Examine individual changes

'{{infobox UK place |country = Wales |welsh_name=Caerllion |constituency_welsh_assembly= |map_type= |latitude= 51.615 |longitude= -2.959 |official_name= Caerleon | static_image= [[File:Caerleon vue.jpg|240px]] | static_image_caption= <small>A view of Caerleon from [[Beechwood, Newport|Beechwood]].</small> |unitary_wales= [[Newport]] |lieutenancy_wales= [[Gwent (county)|Gwent]] |constituency_westminster= [[Newport West (UK Parliament constituency)|Newport West]] |post_town= NEWPORT |postcode_district = NP18 |postcode_area= NP |dial_code= 01633 |os_grid_reference= ST336909 | population = 8,708 | population_ref = (2001 census) }} '''Caerleon''' ({{lang-cy|Caerllion}}) is a suburban village and [[Community (Wales)|community]], situated on the [[River Usk]] [http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/398132] in the northern outskirts of the city of [[Newport]], [[South Wales]]. It is a site of [[archaeological]] importance, being the site of a notable [[Roman Empire|Roman]] legionary [[Castra|fortress]] and an [[Iron Age]] [[hill fort]]. It also has strong literary associations as [[Geoffrey of Monmouth]] makes Caerleon one of the most important cities in Britain in his ''[[Historia Regum Britanniæ]]'', and [[Alfred Lord Tennyson]] wrote ''[[Idylls of the King]]'' while staying in Caerleon. ==History== ===Roman fortress=== {{main|Isca Augusta}} [[Image:Caerleon Amphitheatre.jpg|thumb|left|Remains of the Roman amphitheatre]] [[Image:Roman_Legions_camps_-_AD_80.png|thumb|left|A map of all Roman Fortresses in Europe with Caerleon noted.]] Caerleon is a site of considerable [[archaeological]] importance, being the site of a [[Roman Empire|Roman]] legionary fortress or [[Castra]] (it was the headquarters for [[Legio II Augusta]] from about 75 to 300 AD) and an [[Iron Age]] [[hill fort]]. The name ''Caerleon'' is derived from the [[Welsh language|Welsh]] for "fortress of the [[Roman legion|legion]]"; the [[Roman Britain|Romans]] themselves called it ''Isca''. Substantial excavated Roman remains can be seen, including the military [[amphitheatre]], baths or [[Thermae]] and barracks occupied by the [[Roman Legion]]. According to [[Gildas]] (followed by [[Bede]]), Roman Caerleon was the site of two [[early Christian]] [[martyrdom]]s, that of [[Julius and Aaron]]. Recent finds suggest Roman occupation of some kind as late as AD 380 <ref>[http://www.caerleon.net/history/dig/2008/index.html Archaelogy at Caerelon 2008]</ref>. Roman remains have also been discovered at The Mynde, itself a distinctive historical site <ref>[http://www.caerleon.net/mynde The Mynde, Caerleon]</ref> ===Middle Ages=== The [[parish church]] of St [[Cadoc]] was founded on the site of the legionary headquarters building probably sometime in the 6th century. A [[Norman architecture|Norman]]-style [[motte and bailey]] [[castle]] was built outside the eastern corner of the old Roman fort, probably by the Welsh Lord of Caerleon, [[Caradog ap Gruffydd]]. Caerleon was an important market and port and presumably became a [[borough]] by 1171, although no independent charters exist. Both castle and borough were seized by [[William Marshal]] in 1217 and the castle was rebuilt in stone. The remains of many of the old Roman buildings stood to some height until this time and were probably demolished for their building materials. [[Image:Carleon.jpg|thumb|right|Caerleon in 1800, from the south and showing the bridge]] ===Georgian and Victorian times=== The old wooden [[Caerleon Bridge|bridge at Caerleon]] was destroyed in a storm in 1779 and the present stone version was erected in the early 19th century. Until the [[Victorian era|Victorian]] development of the downstream docks at [[Newport Docks]], Caerleon acted as the major port on the Usk river. The wharf was located on the right bank, to the west of today's river bridge which marked the limit of navigability for masted ships. A [[tinplate]] works was established on the outskirts of the town around this time and Caerleon expanded to become almost joined to Newport. ==Governance== Caerleon is an [[Ward (politics)|electoral ward]] of [[Newport City Council]] alongside Allt-yr-yn, Alway, Beechwood, Bettws, Langstone, and many notable others. ==Geography== The centre of Caerleon sits in the Usk valley and the river forms part of the community's southern boundary. In the northern part of the village, across the railway, the land rises sharply up to Lodge Wood and its [[hill fort]]. The community's western boundary is formed by the [[A4042 road]] and the northern one partly by the Malthouse Road and partly by the [[Afon Llwyd|River Llwyd]] which flows southwards along the village's eastern side. Across the river, in the region of Penrhos Farm, are two [[English Civil War|Civil War]] forts. Across the Usk, St Julian's Park, the village of [[Christchurch, Newport|Christchurch]] and the upland region around Christchurch Hill as far as the [[M4 motorway]] and the [[A449 road]] are also within the community. It is also home to a large campus of the [[University of Wales, Newport]]. ==Arthurian legend== [[Geoffrey of Monmouth]] makes Caerleon one of the most important cities in Britain in his ''[[Historia Regum Britanniæ]]''. He gives it a long glorious history from its founding by King [[Belinus]] then making it the location of a metropolitan see, an [[Archbishopric]] superior to [[Canterbury]] and [[York]] under Saint [[Dubricius]]. He was followed by [[St David]] who moved the archbishopric to [[St David's Cathedral]]. This builds up to its use by Geoffrey as a Court for [[King Arthur]]. There was no [[Camelot]] mentioned in the early Arthurian traditions recorded by [[Geoffrey of Monmouth]], [[Wace]], and [[Layamon]]. These early Arthurian authors say that Arthur's capital was in Caerleon, and even the later recaster of Arthurian material, Sir [[Thomas Malory]], has Arthur re-crowned at "Carlion". It has been suggested that the still-visible Roman amphitheatre at Caerleon is the source of the '[[Round Table (Camelot)|Round-Table]]' element of the tales, and was used for discussion and entertainment. (The "Camelot" reference originates with the French writer of courtly romance, [[Chrétien de Troyes]].) Geoffrey of Monmouth writes of Caerleon in the mid 12th century: :"For it was located in a delightful spot in [[Glamorgan]], on the [[River Usk]], not far from the [[Severn]] Sea. Abounding in wealth more than other cities, it was suited for such a ceremony. For the noble river I have named flows along it on one side, upon which the kings and princes who would be coming from overseas could be carried by ship. But on the other side, protected by meadow and woods, it was remarkable for royal palaces, so that it imitated Rome in the golden roofs of its buildings... Famous for so many pleasant features, Caerleon was made ready for the announced feast." ([[Historia Regum Britanniae]] "History of the Kings of Britain") This is only a short part of a description which emphasises the power and wealth of Arthur's court, a description transferred later to Camelot. The huge scale of the ruins along with Caerleon's importance as a urban centre in early mediæval [[Kingdom of Gwent|Gwent]] would have inspired stories which Geoffrey expanded on. Caerleon also has later Arthurian literary associations, as the birthplace of the writer [[Arthur Machen]] who often used it as a location in his work. [[Alfred Lord Tennyson]] also wrote his [[Idylls of the King]] overlooking the Usk in a bay window of what is now the saloon bar of the "Hanbury Arms" public house. Today Caerleon has a modern statue of a [[knight]], "The Hanbury Knight", in reflecting [[inox]] by Belgian [[sculptor]] Thierry Lauwers.<ref>[http://www.thierry-lauwers.net/cv_nederlands/cv_nederlands.html cv nederlands<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>, its name echoing that of the pub. In [[Michael Morpurgo]]'s novel ''Arthur, High King of Britain'', Caerleon is the castle where Arthur unknowingly commits [[incest]] with his half-sister Margause, resulting in the conception of his son Mordred, who will later bring about his downfall. ==Pubs== Caerleon has a large number of [[pub]]s for its size. The Hanbury Arms is located on Castle Street at the side of the River Usk, near the field in which the annual Arts Festival takes place. In 1856 the poet [[Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson|Tennyson]] lodged at the inn while he wrote his "Morte D'Arthur" (later incorporated into his "[[Idylls of the King]])". <ref>[http://www.caerleon.net/history/arthur/page7.htm Caerleon Net - Caerleon and Arthur]</ref> The name of the Drovers Arms, located on Goldcroft Common, bears witness to the ancient [[drovers road]] on the old road from [[Malpas, Newport|Malpas]]. It is thought that the common itself was once the site of a cattle market. <ref>[http://www.caerleon.net/archive/literature/glh/37market.htm Caerleon Net - Caerleon Market Hall, by Eija Kennerley]</ref> ==Sport== The Caerleon ward is home to the [[Celtic Manor Resort]], location of the 2010 [[Ryder Cup]].<ref>http://www.ryderdiary.com/dates-for-the-2010-ryder-cup-announced/</ref> Caerleon also has a good quality 9-hole municipal golf course and [[driving range]], however, during winter months the golf course is prone to flooding due to its situation next to the River Usk. The [[association football]] club [[Caerleon A.F.C.]] are based in Caerleon along with two [[rugby union]] clubs; [[Newport High School Old Boys RFC]] and Caerleon RFC<ref>http://www.caerleonrfc.com/</ref> whose grounds are less than a mile apart and are known for their fierce rivalry. Caerleon is also home to one chapter of the Academy of Historical Fencing, a western martial arts group who study and practice the weapons and styles of medieval and renaissance Europe. The club trains on the University Campus and also has two Chapters in Bristol. ==Culture and community== Caerleon has hosted an [[arts festival]] in July each year since 2002, which includes [[Living sculpture|tree sculptors]] from around the world <ref>http://www.caerleon-arts.org/</ref>. Many of the sizeable sculptures are retained around Caerleon as a [[Sculpture park]] and local landmarks. [[Visual arts]] are also staged at various venues throughout the village including the the Roman Amphitheatre. The arts festival coincides with the Roman military [[re-enactment]] in the amphitheatre which demonstrates Roman military armour, [[Roman infantry tactics|infantry tactics]], cavalry tactics, equipment and [[siege engine]]s such as [[ballista]]. Plays are held in the open-air Amphitheatre each summer. ==Future plans== It had been proposed that the site of the former petrol station near Caerleon bridge will be used for residential development. <ref>Information can be found on the notice board at Caerleon Library.</ref> ==See also== {{commons|Category:Caerleon|Caerleon}} * [[Caerleon Comprehensive School]] * [[St Cadoc's Hospital]] * [[University of Wales, Newport]] * [[HMS Caerleon]] * [[Caerleon Endowed Junior School]] * [[Academy of Historical Fencing]] * [[Caerleon Endowed Infants School]] ==References== ===Notes=== {{reflist}} ===Bibliography=== * Chris Barber, ''Arthurian Caerleon: In Literature and Legend'', Blorenge Books (Jun 1996), ISBN 1872730108 * Richard J. Brewer, ''Caerleon and the Roman Army'', Llyfrau Amgueddfa Cymru/ National Museum Wales Books; 2Rev Ed edition (Sep 2000), ISBN 0720004888 ===External links=== * [http://www.geograph.org.uk/search.php?i=3026960 Photos of Caerleon and surrounding area] * [http://www.castlewales.com/caerleon.html Caerleon Castle] * [http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/roman/ National Roman Legion Museum] * [http://www.historicalfencing.co.uk/ Home to the Academy of Historical Fencing] * [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9018518/Caerleon Encyclopaedia Britannica Caerleon] * [http://www.caerleon.net/ Caerleon.net] site containing details about the history of Caerleon {{City of Newport}} [[Category:Archaeological sites in Monmouthshire]] [[Category:Arthurian locations]] [[Category:Districts of Newport]] [[Category:History of Monmouthshire]] [[Category:Wards of Newport]] [[Category:Culture in Newport]] [[cy:Caerllion]] [[de:Caerleon]] [[fr:Caerleon (Pays de Galles)]] [[it:Caerleon]] [[nl:Caerleon]] [[no:Caerleon]]'