Examine individual changes

'{{for|the historic portuguese judicial office|juiz de fora (office)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2013}} <!-- Infobox begins !--> {{Infobox settlement |name = Juiz de Fora |settlement_type = Municipality |official_name = |website = [http://www.pjf.mg.gov.br/ Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais] |nickname = JF |motto = ''Pro Patria et Urbe'' |image_skyline = Vista do centro de Juiz de Fora-MG.JPG |imagesize = 250px |image_caption = |image_flag = Bandeira_de_Juiz_de_Fora.svg |image_seal = Brasaojf-mini.jpg |image_map = MinasGerais Municip JuizdeFora.svg |pushpin_map = Brazil |pushpin_map_size = 250 |pushpin_map_caption = Location in Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil |coordinates_display = inline,title |coordinates_region = BR |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Brazil|Region]] |subdivision_type2 = [[States of Brazil|State]] |subdivision_name = [[Brazil]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Southeast Region, Brazil|Southeast]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Minas Gerais]] |leader_title = Mayor |leader_name = Bruno Siqueira ([[Brazilian Democratic Movement Party|PMDB]]) |established_title = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporated]] |established_date = 30 May 1850 |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = 1,436 |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_metro_km2 = |population_as_of = 2015 |population_note = |population_footnotes =<ref name=ibge>{{cite web|url = http://cidades.ibge.gov.br/xtras/perfil.php?lang=&codmun=313670 | title = Juiz de Fora | language = Portuguese | publisher = [[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics|IBGE]] | accessdate = 2014-12-12}}</ref> |population_total = 555,284 |population_metro = |population_urban = |population_density_km2 = 359.59 |population_density_sq_mi = |timezone = [[UTC-3]] |utc_offset = -3 |timezone_DST = [[UTC-2]] |utc_offset_DST = -2 |latd= 21 |latm= 45 |lats= 43 |latNS= S |longd= 43 |longm= 20 |longs= 58 |longEW= W |elevation_m = 678 |elevation_ft = 2,224 |area_code = +55 32 |postal_code_type = Postal Code |postal_code = 36000-000 |blank_name = [[Demonym]] |blank_info = ''juiz-forano'' |footnotes = }} <!-- Infobox ends !--> '''Juiz de Fora''' ({{IPA-pt|ˈʒwiʒ dʒi ˈfɔɾɐ}}, ''[[juiz de fora (office)|Outsider Judge]]''), also known as '''J.F.''', is a city in the southeastern Brazilian state of [[Minas Gerais]], approximately {{convert|40|km}} from the state border with [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]]. According to 2014 estimates the current population is about 550,710 inhabitants. The geographical area of the municipality is {{convert|1437|km2|abbr=on}}. The city's location was a key factor in its economic and demographic development since it is situated between the three most important financial and economic metropolises of [[Southeast Region, Brazil|southeast Brazil]] (and also the three largest [[urban sprawl]]s of the country): Rio de Janeiro ({{convert|189|km|abbr=on}}), Belo Horizonte ({{convert|260|km|abbr=on}}) and São Paulo ({{convert|486|km|abbr=on}}). Major highways connect Juiz de Fora with these three metropolitan areas, the most important being the BR 040 which connects [[Brasília]] with [[Rio de Janeiro]] via [[Belo Horizonte]]. The city is built on the [[Paraibuna River (Minas Gerais)|Paraibuna]], a major tributary of the [[Paraíba do Sul]] river. ==History== [[Image:Juiz de fora (1893).jpg|thumb|Juiz de Fora in 1893.]] The origins of Juiz de Fora can be traced back to the beginnings of the 18th century, when the [[Caminho Novo]] (''New Way'') road was opened linking [[Rio de Janeiro]] to the gold rush area of [[Minas Gerais]] around Vila Rica (now [[Ouro Preto]]). The region was covered with dense forest (hence its name; "Zona da Mata", ''Forest Zone''). Despite the opening of the new route the area remained largely uninhabited and most of its scarce settlement was centered on the road itself. The first permanent inhabitants of the municipality were merchants and farmers who supplied the travelers' needs on the long road between the coast and the gold region. Further development would only take place after the decline of gold mining in the central zone of [[Minas Gerais]]. The capital previously invested in the mines was now invested in coffee plantations, and the region of [[Zona da Mata (Minas Gerais)|Zona da Mata]] became a fertile ground to invest in. The position of the village then called Santo Antônio do [[Paraibuna River (Minas Gerais)|Paraibuna]] was favourable due to the road connection with the capital of the country and its harbour. In 1850 the small village was officially elevated to city status. Progress continued in 1861 with the completion of the first [[macadamized]] road in Latin America, the [[Estrada União e Indústria]] (Union and Industry), replacing the Caminho Novo. Its name reflected the new found wealth of the city, for industry replaced coffee-related agriculture as its economic heart. Five years later a new railway, the [[Estrada de Ferro Central do Brasil|Estrada de Ferro Dom Pedro II]], reached the city and in 1889 the first hydroelectric powerplant of Latin America ([[Marmelos Zero Power Plant|Marmelos Zero]]) was built on the Paraibuna river on the outskirts of the city along the Estrada União e Indústria. As both foreign and domestic capital fueled the industrial boom the city became a major centre (becoming the largest urban area of the state). By first decade of the 20th century Juiz de Fora was among the main textile and industrial producers in South America and in [[Brazil]] particularly. The city's wealth was second only to major cities such as [[São Paulo]] and [[Rio de Janeiro]]. But as the coffee rush frontier moved southwestwards it reached the [[state of São Paulo]] and its immensely fertile plateaus which became the richest in the federation and industry flourished there as it had in Juiz de Fora itself. The city of Juiz de Fora became the major industrial centre in a state that was being much surpassed by [[São Paulo]] in industrial output, and worse still much of the wealth generated by the state (a large bulk by Juiz de Fora itself) was being used in the building of the new state capital [[Belo Horizonte]] (replacing [[Ouro Preto]] at the centre of the gold region), founded at the end of the 19th century and which, in the Brazilian and Latin-American tradition of centralization, was intended to be the largest city of the state. The [[Great Depression]] of the 30's worsened the city's decay which would only be overcome five decades later. By the 1940s the city had lost its nationwide influence due to the continued growth of Belo Horizonte and the loss of industry. The city's decay can be seen in the figures for its population which remained stagnant from the early 1930s to the late 1960s. By the mid-1970s, the city started to experience new growth, which continues to this day. This new era began with the establishment of a federal university ([[UFJF]]) in the city and the decision by the Brazilian military junta (1964–1985) to promote the city as a major military centre. This sparked a phenomenon rarely experienced by post-industrial towns: the industrial rebirth of the city, this time following Brazilian industrialization itself, based on heavy-industry such as steel and engineering. Recently, the city seems to be experiencing a new era in its history, again following a boom in Brazilian economy, and is reinventing itself as a major centre for services (such as telecommunications, with an important call centre) and education (following the federal university, private colleges have been established in the city). Today Juiz de Fora is an important commercial centre for the surrounding region and is the core of an unofficial metropolitan area of more than 1 million inhabitants. ==Geography== ===Location=== Juiz de Fora is located in southeast of Minas Gerais state. It is in a strategic location close to the important metropolitan areas of Rio de Janeiro, Belo Horizonte and São Paulo and on the main route from Rio de Janeiro to Belo Horizonte and Brasília. The distance of Juiz de Fora to important cities is:<ref name=pjf_dist>{{cite web|url = http://pjf.mg.gov.br/cidade/distancias.php | title = Prefeitura de Juiz de Fora | language = Portuguese | publisher = [[Prefeitura de Juiz de Fora|PJF]] | accessdate = 2015-08-18}}</ref> *[[Rio de Janeiro]]: {{convert|184|km}} *[[Belo Horizonte]]: {{convert|272|km}} *[[São Paulo]]: {{convert|506|km}} *[[Vitória, Espírito Santo|Vitória]]: {{convert|519|km}} *[[Brasília]]: {{convert|992|km}} ===Climate=== Although lying within tropical latitudes the climate is relatively mild. The altitude of {{convert|700|to|900|m|abbr=on}} makes the weather usually cooler and rainier than the lower surrounding areas. Under the [[Köppen climate classification]] Juiz de Fora's climate is classified as a [[humid subtropical climate]] with two distinct seasons, one hotter and rainier (October to April) and one cooler and drier (May to September). The average annual temperature is around {{convert|19|C}} with an average high of {{convert|24|C}} and an average low of {{convert|15|C}}. It is very humid with average humidity of 80%. The annual rainfall varies between {{convert|1300|and|1500|mm|abbr=on}}. {{Weather box |location = Juiz de Fora |metric first = Y |single line = Y |Jan high C = 25.9 |Feb high C = 26.8 |Mar high C = 25.7 |Apr high C = 23.9 |May high C = 22.8 |Jun high C = 21.2 |Jul high C = 21.2 |Aug high C = 22.2 |Sep high C = 21.4 |Oct high C = 23.8 |Nov high C = 24.5 |Dec high C = 25 |year high C = 23.7 |Jan low C = 17.8 |Feb low C = 18.2 |Mar low C = 17.5 |Apr low C = 16.3 |May low C = 15.4 |Jun low C = 13.2 |Jul low C = 12.5 |Aug low C = 12.4 |Sep low C = 13.4 |Oct low C = 15 |Nov low C = 16.2 |Dec low C = 16.9 |year low C = 15.4 |Jan precipitation mm = 299.8 |Feb precipitation mm = 217.4 |Mar precipitation mm = 198.3 |Apr precipitation mm = 107.1 |May precipitation mm = 65.4 |Jun precipitation mm = 34.2 |Jul precipitation mm = 27.5 |Aug precipitation mm = 16.5 |Sep precipitation mm = 49.9 |Oct precipitation mm = 112.4 |Nov precipitation mm = 191 |Dec precipitation mm = 327.1 |year precipitation mm = 1646.6 |Jan humidity = 83.4 |Feb humidity = 81.1 |Mar humidity = 83.9 |Apr humidity = 84.3 |May humidity = 83.3 |Jun humidity = 86 |Jul humidity = 77.9 |Aug humidity = 73.6 |Sep humidity = 83.1 |Oct humidity = 81.2 |Nov humidity = 81.3 |Dec humidity = 85.3 |year humidity = 82.03 |source 1 = [[Climate-charts]]<ref name="climate">[[Climate-charts]]—[http://www.climate-charts.com/Locations/b/BZ83692.php]. Retrieved 17 December 2010.</ref> |date=December 2010 }} ==Economy== [[File:Juizdeforasaomateus.jpg|thumb|President Itamar Franco Avenue]] Juiz de Fora is the third most important industrial center in the state of [[Minas Gerais]], despite being the fourth largest in terms of population{{citation needed|date=June 2014}}. It was once the state's largest city, a position which was held up until the beginning of the 20th century (it held the second position until the 1980s). There are important steel mills and automotive factories ([[Mercedes-Benz]] being the most famous) in the city, along with several textile factories. The city is also an important trade center with a considerable area of influence, being considered the capital of the [[Zona da Mata (Minas Gerais)|Zona da Mata]] region of the state. It has three shopping malls, several hyper-marts and many smaller shops. ==Transport== ===Major Roads=== * [[BR-040]], linking JF to north-south cities in the middle part of the [[States of Brazil|states]] of [[Minas Gerais]] and [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]], such as [[Belo Horizonte]], [[Congonhas]], [[Conselheiro Lafaiete]], [[Barbacena]], [[Santos Dumont]], [[Sete Lagoas]], [[Três Rios]], [[Petrópolis]], Rio de Janeiro and [[Brasília]]. * [[BR-267]], linking JF to east-west cities in the southern part of [[Minas Gerais]], such as [[Leopoldina, Minas Gerais|Leopoldina]], [[Bicas]], [[Lima Duarte (city)|Lima Duarte]], [[Bom Jardim de Minas]], [[Liberdade, Minas Gerais]] and [[Caxambu]]. ===Railways=== * [[MRS Logística]]. Freight only. ===Airports=== * [[Juiz de Fora Airport|Francisco Álvares de Assis Airport]], known popularly as "Serrinha", located within the city limits, approximately {{convert|7|km|abbr=on}} to the southwest of the centre in the district of "Aeroporto". Currently, the airport doesn't have any operation of commercial flights. [[File:Juiz de Fora Airport.jpg|thumb|Itamar Franco Airport]] * [[Zona da Mata Regional Airport|Pres. Itamar Franco Airport]] located {{convert|35|km|abbr=on}} north in the municipality of [[Goianá]]. [[Azul Brazilian Airlines|Azul Linhas Áereas Brasileiras]] operates flights to [[Viracopos International Airport|Campinas (VCP)]] and [[São Paulo–Guarulhos International Airport|São Paulo (GRU)]],<ref>{{Cite web|title = Azul ampliará oferta no interior de Minas Gerais|url = http://www.diariodocomercio.com.br/noticia.php?tit=azul_ampliara_oferta_no_interior_de_minas_gerais&id=158671|website = www.diariodocomercio.com.br|accessdate = 2015-09-05|first = Diário do|last = Comércio}}</ref> and [[Gol Transportes Aéreos|GOL Linhas Áereas Inteligentes]] to [[Tancredo Neves International Airport|Belo Horizonte (CNF)]] and [[São Paulo–Congonhas Airport|São Paulo-Congonhas (CGH)]]. ==Culture== The massive presence of immigrants – especially from [[Portugal]], Italy, Germany, [[Syria]] and [[Lebanon]] and more recently China – throughout its history has given the city a cosmopolitan spirit and diverse cuisine. Walking down Avenida Rio Branco, (a broad and straight avenue several kilometers long) one can find typical German, Italian, Arabic, Portuguese, Chinese and Japanese restaurants, as well as traditional Brazilian and vegetarian cuisine. Juiz de Fora is an important regional cultural center, one of the few towns in south-east Minas Gerais to have permanently functional cinemas, theatres, music venues and light entertainment. There is a nationally important museum ([[Museu Mariano Procópio]]) and a Philharmonic Orchestra (Orquestra Filarmônica Pró-Musica). The city also hosts a yearly classical music festival, the Festival Internacional de Música Brasileira Colonial e Música Antiga (International Festival of Brazilian Colonial Music and Early Music). It is home to the "[[Meninos Cantores da Academia]]" the second oldest choir in this category in Brazil and to the "[[Coral da UFJF]]" an eclectic and neat choir with a remarkable musical legacy of 50 years in the city. Cultural life is also boosted by many cinema, gastronomic and rock festivals like: "Primeiro Plano Juiz de fora Cinema Festival", "JF Sabor", "Comida di Buteco JF" and "Festival de Bandas Novas", a festival specially settled for debuting bands. The Federal University and several private-owned colleges in Juiz de Fora turn it in a highly sought destination for students. Some of the courses at the Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora are reputedly among the best in Brazil The cultural life of Juiz de Fora is marked by great eclecticism, which can be seen in its architecture. [[Art Nouveau]] buildings dating from the first decade of the 20th century are intermingled with those in [[Art Deco]] style from the mid-20th century, and many modern concrete edifices including one building by [[Oscar Niemeyer]]. ==Sport== Juiz de Fora is the home of [[Tupi Football Club]]. Tupi was the 1932 runner-up of [[Campeonato Mineiro]],<ref name="globoesporte.globo.com">[http://globoesporte.globo.com/futebol/brasileirao-serie-d/noticia/2011/11/tupi-vence-estraga-festa-do-santa-cruz-e-conquista-o-titulo-da-serie-d.html Tupi vence, estraga festa do Santa Cruz e conquista o título da Série D | globoesporte.com]. Globoesporte.globo.com (20 November 2011).</ref> and has won several city championships. Tupi won the [[Campeonato Mineiro (lower levels)|Minas Gerais Second Division]] in 2001, was 3rd place in [[2008 Campeonato Mineiro]] and won [[Taça Minas Gerais]] in 2008. It is widely regarded as one of the most important teams of the state, despite lacking national prestige. They won the [[2011 Campeonato Brasileiro Série D]] (national fourth division) after beating [[Santa Cruz Futebol Clube|Santa Cruz]] in both legs of the final,<ref name="globoesporte.globo.com"/> having qualified for the tournament after [[América Futebol Clube (Teófilo Otoni)|América de Teófilo Otoni]] withdrew before the start of the competition.<ref>[http://placar.abril.com.br/brasileiro-serie-d/america-teofilo-otoni/noticias/america-to-desiste-de-disputar-a-serie-d.html América-TO desiste de disputar a Série D – Futebol – Placar]. Placar.abril.com.br (25 October 2013).</ref> In 2011, [[UFJF]] volleyball team won promotion to [[Superliga Brasileira de Voleibol]] for the first time.<ref>[http://www.acessa.com/esporte/arquivo/noticias/2011/09/02-volei/ UFJF conquista vaga para Superliga de Vôlei Masculino | ACESSA.com – Esporte]. ACESSA.com.</ref> In its first season, UFJF finished 11th from 12 teams<ref>[http://www.cbv.com.br/v1/superliga/estatisticas/p4bRM.pdf ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324065431/http://www.cbv.com.br/v1/superliga/estatisticas/p4bRM.pdf |date=24 March 2012 }}</ref> and is pending invitation to stay at the top division for 2012/13 season.<ref>[http://www.espacodovolei.com/2012/04/esperando-convite-ufjf-trabalha-novos.html Espaço do Vôlei: Esperando convite, UFJF trabalha novos objetivos na temporada 2012/2013]. Espacodovolei.com.</ref> ==Demography== The population was 238,510 in 1970 with 7.6% living in rural areas. The population of Juiz de Fora since the first census, in 1872: {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year ! Population |- | 1872 | 18,800 |- |1890 |22,600 |- |1920 |118,500 |- |1940 |118,400 |- |1950 |111,300 |- |1960 |125,000 |- |1970 |238,500 |- |1980 |305,800 |- |1991 |385,100 |- |1996 |424,000 |- |2000 |456,400 |- |2002 |471,693 |- |2005 |501,153 |- |2006 |509,109 |- |2007 |513,348 |- |2008 |520,612 |- |2009 |526,706 |- |2014 |550,710 |} ==Notable people from Juiz de Fora== <!---Notability for lists like this is established by the existence of a Wikipedia article on the subject. Write the article first, then add the link. Place all names in alphabetical order by the last name.----> * [[Geraldo Majella Agnelo]] (cardinal and [[papabile]]) in the recent [[conclave]] * [[Ana Carolina]] (Singer) * [[Scheila Carvalho]] (model, dancer) * [[Rubem Fonseca]] (writer and poet) * [[Itamar Franco]] (former Brazilian President and former mayor of the city) * [[Fernando Gabeira]] (writer, reporter, congressman) * [[Giovane Gávio]] (former Brazilian volleyball player) [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1rcia_Cunha * [[Márcia Fú<nowiki>]]</nowiki> (former Brazilian volleyball player)] * [[Natália Guimarães]] (Miss Brazil 2007, 1st runner up Miss Universe 2007) * [[Andréia Horta]] (actress) * [[Fab Melo]] (former NBA basketball player) * [[Murilo Mendes]] (poet) * [[Leandro Müller]] (writer) * [[Pedro Nava (writer)|Pedro Nava]] (writer and journalist) * [[Lara Rodrigues]] (actress) * [[Viviany Anderson]] (former Marathon runner) <!---Notability for lists like this is established by the existence of a Wikipedia article on the subject. Write the article first, then add the link. Place all names in alphabetical order by the last name.----> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{commons category}} {{wikivoyage|Juiz de Fora}} *[http://www.jfmg.com.br Juiz de Fora Guide] {{pt icon}} *[http://www.ufjf.br/ Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora] {{pt icon}} *[http://www.pjf.mg.gov.br/ Juiz de Fora city government] {{pt icon}} *[http://www.emjf.com.br/ Juiz de Fora Virtual Tour] {{pt icon}} *[http://www.jfminas.com.br/ Juiz de Fora and Region Tourist Guide] {{pt icon}} *[http://www.jfclipping.com/ JF Clipping News] {{pt icon}} {{Brazil topics}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Juiz De Fora}} [[Category:Juiz de Fora| ]] [[Category:1850 establishments in Brazil]] [[Category:Populated places established in 1850]]'