syria.pdf</ref> ===Tanzania=== In a survey of 1004 women (defined as 12 or older), 20% reported being raped in their lifetimes. 10% reported the event to police. In 92.4% of the events the perpetrator was known to the victim. There was no statistically significant difference between the rate of rape for women living in urban or suburban areas. 7% of the sample reported a rape occurring in the past two years. The socially closer the perpetrator, the lesser was the frequency of disclosure to either legal organs or other people, and vice versa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bioline.org.br/request?rh04048 |title=Bioline International Official Site (site up-dated regularly) |publisher=Bioline.org.br |date=2013-11-29 |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref> The prevalence of forced sexual initiation among women varied between 14% (province) and 17% (city), according to the ''WHO Multi-country Study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence against Women''.<ref name="who.int"/> ===Turkey=== In [[Turkey]], according to a study, some commonly-expressed views on rape were given to individuals from various professions, who were asked to agree or disagree; results recorded that 33% of the police officers agreed that "some women deserve rape", 66% of police officers, as well as nearly 50% of other professional groups except the psychologists about 18% and 27% of psychiatrists, suggested that "the physical appearance and behaviors of women tempt men to rape."<ref name="business.highbeam.com">{{cite web|url = http://business.highbeam.com/435388/article-1G1-111635867/turkish-university-students-attitudes-toward-rape|title = Turkish university students' attitudes toward rape|publisher = Business.highbeam.com|date = 2003-12-01|accessdate = 2013-12-03}}</ref> On 2012, ''[[The Guardian]]'' reported on claims by activists for the Kurdish separatist group the [[PKK]] of widespread sexual abuse of prisoners allegedly used to suppress dissent.<ref>{{cite web|author=Meral Duzgun |url=http://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2013/jun/10/turkey-history-sexual-violence |title=Turkey: a history of sexual violence |work=The Guardian |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref> ===United Kingdom=== {{Main article|Sexual offences in the United Kingdom|Rape in English law}} The [[Sexual Offences Act 2003]] (for [[England and Wales]]), the [[Sexual Offences (Scotland) Act 2009]] and the [[Sexual Offences (Northern Ireland) Order 2008]] are relevant legislations in the United Kingdom. Unlike other jurisdictions, such as Australia, much of the US, and many Western countries, 'rape' in the UK is not a gender neutral offense: it is an offense that can only be committed by a male against a person (female or male). Also the UK has not to date followed the trend in many Western countries of classifying acts other than penetration with a penis (e.g. penetration with an object, finger) as rape. These must be prosecuted under the other, equally severe, statute of Assault by Penetration. The 2006–07 Crime Survey for England and Wales (formerly the [[British Crime Survey]]) reports that 1 in every 200 women were raped in that period. It also showed that only 800 people were convicted of rape crimes that same year, meaning that less than 1 in every 100 occurrences of rape led to a conviction.<ref name="easton1">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/thereporters/markeaston/2008/07/rape_a_complex_crime.html |title=Rape: A complex crime|last=Easton|first=Mark |publisher=BBC |date=2008-07-09 |accessdate=2010-12-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130128103514/http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs08/hosb0308.pdf|title=Homicides, Firearm Offences and Intimate Violence –2006/07 Supplementary Volume 2 to Crime in England and Wales 2006/07 |format=PDF |accessdate=2015-05-28}}{{dead link |date= May 2016}} {{dead link |date= May 2016}}</ref> According to the 2015 Crime Survey for England and Wales, from Jan 2015 to Dec 2015, there were 34,000 incidences of rape.<ref name="bcs2015">{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/crimeandjustice/bulletins/crimeinenglandandwales/yearendingdecember2015#sexual-offences |accessdate= May 2016 |title= Crime in England and Wales: Year ending December 2015 - Sexual offenses |date= December 2015 |publisher= [[Office for National Statistics]]}}</ref> According to the NCPCC, 1 in 20 children have been sexually abused in the UK.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nspcc.org.uk/preventing-abuse/child-abuse-and-neglect/child-sexual-abuse/|title=Sexual abuse|last=NSPCC|website=NSPCC|access-date=2016-05-24}}</ref> 12% of boys and 3% of girls reported committing sexual violence against their partners.<ref>Christine Barter, Melanie McCarry, David Berridge and Kathy Evans (2009).[http://www.nspcc.org.uk/Inform/research/findings/partner_exploitation_and_violence_report_wdf70129.pdf ''Partner exploitation and violence in teenage intimate relationships''] NSPCC, pp. 81 (or more)</ref> In 2013, a [[Ministry of Justice (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Justice]] report stated that only 15 per cent of victims of the most serious sexual offences reported the incident to the police.<ref>{{cite web|title=An Overview of Sexual Offending in England and Wales|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/an-overview-of-sexual-offending-in-england-and-wales|publisher=[[Home Office]] & [[Ministry of Justice (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Justice]]|accessdate=16 April 2015}}</ref> A Rape Crisis survey found that one third of the 1000 women surveyed thought that if a woman did not fight back, then she could not have experienced rape; while 60% thought that a woman could not have experienced rape if she didn't say 'no'.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/23973673 |title=Newsbeat - Third of women say there are varying degrees of rape |publisher=BBC |date=2013-09-06 |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref> According to the charity Rape Crisis 85,000 women and 12,000 men are raped each year in England and Wales, and only 15% of victims chose to report the crime to police.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rapecrisis.org.uk/statistics.php|title=rape statistics|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref> ===United States=== {{over-coverage|section|date=April 2015}} {{refimprove section|date=April 2015}} {{Main article|Rape in the United States}}[[File:Rapes per 1000 people 1973-2003.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Rape rates in the U.S. per 1,000 people, 1973–2003.]] A 1997 study on the non-institutionalized, non-military population by the U.S. [[Bureau of Justice Statistics]], which defines rape as forced penetration by the offender,<ref>Bureau of Justice Statistics, [http://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=tp&tid=317#terms_def Terms and Definitions]</ref> found that 91% of reported rape victims are female and 9% are male.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdf/SOO.PDF |title=Pages 5 and 8|publisher=Bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov |format=PDF | accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref> A 2011 report on [[prison rape]] by the BJS stated that "in 2008 there were at least 69,800 inmates who were raped under conditions involving force or threat of force, and more than 216,600 total victims of sexual abuse, in America’s prisons, jails, and juvenile detention centers."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ojp.gov/programs/pdfs/prea_nprm_iria.pdf|title=United States Department of Justice Initial Regulatory Impact Analysis for Notice of Proposed Rulemaking Proposed National Stand}}</ref> The majority of rapes in the United States go unreported.<ref>{{cite web|title=Reporting of Sexual Violence Incidents|url=http://www.nij.gov/topics/crime/rape-sexual-violence/pages/rape-notification.aspx|work=[[National Institute of Justice]]|accessdate=June 7, 2016}}</ref><ref name="huffpost">{{cite web|last1=Thomas|first1=Emily|title=Rape Is Grossly Underreported In The U.S., Study Finds|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/11/21/rape-study-report-america-us_n_4310765.html|publisher=Huffington Post|accessdate=June 7, 2016}}</ref> According to the [[American Medical Association]] (1995), sexual violence, and rape in particular, is considered the most [[Under-reporting|under-reported]] violent crime.<ref>American Medical Association (1995) Sexual Assault in America. AMA.</ref> Some of the most common reasons given by victims for not reporting rapes are when the victim considers it a personal or private matter, and the fear of [[reprisal]] from the assailant.<ref name="rds.homeoffice.gov.uk">{{cite web|url=http://rds.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs05/hors293.pdf |title= A gap or a chasm? Attrition in reported rape cases |author= Kelly, L., Lovett, J., Regan, L.| publisher=Home Office, Home Office Research Study 293 |format=PDF |date= February 2005|accessdate=2010-12-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/http://rds.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs05/hors293.pdf|archivedate=2015}}</ref> Under-reporting affects the accuracy of this data. Data on the prevalence of rape vary greatly depending on what definition of rape is used. The FBI recorded 85,593 rapes in 2010, while the Centers for Disease Control counted nearly 1.3 million incidents in that same year. It should however be noted that the CDC's definition of rape "represents the public health perspective" and takes into account the ability of the victim to consent to sex because he or she had been drinking or taking drugs while the FBI defines rape as "Penetration, no matter how slight, of the vagina or anus with any body part or object, or oral penetration by a sex organ of another person, without the consent of the victim."<ref name="huffpost"/> According to the National Violence Against Women Survey (1998), 1 in 6 U.S. women and 1 in 33 U.S. men has experienced an attempted or completed rape in her or his lifetime.<ref>{{cite web|title=Prevalence, Incidence, and Consequences of Violence Against Women: Findings of the National Violence Against Women Survey|url=https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles/172837.pdf|publisher=National Institute of Justice|accessdate=2014-02-01|date=November 1998}}</ref> A 2007 survey by the [[National Institute of Justice]] found that 19.0% of college women and 6.1% of college men experienced either rape or attempted rape since entering college.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/221153.pdf|title=The Campus Sexual Assault (CSA) Study|last1=Krebs|first1=Christopher P.|last2=Lindquist|first2=Christine H.|last3=Warner|first3=Tara D.|last4=Fisher|first4=Bonnie S.|last5=Martin|first5=Sandra L.|publisher=National Institute of Justice|date=December 2007}}</ref> Some types of rape are excluded from official reports altogether (the FBI's definition, for example, used to exclude all rapes except forcible rapes of females), because a significant number of rapes go unreported even when they are included as reportable rapes, and also because a significant number of rapes reported to the police do not advance to prosecution.<ref name=Haws>{{cite journal|last=Haws |first=D |title=The Elusive Numbers on False Rape |journal=[[Columbia Journalism Review]] |year=1997 |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=16–7 |url=http://backissues.cjrarchives.org/year/97/6/rape.asp |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080303044145/http://backissues.cjrarchives.org/year/97/6/rape.asp |archivedate=March 3, 2008}}</ref> As well as the large number of rapes that go unreported, only 25% of reported rapes result in arrest. Many [[rape kit]]s are not tested.<ref>{{cite news|author=Armen Keteiyan |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/2100-500690_162-5590118.html |title=Rape in America: Justice Denied |publisher=CBS News |date=2009-11-09 |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref> Only 16% of rapes and sexual assaults are reported to the police (Rape in America: A Report to the Nation. 1992 and United Nations Populations Fund, 2000a).<ref>{{cite web|author=Daryl C. DuLong |url=http://sa.rochester.edu/masa/stats.php |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070718110210/http://sa.rochester.edu/masa/stats.php |archivedate=2007-07-18 |title=Sexual Assault Statistics |publisher=Web.archive.org |accessdate=2013-12-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Andrea Parrot|author2=Nina Cummings|title=Forsaken females: the global brutalization of women|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_d_A5kcaKAAC&pg=PA43|accessdate=1 October 2011|year=2006|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-4579-3|pages=43–}}</ref> Factoring in unreported rapes, about 5% of rapists will ever spend a day in jail.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncpa.org/pdfs/st229.pdf |title=Crime & Punishment '98 .pm2 |format=PDF |accessdate=2010-12-31}}</ref> Contrary to widespread belief, rape outdoors is rare. Over two thirds of all rapes occur in someone's home. 31% occur in the perpetrators' homes, 27% in the victims' homes and 10% in homes shared by the victim and perpetrator. 7% occur at parties, 7% in vehicles, 4% outdoors and 2% in bars.<ref name="Abbey">Abbey, A., BeShears, R., Clinton-Sherrod, A. M., & McAuslan, P. (2004). ''Psychology of Women Quarterly'', 28, 323–332.[http://www.hawaii.edu/hivandaids/Similarities_And_Differences_In_Women_s_Sexual_Assault_Experiences_Based_On_Tactics.pdf "Similarities and differences in women's sexual assault experiences based on tactics used by the perpetrator"]. Accessed 9 July 2008.</ref> From 2000 to 2005, 59% of rapes were not reported to law enforcement.<ref name=rainn/><ref name="usdoj2000">{{cite web|authors=Tjaden P, Thoennes N.|title=Extent, nature, and consequences of intimate partner violence: findings from the National Violence Against Women Survey. Washington (DC)|publisher=Department of Justice (US)|year=2000|url=http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/181867.htm|accessdate=2013-12-04}}</ref> One factor relating to this is the misconception that most rapes are committed by strangers.<ref name=rainn/><ref name="ncjrs">{{cite web|url=http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ovw/206554.pdf |title=National Criminal Justice Reference Service |publisher=Ncjrs.gov |accessdate=2013-12-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708172707/http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ovw/206554.pdf|archivedate=2011}}</ref> In reality, studies indicate the following varying numbers: {| class="wikitable" |- ! Source: ! Current or former intimate partner ! Another relative ! Friend or acquaintance ! Stranger |- | US Bureau of Justice statistics | 26% | 7% | 38% | 26% |- | Australian government statistics<ref name="Australia">{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/4523.0 |title=Sexual Assault in Australia: A Statistical Overview, 2004|publisher=Abs.gov.au |date=2006-12-08 |accessdate=2010-12-31}}</ref> | 56% | 10% | 27% | 8% |- | UK Home Office (for comparison)<ref name="UK">{{cite web|url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110314171826/http://rds.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs2/r159.pdf |title=Rape and sexual assault of women: findings from the British Crime Survey |format=PDF |accessdate=2015-05-29}}</ref> | 45.4% | 13.9% | 29.6% | 11% |} In a 2012 news story, ''The New York Times'' reported, " ... according to a survey by the [[Alaska Federation of Natives]], the rate of sexual violence in rural villages like Emmonak is as much as 12 times the national rate. And interviews with [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] women here and across the nation’s tribal reservations suggest an even grimmer reality: They say few, if any, female relatives or close friends have escaped sexual violence."<ref>"[http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/23/us/native-americans-struggle-with-high-rate-of-rape.html?_r=2&hpw For Native American Women, Scourge of Rape, Rare Justice]", ''The New York Times'', May 22, 2012.</ref> Drug use, especially alcohol, is frequently involved in rape. A study (only of rape victims that were female and reachable by phone) reported detailed findings related to tactics. In 47% of such rapes, both the victim and the perpetrator had been drinking. In 17%, only the perpetrator had been. 7% of the time, only the victim had been drinking. Rapes where neither the victim nor the perpetrator had been drinking were 29% of all rapes.<ref name="Abbey" /> Koss, Gidycz and Wi published a study in 1987 where they interviewed approximately 6,000 college students on 32 college campuses nationwide. They asked several questions covering a wide range of behaviors. From this study, 15% of college women answered "yes" to questions about whether they experienced something that met the definition of rape. 12% of women answered "yes" to questions about whether they experienced something that met the definition of attempted rape. Moreover, depending on the region, 2-6% of the men interviewed admitted to rape. While the study focused on female victims and male perpetrators; it did not consider rape of men or rape in LGBT relationships.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Koss|first=M. P.|last2=Gidycz |first2=C. A. |last3=Wisniewski |first3=N.|title=The scope of rape: Incidence and prevalence of sexual aggression and victimization in a national sample of higher education students.|journal=Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology|year=1987|volume=55|pages=162–170.|url=http://www.researchgate.net/publication/19663776_The_scope_of_rape_incidence_and_prevalence_of_sexual_aggression_and_victimization_in_a_national_sample_of_higher_education_students|doi=10.1037/0022-006X.55.2.162|pmid=3494755}}</ref> In 1995, the CDC replicated part of this study with 8,810 students on 138 college campuses. They examined rape only, and did not look at attempted rape. They found that 20% of women and 4% of men experienced rape during the course of her or his lifetime.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Douglas|first=K. A.|title=Results from the 1995 national college health risk behavior survey.|journal=Journal of American College Health|year=1997|volume=46|pages=55–66.|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/vach20|doi=10.1080/07448489709595589|pmid=9276349|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00049859.htm|title=Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance: The National College Health Risk Behavior Survey -- United States, 1995|publisher=Centers for Disease Control|date=November 14, 1997}}</ref>{{clarify|post-text=lifetime or college time?|date=March 2013}} In 2000, the [[National Institute of Justice]] and the [[Bureau of Justice Statistics]] published a study called "The Sexual Victimization of College Women" based on a 1996–1997 survey. The study found that 3.1% of undergraduate women reported experiencing an act that met the researchers' definition of rape or attempted rape during a 6–7-month academic year. However, of those found to have experienced completed rape, only 46.5% of the victims answered that they considered the incident to be a rape, while 48.8% did not and 4.7% were unsure. The study also found that 10.1% of college women experienced rape and 10.9% experienced attempted rape prior to entering college. Victimization of men was not considered as part of this study.<ref>{{cite web|last=Fisher|first=Bonnie|title=The Sexual Victimization of College Women|url=https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/182369.pdf|publisher=The U.S. Department of Justice}}</ref> In a different section of the report, the authors speculate about whether statistics during an academic year generalize to an entire college experience. For a full discussion, read more on page 10 of the report, stating that "... the percentage of completed or attempted rape victimization among women in higher educational institutions might climb to between one-fifth and one-quarter" and further acknowledging in the corresponding footnote, #18, that "These projections are suggestive. To assess accurately the victimization risk for women throughout a college career, longitudinal research following a cohort of female students across time is needed." 80,000 American children are sexually abused each year. But unreported cases are higher, due to the fear among children.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aacap.org/AACAP/Families_and_Youth/Facts_for_Families/Facts_for_Families_Pages/Child_Sexual_Abuse_09.aspx |title=Child Sexual Abuse |publisher=Aacap.org |date=2013-08-20 |accessdate=2013-12-04}}</ref> According to [[United States Department of Justice]] document ''Criminal Victimization in the United States'', there were overall 191,670 victims of rape or sexual assault reported in 2005.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/sheets/cvus/2005/cv0526.csv| title='''Table 26''' Number of incidents and victimizations and ratio of victimizations to incidents, by type of crime| work=Criminal Victimization in the United States - Statistical Tables| publisher={{url |1=http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov |2=Bureau of Justice Statistics}}| date={{date|12/08/06}}| accessdate={{date|12 mar 2013}}}}</ref> According to the National Violence Against Women Survey, 1 in 6 U.S. women and 1 in 33 U.S. men have experienced an attempted or completed rape.<ref name="NVAWS">{{cite web|url=https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles/172837.pdf |title=Prevalence, Incidence, and Consequences of Violence Against Women: Findings of the National Violence Against Women Survey |publisher=National Institute of Justice |date=November 1998 |accessdate=2014-02-01}}</ref> Denov (2004) states that societal responses to the issue of female perpetrators of sexual assault "point to a widespread denial of women as potential sexual aggressors that could work to obscure the true dimensions of the problem."<ref>Myriam S. Denov, ''Perspectives on Female Sex Offending: A Culture of Denial'' (Ashgate Publishing 2004) – ISBN.</ref> Particularly as an increasing population of un-convicted felons and rapists who continue to insist that accusation of sexual assault is a punishment in lieu of justice through law enforcement agencies. It is thought that to be accused of rape brings shame to their families and social communities. According to the [[National Crime Victimization Survey]], the adjusted per-capita [[victimization]] rate of rape has declined from about 2.4 per 1000 people (age 12 and above) in 1980 to about 0.4 per 1000 people in 2006, a decline of about 85%.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=D'Amato |first=Anthony |title=Porn Up, Rape Down |journal=Social Sciences Research Network |date=23 June 2006 |url=http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=913013 |ref=harv |postscript=.}}</ref> But other government surveys, such as the Sexual Victimization of College Women study, critique the NCVS on the basis it includes only those acts perceived as crimes by the victim, and report a higher victimization rate.<ref name=FisherCullenTurner>{{cite web |last1=Fisher |first1=Bonnie S. |last2=Cullen |first2=Francis T. |last3=Turner |first3=Michael G. |url=http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/182369.pdf |title=Sexual Victimization of College Women |publisher=National Institute of Justice |date=December 2000|accessdate=April 2013 |page=24}}</ref> Despite a decline of 60% since 1993, the US still has a relatively high rate of rape when compared to other developed countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rainn.org/get-information/statistics/frequency-of-sexual-assault |title=How often does sexual assault occur? &#124; RAINN &#124; Rape, Abuse and Incest National Network |publisher=RAINN |accessdate=2013-12-04}}</ref> [[RAINN]] asserts that from 2000 to 2005, 59% of rapes were not reported to law enforcement.<ref name=rainn>{{cite web |url=http://www.rainn.org/statistics/ |title=Statistics |publisher=Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network |accessdate=2008-01-01}}</ref><ref name="usdoj2000"/> For college students, the figure was 95% in 2000.<ref name=FisherCullenTurner/> One factor relating to this is the misconception that most rapes are committed by strangers.<ref>Alberto R. Gonzales et al. [http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/210346.pdf Extent, Nature, and Consequences of Rape Victimization: Findings From the National Violence Against Women Survey]. U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs. January 2006</ref> According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, 38% of victims were raped by a friend or acquaintance, 28% by "an intimate" and 7% by another relative, and 26% were committed by a stranger to the victim. About four out of ten sexual assaults take place at the victim's own home.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs |title=Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) |publisher=Ojp.usdoj.gov |accessdate=2013-12-04 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20091211060154/http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/ |archivedate=December 11, 2009 }}</ref> ===Yemen=== [[Yemen]] law does not recognize marital rape and does not provide a [[marriageable age|minimum age for marriage]]. The issues of child marriage and [[child rape]] inside marriage have made international news and have led to calls for legislative changes.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-24083127 |title=Yemeni minister seeks law to end child marriage |publisher=BBC News |date=2013-09-13 |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref> There have been several reports of deaths of young girls due to violent rape by adult husbands, as well as young girls dying during [[childbirth]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Mohammed Jamjoom|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/meast/04/09/yemen.child.bride.death/index.html?hpt=Sbin |title=Yemeni child bride dies of internal bleeding |publisher=CNN.com |accessdate=2013-12-03 |date=2010-04-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news.com.au/newstest2/archive-old-assets/yemeni-child-bride-dies-of-bleeding-after-intercourse/story-e6frfkyi-1225851585843 |title=Yemeni child bride dies of bleeding after intercourse |publisher=News.com.au |date=2010-04-08 |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Mohammed Jamjoom|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/HEALTH/09/14/yemen.childbirth.death/index.html |title=Yemeni girl, 12, dies in painful childbirth |publisher=CNN.com |date=2009-09-14 |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/09/15/world/meast/yemen-child-bride/index.html |title=Yemen minister on child marriage: Enough is enough |publisher=CNN.com |accessdate=2013-12-03 |date=2013-09-16}}</ref> [[Human rights watch]] stated that "Child marriages and [[forced marriage]]s remain widespread, exposing young girls to [[domestic violence]] and [[maternal mortality]] and truncating their education."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012/world-report-2012-yemen |title=World Report 2012: Yemen &#124; |publisher=Human Rights Watch |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref> ==Rape statistics by country== This table indicates the number of, and per capita cases of recorded rape by country. It does not, and indeed cannot, include cases of rape which go unreported or unrecorded.<ref name=autogenerated1 /><ref name=undata>{{cite web|url=http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/statistics/crime/CTS12_Sexual_violence.xls |title=Statistics : Crime : Sexual Violence (see second tab of spreadsheet) |publisher=Unodc.org |accessdate=2013-12-04}}</ref> It does not specify whether recorded means reported, brought to trial, or convicted. Each entry is based on that country's definition of rape, which varies widely throughout the world. The list does not include the estimated rape stats of the countries, per year, such as [[South Africa]] having 500,000 rapes per year,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/84909/south-africa-one-in-four-men-rape |title=SOUTH AFRICA: One in four men rape |publisher=Irinnews.org |date=2009-06-18 |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref> [[China]] having 31,833 rapes a year,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uschina.usc.edu/w_usci/showarticle.aspx?articleID=13037&AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1 |title=Rape in China, University of Southern California (May 7, 2009) |publisher=Uschina.usc.edu |accessdate=2013-12-03}}</ref> [[Rape in Egypt|Egypt]] having more than 200,000 rapes a year,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.escapeartistes.com/2012/04/26/how-safe-is-egypt-after-the-revolution/ |title=How Safe is Egypt After the Revolution? Updated 20 June |publisher=Escapeartistes.com |accessdate=2013-12-04}}</ref> and the United Kingdom at 85,000 rapes a year.<ref name="easton1"/> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="page-break-before:always;" |+ Rape at the national level, number of police-recorded offenses<ref name=undata /> |- ! ! colspan="8" style="text-align: center;" | '''Total count''' ! colspan="8" style="text-align: center;" | '''Rate per 100,000 population''' |- ! '''Country/territory''' ! 2003 ! 2004 ! 2005 ! 2006 ! 2007 ! 2008 ! 2009 ! 2010 ! 2003 ! 2004 ! 2005 ! 2006 ! 2007 ! 2008 ! 2009 ! 2010 |- | Kenya||||1440||1365||1291||876||735||847||||||4.1||3.8||3.5||2.3||1.9||2.1|| |- | Mauritius||53||40||38||64||77||69||57||51||4.3||3.2||3.0||5.1||6.0||5.4||4.4||3.9 |- | Mozambique||||102||64||46||41||47||44||||||0.5||0.3||0.2||0.2||0.2||0.2|| |- | Uganda||0||549||732||750||599||1536||619||709||2.0||2.0||2.6||2.6||2.0||4.9||1.9||2.1 |- | Zimbabwe||3858||4997||4790||4967||4762||3186||||||30.6||39.7||38.1||39.6||38.2||25.6|||| |- | Cameroon||451||555||592||580||447||||||||2.7||3.2||3.4||3.2||2.4|||||| |- | Algeria||723||630||376||495||836||812||||||2.3||1.9||1.1||1.5||2.5||2.4|||| |- | Morocco||618||453||475||1063||1215||1130||1507||||2.1||1.5||1.6||3.5||3.9||3.6||4.8|| |- | Sudan||||||||||||1189||||||||||||||||2.9|||| |- | Botswana||||||||||||||1754||1865||||||||||||||88.5||92.9 |- | Lesotho||||||||||1797||1878||1777||||||||||||85.3||88.3||82.7|| |- | Swaziland||785||849||||||||||||||72.1||77.5|||||||||||| |- | Guinea||||||||||92||||||||||||||||1.0|||||| |- | Senegal||||||301||159||167||416||710||693||||||2.8||1.4||1.5||3.5||5.9||5.6 |- | Sierra Leone||||||||||135||79||||||||||||||2.5||1.4|||| |- | Bahamas||||||87||72||135||118||109||78||||||27.2||22.2||41.1||35.4||32.2||22.7 |- | Barbados||||||||||||||68||||||||||||||||24.9|| |- | Grenada||||||23||22||30||31||57||32||||||22.4||21.4||29.0||29.9||54.8||30.6 |- | Jamaica||||||||||||||695||668||||||||||||||25.5||24.4 |- | Saint Kitts and Nevis||||||||||||||16||15||||||||||||||30.9||28.6 |- | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines||||66||87||50||60||36||54||28||||60.8||80.0||45.9||55.0||33.0||49.4||25.6 |- | Trinidad and Tobago||||305||334||259||317||236||247||||||23.3||25.4||19.6||23.9||17.7||18.5|| |- | Belize||||||48||44||||||30||21||||||17.1||15.3||||||9.8||6.7 |- | Costa Rica||576||600||543||485||||||1685||||13.8||14.2||12.6||11.1||||||36.7|| |- | El Salvador||||||1185||1140||||||756||681||||||19.6||18.8||||||12.3||11.0 |- | Guatemala||||363||314||289||318||385||401||||||2.9||2.5||2.2||2.4||2.8||2.9|| |- | Mexico||||13650||13550||13894||14199||14078||14850||14993||||13.0||12.7||12.9||13.0||12.7||13.3||13.2 |- | Nicaragua||||||1322||1524||||||||1829||||||24.4||27.7||||||||31.6 |- | Panama *||||629||771||792||855||713||809||996*||||19.8||23.8||24.0||25.5||20.9||23.4||28.3* |- | Argentina||||||3154||3264||3276||3367||||||||||8.2||8.4||8.3||8.5|||| |- | Bolivia||||||1137||1137||1437||1596||1989||2587||||||12.4||12.2||15.2||16.6||20.4||26.1 |- | Chile||1658||1845||1974||2034||1980||2233||||||10.4||11.4||12.1||12.4||11.9||13.3|||| |- | Colombia||||1188||2627||3347||3379||3380||3540||3149||||2.8||6.1||7.7||7.6||7.5||7.8||6.8 |- | Ecuador||1488||1246||1499||1484||||||||||22.9||9.4||11.2||10.9|||||||| |- | Guyana||||||||||||||62||117||||||||||||||8.2||15.5 |- | Paraguay||||||387||359||||||||||||||6.6||6.0|||||||| |- | Peru||5991||5721||6268||6569||7208||7560||6751||||22.3||21.0||22.7||23.6||25.6||26.6||23.5|| |- | Suriname||186||223||||||||||||||38.2||45.2|||||||||||| |- | Uruguay||297||327||||||||||||||8.9||9.8|||||||||||| |- | Bermuda||36||43||||||||||||||56.6||67.3|||||||||||| |- | Canada||531||587||565||570||528||490||471||576||1.7||1.8||1.8||1.7||1.6||1.5||1.4||1.7 |- | United States of America||93883||95089||94347||94472||92999||90750||89241||84767||32.2||32.3||31.8||31.5||30.6||29.8||29.0||27.3 |- | Kazakhstan||||||1583||1584||1514||1298||||||||||10.4||10.3||9.8||8.3|||| |- | Kyrgyzstan||296||278||298||271||300||303||303||314||5.9||5.5||5.9||5.3||5.8||5.8||5.7||5.9 |- | Tajikistan||||53||54||56||47||55||36||||||0.8||0.8||0.9||0.7||0.8||0.5|| |- | Turkmenistan||37||36||27||27||||||||||0.8||0.8||0.6||0.6|||||||| |- | Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China||70||92||99||96||107||105||136||112||1.0||1.4||1.5||1.4||1.6||1.5||1.9||1.6 |- | Japan||2472||2176||2076||1948||1766||1582||1402||1289||2.0||1.7||1.6||1.5||1.4||1.3||1.1||1.0 |- | Mongolia||386||378||320||314||355||354||332||342||15.5||15.0||12.6||12.2||13.5||13.3||12.2||12.4 |- | Republic of Korea||5899||6321||||||||||||||12.7||13.5||||||||||||13.6 |- | Brunei Darussalam||24||26||24||28||||||||||6.9||7.3||6.6||7.6|||||||| |- | Philippines||3084||2918||2962||2584||2409||2585||5813||||3.7||3.5||3.5||3.0||2.7||2.9||6.3|| |- | Singapore||110||103||124||118||||||||||2.7||2.5||2.9||2.7|||||||| |- | Thailand||||||5071||5308||5152||4641||4676||4636||||||7.6||7.9||7.6||6.8||6.8||6.7 |- | Bangladesh||||||1121||1162||||||||||||||7.8||7.82|||||||| |- | India||||3,542||4,026||4,721||5,045||5,446||5,368||5,484||||0.3||0.4||0.4||0.4||0.5||0.4||0.4 |- | Maldives||2||1||||||5||9||||||0.7||0.3||||||1.6||2.9|||| |- | Nepal||||||191||210||||||||||||||0.7||0.8|||||||| |- | Sri Lanka||1378||1432||||||||||||||7.1||7.3|||||||||||| |- | Armenia||3||9||15||7||5||15||15||11||0.1||0.3||0.5||0.2||0.2||0.5||0.5||0.4 |- | Azerbaijan||49||25||44||35||34||25||35||16||0.6||0.3||0.5||0.4||0.4||0.3||0.4||0.2 |- | Bahrain||19||27||25||17||21||36||||||2.9||4.0||3.4||2.1||2.3||3.4|||| |- | Cyprus||32||41||39||29||19||34||27||||3.2||4.0||3.8||2.8||1.8||3.2||2.5|| |- | Georgia||52||62||141||167||156||100||84||82||1.1||1.4||3.1||3.8||3.5||2.3||1.9||1.9 |- | Israel||||1319||1223||1291||1270||1243||||||||20.4||18.5||19.1||18.4||17.5|||| |- | Jordan||||||78||110||||||||||||||1.5||2.0|||||||| |- | Kuwait||||98||108||125||137||120||119||||||4.5||4.8||5.3||5.6||4.7||4.5|| |- | Lebanon||||||39||19||||||||||||||1.0||0.5|||||||| |- | Palestinian Territory||85||98||105||||||||||||2.5||2.8||3.0|||||||||| |- | Oman||||||||||132||183||||||||||||||5.2||6.9|||| |- | Qatar||11||13||||||||||||||1.7||1.8|||||||||||| |- | Syrian Arab Republic||131||97||135||112||125||156||||||0.7||0.5||0.7||0.6||0.6||0.8|||| |- | Turkey||1604||1638||1694||1783||1148||1071||||||2.4||2.4||2.5||2.6||1.6||1.5|||| |- | United Arab Emirates||44||52||62||72||||||||||1.3||1.4||1.5||1.5|||||||| |- | Yemen||||||95||95||125||158||176||||||||0.5||0.4||0.6||0.7||0.8|| |- | Belarus||432||386||483||353||336||240||218||||4.4||3.9||4.9||3.6||3.5||2.5||2.3|| |- | Bulgaria||611||529||403||310||225||262||246||211||7.8||6.8||5.2||4.0||2.9||3.5||3.3||2.8 |- | Czech Republic||646||687||596||530||637||529||480||||6.3||6.7||5.8||5.2||6.2||5.1||4.6|| |- | Hungary||535||267||264||206||215||214||228||246||5.3||2.6||2.6||2.0||2.1||2.1||2.3||2.5 |- | Poland||2322||2176||1987||2001||1827||1611||1530||1567||6.1||5.7||5.2||5.2||4.8||4.2||4.0||4.1 |- | Republic of Moldova||272||297||280||268||281||306||264||368||7.0||7.8||7.4||7.2||7.7||8.4||7.3||10.3 |- | Romania||983||953||1013||1116||1047||1016||1007||||4.5||4.4||4.7||5.1||4.8||4.7||4.7|| |- | Russian Federation||8185||8848||9222||8871||7038||6208||5398||4907||5.6||6.1||6.4||6.2||4.9||4.3||3.8||3.4 |- | Slovakia||233||224||200||174||182||152||142||||4.3||4.1||3.7||3.2||3.4||2.8||2.6|| |- | Ukraine||1048||964||924||993||878||880||758||635||2.2||2.0||2.0||2.1||1.9||1.9||1.7||1.4 |- | Denmark||472||562||475||527||492||396||400||||8.8||10.4||8.8||9.7||9.0||7.2||6.4|| |- | Estonia||107||121||179||153||122||160||124||81||7.9||9.0||13.3||11.4||9.1||11.9||9.2||6.0 |- | Finland||573||595||593||613||739||915||660||818||11.0||11.4||11.3||11.6||14.0||17.2||12.4||15.2 |- | Iceland||69||51||75||72||87||68||78||||23.8||17.4||25.3||23.9||28.5||21.9||24.7|| |- | Ireland||370||409||451||371||357||348||377||479||9.2||10.0||10.8||8.8||8.3||8.0||8.5||10.7 |- | Latvia||123||319||251||129||93||100||69||78||5.3||13.8||10.9||5.6||4.1||4.4||3.1||3.5 |- | Lithuania||278||260||265||253||200||164||149||208||8.1||7.6||7.8||7.4||5.9||4.9||4.5||6.3 |- | Norway||706||739||798||840||945||944||998||938||15.5||16.1||17.3||18.0||20.0||19.8||20.6||19.2 |- | Sweden||2235||2261||3787||4208||4749||5446||5937||5960||25.0||25.2||41.9||46.3||51.8||59.0||63.8||63.5 |- | Pakistan*||3247||3600||3450||3570||3890<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Imran_Sajid5/publication/268871149_Violence_Against_Women_in_Pakistan_Constraints_in_Investigation_and_Data_Collection/links/5479d9400cf205d1687fa9c5.pdf|title = figures of rape|date = |access-date = |website = |publisher = |last = pakistan|first = rape in}}</ref>||3680||3500||3478||22.3<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Imran_Sajid5/publication/268871149_Violence_Against_Women_in_Pakistan_Constraints_in_Investigation_and_Data_Collection/links/5479d9400cf205d1687fa9c5.pdf|title = rape|date = |access-date = |website = |publisher = |last = rape|first = rape}}</ref>||29.7||25||24.4||27.7||25.6||27.4||28.8 |- | United Kingdom (Scotland)||794||900||975||922||908||821||884||||15.7||17.7||19.1||18.0||17.7||15.9||17.0|| |- | Albania||||||49||40||41||39||34||24||||||1.6||1.3||1.3||1.2||1.1||0.7 |- | Andorra||||||||||2||2||0||1||||||||||2.5||2.4||0.0||1.2 |- | Bosnia and Herzegovina||||||39||40||44||35||29||46||||||1.0||1.1||1.2||0.9||0.8||1.2 |- | Croatia||213||165||142||187||162||188||129||141||4.8||3.7||3.2||4.2||3.7||4.3||2.9||3.2 |- | Greece||231||240||177||182||185||232||213||215||2.1||2.2||1.6||1.6||1.6||2.1||1.9||1.9 |- | Italy||2744||3734||4020||4513||||||||||4.7||6.4||6.9||7.6|||||||| |- | Malta *||11||13||7||17||10||19||12||11*||2.7||3.2||1.7||4.1||2.4||4.6||2.9||2.6* |- | Montenegro||||||8||11||||||||||||||1.3||1.8|||||||| |- | Portugal||392||338||365||341||305||314||377||424||3.7||3.2||3.5||3.2||2.9||3.0||3.5||4.0 |- | Serbia||||||89||115||105||123||111||72||||||0.9||1.2||1.1||1.2||1.1||0.7 |- | Slovenia||70||87||58||55||97||57||79||63||3.5||4.4||2.9||2.7||4.8||2.8||3.9||3.1 |- | Spain||||||2140||2102||2530||2437||2051||1578||||||4.9||4.8||5.7||5.4||4.5||3.4 |- | Republic of Macedonia||||||93||103||||||||||||||4.6||5.0|||||||| |- | Austria||||687||678||700||710||693||779||875||||8.4||8.2||8.5||8.5||8.3||9.3||10.4 |- | Belgium||2850||2944||3029||3194||3232||3126||2953||2991||27.7||28.4||29.1||30.5||30.7||29.5||27.7||27.9 |- | France||10408||10506||9993||9784||10132||10277||10108||||17.3||17.3||16.4||15.9||16.4||16.5||16.2|| |- | Germany||8766||8831||8133||8118||7511||7292||7314||7724||10.6||10.7||9.9||9.8||9.1||8.8||8.9||9.4 |- | Liechtenstein||0||1||4||2||1||3||0||0||0.0||2.9||11.5||5.7||2.8||8.4||0.0||0.0 |- | Luxembourg||||||||40||44||57||||||||||||8.6||9.2||11.7|||| |- | Monaco||1||||3||2||||||||||2.8||||8.5||5.7|||||||| |- | Netherlands||1700||1800||2485||2385||2095||1920||1850||1530||10.5||11.1||15.2||14.6||12.7||11.6||11.2||9.2 |- | Switzerland *||547||573||646||639||648||612||666||543*||7.5||7.8||8.7||8.6||8.6||8.1||8.7||7.1* |- | Australia||||||||||||6382||6343||6378||||||||||||29.7||29.0||28.6 |- | New Zealand||||||994||1183||1143||1130||1128||1129||||||24.0||28.3||27.0||26.4||26.1||25.8 |- | South Africa||||69117||68076||65201||63818||70514||68332||66196||||148.4||145.2||137.6||133.4||144.8||138.5|| 132.4 |- | Solomon Islands||||170||65||79||61||56||||||||37.2||13.8||16.4||12.3||11.00|||| |} * Changes in definitions and/or counting rules are reported by the Member State to indicate a break in the time series. ==Note== {{reflist|group=note}} ==References== {{Reflist |colwidth=30em | refs = <ref name="NYTimes Kristof 2004-09-29"> {{cite news |last=Kristof |first=Nicholas D. |date=29 September 2004 |title=Sentenced to Be Raped |newspaper=The New York Times |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/29/opinion/29kris.html |accessdate=25 July 2012 }} </ref> <ref name="Greenberg"> {{cite book |last=Greenberg |first=Jerrold S. |date=10 March 2010 |author2=Clint E. Bruess |author3=Sarah C. Conklin |chapter=Marital Rape |title=Exploring the Dimensions of Human Sexuality |edition=4th revised |publisher=Jones and Bartlett |isbn=978-0-7637-7660-2 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=5Sy8PJZGyWUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Greenberg,+Exploring+the+Dimensions+of+Human+Sexuality#v=onepage&q=2002%20Pakistan%20village%20council&f=false }} </ref> <ref name="BBC 2005-06-28"> {{cite news |publisher=BBC News |date=28 June 2005 |title=Pakistan rape acquittals rejected |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4629457.stm }} </ref> <ref name="NYTimes Masood 2009-03-09"> {{cite news |last=Masood |first=Salman |date=17 March 2009 |title=Pakistani Woman Who Shattered Stigma of Rape Is Married |newspaper=The New York Times |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/18/world/asia/18mukhtar.html |accessdate=25 July 2012 }} </ref> <ref name="UN 2006-05-06"> {{cite web |date=2 May 2006 |title=Pakistani rape survivor turned education crusader honoured at UN |publisher=United Nations |work=UN News Centre |url=http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=18322&Cr=Mukhtar&Cr1=Mai |accessdate=25 July 2012 }} </ref> }} ==Further reading== * Macdonalds, J. (2007). Rape. In ''The World Book Encyclopedia''. United States of America: World Book Inc. * Rape (2007). In ''The New Encyclopædia Britannica'' (Vol. 9). Chicago, Il.: Britannica. * Howard, Angela & Kavenik Francis. (2000). ''Handbook of American Women's History''. CA: Sage Publications Inc. * [http://www.disastercenter.com/crime/Ranking%20of%20States%20Rate%20of%20Rape%20--%20Per%20Capita.html Ranking of US States by Rate of Rape -- Per Capita -- Compiled From FBI UCR ] ==External links== * [https://www.fbi.gov/ucr/ucr.htm FBI's Uniform Crime Reports] * [http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/fvsv9410.pdf Female Victims of Sexual Violence, 1994-2010] [[Bureau of Justice Statistics]] * [http://rainn.org/statistics Statistics from RAINN] {{DEFAULTSORT:Rape Statistics}} [[Category:Rape]] [[Category:Crime data]]'