Examine individual changes

'<!-- Please do not wiki-link - ie please do not add [[and]] around names - without first checking that an article on the specific individual already exists. See discussion page for explanation. -->The '''[[military of the United States]]''' '''[[Capital punishment|executed]]''' 160 soldiers and other members of the armed forces between 1942 and 1961 (these figures do not include German [[prisoners of war]], [[war criminals]], [[espionage|spies]], and [[saboteurs]] executed by U.S. military authorities between 1942 and 1951). There have been no military executions since 1961 although the death penalty is still a possible punishment for several crimes under the [[Uniform Code of Military Justice]]. Of these executions, 157 were carried out by the [[United States Army]]. The [[United States Air Force]] conducted the three remaining executions, one in 1950 and two in 1954. The [[U.S. Navy]] has not executed anyone since 1849. The United States Army had previously executed a total of 36 soldiers during the [[First World War]], all taking place by [[hanging]] between 5 November 1917 and 20 June 1919. Eleven of these hangings were performed in [[French Third Republic|France]] while the remaining 25 were carried out in continental [[United States]].<ref>See [[Houston Riot of 1917]]</ref><ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1368&dat=19180705&id=aQdQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=aQoEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1674,3681538&hl=en The Milwaukee Sentinel July 5, 1918]</ref><ref>Establishment of Military Justice - Proposed Amendment of the Articles of War, Thursday September 25, 1919. United States Senate, Subcommittee on Militarz Affairs, Washington, D. C. [http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/09_25.pdf (loc.gov/)]</ref> Of the total, 106 were executed for murder (including 21 involving [[rape]]), 53 for rape and one ([[Eddie Slovik]]) for [[desertion]].<ref>[http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/statab/sec05.pdf Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2000]</ref> ==Reintroduction of the military death penalty== The U.S. Armed Forces Court of Appeals ruled in 1983 that the military death penalty was unconstitutional. The military death penalty was restored by an executive order of President [[Ronald Reagan]] in 1984, with new standards intended to rectify the Armed Forces Court of Appeals' objections.<ref name=dpic>[http://deathpenaltyinfo.org/article.php?did=180&scid=32 The U.S. Military Death Penalty], ''Death Penalty Information Center''</ref> On 28 July 2008, President [[George W. Bush]] approved the execution of Former United States Army Private [[Ronald A. Gray]], who had been convicted in April 1988 of multiple murders and rapes. A month later, [[Secretary of the Army]] [[Pete Geren]] set an execution date of 10 December 2008 and ordered that Gray be put to death by [[lethal injection]] at the [[Federal Correctional Complex, Terre Haute]]. The military publicly released Gray's execution date on 20 November 2008. On 26 November, however, Gray was granted a stay of execution by federal judge Rogers. He has not yet been executed as of 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=Military sets date for first execution since 1961|publisher=[[Associated Press]]|date=November 20, 2008|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27828874/}}</ref> ==Punishable crimes== Currently, under the [[Uniform Code of Military Justice]], 14 offenses are punishable by death. Under the following sections of the UCMJ, the death penalty can be imposed at any time: * 94 - [[Mutiny]] or [[sedition]] * 99 - Misbehavior before the enemy * 100 - Subordinate compelling [[Surrender (military)|surrender]] * 101 - Improper use of [[countersign (military)|countersign]] * 102 - Forcing a safeguard<!-- ? --> * 104 - Aiding the enemy * 106a - [[Espionage]] * 110 - Improper hazarding of vessel * 118 - [[Murder]] (including both [[premeditated murder]] and [[felony murder]]) * 120 - [[Rape]] (including child rape)<ref>Unlike the other capital offenses under the UCMJ, the text of Article 120 does not explicitly state that the death penalty is available, since such language was removed in a 2007 revision. However, the revision stated that the maximum penalty remained death, until the President specified otherwise. See [[National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2006]], PL 109–163, January 6, 2006, 119 Stat 3136, §552(b). Subsequent Manuals for Courts Martial, issued under the President's authority, continue to describe the maximum penalty for rape as death. See [[Manual for Courts-Martial]] (2012) Appendix 28(f)(1).</ref> Four provisions of the UCMJ carry a death sentence only if the crime is committed during times of war: * 85 - [[Desertion]] * 90 - Assaulting or willfully disobeying a superior [[Officer (armed forces)|commissioned officer]] * 106 - Lurking as a spy or acting as a spy * 113 - Misbehavior of a sentinel or lookout ==Sentencing and execution== [[File:USDB2002.jpg|thumb|[[United States Disciplinary Barracks]] houses men on military death row]] [[File:Navy consolidated brig -- Mirimar CA.jpg|thumb|All female prisoners in the DOD serve time at [[Naval Consolidated Brig, Miramar]] (therefore female military servicemembers under death sentences would serve time here)]] Capital cases are tried in [[Courts-martial in the United States|courts-martial]] before a panel of at least twelve military members. If the defendant is an enlisted servicemember, they may opt for at least one third of the panel to also be of [[enlisted rank]]. All members of the panel must outrank the accused. The defendant cannot plead guilty to the charges. The panel must be unanimous in conviction, that the government has proven necessary aggravating factors, that the aggravating factors outweigh the [[mitigating factor]]s, and that death is the only sentence applicable. All death sentences are automatically appealed first to the [[Court of Criminal Appeals (disambiguation)|Court of Criminal Appeals]] for the military service concerned, then to the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces]]. The sentence must be personally confirmed by the [[President of the United States]]. Military executions would be conducted under [http://www.fas.org/irp/doddir/army/r190_55.pdf regulations] issued on 17 January 2006, and would ordinarily take place at the [http://usacac.army.mil/CAC/usdb.asp Special Housing Unit] of the [[United States Disciplinary Barracks]], [[Fort Leavenworth]], [[Kansas]], although alternative locations are possible (such as the [[Federal Correctional Complex, Terre Haute]], where federal civilian death row inmates are housed and executed). Of five convicted servicemen awaiting execution, four are confined at the Special Housing Unit and one at [[Camp Lejeune]], all of whom have been convicted of [[premeditated murder]] or [[felony murder]]. Until 1961, the last military execution to date, [[hanging]] was the sole and official method. Later, the military introduced the [[electric chair]], which was never used.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nctimes.com/news/local/military/article_eb49c13c-0e5a-50f3-a8de-1ab9f6e624ae.html|title=Iraq murder charges raise specter of rarely used military death sentence |date=June 29, 2006|first=Lolita C.|last=Baldor|publisher=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> Currently, [[lethal injection]] is the sole method.<ref name=dpic/> ==Executions during World War II and postwar== The [[United States Army]] carried out [http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/investigations.pdf 141] executions over a three-year period from 1942 to 1945, and a further six executions were conducted during the postwar period, for a known total of 147. 70 of these 141 wartime executions were carried out in the [[European Theatre]], 27 in the [[Mediterranean Theatre of World War II|Mediterranean Theatre]], 21 in the [[Southwest Pacific Area]], 19 in the continental [[United States]], two in [[Hawaii]], one in [[Guadalcanal]] and one in [[India]]; of the six postwar executions, one took place in Hawaii, one in [[Japan]], two in [[France]] and two in the [[Philippines]]. An execution was also carried out by the [[United States Air Force]] in Japan in 1950. All executions carried out by the Army during 1942 to 1948 were performed under the authority of the [http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/RAW-vol2.pdf#page=39 Articles of War of June 4, 1920], an [[Act of Congress]] which governed military justice between 1920 and 1948. With the exception of [[Eddie Slovik]], who was shot for desertion, all of these soldiers were executed for murder and/or rape. It should be noted that several of the soldiers listed as convicted and executed for murder and/or rape had also been convicted on other charges, including those of a military nature such as desertion and mutiny and plus lesser crimes that would not have been considered capital unless combined with more serious offenses which carried the death penalty. <!-- Please do not wiki-link - ie please do not add [[and]] around names - without first checking that an article on the specific individual already exists. See discussion page for explanation. --> Sources for list in [[#References|References section]]. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Executed person !Date of execution !Location !Method |---- | James Rowe | 6 November 1942 | [[Fort Huachuca]], [[Arizona]] | Hanging |---- | [[Eddie Leonski|Edward J. Leonski]] | 9 November 1942 | [[Pentridge Prison]], [[Melbourne]], [[Australia]], [[Southwest Pacific Area]] | Hanging |---- | Jerry Sykes | 19 January 1943 | [[Fort Huachuca]], [[Arizona]] | Hanging |---- | [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=27273696 David Cobb] | 12 March 1943 | [[Shepton Mallet (HM Prison)|Shepton Mallet]], [[United Kingdom]], [[European Theater]] | Hanging |---- | George S. Knapp | 19 March 1943 | [[Bastrop, Texas]] | Hanging |---- | Francis A. Line | 26 March 1943 | [[Davis-Monthan Air Force Base]], [[Arizona]] | Hanging |---- | [http://www.ww2f.com/topic/28300-us-soldier-hung-for-murder-1943/ Harold A. Smith] | 25 June 1943 | [[Shepton Mallet (HM Prison)|Shepton Mallet]], [[United Kingdom]], [[European Theater]] | Hanging |---- | James E. Kendrick | 17 July 1943 | [[Oran]], [[Algeria]], [[North African Theater of Operations]] ** | Hanging |---- | Levi Brandon | 26 July 1943 | [[Fort Leavenworth, Kansas]] | Hanging |---- | Walter J. Bohn | 6 August 1943 | [[Camp Claiborne]], [[Louisiana]], [[United States]] | Hanging |---- | Willie A. Pittman | 30 August 1943 | [[Sicily]], [[Mediterranean Theatre of World War II]] ** | Hanging |---- | Harvey Stroud | 30 August 1943 | [[Sicily]], [[Mediterranean Theatre of World War II]] ** | Hanging |---- | Armstead White | 30 August 1943 | [[Sicily]], [[Mediterranean Theatre of World War II]] ** | Hanging |---- | David White | 30 August 1943 | [[Sicily]], [[Mediterranean Theatre of World War II]] ** | Hanging |---- | Charles H. Smith | 6 September 1943 | [[Algiers]], [[North African Theater of Operations]] ** | Hanging |---- | Lee A. Davis | 14 December 1943 | [[Shepton Mallet (HM Prison)|Shepton Mallet]], [[United Kingdom]], [[European Theater]] ** | Hanging |---- | Edwin P. Jones | 5 January 1944 | [[Oran]], [[Algeria]], [[North African Theater of Operations]] | Hanging |---- | John H. Waters | 10 February 1944 | [[Shepton Mallet (HM Prison)|Shepton Mallet]], [[United Kingdom]], [[European Theater]] ** | Hanging |---- | J.C. Leatherberry | 16 March 1944 | [[Shepton Mallet (HM Prison)|Shepton Mallet]], [[United Kingdom]], [[European Theater]] ** | Hanging |---- | Charles A. Spears | 18 April 1944 | [[Italy]], [[Mediterranean Theatre of World War II]] ** | Hanging |---- | Wiley Harris, Jr. | 26 May 1944 | [[Shepton Mallet (HM Prison)|Shepton Mallet]], [[United Kingdom]], [[European Theater]] ** | Hanging |---- | Alex F. Miranda | 30 May 1944 | [[Shepton Mallet (HM Prison)|Shepton Mallet]], [[United Kingdom]], [[European Theater]] **E | [[Firing squad]] |---- | Robert L. Donnelly | 31 May 1944 | [[Italy]], [[Mediterranean Theatre of World War II]] ** | Hanging |---- | Eliga Brinson | 11 August 1944 | [[Shepton Mallet (HM Prison)|Shepton Mallet]], [[United Kingdom]], [[European Theater]] ** | Hanging |---- | Willie Smith | 11 August 1944 | [[Shepton Mallet (HM Prison)|Shepton Mallet]], [[United Kingdom]], [[European Theater]] ** | Hanging |---- | Clarence Whitfield | 14 August 1944 | [[Normandy]], [[France]], [[European Theater]] ** | Hanging |---- | Ray Watson | 29 August 1944 | [[Italy]]. [[Mediterranean Theatre of World War II]] ** | Hanging |---- | James W. Peoples | 2 September 1944 | [[Oro Bay]], [[New Guinea]], [[Southwest Pacific Area]] | Hanging |---- | Harry Bever | 26 September 1944 | [[Fort Sill]], [[Oklahoma]] | Hanging |---- | Arthur T. Brown | 2 October 1944 | [[Oro Bay]], [[New Guinea]], [[Southwest Pacific Area]] | Hanging |---- | Andrew Gibson | 2 October 1944 | [[Oro Bay]], [[New Guinea]], [[Southwest Pacific Area]] | Hanging |---- | Leroy E. Greene | 2 October 1944 | [[Oro Bay]], [[New Guinea]], [[Southwest Pacific Area]] | Hanging |---- | Charles A. Horne | 2 October 1944 | [[Oro Bay]], [[New Guinea]], [[Southwest Pacific Area]] | Hanging |---- | Eugene A. Washington, Jr. | 2 October 1944 | [[Oro Bay]], [[New Guinea]], [[Southwest Pacific Area]] | Hanging |---- | Lloyd L. White, Jr. | 2 October 1944 | [[Oro Bay]], [[New Guinea]], [[Southwest Pacific Area]] | Hanging |---- | Madison Thomas | 12 October 1944 | [[Shepton Mallet (HM Prison)|Shepton Mallet]], [[United Kingdom]], [[European Theater]] ** | Hanging |---- | James B. Sanders | 25 October 1944 | [[European Theater]] ** | Hanging |---- | Ray W. Anderson | 25 October 1944 | [[European Theater]] ** | Hanging |---- | Paul Kluxdal | 31 October 1944 | [[European Theater]] ** | Hanging |---- | Willie Wimberly, Jr. | 9 November 1944 | [[European Theater]] ** | Hanging |---- | Joseph Watson | 9 November 1944 | [[European Theater]] ** | Hanging |---- | Aveline Fernandez | 15 November 1944 | [[Oro Bay]], [[New Guinea]], [[Southwest Pacific Area]] | Hanging |---- | Curtis L. Maxey | 16 November 1944 | [[Aversa]], [[Italy]], [[Mediterranean Theatre of World War II]] ** | Hanging |---- | Richard Scott | 18 November 1944 | [[European Theater]] ** | Hanging |---- | William D. Pennyfather | 18 November 1944 | [[European Theater]] ** | Hanging |---- | Theron McGann | 20 November 1944 | [[European Theater]] | Hanging |---- | Arthur E. Davis | 22 November 1944 | [[European Theater]] ** | Hanging |---- | Charles H. Jordan | 22 November 1944 | [[European Theater]] ** | Hanging |---- | James E. Hendricks | 24 November 1944 | [[Normandy]], [[France]], [[European Theater]] ** | Hanging |---- | Benjamin Pygate | 28 November 1944 | [[Shepton Mallet (HM Prison)|Shepton Mallet]], [[United Kingdom]], [[European Theater]] ** | Firing squad |---- | Oscar N. Newman | 29 November 1944 | [[European Theater]] ** | Hanging |---- | Leo Valentine, Sr. | 29 November 1944 | [[European Theater]] ** | Hanging |---- | Charles Williams | 18 December 1944 | [[United States]] | Hanging |---- | William E. Davis | 27 December 1944 | [[European Theater]] ** | Hanging |---- | Waiter J. Baldwin | 17 January 1945 | [[European Theater]] ** | Hanging |---- | Sylvester Davis | 5 January 1945 | [[Randolph Air Force Base]], [[Texas]] | Hanging |---- | Augustine Guerra | 8 January 1945 | [[Shepton Mallet (HM Prison)|Shepton Mallet]], [[United Kingdom]], [[European Theater]] ** | Hanging |---- | Ernest L. Clark | 8 January 1945 | [[Shepton Mallet (HM Prison)|Shepton Mallet]], [[United Kingdom]], [[European Theater]] ** | Hanging |---- | John. D. Cooper | 9 January 1945 | [[European Theater]] ** | Hanging |---- | John R. O'Connor | 15 January 1945 | [[Fort Benning, Georgia]] | Hanging |---- | Arthur J. Farrell | 19 January 1945 | [[European Theater]] ** | Hanging |---- | James W. Twiggs | 22 January 1945 | [[European Theater]] ** | Hanging |---- | Samuel Hawthorne | 29 January 1945 | [[Oro Bay]], [[New Guinea]], [[Southwest Pacific Area]] | Hanging |---- | Marvin Holden | 30 January 1945 | [[Lemur]], [[Belgium]] ** | Hanging |---- | Elwood J. Spencer | 30 January 1945 | [[Lemur]], [[Belgium]] ** | Hanging |---- | [[Eddie Slovik]] | 31 January 1945 | [[Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines]], [[France]], [[European Theater]] **E | Firing squad |---- | J.P. Wilson | 2 February 1945 | [[European Theater]] ** | Hanging |---- | Robert L. Skinner | 10 February 1945 | [[European Theater]] ** | Hanging |---- | Yancy Waiters | 10 February 1945 | [[European Theater]] ** | Hanging |---- | William Mack | 15 February 1945 | [[European Theater]] ** | Hanging |---- | Otis B. Crews | 21 February 1945 | [[Mediterranean Theater of Operations|Mediterranean Theater]] ** | Hanging |---- | Williams C. Downes | 28 February 1945 | [[European Theater]] ** | Hanging |---- | Amos Agee | 3 March 1945 | [[European Theater]] ** | Hanging |---- | John C. Smith | 3 March 1945 | [[European Theater]] ** | Hanging |---- | Frank Watson | 3 March 1945 | [[European Theater]] ** | Hanging |---- | Olins W. Williams | 9 March 1945 | [[European Theater]] ** | Hanging |---- | Lee A. Burns | 11 March 1945 | [[Aversa]], [[Italy]], [[Mediterranean Theatre of World War II]] ** | Hanging |---- | General L. Grant | 11 March 1945 | [[Italy]], [[Mediterranean Theatre of World War II]] ** | Hanging |---- | [[Herman Perry]] | 15 March 1945 | [[Ledo, Assam|Ledo]], [[Assam]], [[India]] | Hanging |---- | Robert L. Pearson | 17 March 1945 | [[Shepton Mallet (HM Prison)|Shepton Mallet]], [[United Kingdom]], [[European Theater]] ** | Hanging |---- | Cubia (Parson) Jones | 17 March 1945 | [[Shepton Mallet (HM Prison)|Shepton Mallet]], [[United Kingdom]], [[European Theater]] ** | Hanging |---- | Henry Baker | 18 March 1945 | [[Philippines]] | Hanging |---- | John M. Mack | 20 March 1945 | [[Italy]], [[Mediterranean Theatre of World War II]] ** | Hanging |---- | John W. Taylor | 20 March 1945 | [[Italy]], [[Mediterranean Theatre of World War II]] ** | Hanging |---- | Kinney Jones | 20 March 1945 | [[Italy]], [[Mediterranean Theatre of World War II]] ** | Hanging |---- | Robert A. Pearson | 20 March 1945 | [[Guadalcanal]] | Hanging |---- | Abraham Smalls | 27 March 1945 | [[Mediterranean Theatre of World War II]] ** | Hanging |---- | Tommie Davison | 29 March 1945 | [[European Theater]] ** | Hanging |---- | William Harrison, Jr. | 7 April 1945 | [[Shepton Mallet (HM Prison)|Shepton Mallet]], [[United Kingdom]], [[European Theater]] ** | Hanging |---- | Curn Jones | 10 April 1945 | [[Fort Benning, Georgia]] | Hanging |---- | Benjamin F. Hopper | 11 April 1945 | [[European Theater]] ** | Hanging |---- | Dan Boswell | 16 April 1945 | [[Camp Bowie]], [[Texas]] | Hanging |---- | James L. Jones | 19 April 1945 | [[European Theater]] ** | Hanging |---- | Mileert Bailey | 19 April 1945 | [[European Theater]] ** | Hanging |---- | John Williams | 19 April 1945 | [[European Theater]] ** | Hanging |---- | William T. Curry | 20 April 1945 | [[Oro Bay]], [[New Guinea]], [[Southwest Pacific Area]] | Hanging |---- | Shelton McGhee, Sr. | 4 May 1945 | [[Mediterranean Theatre of World War II]] ** | Hanging |---- | George E. Smith, Jr. | 8 May 1945 | [[Shepton Mallet (HM Prison)|Shepton Mallet]], [[United Kingdom]], [[European Theater]] ** | Hanging |---- | George Green, Jr. | 15 May 1945 | [[European Theater]] ** | Hanging |---- | Haze Heard | 21 May 1945 | [[European Theater]] ** | Hanging |---- | William McCarter | 28 May 1945 | [[European Theater]] ** | Hanging |---- | Clete O. Norris | 31 May 1945 | [[European Theater]] ** | Hanging |---- | Alvery R. Rollins | 31 May 1945 | [[European Theater]] ** | Hanging |---- | Matthew Clay, Jr. | 4 June 1945 | [[European Theater]] ** | Hanging |---- | Werner E. Schmiedel | 11 June 1945 | [[Mediterranean Theatre of World War II]] ** | Hanging |---- | Ancieto Martinez | 15 June 1945 | [[Shepton Mallet (HM Prison)|Shepton Mallet]], [[United Kingdom]], [[European Theater]] ** | Hanging |---- | Victor Ortiz * | 21 June 1945 | [[European Theatre]] | Hanging |---- | Willie Johnson | 26 June 1945 | [[European Theater]] ** | Hanging |---- | Fred A. McMurray | 2 July 1945 | [[Italy]], [[Mediterranean Theatre of World War II]] ** | Hanging |---- | [[Louis Till]] | 2 July 1945 | [[Italy]], [[Mediterranean Theatre of World War II]] ** | Hanging |---- | Charles H. Jefferies | 5 July 1945 | [[Italy]], [[Mediterranean Theatre of World War II]] ** | Hanging |---- | John T. Jones | 5 July 1945 | [[Italy]], [[Mediterranean Theatre of World War II]] ** | Hanging |---- | Henry W. Nelson | 5 July 1945 | [[Italy]], [[Mediterranean Theatre of World War II]] ** | Hanging |---- | Tom E. Gordon | 10 July 1945 | [[European Theater]] ** | Hanging |---- | Harold Crabtree | 31 July 1945 | [[Philippines]] | Firing squad |---- | Cornelius Thomas | 1 August 1945 | [[Schofield Barracks, Hawai'i]] | Hanging |---- | Jesse D. Boston | 1 August 1945 | [[Schofield Barracks, Hawai'i]] | Firing squad |---- | Robert Davidson | 6 August 1945 | [[Green Haven Correctional Facility]], [[New York (state)|New York]] | Firing squad |---- | Ernest J. Harris | 9 August 1945 | [[Philippines]] | Hanging |---- | Lee R. Davis | 14 August 1945 | [[Fort Sill]], [[Oklahoma]] | Hanging |---- | Herbert W. Reid | 14 August 1945 | [[Camp Beale]], [[California]] | Hanging |---- | Clinton Stevenson | 14 August 1945 | [[Camp Beale]], [[California]] | Hanging |---- | Ellis McCloud, Jr. | 20 August 1945 | [[Philippines]] | Hanging |---- | Robert Wray | 20 August 1945 | [[European Theater]] ** | Hanging |---- | Edward J. Reichl | 22 August 1945 | [[United States Disciplinary Barracks]], [[Fort Leavenworth, Kansas]] | Hanging |---- | Harvey W. Nichols | 28 August 1945 | [[Philippines]] | Hanging |---- | Albert Williams | 28 August 1945 | [[Philippines]] | Hanging |---- | Bradley Walters, Jr. | 31 August 1945 | [[Philippines]] | Hanging |---- | Henry C. Philpot | 10 September 1945 | [[European Theater]] ** | Hanging |---- | Fred Hurse | 20 September 1945 | [[United States]] | Hanging |---- | Clarence Gibson | 24 September 1945 | [[United States]] | Firing squad |---- | James C.Thomas | 25 September 1945 | [[Philippines]] | Hanging |---- | Charles M. Robinson | 28 September 1945 | [[European Theater]] ** | Hanging |---- | Blake W. Mariano | 10 October 1945 | [[European Theater]] ** | Hanging |---- | Sidney Bennerman | 15 October 1945 | [[European Theater]] ** | Firing squad |---- | Woodrow Parker | 15 October 1945 | [[European Theater]] ** | Firing squad |---- | Ozell Louis | 15 October 1945 | [[Philippines]] | Hanging |---- | Charlie Ervin, Jr. | 19 October 1945 | [[Italy]], [[Mediterranean Theatre of World War II]] ** | Firing squad |---- | Mansfield Spinks | 19 October 1945 | [[Italy]], [[Mediterranean Theatre of World War II]] ** | Firing squad |---- | Dan J. Lee | 9 November 1945 | [[Philippines]] | Firing squad |---- | Ellsworth Williams | 5 January 1946 | [[Germany]], [[European Theater]] ** | Hanging |---- | Solomon Thompson | 11 September 1946 | [[European Theater]] | Hanging |---- | Garlon Mickles | 22 April 1947 | [[Schofield Barracks, Hawai'i]] | Hanging |---- | James Norman | 25 April 1947 | [[Philippines]] | Hanging |---- | William Abney | 1 December 1947 | [[Mandaluyong City|Mandaluyong]], [[Philippines]] | Hanging |---- | Manuel Martinez | 23 April 1948 | [[European Theater]] | Hanging |---- | Stratman Armistead | 16 December 1948 | [[Nakano, Tokyo|Nakano]], [[Japan]], [[Far East Command (United States)|Far East Command]] | Hanging |---- | Willie Hall | Died 1944 | [[Casablanca]], [[French Morocco]], [[Mediterranean Theater of Operations]] ** | **DD |---- | William N. Lucas | Died 1942–1946? | [[European Theater]]? ** | |---- | Joseph J. Mahoney | Died 1943 | [[Algiers]], [[Mediterranean Theater of Operations]] ** | **DC |} ** - Remains transferred to Plot E in 1949. **E - Remains exhumed from Plot E and returned to the United States. **DD - Died during disturbance after being sentenced to life for murder.<ref name=MILEXEC>{{cite web |url=http://www.omnilogos.com/2015/01/military-executions.html|title=Military Executions - Volume 1: The Presence of Death |last=Lilly |first=J. Robert |publisher= |date=2003 |accessdate=October 28, 2015 }}</ref> **DC - Died in custody after being sentenced to five years for sodomy of a 13-year boy in Sicily.<ref name=MILEXEC/> ===Plot E=== [[File:Plot "E", Oise-Aisne American Cemetery.jpg|thumb|right|View across Plot "E", [[Oise-Aisne American Cemetery and Memorial|Oise-Aisne American Cemetery]], France]] The US Army executed several servicemen following General Courts Martial (GCM) for murder or rape, or both crimes, in the European Theatre of Operations during the [[Second World War]]. The remains of these servicemen were originally buried near the site of their executions, which took place in countries as far apart as England, France, Belgium, Germany, Italy and Algeria. In 1949 the remains of these men and a few others were re-interred in Plot E, a private section specifically built to hold what the Graves Registration referred to as "the dishonorable dead", since (per standard practice) all had been [[Dishonorably discharged#Dishonorable|Dishonorably Discharged]] from the US Army just prior to their executions. Plot "E" is detached from the main four cemetery plots for the honored dead of World War I at the [[Oise-Aisne American Cemetery and Memorial]].<ref name="oasource">[http://www.abmc.gov/cemeteries-memorials/europe/oise-aisne-american-cemetery American Battle Monuments Commission: Oise-Aisne American Cemetery Official Website], As of June 22, 2009</ref> It is located across the road and deliberately hidden from view, inside a 100 x 50 feet oval-shaped clearing surrounded by hedges and hidden in thick forest. Officially, Plot E does not exist: it is not mentioned on the [[American Battle Monuments Commission|ABMC]] website or in any guide pamphlets or maps. The plot is accessible only through the back door of the superintendent's office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://binged.it/KmEdbX |title=Bing Maps - Driving Directions, Traffic and Road Conditions |publisher=Binged.it |date=2015-03-04 |accessdate=2015-04-24}}</ref> Access is difficult and visitors are not encouraged, though the section is maintained by cemetery caretakers who periodically mow the lawn area and trim the hedges. One cemetery employee described Plot E as "a house of shame" and "a perfect anti-memorial".<ref name=interpreter>Kaplan, Alice. ''The Interpreter''. Free Press: New York, 2005. 172–3.</ref> Today, Plot E contains nothing but 96 flat stone markers (arranged in four rows) and a single small granite cross. The white grave markers are the size of [[index card]]s and have nothing on them except sequential grave numbers engraved in black. Two remains were later disinterred and allowed to return to United States. No US flag is permitted to fly over the section, and the numbered graves literally lie with their backs turned to the main cemetery on the other side of the road.<ref name=slovik>Huie, William Bradford.''The Execution of Private Slovik.'' Westholme: Yardley, 1954. 4–7.</ref> Very few of the individuals buried in Plot E had not been convicted of rape or murder. Willie Hall, Joseph J. Mahoney and William N. Lucas are three other non-murders buried in Plot E. One deserter was [[Eddie Slovik]], who was executed for desertion on 31 January 1945. In 1987 President [[Ronald Reagan]] gave permission for Slovik's remains to be exhumed and returned to the United States for reburial.<ref>{{FAG|3134|Pvt Eddie Slovik – Original name: Edward Donald Slovik}}</ref><ref>Huie, William Bradford. "The Execution of Private Slovik". Westholme Publishing, 2004. ISBN 1-59416-003-1</ref> Alex F. Miranda was exhumed and his remains were returned to the United States in 1990.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GSln=Miranda&GSfn=Alex&GSbyrel=all&GSdyrel=all&GSob=n&GRid=9578901&df=all& |title=Alex F. Miranda (1923 - 1944) - Find A Grave Memorial |publisher=Findagrave.com |date= |accessdate=2015-04-24}}</ref> ==Executions of German POWs during World War II== In 1945, the [[United States Army]] executed fourteen German [[prisoners of war]] by hanging at the [[United States Disciplinary Barracks|United States Disciplinary Barracks, Fort Leavenworth]], [[Kansas]]. These POWs, members of the German Armed services, had been convicted by general court-martial for the murders of fellow Germans believed by their fellow inmates to be collaborating as confidential informants with the United States military authorities. These hangings at the [[United States Disciplinary Barracks]] were carried out in a warehouse elevator shaft which had been converted into a temporary gallows. The fourteen Germans were subsequently buried in the [[Fort Leavenworth Military Prison Cemetery]].<ref>[http://www.interment.net/data/us/ks/leavenworth/ftleav_prison/index.htm Fort Leavenworth Military Prison cemetery]</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" ! class="unsortable" | Executed person ! Age ! Date of Execution ! Name of victim |---- | Walter Beyer | 32 | 10 July 1945 | [[Johannes Kunze]] |---- | Hans Demme | 23 | 10 July 1945 | Johannes Kunze |---- | Hans Schomer | 27 | 10 July 1945 | Johannes Kunze |---- | Willie Scholz | 22 | 10 July 1945 | Johannes Kunze |---- | Berthold Seidel | 30 | 10 July 1945 | Johannes Kunze |---- | Erich Gauss | | 14 July 1945 | [[Horst Günther]] |---- | Rudolph Straub | | 14 July 1945 | Horst Günther |---- | Helmut Fischer | | 25 August 1945 | [[Werner Drechsler]] |---- | Fritz Franke | | 25 August 1945 | Werner Drechsler |---- | Guenther Kuelsen | | 25 August 1945 | Werner Drechsler |---- | Heinrich Ludwig | | 25 August 1945 | Werner Drechsler |---- | Bernard Reyak | | 25 August 1945 | Werner Drechsler |---- | Otto Stengel | | 25 August 1945 | Werner Drechsler |---- | Rolf Wizuy | | 25 August 1945 | Werner Drechsler |} ==Executions by the United States Air Force== The [[United States Air Force]] has executed a total of three airmen by hanging between 1950 and 1954. The first execution, that of Robert E. Keller, was conducted under the authority of the 1920 Articles of War; those of Burns and Dennis, Jr. were carried out under a short-lived revised version of the Articles of War popularly known as the [[Military Selective Service Act|Elston Act]] of 1948. {| class="wikitable" |---- !Executed person !Date of execution !Location !Crime |---- | Robert E. Keller | 11 March 1950 | [[Nakano, Tokyo|Nakano]], [[Japan]] | First Degree Murder |---- | Robert W. Burns | 28 January 1954 | [[Guam]] | First Degree Murder and First Degree Rape |---- | Herman P. Dennis, Jr. | 28 January 1954 | [[Guam]] | First Degree Murder and First Degree Rape |---- |} ==Executions under the Uniform Code of Military Justice== A total of ten military executions have been carried out by the [[United States Army]] under the provisions of the original [[Uniform Code of Military Justice]] of 5 May 1950. The first four of these executions, those of Bernard J. O'Brien, Chastine Beverly, Louis M. Suttles and James L. Riggins, were carried out by military officials at the [[Kansas State Penitentiary]] near [[Lansing, Kansas]]. The remaining six executions took place in the boiler room of the [[United States Disciplinary Barracks]], [[Fort Leavenworth, Kansas]]. Hanging was the method employed in these ten executions. {| class="wikitable" |---- !Executed person !Date of sentencing !Date of execution !Crime |---- | Bernard J. O'Brien | 19 June 1952 | 31 July 1954 | First Degree Murder |---- | Chastine Beverly | 10 October 1951 | 1 March 1955 | Robbery, First Degree Murder |---- | Louis M. Suttles | 10 October 1951 | 1 March 1955 | Robbery, First Degree Murder |---- | James L. Riggins | 10 October 1951 | 1 March 1955 | Robbery, First Degree Murder |---- | Thomas J. Edwards | 1 April 1953 | 14 February 1957 | First Degree Murder |---- | Winfred D. Moore | 19 August 1953 | 14 February 1957 | First Degree Murder, Assault with intent to commit Robbery |---- | Ernest L. Ranson | 5 June 1953 | 3 April 1957 | Lifting weapon against superior officer, First Degree murder, First Degree Rape, Robbery, 2 counts of Assault with dangerous weapon |---- | Abraham Thomas | 15 April 1954 | 23 July 1958 | Four counts First Degree Murder |---- | John E. Day, Jr. | 1 October 1951 | 23 September 1959 | First Degree Murder, Aggravated Assault with attempt to do bodily harm with dangerous weapon, Assault |---- | [[John A. Bennett]] | 8 February 1955 | 13 April 1961 | First Degree Child Rape, First Degree Attempted Murder |---- |} === Individuals currently awaiting execution under the UCMJ === Six individuals are currently awaiting execution under the UCMJ. All executions, if carried out, will be by lethal injection. {| class="wikitable" |---- !Sentenced person !Date of sentencing !Crime |---- | [[Ronald Gray|Ronald A. Gray]] | 12 April 1988 | Two specifications of both Rape (U.C.M.J. Article 120) and Premeditated Murder (U.C.M.J. Article 118(1)) |---- | [[Dwight J. Loving]] | April 1989 | Two specifications of Felony Murder (U.C.M.J. Article 118(4)) |---- | [[United States v. Hasan K. Akbar|Hasan Karim Akbar]] | 28 April 2005 | Two specifications of Premeditated Murder (U.C.M.J. Article 118(1)) |---- | Andrew P. Witt | 13 October 2005 | Two specifications of Premeditated Murder (U.C.M.J. Article 118(1)) |---- | Timothy B. Hennis | 15 April 2010 | Three specifications of Premeditated Murder (U.C.M.J. Article 118(1)), one specification of Rape (U.C.M.J. Article 120) |---- | [[Nidal Malik Hasan]] | 28 August 2013 | [[2009 Fort Hood shooting|Thirteen specifications of Premeditated Murder (U.C.M.J. Article 120(1)]] |---- |} {{reflist|group=n}} ==Executions by the United States Navy== {{Main|USS Somers (1842)}} The [[United States Navy]] has executed approximately seventeen sailors and Marines for various offenses, of which the most famous were several crew members of the [[USS Somers (1842)|USS ''Somers'']] who were summarily hanged for allegedly conspiring to [[mutiny]]. No member of the Navy has been executed since 1849. The United States Navy also executed fourteen Japanese nationals by hanging on charges of [[war crimes]] on [[Guam]] after the [[Second World War]]. ==See also== *[[Shepton Mallet (HM Prison)|Shepton Mallet Military Prison]] *[[Fort Leavenworth Military Prison Cemetery]] *[[Oise-Aisne American Cemetery Plot E|Plot E - "The Dishonored Dead"]] ==References== {{reflist|30em}} ==Sources== Information on listed military executions between 1942&ndash;1961 has been primarily derived from the following sources. Research on these executions continues. # A handwritten list, [http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/article.php?scid=32&did=988 Executed Death Cases Before 1951], discovered at [[The Pentagon]] in December 2003. The list is only partially legible and must therefore be used with some caution. The linked public version of this list is quite truncated, thereby omitting a great deal of useful information about these cases. The supplemental addendum, ''Death Sentence Ledger'', tracks military capital cases between 1950-1967. # Two tables of U.S. Soldiers executed during [[World War II]]'s [http://users.bestweb.net/~rg/execution/WWII%20MILITARY%20EXECUTIONS.htm European Theater] and [http://users.bestweb.net/~rg/execution/WWII%20MILITARY%20EXECUTIONS%20PACIFIC.htm Pacific Theater] may be found on [https://web.archive.org/web/20070625053440/http://users.bestweb.net/~rg/execution.htm Before the Needle] # The [http://content.ancestry.com/iexec/?htx=List&dbid=1102&offerid=0%3a7858%3a0 U.S. Rosters of World War II Dead, 1939-1945] (payment required) contains the names of many American servicemen executed by military authority overseas. These individuals are generally identified in the Rosters as ''GP'' (or General Prisoners) and were interred under the category of ''Administrative Decision''. # The [http://gravelocator.cem.va.gov/j2ee/servlet/NGL_v1 Nationwide Gravesite Locator] contains the names of numerous executed soldiers, many of them listed as being General Prisoners. # The [http://www.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=8750 U.S. Veterans Gravesites, ca.1775-2006] (payment required) contains the names of numerous executed soldiers, many of them listed as being General Prisoners. # Historical archives of the [http://content.ancestry.com/iexec/?htx=Newspaper&dbid=1136&offerid=0%3a7858%3a0 Stars and Stripes Newspaper, WWII Europe and North Africa Editions, 1942-1958] (payment required) contain numerous contemporary references to military executions. # ''Death Penalty Cases in WWII Military Courts: Lessons Learned from North Africa and Italy'', a paper written by Professor J. Robert Lilly of the School of Law, Northern Kentucky University, and Associate Professor J. Michael Thomson of the Political Science Department Northern Kentucky University, and presented at the 41st Annual Meeting of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences March 10&ndash;13, 2004. Las Vegas, NV, contains statistical information on 97 executions carried out in the [[European Theatre]] and the [[Mediterranean Theatre of World War II]]. It does not appear to be available online at this time. # ''Taken by Force'', by J. Robert Lilly, (ISBN 0-230-50647-X) published by Palgrave Macmillian in August, 2007, discusses crimes of sexual violence committed by American soldiers in the Second World War. It contains numerous references to military capital cases during this period. # Official File, Court Martial Cases, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, contains information on sentence confirmation dates of soldiers executed for capital crimes within the continental [[United States]] between 1942-1945. # Official File, Court Martial Cases, Harry Truman Museum and Library, contains information on sentence confirmation dates of soldiers and members of the Air Force executed between 1945-1954. # History of the JAG Branch Office, U.S. Forces, European Theater, 18 July 1942 to 1 Nov. 1945: n.a., Vol. 1–2, prep. by the Branch Office of the JAG-ETO, n.p ., n.d. (1946?), contains a summary on 70 military executions carried out in the European theater between 1943-1945. # Ted Darcy Casualty Database #[http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/ucmj2.htm#SUBCHAPTER%20X.%20PUNITIVE%20ARTICLES Subchapter X, "Punitive Articles"] of the Uniform Code of Military Justice ==External links== *[http://www.capitalpunishmentuk.org/sheptonm.html American executions at Shepton Mallet] *[http://www.soci.niu.edu/~critcrim/dp/dppapers/lil.dirty.details Dirty Details - US Military Executions During WW2] {{CapPun-US}} [[Category:Lists of people executed in the United States|United States military]] [[Category:United States military law]] [[Category:United States Department of Defense lists|Executed]] [[Category:Military discipline and World War II|Unit]] [[Category:Military discipline and World War I|Unit]] [[Category:Military discipline|Unit]]'