Examine individual changes

'{{Other uses}} {{Use mdy dates|date=February 2015}} [[File:Statueofliberty.JPG|right|thumb|250px|For many immigrants, the [[Statue of Liberty]] was their first view of the United States, signifying new opportunities in life. The statue is an iconic symbol of the American Dream.]] The '''American Dream''' is a national [[ethos]] of the [[United States]], the set of ideals (democracy, rights, liberty, opportunity, and equality) in which freedom includes the opportunity for prosperity and success, and an upward [[Socio-economic mobility in the United States|social mobility]] for the family and children, achieved through hard work in a society with few barriers. In the definition of the American Dream by [[James Truslow Adams]] in 1931, "life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement" regardless of [[Social class in the United States|social class]] or circumstances of birth.<ref name=LOC>Library of Congress. American Memory. [http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/lessons/american-dream/students/thedream.html "What is the American Dream?", lesson plan].</ref> The American Dream is rooted in the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]], which proclaims that "[[all men are created equal]]" with the right to "life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness."<ref name=vanityfair>{{cite journal |last=Kamp |first=David |work=Vanity Fair |date=April 2009 |url=http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/features/2009/04/american-dream200904 |title=Rethinking the American Dream |accessdate=June 20, 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090530024942/http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/features/2009/04/american-dream200904| archivedate= May 30, 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> ==History== The meaning of the "American Dream" has changed over the course of history, and includes both personal components (such as home ownership and upward mobility) and a global vision. Historically the Dream originated in the mystique regarding [[Frontier Thesis|frontier life]]. As the Royal Governor of Virginia noted in 1774, the Americans "for ever imagine the Lands further off are still better than those upon which they are already settled". He added that, "if they attained Paradise, they would move on if they heard of a better place farther west."<ref>Lord Dunmore to Lord Dartmouth, December 24, 1774, quoted in John Miller, ''Origins of the American Revolution'' (1944) p. 77</ref> The ethos today implies an opportunity for Americans to achieve prosperity through hard work. According to The Dream, this includes the opportunity for one's children to grow up and receive a good education and career without artificial barriers. It is the opportunity to make individual choices without the prior restrictions that limited people according to their class, caste, religion, race, or ethnicity. Immigrants to the United States sponsored ethnic newspapers in their own language; the editors typically promoted the American Dream.<ref>Leara D. Rhodes, ''The Ethnic Press: Shaping the American Dream'' (Peter Lang Publishing; 2010)</ref> Lawrence Samuel argues: :For many in both the working class and the middle class, upward mobility has served as the heart and soul of the American Dream, the prospect of "betterment" and to "improve one's lot" for oneself and one's children much of what this country is all about. "Work hard, save a little, send the kids to college so they can do better than you did, and retire happily to a warmer climate" has been the script we have all been handed.<ref>{{cite book|author=Lawrence R. Samuel|title=The American Dream: A Cultural History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=domiAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7|year=2012|publisher=Syracuse UP|page=7}}</ref> ===19th century=== In the 19th&nbsp;century, many well-educated Germans fled the failed [[Revolutions of 1848 in the German states|1848 revolution]]. They welcomed the political freedoms in the New World, and the lack of a hierarchical or aristocratic society that determined the ceiling for individual aspirations. One of them explained: <blockquote>The [[German American|German emigrant]] comes into a country free from the despotism, privileged orders and monopolies, intolerable taxes, and constraints in matters of belief and conscience. Everyone can travel and settle wherever he pleases. No passport is demanded, no police mingles in his affairs or hinders his movements&nbsp;... Fidelity and merit are the only sources of honor here. The rich stand on the same footing as the poor; the scholar is not a mug above the most humble mechanics; no German ought to be ashamed to pursue any occupation&nbsp;... [In America] wealth and possession of real estate confer not the least political right on its owner above what the poorest citizen has. Nor are there nobility, privileged orders, or standing armies to weaken the physical and moral power of the people, nor are there swarms of public functionaries to devour in idleness credit for. Above all, there are no princes and corrupt courts representing the so-called divine 'right of birth.' In such a country the ''talents, energy and perseverance'' of a person&nbsp;... have far greater opportunity to display than in monarchies.<ref>F. W. Bogen, ''The German in America'' (Boston, 1851), quoted in Stephen Ozment, ''A Mighty Fortress: A New History of the German People'' (2004) pp.&nbsp;170–71</ref></blockquote> The [[California Gold Rush|discovery of gold in California in 1849]] brought in a hundred thousand men looking for their fortune overnight—and a few did find it. Thus was born the [[California Dream]] of instant success. Historian [[H. W. Brands]] noted that in the years after the Gold Rush, the California Dream spread across the nation: <blockquote>The old American Dream&nbsp;... was the dream of the Puritans, of Benjamin Franklin's "Poor Richard"...&nbsp;of men and women content to accumulate their modest fortunes a little at a time, year by year by year. The new dream was the dream of instant wealth, won in a twinkling by audacity and good luck. [This] golden dream&nbsp;... became a prominent part of the American psyche only after Sutter's Mill."<ref>H. W. Brands, ''The age of gold: the California Gold Rush and the new American dream'' (2003) p. 442.</ref></blockquote> ===20th century=== Historian [[James Truslow Adams]] popularized the phrase "American Dream" in his 1931 book ''Epic of America'': {{quote|But there has been also the ''American dream'', that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for every man, with opportunity for each according to his ability or achievement. It is a difficult dream for the European upper classes to interpret adequately, and too many of us ourselves have grown weary and mistrustful of it. It is not a dream of motor cars and high wages merely, but a dream of social order in which each man and each woman shall be able to attain to the fullest stature of which they are innately capable, and be recognized by others for what they are, regardless of the fortuitous circumstances of birth or position.<ref name=LOC/>}} And later he wrote: {{quote|The American dream, that has lured tens of millions of all nations to our shores in the past century has not been a dream of merely material plenty, though that has doubtlessly counted heavily. It has been much more than that. It has been a dream of being able to grow to fullest development as man and woman, unhampered by the barriers which had slowly been erected in the older civilizations, unrepressed by social orders which had developed for the benefit of classes rather than for the simple human being of any and every class.}} [[Martin Luther King,&nbsp;Jr.]], in his "Letter from a Birmingham Jail" (1963) rooted the [[African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968)|civil rights movement]] in the black quest for the American Dream:<ref>Quoted in James T. Kloppenberg, ''The Virtues of Liberalism'' (1998) p. 147</ref> <blockquote>We will win our freedom because the sacred heritage of our nation and the eternal will of God are embodied in our echoing demands&nbsp;... when these disinherited children of God sat down at lunch counters they were in reality standing up for what is best in the American dream and for the most sacred values in our Judeo-Christian heritage, thereby bringing our nation back to those great wells of democracy which were dug deep by the founding fathers in their formulation of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence.</blockquote> ==Literature== The concept is used in popular discourse, and scholars have traced its use in American literature ranging from the ''Autobiography'' of [[Benjamin Franklin]],<ref>J. A. Leo Lemay, "Franklin's Autobiography and the American Dream," in J. A. Leo Lemay and P. M. Zall, eds. ''Benjamin Franklin's Autobiography'' (Norton Critical Editions, 1986) pp.&nbsp;349–360</ref> to Mark Twain's ''[[The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn]]'' (1884), Willa Cather's ''[[My Ántonia]]'',<ref>James E. Miller, Jr., "My Antonia and the American Dream" ''Prairie Schooner'' 48, no. 2 (Summer 1974) pp.&nbsp;112–123.</ref> F. Scott Fitzgerald's ''[[The Great Gatsby]]'' (1925), Theodore Dreiser's ''[[An American Tragedy]]'' (1925) and [[Toni Morrison]]'s ''Song of Solomon'' (1977).<ref>Harold Bloom and Blake Hobby, eds. ''The American Dream'' (2009)</ref> Other writers who used the American Dream theme include [[Hunter S. Thompson]], [[Edward Albee]],<ref>Nicholas Canaday, Jr., "Albee's The American Dream and the Existential Vacuum." ''South Central Bulletin'' Vol. 26, No. 4 (Winter 1966) pp.&nbsp;28–34</ref> [[John Steinbeck]],<ref>Hayley Haugen, ed., ''The American Dream in John Steinbeck's of Mice and Men'' (2010)</ref> [[Langston Hughes]]<ref>Lloyd W. Brown, "The American Dream and the Legacy of Revolution in the Poetry of Langston Hughes" ''Studies in Black Literature'' (Spring 1976) pp.&nbsp;16–18.</ref> and [[Giannina Braschi]].<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://johnjay.jjay.cuny.edu/latinaliteraryconference2015/_images/FridayApril24Abstracts.pdf|author=Riofio, John |title=Fractured Dreams: Life and Debt in United States of Banana|publisher=Biennial Conference on Latina/o Utopias Literatures: "Latina/o Utopias: Futures, Forms, and the Will of Literature"|year=2015|quote="Braschi's novel is a scathing critique...of over-wrought concepts of Liberty and the American Dream....(It) connects the dots between 9/11, the suppression of individual liberties, and the fragmentation of the individuals and communities in favor of a collective worship of the larger dictates of the market and the economy."}}</ref> The American Dream is also discussed in [[Arthur Miller]]'s ''[[Death of a Salesman]]''; the play's protagonist, Willy, is on a quest for the American Dream. As Chua (1994) shows, the American Dream is a recurring theme in other literature as well, for example, the fiction of Asian Americans.<ref>Anupama Jain, ''How to Be South Asian in America: Narratives of Ambivalence and Belonging'' (Temple University Press; 2011), looks at the American dream in fiction, film, and personal narrative such as Meena Alexander's ''Manhattan Music.''</ref><ref>Guiyou Huang, ''The Columbia guide to Asian American literature since 1945'' (2006), pp 44, 67, 85, 94</ref> ===American Ideals=== Many American authors added American Ideals to their work as a theme or other reoccurring idea, to get their point across.<ref>Neumann, Henry. Teaching American Ideals through Literature. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1918. Print.</ref> There are many ideals that appear in [[American Literature]] such as, but not limited to, all people are equal, [[The United States of America]] is the Land of Opportunity, independence is valued, The American Dream is attainable, and everyone can succeed with hard work and determination. [[John Winthrop]] also wrote about this term called, [[American Exceptionalism]]. This ideology refers to the idea that Americans are the chosen ones, and that they are the light.<ref>Symposium: The Role of the Judge in the Twenty-first Century. Boston: Boston U Law School, 2006. Print.</ref> ===Literary commentary=== [[File:Anti-emigration.propaganda.1869.png|thumb|European governments, worried that their best young people would leave for America, distributed posters like this to frighten them. This 1869 Swedish anti-emigration poster contrasts Per Svensson's dream of the American idyll (left) and the reality of his life in the wilderness (right), where he is menaced by a mountain lion, a big snake, and wild Indians who are scalping and disembowelling someone.<ref>The pictures originally illustrated a cautionary tale published in 1869 in the Swedish periodical ''Läsning för folket'', the organ of the Society for the Propagation of Useful Knowledge (''Sällskapet för nyttiga kunskapers spridande''). H. Arnold Barton, ''A Folk Divided: Homeland Swedes and Swedish Americans, 152547256425264562564562462654666 FILS DE'' (Uppsala, 1994) p. 71.</ref>]] The American Dream has been credited with helping to build a cohesive American experience, but has also been blamed for inflated expectations.<ref name=Greider>[[William Greider|Greider, William]]. ''The Nation'', May 6, 2009. [http://www.thenation.com/doc/20090525/greider ''The Future of the American Dream''], Retrieved on June 20, 20205.</ref> Some commentators have noted that despite deep-seated belief in the egalitarian American Dream, [[Wealth in the United States|the modern American wealth structure]] still perpetuates racial and class inequalities between generations.<ref name=Johnson6>Johnson, 2006, pp. 6–10. "The crucial point is not that inequalities ''exist'', but that they are being perpetuated in recurrent patterns—they are not always the result of individual success or failure, nor are they randomly distributed throughout the population. In the contemporary United States, the structure of wealth systematically transmits race and class inequalities through generations despite deep-rooted belief otherwise."</ref> One [[Sociology|sociologist]] notes that advantage and disadvantage are not always connected to individual successes or failures, but often to prior position in a social group.<ref name=Johnson6/> Since the 1920s, numerous authors, such as [[Sinclair Lewis]] in his 1922 novel ''[[Babbitt (novel)|Babbitt]]'', and [[F.&nbsp;Scott Fitzgerald]], in his 1925 classic, ''[[The Great Gatsby]]'', [[Satire|satirized]] or ridiculed [[materialism]] in the chase for the American dream. For example, Jay Gatsby's death mirrors the American Dream's demise, reflecting the pessimism of modern-day Americans.<ref>Dalton Gross and MaryJean Gross, ''Understanding The Great Gatsby'' (1998) p. 5</ref> The American Dream is a main theme in the book by [[John Steinbeck]], ''[[Of Mice and Men]]''. The two friends George and Lennie dream of their own piece of land with a [[ranch]], so they can "live off the fatta the lan'" and just enjoy a better life. The book later shows that not everyone can achieve the American Dream, thus proving by contradiction it is not possible for all, although it is possible to achieve for a few. A lot of people follow the American Dream to achieve a greater chance of becoming rich. Some posit that the ease of achieving the American Dream changes with technological advances, availability of infrastructure and information, government regulations, state of the economy, and with the evolving cultural values of [[Demographics of the United States|American demographics]]. In 1949 [[Arthur Miller]] wrote ''[[Death of a Salesman]]'', in which the American Dream is a fruitless pursuit. Similarly, in 1971 [[Hunter S. Thompson]] depicted in [[Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas|''Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas: A Savage Journey Into the Heart of the American Dream'']] a dark psychedelic reflection of the concept—successfully illustrated only in wasted pop-culture excess.<ref>Stephen E. Ambrose, Douglas Brinkley, ''Witness to America'' (1999) p. 518</ref> The novel ''"[[Requiem for a Dream (novel)|Requiem for a Dream]]"'' by Hubert Selby,&nbsp;Jr., is an exploration of the pursuit of American success as it turns delirious and lethal, told through the ensuing tailspin of its main characters. [[George Carlin]] famously wrote the joke "it's called the American dream because you have to be asleep to believe it".<ref name=Smith2010>Smith, Mark A. (2010) ''[http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/oso/public/content/oho_politics/9780199542628/oxfordhb-9780199542628-chapter-23.html The Mobilization and Influence of Business Interests]'' in L. Sandy Maisel, Jeffrey M. Berry (2010) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=idvuOLo6oA8C The Oxford Handbook of American Political Parties and Interest Groups]'' p. 460; see also: [http://www.progressive.org/video/carlin Video: George Carlin "It's called the American Dream because you have to be asleep to believe it."] ''[[The Progressive]],'' June 24, 2008.</ref> Carlin pointed to "the big wealthy business interests that control things and make all the important decisions" as having a greater influence than an individual's choice.<ref name=Smith2010/> Pulitzer Prize–winning journalist [[Chris Hedges]] echos this sentiment in his 2012 book ''Days of Destruction, Days of Revolt'':<ref>[[Chris Hedges]] and [[Joe Sacco]] (2012). ''Days of Destruction, Days of Revolt.'' pp. 226-227. Nation Books. ISBN 1568586434</ref> <blockquote>The vaunted American dream, the idea that life will get better, that progress is inevitable if we obey the rules and work hard, that material prosperity is assured, has been replaced by a hard and bitter truth. The American dream, we now know, is a lie. We will all be sacrificed. The virus of corporate abuse - the perverted belief that only corporate profit matters - has spread to outsource our jobs, cut the budgets of our schools, close our libraries, and plague our communities with foreclosures and unemployment.</blockquote> The American Dream, and the sometimes dark response to it, has been a long-standing theme in American film.<ref>Gordon B. Arnold. ''Projecting the End of the American Dream: Hollywood's Vision of U.S. Decline.'' Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, 2013.</ref> Many [[counterculture of the 1960s|counterculture]] films of the 1960s and 1970s ridiculed the traditional quest for the American Dream. For example, ''[[Easy Rider]]'' (1969), directed by [[Dennis Hopper]], shows the characters making a pilgrimage in search of "the true America" in terms of the [[hippie]] movement, drug use, and [[Commune|communal]] lifestyles.<ref>Barbara Klinger, "The Road to Dystopia: Landscaping the Nation in Easy Rider" in Steven Cohan, ed. ''The Road Movie Book'' (1997).</ref> ====Comparative upward mobility==== Research published in 2013 shows that the US provides, alongside the United Kingdom and Spain, the least economic mobility of any of 13 rich, democratic countries in the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]].<ref>{{Citation | last = Autor | first = David | title = Skills, education, and the rise of earnings inequality among the "other 99 percent" | newspaper = Science Magazine | pages = 843–851 | date = May 23, 2014 | accessdate = June 3, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | author = Corak M | year = 2013 | chapter = Inequality from Generation to Generation: The United States in Comparison | editor = Rycroft RS | title = The Economics of Inequality, Poverty, and Discrimination in the 21st Century | publisher = ABC-CLIO | page = 111 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4E8kZkcrGxAC&pg=PA111}}</ref> Prior research suggested that the United States shows roughly average levels of occupational upward mobility and shows lower rates of income mobility than comparable societies.<ref>Emily Beller and Michael Hout, "Intergenerational Social Mobility: The United States in Comparative Perspective," ''The Future of Children'' (2006) 16#3 pp.&nbsp;19–36 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3844789 in JSTOR]</ref><ref>Miles Corak, [http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/report/2012/12/05/46851/how-to-slide-down-the-great-gatsby-curve/ "How to Slide Down the 'Great Gatsby Curve': Inequality, Life Chances, and Public Policy in the United States"], December 2012, [[Center for American Progress]].</ref> Blanden et al. report, "the idea of the US as 'the land of opportunity' persists; and clearly seems misplaced."<ref name="sutton_trust">{{cite web|url=http://www.ontheside.org/count/LSEreport.pdf|author1=Jo Blanden |author2=Paul Gregg |author3=Stephen Machin |title=Intergenerational Mobility in Europe and North America|publisher=[[The Sutton Trust]]|date=April 2005|format=PDF}}</ref> According to these studies, "by international standards, the United States has an unusually low level of intergenerational mobility: our parents' income is highly predictive of our incomes as adults. Intergenerational mobility in the United States is lower than in [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Sweden]], [[Canada]], [[Finland]], [[Norway]] and [[Denmark]]. Research in 2006 found that among high-income countries for which comparable estimates are available, only the United Kingdom had a lower rate of mobility than the United States.<ref name=CAP>CAP: ''[http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2006/04/b1579981.html Understanding Mobility in America]'' - April 26, 2006</ref> Economist [[Isabel Sawhill]] concluded that "this challenges the notion of America as the land of opportunity."<ref>[http://www.brookings.edu/papers/2007/05useconomics_morton.aspx Economic Mobility: Is the American Dream Alive and Well?] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503130834/http://www.brookings.edu/papers/2007/05useconomics_morton.aspx |date=May 3, 2012 }} Economic Mobility Project - May 2007</ref><ref>[http://www.oecd.org/document/14/0,3343,en_2649_34325_44575438_1_1_1_1,00.html Obstacles to social mobility weaken equal opportunities and economic growth, says OECD study], [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD), Economics Department, February 10, 2010.</ref><ref name=DeParle>[http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/05/us/harder-for-americans-to-rise-from-lower-rungs.html?sq=mobility&st=cse&scp=1&pagewanted=all Harder for Americans to Rise From Lower Rungs] | By JASON DePARLE | January 4, 2012</ref> Several public figures and commentators, from [[David Frum]] to [[Richard G. Wilkinson]], have noted that the American dream is better realized in Denmark, which is ranked as having the highest social mobility in the OECD.<ref>David Frum (October 19, 2011). [http://theweek.com/article/index/220484/the-american-dream-moves-to-denmark The American Dream moves to Denmark]. ''[[The Week]].'' Retrieved December 12, 2014.</ref><ref>Wilkinson, Richard (Oct 2011). [http://www.ted.com/talks/richard_wilkinson.html How economic inequality harms societies] ([http://www.ted.com/talks/richard_wilkinson/transcript?language=en transcript]). [[TED (conference)|TED]]. (Quote featured on his [http://www.ted.com/speakers/richard_wilkinson personal profile] on the TED website). Retrieved December 13, 2014.</ref><ref>Diane Roberts (January 17, 2012). [http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cifamerica/2012/jan/17/want-to-get-ahead-move-to-denmark Want to get ahead? Move to Denmark]. ''[[The Guardian]].'' Retrieved December 13, 2014.</ref><ref>Kerry Trueman (October 7, 2011). [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/kerry-trueman/looking-for-the-american_b_1000928.html Looking for the American Dream? Try Denmark]. ''[[The Huffington Post]].'' Retrieved December 13, 2014.</ref><ref>Matt O'Brien (August 3, 2016). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/08/03/theres-only-one-way-to-save-the-american-dream/ This country has figured out the only way to save the American Dream]. ''[[The Washington Post]].'' Retrieved September 18, 2016.</ref> In 2015, economist [[Joseph Stiglitz]] stated, "Maybe we should be calling the American Dream the Scandinavian Dream."<ref>[http://money.cnn.com/2015/06/03/news/economy/stiglitz-income-inequality/index.html 'Scandinavian Dream' is true fix for America's income inequality]. ''CNN Money.'' June 3, 2015.</ref> ==Political leaders== Scholars have explored the American Dream theme in the careers of numerous political leaders, including [[Henry Kissinger]],<ref>Jeremi Suri, "Henry Kissinger, the American Dream, and the Jewish Immigrant Experience in the Cold War," ''Diplomatic History,'' Nov 2008, Vol. 32 Issue 5, pp.&nbsp;719–747</ref> [[Hillary Clinton]],<ref>Dan Dervin, "The Dream-Life of Hillary Clinton," ''Journal of Psychohistory,'' Fall 2008, Vol. 36 Issue 2, pp.&nbsp;157–162</ref> Benjamin Franklin, and [[Abraham Lincoln]].<ref>Edward J. Blum, "Lincoln's American Dream: Clashing Political Perspectives," ''Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association,'' Summer 2007, Vol. 28 Issue 2, pp.&nbsp;90–93</ref> The theme has been used for many local leaders as well, such as [[José Antonio Navarro]], the [[Tejano]] leader (1795–1871), who served in the legislatures of Coahuila y Texas, the Republic of Texas, and the State of Texas.<ref>David McDonald, ''Jose Antonio Navarro: In Search of the American Dream in Nineteenth-Century Texas'' (Texas State Historical Association, 2011)</ref> In 2006 U.S.&nbsp;Senator [[Barack Obama]] wrote a memoir, ''[[The Audacity of Hope|The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream]]''. It was this interpretation of the American Dream for a young black man that helped establish his statewide and national reputations.<ref>Deborah F. Atwater, "Senator Barack Obama: The Rhetoric of Hope and the American Dream," ''Journal of Black Studies,'' Nov 2007, Vol. 38 Issue 2, pp.&nbsp;121–129</ref><ref>Willie J. Harrell, "'The Reality of American Life Has Strayed From Its Myths,'" ''Journal of Black Studies,'' Sep 2010, Vol. 41 Issue 1, pp.&nbsp;164–183 [http://jbs.sagepub.com/content/41/1/164 online]</ref> The exact meaning of the Dream became a partisan political issue in the 2008 and 2012 elections.<ref>Matthias Maass, "Which Way to Take the American Dream: The U.S. Elections of 2008 and 2010 as a Struggle for Political Ownership of the American Dream," ''Australasian Journal of American Studies'' (July 2012), vol 31 pp. 25–41.</ref> Political conflicts, to some degree, have been ameliorated by the shared values of all parties in the expectation that the American Dream will resolve many difficulties and conflicts.<ref>James Laxer and Robert Laxer, ''The Liberal Idea of Canada: Pierre Trudeau and the Question of Canada's Survival'' (1977) pp.&nbsp;83–85</ref> ==Public opinion== A key element of the American Dream is promoting opportunity for one's children, Johnson interviewing parents says, "This was one of the most salient features of the interview data: parents—regardless of background—relied heavily on the American Dream to understand the possibilities for children, especially their own children."<ref>{{cite book|author=Heather Beth Johnson|title=American Dream and Power Wealth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0W19AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT43|date= 2014|publisher=Routledge|page=43}}</ref> Rank et al. argue, "The hopes and optimism that Americans possess pertain not only to their own lives, but to their children's lives as well. A fundamental aspect of the American Dream has always been the expectation that the next generation should do better than the previous generation."<ref>{{cite book|author=Mark Robert Rank|title=Chasing the American Dream: Understanding What Shapes Our Fortunes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WszQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA61|year=2014|publisher=Oxford U.P.|page=61|display-authors=etal}}</ref> Hanson and Zogby (2010) report on numerous public opinion polls that since the 1980s have explored the meaning of the concept for Americans, and their expectations for its future. In these polls, a majority of Americans consistently reported that for their family, the American Dream is more about spiritual happiness than material goods. Majorities state that working hard is the most important element for getting ahead. However, an increasing minority stated that hard work and determination does not guarantee success. Most Americans predict that achieving the Dream with fair means will become increasingly difficult for future generations. They are increasingly pessimistic about the opportunity for the working class to get ahead; on the other hand, they are increasingly optimistic about the opportunities available to poor people and to new immigrants. Furthermore, most support programs make special efforts to help minorities get ahead.<ref>Sandra L. Hanson, and John Zogby, "The Polls – Trends," ''Public Opinion Quarterly,'' Sept 2010, Vol. 74 Issue 3, pp.&nbsp;570–584</ref> In a 2013 poll by a [[YouGov]], 41% of responders said it is impossible for most to achieve the American Dream, while 38% said it is still possible.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://today.yougov.com/news/2013/08/07/american-dream-slipping-away-hard-work-still-count/ | title = American Dream Slipping Away, But Hope Intact | accessdate = August 8, 2013 | last = Henderson | first = Ben | publisher = [[YouGov]]}}</ref> ==Four dreams of consumerism== Ownby (1999) identifies four American Dreams that the new consumer culture addressed. The first was the "Dream of Abundance" offering a cornucopia of material goods to all Americans, making them proud to be the richest society on earth. The second was the "Dream of a Democracy of Goods" whereby everyone had access to the same products regardless of race, gender, ethnicity, or class, thereby challenging the aristocratic norms of the rest of the world whereby only the rich or well-connected are granted access to luxury. The "Dream of Freedom of Choice" with its ever-expanding variety of good allowed people to fashion their own particular lifestyle. Finally, the "Dream of Novelty", in which ever-changing fashions, new models, and unexpected new products broadened the consumer experience in terms of purchasing skills and awareness of the market, and challenged the conservatism of traditional society and culture, and even politics. Ownby acknowledges that the dreams of the new consumer culture radiated out from the major cities, but notes that they quickly penetrated the most rural and most isolated areas, such as rural Mississippi. With the arrival of the [[Ford Model T|model&nbsp;T]] after 1910, consumers in rural America were no longer locked into local general stores with their limited merchandise and high prices in comparison to shops in towns and cities. Ownby demonstrates that poor black Mississippians shared in the new consumer culture, both inside Mississippi, and it motivated the more ambitious to move to Memphis or Chicago.<ref>Ted Ownby, ''American Dreams in Mississippi: Consumers, Poverty, and Culture 1830–1998'' (University of North Carolina Press, 1999)</ref><ref>Christopher Morris, "Shopping for America in Mississippi, or How I Learn to Stop Complaining and Love the Pemberton Mall," ''Reviews in American History" March 2001 v.29#1 103–110</ref> ===Education=== Most Americans perceive a college education as the ticket to the American Dream.<ref>[http://www.publicagenda.org/press-releases/index.php?qid=27 Americans View Higher Education as Key to American Dream] Public Agenda - May 2000</ref> Some recent observers warn that soaring [[student loan debt in the United States|student loan debt crisis]] and shortages of good jobs may undermine this ticket.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Donald L. Barlett|author2=James B. Steele|title=The Betrayal of the American Dream|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7nUtKmu2JSUC&pg=PA125|year=2012|publisher=PublicAffairs|pages=125–126}}</ref> The point was illustrated in ''The Fallen American Dream'',<ref>[http://www.thefallenamericandream.com The Fallen American Dream]</ref> a documentary film that details the concept of the American Dream from its historical origins to its current perception. ===Home ownership=== In the United States, [[Homeownership in the United States|home ownership]] is sometimes used as a proxy for achieving the promised prosperity; ownership has been a [[status symbol]] separating the [[American middle class|middle class]]es from the [[Working class|poor]].<ref>William M. Rohe and Harry L. Watson, ''Chasing the American Dream: New Perspectives on Affordable Homeownership'' (2007)</ref> ==Ethnics== {{expand section|date=October 2016}} Sometimes the Dream is identified with success in sports or how working class immigrants seek to join the American way of life.<ref>Thomas M. Tarapacki, ''Chasing the American Dream: Polish Americans in Sports'' (1995); Steve Wilson. ''The Boys from Little Mexico: A Season Chasing the American Dream'' (2010) is a true story of immigrant boys on a high school soccer team who struggle not only in their quest to win the state championship, but also in their desire to adapt as strangers in a new land.</ref> ==Other parts of the world== The aspirations of the "American Dream" in the broad sense of upward mobility has been systematically spread to other nations since the 1890s as American missionaries and businessmen consciously sought to spread the Dream, says Rosenberg. Looking at American business, religious missionaries, philanthropies, [[Hollywood]], [[labor union]]s and Washington agencies, she says they saw their mission not in catering to foreign elites but instead reaching the world's masses in democratic fashion. "They linked [[mass production]], mass marketing, and technological improvement to an enlightened democratic spirit&nbsp;... In the emerging litany of the American dream what historian Daniel Boorstin later termed a "democracy of things" would disprove both [[Malthus]]'s predictions of [[scarcity]] and [[Marx]]'s of [[class conflict]]." It was, she says "a vision of global social progress."<ref>Emily S. Rosenberg, ''Spreading the American Dream: American Economic and Cultural Expansion 1890–1945'' (1982) pp.&nbsp;22–23</ref> Rosenberg calls the overseas version of the American Dream "liberal-developmentalism" and identified five critical components: <blockquote>(1) belief that other nations could and should replicate America's own developmental experience; (2) faith in private free enterprise; (3) support for free or open access for trade and investment; (4) promotion of free flow of information and culture; and (5) growing acceptance of [U.S.] governmental activity to protect private enterprise and to stimulate and regulate American participation in international economic and cultural exchange.<ref>Rosenberg, ''Spreading the American Dream'' p. 7</ref></blockquote> Knights & McCabe argue American management gurus have taken the lead in exporting the ideas: "By the latter half of the twentieth century they were truly global and through them the American Dream continues to be transmitted, repackaged and sold by an infantry of consultants and academics backed up by an artillery of books and videos."<ref>David Knights and Darren McCabe, ''Organization and Innovation: Guru Schemes and American Dreams'' (2003) p 35</ref> ===After World War II=== In [[West Germany]] after [[World War II]], says Pommerin, "the most intense motive was the longing for a better life, more or less identical with the American dream, which also became a German dream."<ref>{{cite book|author=Reiner Pommerin|title=The American Impact on Postwar Germany|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tFifkWzTapoC&pg=PA84|year=1997|publisher=Berghahn Books|page=84}}</ref> Cassamagnaghi argues that to [[women in Italy]] after 1945, films and magazine stories about American life offered an "American dream." [[New York City]] especially represented a sort of [[utopia]] where every sort of dream and desire could become true. Italian women saw a model for their own emancipation from second class status in their [[patriarchal society]].<ref>Silvia Cassamagnaghi, "New York Nella Stampa Femminile Italiana Del Secondo Dopoguerra," ["New York in the Italian women's press after World War II"] ''Storia Urbana'' (Dec 2005) 28# 109, pp.&nbsp;91–111.</ref> ===Britain=== The American dream regarding home ownership has little resonance before the 1980s.<ref>Niall Ferguson, ''The Ascent of Money: A Financial History of the World'' (2009) p .252</ref> In the 1980s, British Prime Minister [[Margaret Thatcher]] worked to create a similar dream, by selling [[Public housing|public-housing]] units to their tenants. Her Conservative party called for more home ownership: "HOMES OF OUR OWN: To most people ownership means first and foremost a home of their own&nbsp;... We should like in time to improve on existing legislation with a realistic grants scheme to assist first-time buyers of cheaper homes."<ref>See [http://www.politicsresources.net/area/uk/man/con79.htm#sale "Conservative manifesto, 1979 ]</ref> Guest calls this Thatcher's approach to the American Dream.<ref>David E. Guest, "Human Resource Management and the American Dream," ''Journal of Management Studies'' (1990) 27#4 pp.&nbsp;377–97, reprinted in Michael Poole, ''Human Resource Management: Origins, Developments and Critical Analyses'' (1999) p. 159</ref> argue that, "a reflection and reinforcement of the American Dream has been the emphasis on individualism as extolled by Margaret Thatcher and epitomized by the 'enterprise' culture."<ref>Knights and McCabe, ''Organization and Innovation'' (2003) p. 4</ref> ===Russia=== Since the [[fall of Communism]] in the [[Soviet Union]] in 1991, the American Dream has fascinated [[Russians]].<ref>Richard M. Ryan et al., "The American Dream in Russia: Extrinsic Aspirations and Well-Being in Two Cultures," ''Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,'' (Dec. 1999) vol. 25 no. 12 pp. 1509–1524, shows the Russian ideology converging toward the American one, especially among men.</ref> The first post-Communist leader [[Boris Yeltsin]] embraced the "American way" and teamed up with [[Harvard University]] [[free market]] economists [[Jeffrey Sachs]] and Robert Allison to give [[Economy of Russia|Russia]] [[economic shock therapy]] in the 1990s. The newly independent Russian media idealized America and endorsed shock therapy for the economy.<ref>{{cite book|author=Donald J. Raleigh|title=Soviet Baby Boomers: An Oral History of Russia's Cold War Generation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qKbk3534kLoC&pg=PA331|year=2011|publisher=Oxford U.P. |page=331}}</ref> In 2008 Russian President [[Dmitry Medvedev]] lamented the fact that 77% of Russia's 142&nbsp;million people live "cooped up" in apartment buildings. In 2010 his administration announced a plan for widespread home ownership: "Call it the Russian dream", said Alexander Braverman, the Director of the Federal Fund for the Promotion of Housing Construction Development. Russian Prime Minister [[Vladimir Putin]], worried about his nation's [[Demographics of Russia|very low birth rate]], said he hoped home ownership will inspire Russians "to have more babies".<ref>Anastasia Ustinova, [http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/10_27/b4185007612464.htm "Building the New Russian Dream, One Home at a Time"], ''Bloomberg Business Week,'' June 28 – July 4, 2010, pp.&nbsp;7–8</ref> ===China=== {{main|Chinese Dream}} The Chinese Dream describes a set of ideals in the People's Republic of China. It is used by journalists, government officials, and activists to describe the aspiration of individual self-improvement in Chinese society. Although the phrase has been used previously by Western journalists and scholars,<ref name=atlantic>{{cite news|last=Fallows|first=James|title=Today's China Notes: Dreams, Obstacles|url=http://www.theatlantic.com/china/archive/2013/05/todays-china-notes-dreams-obstacles/275544/|newspaper=The Atlantic|date=May 3, 2013}}</ref><ref name="economist2"/> a translation of a ''[[New York Times]]'' article written by the American journalist [[Thomas Friedman]], "China Needs Its Own Dream", has been credited with popularizing the concept in China.<ref name="economist2">{{cite news|title=The role of Thomas Friedman|url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/analects/2013/05/chinese-dream-0|newspaper=The Economist|date=May 6, 2013}}</ref> He attributes the term to Peggy Liu and the environmental NGO JUCCCE's China Dream project,<ref name=FP>{{cite news|last=Fish|first=Isaac Stone|title=Thomas Friedman: I only deserve partial credit for coining the 'Chinese dream'|url=http://blog.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/05/03/thomas_friedman_i_only_deserve_partial_credit_for_coining_the_chinese_dream|newspaper=Foreign Policy|date=May 3, 2013}}</ref><ref name="JUCCCE">{{cite web|title=China Dream|url=http://juccce.org/chinadream|publisher=JUCCCE}}</ref> which defines the Chinese Dream as [[sustainable development]].<ref name="JUCCCE"/> In 2013 the President of the PRC [[Xi Jinping]] began promoting the phrase as a slogan, leading to its widespread use in the Chinese media.<ref name="economist">"Xi Jinping and the Chinese Dream," [http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21577070-vision-chinas-new-president-should-serve-his-people-not-nationalist-state-xi-jinping ''The Economist'' May 4, 2013, p. 11 (editorial)]</ref> The concept of Chinese Dream is very similar to the idea of "American Dream". It stresses entrepreneurship and glorifies a generation of self-made men and women in post-reform China. Such as those rural immigrates who moved to the urban centers and achieve magnificent improvement in terms of their living standards, and social life. Chinese Dream can be interpreted as the collective consciousness of Chinese people during the era of social transformation and economic progress. The idea was put forward by the new [[CPC General Secretary]] [[Xi Jinping]] on November 29, 2012. The government hoped to create a revitalized China, while promoting innovation and technology to restore the international prestige of China. In this light, Chinese Dream, like [[American exceptionalism]], is a nationalistic concept as well. ==See also== * [[Center for a New American Dream]] * [[Empire of Liberty]] * ''[[Heist: Who Stole the American Dream?]]'', 2011 documentary film * ''[[Who Stole the American Dream?]]'', 2012 non-fiction book ==References== ===Notes=== {{Reflist|2}} ===Cited works=== * Adams, James Truslow. (1931). ''The Epic of America'' (Little, Brown, and Co. 1931) * Brueggemann, John. ''Rich, Free, and Miserable: The Failure of Success in America'' (Rowman & Littlefield; 2010) 233 pages; links discontent among middle-class Americans to the extension of market thinking into every aspect of life. * Chua, Chen Lok. "Two Chinese Versions of the American Dream: The Golden Mountain in Lin Yutang and Maxine Hong Kingston," ''MELUS'' Vol. 8, No. 4, The Ethnic American Dream (Winter, 1981), pp.&nbsp;61–70 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/467389 in JSTOR] * Cullen, Jim. [https://books.google.com/books?id=yM96DK4ELZkC ''The American dream: a short history of an idea that shaped a nation''], Oxford University Press US, 2004. ISBN 0-19-517325-2 * Hanson, Sandra L., and John Zogby, "The Polls – Trends", ''Public Opinion Quarterly'', Sept 2010, Vol. 74, Issue 3, pp.&nbsp;570–584 * Hanson, Sandra L. and John Kenneth White, ed. ''The American Dream in the 21st Century'' (Temple University Press; 2011); 168 pages; essays by sociologists and other scholars how on the American Dream relates to politics, religion, race, gender, and generation. * Hopper, Kenneth, and William Hopper. ''The Puritan Gift: Reclaiming the American Dream Amidst Global Financial Chaos'' (2009), argues the Dream was devised by British entrepreneurs who build the American economy * Johnson, Heather Beth. [https://books.google.com/books?id=5LauymA8xuUC ''The American dream and the power of wealth: choosing schools and inheriting inequality in the land of opportunity''], CRC Press, 2006. ISBN 0-415-95239-5 * Levinson, Julie. ''The American Success Myth on Film'' (Palgrave Macmillan; 2012) 220 pages * Lieu, Nhi T. ''The American Dream in Vietnamese'' (U. of Minnesota Press, 2011) 186 pages ISBN 978-0-8166-6570-9 * Ownby, Ted. ''American Dreams in Mississippi: Consumers, Poverty, and Culture 1830–1998'' (University of North Carolina Press, 1999) * Samuel, Lawrence R. ''The American Dream: A Cultural History'' (Syracuse University Press; 2012) 241 pages; identifies six distinct eras since the phrase was coined in 1931. ==External links== * {{wikiquote-inline}} {{United States topics}} {{Aspects of capitalism}} {{Media culture}} [[Category:American culture]] [[Category:American exceptionalism]] [[Category:Counterculture of the 1960s]]'