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'{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2012}} {{Use British English|date=July 2012}} {{Infobox scientist | name = Sir John Herschel, 1st Bt | honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|KH|FRS}} | image = Julia Margaret Cameron - John Herschel (Metropolitan Museum of Art copy, restored).jpg | caption = 1867 photograph by<br />[[Julia Margaret Cameron]] | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1792|03|07}} | birth_place = [[Slough]], [[Buckinghamshire]], England | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1871|05|11|1792|03|07}} | death_place = Collingwood, near [[Hawkhurst]], [[Kent]], England | resting_place = [[Westminster Abbey]] | residence = [[Slough]]<br/>[[Cape Town]] | citizenship = | nationality = British | field = | work_institutions = | education = [[Eton College]] | alma_mater = [[St John's College, Cambridge]] | doctoral_advisor = | doctoral_students = | known_for = The invention of [[photography]] | influences =[[William Herschel]] (father) | influenced = | prizes =[[Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society]]<br>[[Smith's Prize]] <small>(1813)</small><br>[[Copley Medal]] <small>(1821)</small><br>[[Lalande Medal]] <small>(1825)</small><br>[[Royal Medal]] <small>(1836, 1840)</small><br>Knight of the [[Royal Guelphic Order]] | signature = | footnotes = | spouse =Margaret Brodie Stewart}} '''Sir John Frederick William Herschel, 1st Baronet''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|KH|FRS}} (7 March 1792&nbsp;– 11 May 1871)<ref name=HersNAH>{{cite web|title=Herschel, Sir John Frederick William, 1792-1871, astronomer |work=[[NAHSTE]] project |publisher= [[University of Edinburgh]] |url=http://www.nahste.ac.uk/isaar/GB_0237_NAHSTE_P0327.html }}</ref> was an English [[polymath]], [[mathematician]], [[astronomer]], [[chemist]], inventor, and experimental [[photographer]], who also did valuable [[botanical]] work.<ref name=HersNAH/> He was the son of Mary Baldwin and astronomer [[William Herschel]], nephew of astronomer [[Caroline Herschel]] and the father of twelve children.<ref name=HersNAH/> Herschel originated the use of the [[Julian day]] system in [[astronomy]]. He named seven [[moons of Saturn]] and four [[moons of Uranus]]. He made many contributions to the science of [[photography]], and investigated [[colour blindness]] and the chemical power of [[ultraviolet]] rays; his ''Preliminary Discourse'' (1831), which advocated an [[Inductive reasoning|inductive approach]] to scientific experiment and theory building, was an important contribution to the philosophy of science.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Cobb|first=Aaron|year=2012|title=Is John F. W. Herschel an Inductivist about Hypothetical Inquiry?|journal=[[Perspectives on Science]]|volume=20|pages=409–39}}</ref> == Early life and work on astronomy == [[File:John Herschel 1846.png|thumb|right|upright|''John Herschel 1846''<ref>John Timbs, ''The Year-book of Facts in Science and Art,'' London: Simpkin, Marshall, and Co., 1846</ref>]] [[File:Lunar Copernicus crater - Herschel 1842.jpg|thumb|left|[[Calotype]] (of model) of lunar crater Copernicus, 1842]] Herschel was born in [[Slough]], [[Buckinghamshire]], the son of Mary Baldwin and [[William Herschel]]. He studied shortly at [[Eton College]] and [[St John's College, Cambridge]], graduating as [[Senior Wrangler]] in 1813.<ref name=Venn>{{acad|id=HRSL808JF|name=Herschel, John Frederick William}}</ref> It was during his time as an undergraduate that he became friends with [[Charles Babbage]] and [[George Peacock]].<ref name=HersNAH/> He left Cambridge in 1816 and started working with his father. He took up astronomy in 1816, building a reflecting telescope with a mirror {{convert|18|in|mm}} in diameter and with a {{convert|20|ft|m|sing=on}} focal length. Between 1821 and 1823 he re-examined, with [[James South]], the double stars catalogued by his father. He was one of the founders of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1820.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Sir John Herschel, 1st Baronet {{!}} English astronomer|url = http://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Herschel|website = Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date = 2016-02-19}}</ref> For his work with his father, he was presented with the [[Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society]] in 1826 (which he won again in 1836), and with the [[Lalande Medal]] of the [[French Academy of Sciences]] in 1825, while in 1821 the [[Royal Society]] bestowed upon him the [[Copley Medal]] for his mathematical contributions to their Transactions. Herschel was made a Knight of the [[Royal Guelphic Order]] in 1831.<ref name=HersNAH/> He served as [[President of the Royal Astronomical Society]] three times: 1827–29, 1839–41 and 1847–49.<ref>{{cite web|title=LIST OF PRESIDENTS AND DATES OF OFFICE|url=http://www.ras.org.uk/about-the-ras/a-brief-history/766-past-ras-presidents|work=A brief history of the RAS|publisher=Royal Astronomical Society|accessdate=10 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1 = Dreyer | first1 = John L. E. | last2 = Turner | first2 = Herbert H. | title = History of the Royal Astronomical Society, 1820-1920 | publisher = Royal Astronomical Society | volume = 1 | date = 1923 | location = London | page = 250 }}</ref> His ''A preliminary discourse on the study of natural philosophy'', published early in 1831 as part of ''[[Dionysius Lardner's Cabinet cyclopædia]]'', set out methods of scientific investigation with an orderly relationship between observation and theorising. He described nature as being governed by laws which were difficult to discern or to state mathematically, and the highest aim of [[natural philosophy]] was understanding these laws through [[inductive reasoning]], finding a single unifying explanation for a phenomenon. This became an authoritative statement with wide influence on science, particularly at the [[University of Cambridge]] where it inspired the student [[Charles Darwin]] with "a burning zeal" to contribute to this work.<ref>{{Harvnb|Darwin|1958|pp=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F1497&pageseq=69 67–68]}}<br>{{Harvnb|Browne|1995|pp=128, 133}}</ref><ref name=Letter94>{{Citation |url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-94.html#mark-94.f2 |title=Darwin Correspondence Project - Letter 94 — Darwin, C. R. to Fox, W. D., (15 Feb 1831) |accessdate=2008-12-11}}</ref> Herschel published a catalogue of his astronomical observations in 1864, as the ''[[General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters]]'', a compilation of his own work and that of his father's, expanding on the senior Hershel's ''[[Catalogue of Nebulae]]''. A further complementary volume was published posthumously, as the ''[[General Catalogue of 10,300 Multiple and Double Stars]]''. Herschel considered astigmatism to be due to irregularity of the cornea and considered if vision could be improved by the application of some animal jelly contained in a capsule of glass against the cornea. His views were published in an article entitled Light in 1828 and the Encyclopædia Metropolitana in 1845.<ref>http://www.antiquespectacles.com/topics/contacts/timeline/timeline.html</ref> == Visit to South Africa == [[File:Disa cornuta00.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Disa cornuta]] ''(L.) Sw.'' by Margaret & John Herschel]] Declining an offer from the [[Duke of Sussex]] that they travel to South Africa on a Navy ship, Herschel and his wife paid £500 for passage on the S.S. ''Mountstuart Elphinstone'', which departed from Portsmouth on 13 November 1833. The voyage to South Africa was made in order to catalogue the stars, nebulae, and other objects of the southern skies.<ref name=HersNAH/> This was to be a completion as well as extension of the survey of the northern heavens undertaken initially by his father [[William Herschel]]. He arrived in [[Cape Town]] on 15 January 1834 and set up a private {{convert|21|ft|m|abbr=on}} telescope at Feldhausen at Claremont, a suburb of Cape Town. Amongst his other observations during this time was that of the return of [[Comet Halley]]. Herschel collaborated with [[Thomas Maclear]], the Astronomer Royal at the Cape of Good Hope and the members of the two families became close friends. During this time, he also witnessed the Great Eruption of [[Eta Carinae]] (December, 1837). In addition to his astronomical work, however, this voyage to a far corner of the British empire also gave Herschel an escape from the pressures under which he found himself in London, where he was one of the most sought-after of all British men of science. While in southern Africa, he engaged in a broad variety of scientific pursuits free from a sense of strong obligations to a larger scientific community. It was, he later recalled, probably the happiest time in his life. In an extraordinary departure from astronomy, he combined his talents with those of his wife, Margaret, and between 1834 and 1838 they produced 131 botanical illustrations of fine quality, showing the Cape flora. Herschel used a [[camera lucida]] to obtain accurate outlines of the specimens and left the details to his wife. Even though their portfolio had been intended as a personal record, and despite the lack of floral dissections in the paintings, their accurate rendition makes them more valuable than contemporary collections. Some 112 of the 132 known flower studies were collected and published as ''Flora Herscheliana'' in 1996. As their home during their stay in the Cape, the Herschels had selected 'Feldhausen' ("Field Houses"), an old estate on the south-eastern side of [[Table Mountain]]. Here John set up his reflector to begin his survey of the southern skies. Herschel, meanwhile, read widely. Intrigued by the ideas of gradual formation of landscapes set out in [[Charles Lyell]]'s ''Principles of Geology'', he wrote to Lyell on 20 February 1836 praising the book as a work that would bring "a complete revolution in [its] subject, by altering entirely the point of view in which it must thenceforward be contemplated" and opening a way for bold speculation on "that mystery of mysteries, the replacement of extinct species by others." Herschel himself thought [[catastrophism|catastrophic extinction and renewal]] "an inadequate conception of the Creator" and by analogy with other [[Physical law|intermediate causes]], "the origination of fresh species, could it ever come under our cognizance, would be found to be a natural in contradistinction to a miraculous process".{{sfn|van Wyhe|2007|p=197}}<ref>{{harvnb|Babbage|1838|pp=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=A25&pageseq=232 225–227]}}</ref> He prefaced his words with the couplet: {{poemquote|He that on such quest would go must know not fear or failing To coward soul or faithless heart the search were unavailing. }} Taking a gradualist view of development and referring to the evolution of language, he commented {{quote|Words are to the Anthropologist what rolled pebbles are to the Geologist &mdash; battered relics of past ages often containing within them indelible records capable of intelligent interpretation &mdash; and when we see what amount of change 2000 years has been able to produce in the languages of Greece & Italy or 1000 in those of Germany France & Spain we naturally begin to ask how long a period must have lapsed since the Chinese, the Hebrew, the Delaware & the Malesass [Malagasy] had a point in common with the German & Italian & each other &mdash; Time! Time! Time! &mdash; we must not impugn the Scripture Chronology, but we ''must'' interpret it in accordance with ''whatever'' shall appear on fair enquiry to be the ''truth'' for there cannot be two truths. And really there is scope enough: for the lives of the Patriarchs may as reasonably be extended to 5000 or 50000 years apiece as the days of Creation to as many thousand millions of years.{{sfn|Desmond|Moore|1991|pp=214–215}}<ref name="Letter 346">{{Citation |url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-346#mark-346.f5 |title=Letter 346 — Darwin, C. R. to Darwin, C. S., 27 Feb 1837 Darwin Correspondence Project |publisher=Darwin Correspondence Project |accessdate=2010-04-30}}</ref> }} The document was circulated, and [[Charles Babbage]] incorporated extracts in his ninth and unofficial ''[[Bridgewater Treatise]]'', which postulated laws set up by a divine programmer.{{sfn|van Wyhe|2007|p=197}} When [[The Voyage of the Beagle|HMS ''Beagle'']] called at [[Cape Town]], Captain [[Robert FitzRoy]] and the young naturalist [[Charles Darwin]] visited Herschel on 3 June 1836. Later on, Darwin would be influenced by Herschel's writings in developing his theory advanced in ''[[The Origin of Species]]''. In the opening lines of that work, Darwin writes that his intent is "to throw some light on the origin of species &mdash; that mystery of mysteries, as it has been called by one of our greatest philosophers," referring to Herschel. Herschel returned to England in 1838, was created a [[Herschel baronets|baronet]], of Slough in the County of Buckingham,<ref name=HersNAH/> and published ''Results of Astronomical Observations made at the Cape of Good Hope'' in 1847. In this publication he proposed the names still used today for the seven then-known satellites of [[Saturn]]: [[Mimas (moon)|Mimas]], [[Enceladus]], [[Tethys (moon)|Tethys]], [[Dione (moon)|Dione]], [[Rhea (moon)|Rhea]], [[Titan (moon)|Titan]], and [[Iapetus (moon)|Iapetus]].<ref> "[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]], volume 8, page 42" (archive), [[NASA]], 2004, ''ADsabs.Harvard.edu'' webpage: [http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/MNRAS/0008//0000042.000.html Adsabs-MNRAS]. </ref> In the same year, Herschel received his second Copley Medal from the Royal Society for this work. A few years later, in 1852, he proposed the names still used today for the four then-known satellites of [[Uranus]]: [[Ariel (moon)|Ariel]], [[Umbriel (moon)|Umbriel]], [[Titania (moon)|Titania]], and [[Oberon (moon)|Oberon]]. [[File:John Frederick William Herschel00.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Portrait of Sir John Herschel by his daughter Margaret Louisa Herschel]] == Photography == Herschel made numerous important contributions to photography. He made improvements in [[photographic processes]], particularly in inventing the [[cyanotype]]<ref name=WDL1>{{cite web|title=General View of Niagara Falls from Bridge|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/285|publisher=World Digital Library|accessdate=11 February 2013}}</ref> process and variations (such as the [[chrysotype]]), the precursors of the modern [[blueprint]] process. In 1839, he made a photograph on glass, which still exists, and experimented with some color reproduction, noting that rays of different parts of the spectrum tended to impart their own color to a photographic paper. Herschel made experiments using photosensitive emulsions of vegetable juices, called [[phytotype]]s and published his discoveries in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London in 1842.<ref>{{Citation |last=Herschel |first=John William Frederich |title=On the Action of the Rays of the Solar Spectrum on Vegetable Colours, and on some new Photographic Processes |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London|date=1842|pages=182–214|doi=10.1098/rstl.1842.0013 |volume=132}}</ref> He collaborated in the early 1840s with [[Henry Collen]], portrait painter to Queen Victoria. Herschel originally discovered the platinum process on the basis of the light sensitivity of platinum salts, later developed by [[William Willis (inventor)|William Willis]].<ref>[http://www.knaw.nl/ecpa/sepia/exhibition/iapp/Glossary/W_10.htm "William Willis"]. Knaw.nl.</ref> Herschel coined the term ''photography'' in 1839.<ref name=coiningphotography> {{Citation | journal = History of Photography | title = Sir John Herschel's 1839 Royal Society Paper on Photography | volume = 3 | issue = 1 | publisher = [[Taylor & Francis]] | pages = 47–60 | date = January 1979 | url = http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/03087298.1979.10441071 | author1 = Schaaf | first1 = Larry | postscript = . | doi = 10.1080/03087298.1979.10441071 }}{{subscription required}}</ref> He may, however, have been preceded by Brazilian [[Hércules Florence]], who used the French equivalent, ''photographie'', in private notes which one historian dates to 1834.{{citation needed|date=September 2012}} Herschel was also the first to apply the terms ''negative'' and ''positive'' to photography.<ref name=HersNAH/> He discovered [[sodium thiosulfate]] to be a solvent of silver [[halide]]s in 1819,<ref name=HerschHypo>{{Citation|last=Herschel|first=John|title=On the Hyposulphurous Acid and its Compounds|journal=The Edinburgh Philosophical Journal|date=1819|volume=1|pages=19|url=https://archive.org/details/edinburghphilos05edingoog|accessdate=15 April 2011|postscript=.}}</ref> and informed [[Henry Fox Talbot|Talbot]] and [[Louis Daguerre|Daguerre]] of his discovery that this "hyposulphite of soda" ("hypo") could be used as a [[photographic fixer]], to "fix" pictures and make them permanent, after experimentally applying it thus in early 1839. His ground-breaking research on the subject was read at the Royal Society in London in March 1839 and January 1840. == General == [[File:Herschel&darwin.jpg|thumb|Tombs of John Herschel and [[Charles Darwin]]. [[Westminster Abbey]].]] [[File:Herschel - Description of a machine for resolving by inspection certain important forms, 1832 - 687143.tif|thumb|upright|''Description of a machine for resolving by inspection certain important forms'', 1832]] Herschel wrote many papers and articles, including entries on meteorology, physical geography and the telescope for the eighth edition of the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''.<ref name=HersNAH/> He also translated the ''[[Iliad]]'' of Homer. {{further|English translations of Homer#Herschel}} He invented the [[actinometer]] in 1825 to measure the direct heating power of the sun's rays,<ref> {{Citation | journal = Science | title = Notes and News | volume = 3 | issue = 64 | publisher = | page = 527 | date = 25 April 1884 | url = https://books.google.com/?id=h6zq_tFWAvUC&pg=PA527&dq=herschel+actinometer#v=onepage&q=herschel%20actinometer&f=false | author1 = Science | first1 = American Association for the Advancement of | postscript = . | doi = 10.1126/science.ns-3.64.524 |bibcode = 1884Sci.....3..524. }}</ref> and his work with the instrument is of great importance in the early history of [[photochemistry]]. He proposed a correction to the Gregorian calendar, making years that are multiples of 4000 not leap years, thus reducing the average length of the [[calendar year]] from 365.2425 days to 365.24225.<ref> {{Citation | title = Outlines of Astronomy | author = John Herschel | publisher = | date = 1849 | isbn = | page = | url = http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/Visualiseur?Destination=Gallica&O=NUMM-94926 }}</ref> Although this is closer to the [[mean tropical year]] of 365.24219 days, his proposal has never been adopted because the Gregorian calendar is based on the mean time between vernal [[equinox]]es (currently {{gaps|365.242|374}} days).<ref> {{Citation | title = Marking time: the epic quest to invent the perfect calendar | author = Duncan Steel | publisher = John Wiley and Sons | date = 2000 | isbn = 978-0-471-29827-4 | page = 185 | url = https://books.google.com/?id=fsni_qV-FJoC&pg=PA185&dq=4000+gregorian+divisible+error+herschel&q=4000%20gregorian%20divisible%20error%20herschel }}</ref> Hershel was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] in 1832,<ref name=AAAS>{{cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter H|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterH.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|accessdate=15 September 2016}}</ref> and in 1836, a foreign member of the [[Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]]. In 1835, the ''[[New York Sun (historical)|New York Sun]]'' newspaper wrote a series of satiric articles that came to be known as the [[Great Moon Hoax]], with statements falsely attributed to Herschel about his supposed discoveries of animals living on the Moon, including batlike winged humanoids.<ref>[http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/Cosmic-Errors.html?c=y&page=1 Cosmic Errors], ''Smithsonian'' magazine, December 2010</ref> The village of Herschel in western Saskatchewan (Canada), [[Mount Herschel]] (Antarctica), the crater [[J. Herschel (crater)|J. Herschel]] on the Moon, and the [[Herschel Girls' School]] in [[Cape Town]] (South Africa), are all named after him. While it is commonly accepted that Herschel Island (in the Arctic Ocean, part of the [[Yukon Territory]]) was named after him, the entries in the expedition journal of Sir [[John Franklin]] state that the latter wished to honour the Herschel name, about which John Herschel’s father (Sir [[William Herschel]]) and his aunt ([[Caroline Herschel]]) are two other notable members of this family.{{sfn|Burn|2009|pp=317–323}} == Family == [[File:Margaret Herschel00.jpg|thumb|left|upright|''Margaret Brodie Stewart'' by [[Alfred Edward Chalon]] 1829]] [[File:John Herschel00.jpg|thumb|upright|''John Frederick William Herschel'' by [[Alfred Edward Chalon]] 1829]] He married his cousin Margaret Brodie Stewart (1810–1884) on 3 March 1829 at Edinburgh and was father of the following children: # Caroline Emilia Elizabeth Herschel (31 March 1830 – 29 Jan 1909), who married [[Alexander Hamilton-Gordon (British Army general)|Alexander Hamilton-Gordon]] # Isabella Herschel (5 June 1831 – 1893) # Sir [[William James Herschel]], 2nd Bt. (9 January 1833 – 1917), # Margaret Louisa Herschel (1834–1861), an accomplished artist # Prof. [[Alexander Stewart Herschel]] (1836–1907), FRS # Col. [[John Herschel the Younger|John Herschel]] FRS, FRAS, (1837–1921) surveyor # Marie Sophie Herschel (1839–1929) # Amelia Herschel (1841–1926) married Sir [[Thomas Francis Wade]], diplomat and sinologist # Julia Edith Herschel (1842–1933) married on 4 June 1878 to Captain (later [[Admiral (Royal Navy)|Admiral]]) [[John Maclear|John Fiot Lee Pearse Maclear]] # Matilda Rose Herschel (1844–1914) # Francisca Herschel (1846–1932) # Constance Ann Herschel (1855–20 June 1939) On his death at Collingwood, his home near [[Hawkhurst]] in Kent, he was given a national funeral and buried in [[Westminster Abbey]]. == Bibliography == * ''On the Aberration of Compound Lenses and Object-Glasses'' (1821)<ref name=HersNAH/> * Book-length articles on "Light", "Sound" and "Physical Astronomy" for the ''Encyclopaedia Metropolitana'' (30 vols. 1817-45) * ''A preliminary discourse on the study of natural philosophy'', part of ''Dionysius Lardner's Cabinet cyclopædia'' (1831, new edition 1840)<ref name=Letter94/><ref>''John Hershell, [http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=A276&pageseq=1 A preliminary discourse on the study of natural philosophy]'', 1831</ref> * ''A Treatise on Astronomy'' (1833)<ref>{{cite book|last=Herschel|first=John W.F.|title=A Treatise on Astronomy, 3rd Edition|date=1835|publisher=Carey, Leah and Blanchard|location=Philadelphia|url=https://archive.org/stream/treatiseonastron00hersuoft#page/n1/mode/2up}}</ref> * ''Outlines of Astronomy'' (1849)<ref name=HersNAH/> * ''General Catalogue of 10,300 Multiple and Double Stars'' (published posthumously) * ''Familiar Lectures on Scientific Subjects'' * ''General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters'' * ''Manual of Scientific Inquiry'' (ed.), (1849)<ref name=HersNAH/> * ''Meteorology'' (1861) * ''Physical Geography'' (1861) * ''Familiar Lectures on Scientific Subjects'' (1867)<ref name=HersNAH/> * {{Citation | issn = 0261-0523 | volume = 130 | pages = 1–59 | last = Herschel | first = John F. W. | title = On the Chemical Action of the Rays of the Solar Spectrum on Preparations of Silver and Other Substances, Both Metallic and Non-Metallic, and on Some Photographic Processes | journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London | date = 1840-02-20 | bibcode = 1840RSPT..130....1H | jstor = 108209 | doi = 10.1098/rstl.1840.0002 | postscript = . }} == References == ===Footnotes=== {{reflist|30em}} ===Works cited=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite journal|title=After Whom Is Herschel Island Named?|first=C. R. |last=Burn|journal=Arctic|volume=62|issue=3|date=September 2009|pages=317–323|publisher=Arctic Institute of North America|jstor=40513310|ref=harv|doi=10.14430/arctic152}} * {{Cite journal | last = van Wyhe | first = John | title = Mind the gap: Did Darwin avoid publishing his theory for many years? | journal = Notes and Records of the Royal Society | volume = 61 | issue = 2 | pages = 177–205 | date = 27 March 2007 | doi = 10.1098/rsnr.2006.0171 | url=http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=A544&pageseq=1 | accessdate =2009-02-02 | ref=harv }} * {{cite book|ref=harv|last1=Desmond|first1=Adrian J. |authorlink1=Adrian Desmond|last2=Moore|first2=James Richard |authorlink2=James Moore (biographer)|title=Darwin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BuLaAAAAMAAJ|date=1991|publisher=Michael Joseph|isbn=978-0-7181-3430-3}} * {{cite book | last = Darwin | first = Charles |author-link=Charles Darwin | date = 1958 | editor-last = Barlow | editor-first = Nora | editor-link =Nora Barlow | title =The Autobiography of Charles Darwin 1809–1882. With the original omissions restored. Edited and with appendix and notes by his granddaughter Nora Barlow | publication-place = London | publisher = Collins | url =http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Freeman_LifeandLettersandAutobiography.html | accessdate =2008-12-11 }} {{refend}} == Further reading == {{refbegin|30em}} * {{Citation | last =Babbage | first = Charles | author-link = Charles Babbage | title = The Ninth Bridgewater Treatise | place = London | publisher = John Murray | date = 1838 | edition = 2nd | url = http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=A25&pageseq=1 | accessdate =2009-02-02 }} * {{Citation | last = Browne | first = E. Janet | author-link = Janet Browne | date = 1995 | title = Charles Darwin: vol. 1 Voyaging | publication-place = London | publisher = Jonathan Cape | isbn = 1-84413-314-1 }} * {{Citation |last=Herschel|first=John|title=On the Hyposulphurous Acid and its Compounds|journal=The Edinburgh Philosophical Journal|date=1819|volume=1|pages=8–29|url=https://archive.org/details/edinburghphilos05edingoog|accessdate=15 April 2011}} * {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Herschel|first=John Frederick William |title=A Preliminary Discourse on the Study of Natural Philosophy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QZrgPwAACAAJ|edition=reprint|year=2009|orig-year=1830|via=Cambridge University Press|publisher=Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown & Green and John Taylor|isbn=978-1-108-00017-8}} * {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Herschel|first=Sir John Frederick William|title=A treatise on astronomy|url=https://archive.org/details/atreatiseonastr00walkgoog|year=1836|publisher=Carey, Lea, & Blanchard}} * On Herschel’s relationship with [[Charles Babbage]], [[William Whewell]], and [[Richard Jones (economist)|Richard Jones]], see {{Citation | last = Snyder | first = Laura | author-link = Laura J. Snyder | date = 2011 | title = The Philosophical Breakfast Club: Four Remarkable Friends Who Transformed Science and Changed the World | publication-place = New York | publisher = Broadway Books | isbn = 0767930495 | url = http://laurajsnyder.com/portfolio-item/philosophical-breakfast-club/ }} {{refend}} == External links == {{Commons|John Frederick William Herschel}} {{Wikiquote}} {{Wikisource-author}} * [http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Herschel.html Biographical information] * [http://www.webarchive.org.uk/wayback/archive/20100311230213/http://www.midley.co.uk/articles/14march1839.htm R. Derek Wood (2008), 'Fourteenth March 1839, Herschel's Key to Photography'] * [http://herschelmuseum.org.uk/ Herschel Museum of Astronomy] * [http://assa.saao.ac.za/resource/Chronology4.doc. Chronology of Astronomy in South Africa] * [[wikisource:Astronomische Nachrichten/Volume 44/Auszug aus einem Briefe des Herrn J. F. W. Herschel an den Herausgeber|Wikisource copy of a notice from 1823 concerning the star catalogue]], published in [[Astronomische Nachrichten]] {{s-start}} {{s-gov}} {{s-bef|before=[[Richard Lalor Sheil]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Master of the Mint]]|years=1850–1855}} {{s-aft|after=[[Thomas Graham (chemist)|Thomas Graham]]}} {{s-reg|uk-bt}} {{s-new|creation}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Herschel baronets|Baronet]]'''<br />(of Slough)|years='''1838–1871}} {{s-aft|after=[[Sir William Herschel, 2nd Baronet|William James Herschel]]}} {{s-end}} {{Copley Medallists 1801–1850}} {{19th-century English photographers}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Herschel, John}} [[Category:1792 births]] [[Category:1871 deaths]] [[Category:19th-century astronomers]] [[Category:Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge]] [[Category:Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom]] [[Category:English astronomers]] [[Category:English scientists]] [[Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] [[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]] [[Category:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]] [[Category:Honorary Members of the St Petersburg Academy of Sciences]] [[Category:English people of German descent]] [[Category:Knights of the Royal Guelphic Order]] [[Category:Recipients of the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society]] [[Category:Fellows of the Royal Astronomical Society]] [[Category:Recipients of the Copley Medal]] [[Category:English Christians]] [[Category:People educated at Eton College]] [[Category:Pioneers of photography]] [[Category:18th-century English people]] [[Category:19th-century English people]] [[Category:19th-century English photographers]] [[Category:People from Slough]] [[Category:Masters of the Mint]] [[Category:Royal Medal winners]] [[Category:Senior Wranglers]] [[Category:Spectroscopists]] [[Category:Presidents of the Royal Astronomical Society]]'