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'{{Rekidinabajul|the football club|Deportivo Xinabajul}} {{good article}} {{Infobox ancient site | name = Zaculeu | alternate_name = Saqulew | image = Zacuelu3A.jpg | image_size = 280px | alt = | caption = Plaza 1 with Structure 6 at the left and Structure 1 at the right. The small platforms in the plaza are Structures 11 and 12. | map = | map_type = Mesoameric poop a | map_alt = | map_caption = Location within [[Mesoamerica]] | map_size = | relief = | coordinates = {{coord|15|20|1.66|N|91|29|33.88|W|display=inline}} | map_dot_label = | location = [[Huehuetenango]] | region = [[Huehuetenango Department]], [[Guatemala]] | built = Early Classic c.AD 250&ndash;600 | abandoned = 1525 | epochs = Early Classic to Late Postclassic | cultures = [[Maya civilization]] | event = Conquered by:<br>[[K'iche' Kingdom of Q'umarkaj]] (Postclassic) <br>[[Gonzalo de Alvarado|Gonzalo de Alvarado y Contreras]] of [[Spain]] (1525) | excavations = 1940s | archaeologists = John M. Dimick | architectural_styles = [[Mesoamerican pyramids]] with [[talud-tablero]] style architecture and double stairways | architectural_details = | notes = Restored by [[United Fruit Company]] (Late 1940s) Responsible body: [http://www.mcd.gob.gt/ Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes] | designation1 = | designation1_offname = | designation1_type = | designation1_criteria = | designation1_date = | delisted1_date = | designation1_partof = | designation1_number = | designation1_free1name = | designation1_free1value = | designation1_free2name = | designation1_free2value = | designation1_free3name = | designation1_free3value = | designation2 = | designation2_offname = | designation2_type = | designation2_criteria = | designation2_date = | delisted2_date = | designation2_partof = | designation2_number = | designation2_free1name = | designation2_free1value = | designation2_free2name = | designation2_free2value = | designation2_free3name = | designation2_free3value = | precolumbian = yes <!-- non-functional tracking parameter, do not remove/change --> }} '''Zaculeu''' or '''Saqulew''' is a [[pre-Columbian]] [[Maya civilization|Maya]] [[archaeological site]] in the [[Guatemalan Highlands|highlands]] of western [[Guatemala]], about {{convert|3.7|km|mi}} outside of the modern city of [[Huehuetenango]].<ref>Kelly 1996, pp.203, 207.</ref> Occupation at the site dates to the [[Mesoamerican chronology|Early Classic]] period (AD&nbsp;250–600) of Mesoamerican history. Zaculeu was the capital of the [[Mesoamerican chronology|Postclassic]] [[Mam people|Mam]] kingdom,<ref>Sharer 2000, p.490.</ref> and was conquered by the [[K'iche' Kingdom of Q'umarkaj]]. It displays a mixture of Mam and K'iche' style architecture.<ref name=f183184>Fox 1987, 2008, pp.183–184.</ref> In AD 1525 the city was attacked by [[Spanish conquistador]]s under [[Gonzalo de Alvarado y Contreras]] during a siege that lasted several months. [[Kayb'il B'alam]], the city's last ruler, finally surrendered to the Spanish due to starvation.<ref name="Polo Sifontes, undated">Polo Sifontes, undated.</ref><ref name=r110/> The site contains a number of [[Mesoamerican pyramid|temple-pyramids]] with [[talud-tablero]] style architecture and double stairways.<ref name=a42>Arroyo 2001, p.42.</ref> The pyramids and governmental palaces are grouped around a series of large public plazas. The site also holds a [[Mesoamerican ballgame#The Court|ballcourt]] for playing the [[Mesoamerican ballgame]].<ref name=a42/> The site was originally fortified with walls. The site was restored by the [[United Fruit Company]] in the late 1940s. It is open to tourists and includes a small [[museum]].<ref>Kelly 1996, p.209.</ref> ==Etymology and location== The name Zaculeu means "white earth" in the [[Mam language|Mam]], [[K'iche' language|K'iche']] and [[Q'anjob'al language]]s, from ''saq'' (adj) meaning "white" and ''ulew'' (n) meaning "earth".<ref>Rodríguez Rouanet et al. 1992, p.15. Christenson. del Águila Flores 2007, p.30.</ref> In the Mam language, the site is also called ''Chinabajul.''<ref name=a42/> The archaeological site is located in the present-day village of San Lorenzo on the outskirts of Huehuetenango city, in the [[departments of Guatemala|Guatemalan department]] of [[Huehuetenango Department|Huehuetenango]]. Zaculeu is the main tourist attraction in the Huehuetenango area.<ref>Rodríguez Rouanet et al. 1992, pp.15–17.</ref> Zaculeu is located at an altitude of {{convert|1900|m|ft}} [[above mean sea level]],<ref name="Fox 1987, 2008, p.184">Fox 1987, 2008, p.184.</ref> and is bordered by the [[Sierra de los Cuchumatanes]] mountain range.<ref>ITMB Publishing Ltd.</ref> Zaculeu is located in an area of fertile soils close to the [[Selegua River|Selegua]] and [[Viña River|Viña]] rivers.<ref name="del Águila Flores 2007, p.21">del Águila Flores 2007, p.21.</ref> The site is situated on a plateau overlooking the [[Selegua River]], which flows to the west of the city. Deep ravines bordering the site to the south and east protected its access. The only access to the site is via a narrow land bridge to the north which unites the plateau to the general level of the valley floor. The Zaculeu plateau measures 11,178 square varas<ref>See ''vara'' in [[Metrication in Guatemala]].</ref> (4191 square metres).<ref name="del Águila Flores 2007, p.10">del Águila Flores 2007, p.10.</ref> ==History== Zaculeu was first occupied in the [[Mesoamerican chronology|Early Classic Period]] (AD&nbsp;250&ndash;600),<ref name=a42/> and the buildings from this era show the architectural influence of the great metropolis of [[Teotihuacán]] in the [[Valley of Mexico]]. The largest constructions date from the Classic Period (AD&nbsp;250&ndash;900). To these were added other plaza groups and buildings in the Early Postclassic (AD&nbsp;900&ndash;1200) and Late Postclassic (AD&nbsp;1200&ndash;1525) in an unbroken history. Zaculeu has been used as a ceremonial site by Mam Maya continuously to the present. Zaculeu came under the influence of central Mexico again in the Late Classic. The architectural influence is so distinct that it suggests that a foreign Mexican elite may have settled at the city and continued in occupation there until the K'iche' conquered the site in the Postclassic.<ref name="Fox 1987, 2008, p.184"/> ===K'iche' conquest=== The [[K'iche' Kingdom of Q'umarkaj]] conquered Zaculeu in the Postclassic. Traditionally that has been calculated as during the 15th century AD based on [[ethnohistory|ethnohistoric]] accounts. [[Radiocarbon dating]] has pushed back the calculations of the K'iche' conquests by three centuries, and researchers now say their conquest of the Mam kingdoms may have taken place as early as the 12th century.<ref>Polo Sifontes, undated. Fox 1987, 2008, pp.168, 180–181.</ref> The city was dominated by the [[K'iche' people|K'iche']] until the [[Spanish colonization of the Americas|Spanish Conquest]] of the early 16th century.<ref>Robertson 1987, p.76.</ref> [[File:Zacuelu1.jpg|thumb|left|The ballcourt seen across Plaza 2, with the rear of Structure 13 at right.<ref name="Kelly203"/>]] The K'iche' king Q'uq'umatz died in battle against a group of the northern Mam. His son K'iq'ab continued where his father had left off and completed the conquest of the people. K'iq'ab was ruler when Zaculeu was conquered by the K'iche.' This appears to have been a second K'iche' conquest of the city, having previously fallen some time earlier. When the [[K'iche' people|K'iche']] conquered another kingdom, its practice was to place the newly subject kingdom under the control of one of the K'iche' noble lineages. Based on the style of Structure 4, archeologists believe that Zaculeu was likely controlled by the Nija'ib.' The Ilocab, who had conquered much of the region, are another possibility. The K'iche' tended to place their newly installed ruling elite in a mountain-top fortress securing the population in the valleys below. However, substantial portions of the original Mam population remained in place in the plateau area.<ref>Fox 1987, 2008, pp.180–184.</ref> The K'iche' rebuilt over earlier Classic period structures in a distinctively K'iche' style. The basic K'iche layout consists of a westward-facing temple with a steep [[talud-tablero]] facade, flanked by two unequally sized wings. This was likely to have been the temple of ''[[Awilix]],'' patron goddess of the Nija'ib' K'iche'. A longer palace structure lies to the north, facing southwards and the ballcourt to the southwest. This K'iche' layout was somewhat distorted by the reuse of the earlier architecture, because the typical Mam settlement layout was built along an axis running from southeast to northwest. As the K'iche' did not completely redesign the entire site along a K'iche' pattern, the juxtaposition of Mam- and K'iche'-style complexes demonstrates the fusing of the local and intrusive elite lineages.<ref name=f183184/> Excavations have uncovered examples of [[Metallurgy in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica|metalwork]] at Zaculeu. These were small ornamental pieces. An example is a representation of a butterfly worked from ''[[tumbaga]],'' an [[alloy]] of [[gold]] and [[copper]], dated to the Postclassic period.<ref>del Águila Flores 2007, p.34.</ref> ===Spanish conquest=== {{Maya civilization}} {{see also|Spanish conquest of Guatemala}} Although hostilities existed between the Mam and the K'iche' of Q'umarkaj after the rebellion of the [[Kaqchikel people]] against their K'iche' allies, the arrival of the [[Conquistador|Spanish conquistadors]] shifted the political landscape. Conquistador [[Pedro de Alvarado]] described how the Mam king [[Kayb'il B'alam]] was received with great honour in Q'umarkaj.<ref>del Águila Flores 2007, p.37.</ref> At the time of the [[Spanish colonization of the Americas|Spanish Conquest]], the main Mam population was situated in Xinabahul (also spelled ''Chinabjul''), now the city of [[Huehuetenango]]. They retreated to Zaculeu as a refuge during the Spanish attacks because of its fortifications.<ref name=r110>Recinos 1986, p.110.</ref> The refuge was attacked by [[Gonzalo de Alvarado|Gonzalo de Alvarado y Contreras]], brother of conquistador Pedro de Alvarado, in 1525,<ref name="Polo Sifontes, undated"/><ref>Gall 1967, p.39.</ref> with 120 soldiers, and some 2,000 Mexican and K'iche' allies.<ref name="Carmack 2001, p.39">Carmack 2001, p.39.</ref> The city was defended by Kayb'il B'alam<ref name=r110/> commanding some 5,000 people (the chronicles are not clear if this is the number of soldiers or the total population of Zaculeu). After a siege lasting several months, the Mam were reduced to starvation. Kayb'il B'alam finally surrendered the city to the Spanish in October 1525.<ref name=r110/><ref>del Águila Flores 2007, p.38.</ref> When the Spanish entered the city, they found 1,800 dead Indians, with the survivors eating the corpses of the dead.<ref name="Carmack 2001, p.39"/> The Spanish forced the abandonment of Zaculeu after they built the new city of Huehuetenango some {{convert|5|km|mi}} away. ===Modern history=== American explorer [[John Lloyd Stephens]] and English architect [[Frederick Catherwood]] visited the site in 1840, at which time it was a confused jumble of overgrown ruins. Stephens published a description of the archaeological remains a year later. Catherwood did not draw any of the structures due to the poor state of the remains. The two excavated one of the mounds and recovered some ceramic vessels, which Catherwood drew.<ref>Rodríguez Rouanet et al. 1992, p. 15. Kelly 1996, p. 207.</ref> On 24 April 1931, Guatemala declared the site as a National Monument under the name of ''Tzaculeu''.<ref name="del Águila Flores 2007, p.10"/> On 23 February 1946, the site was renamed as Zaculeu. The government gave a license to excavate to the [[United Fruit Company]], which immediately began archaeological excavations and related restorations of the structures under the direction of John M. Dimick.<ref>Woodbury 1948, pp.121–122. Rodríguez Rouanet et al. 1992, p.17. del Águila Flores 2007, p.10.</ref> This later included re-coating a number of the buildings with white [[plaster]], as it was known that many were originally finished that way. This has seldom been done in other restorations of Pre-Columbian buildings.{{citation needed|date=June 2013}} On 12 June 1970 the site was declared a National Precolumbian Monument by accord of the [[Ministries of Guatemala|Guatemalan Ministry]] of Education (MINEDUC).<ref>Rodríguez Rouanet et al. 1992, p.15.</ref> ==Site description== [[File:Zaculeu 51.jpg|thumb|left|Ravine scarp defending the south side of the site]] Zaculeu was likely originally developed because of its proximity to the [[Seleguá River]], providing a permanent water supply and transportation waterway, together with its easily defensible hilltop location. Zaculeu has 43 structures. The majority of construction activity took place in one burst in the Early Classic, with minor alterations thereafter. The smaller platforms situated in the plazas were late additions; they show the influence of central Mexican civilization.<ref name=a42/><ref name="w121122"/> The entrance to the site was via a narrow land bridge to the north, which was protected by a fortified structure that occupied three-quarters of the width of the land bridge.<ref>del Águila Flores 2007, pp.10–11.</ref> The ceremonial centre of the city consisted of 43 structures clustered in an area of {{convert|1400|m2|sqft}}.<ref name="del Águila Flores 2007, p.21"/> The [[Maya architecture|architecture]] at the site includes [[talud-tablero]] style buildings with double stairways. The facades of some of the buildings have cylindrical columns, a feature found in other parts of [[Mesoamerica]].<ref name=a42/> Artefacts recovered from the site include items fashioned from [[turquoise]] and precious metals. The [[Metallurgy in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica|metal artefacts]] crafted from [[gold]], [[silver]] and [[copper]] and their alloys demonstrate the city's participation in the wider [[trade in Maya civilization|trade networks]] of the Postclassic Period.<ref name=a42/><ref>Rodríguez Rouanet et al. 1992, p.16.</ref><ref name=k204/> These metal artefacts were either influenced by or imported from Mexico and southern [[Central America]].<ref name=k204/> The structures at Zaculeu were grouped around small plazas and were generally built from [[masonry]], coated with a thick layer of plaster. Fragments bear floral and geometric designs, indicating the structures were originally brightly painted. Stones were undressed and cemented in [[adobe]] mortar.<ref name=a42/><ref name=w121122>Woodbury 1948, pp.121–122.</ref> No evidence of [[corbel arch|corbel vaulting]] has been found and very little in the way of stone sculpture. The [[Maya architecture|architecture]] completely lacks stone sculpture. Burials from the Early Classic yielded a rich array of finds, but Late Classic burials were accompanied by a lesser variety of grave offerings.<ref name=w121122/> [[File:Zaculeu Structure 4.JPG|thumb|right|Structure 4, an unusual palace-temple combination]] An Early Classic tomb was inserted under the main [[Mesoamerican pyramids|pyramid]] at Zaculeu; it had been tunnelled from the [[volcanic ash]] underlying the structure. A broad stairway descended to the tomb from the main plaza. The tomb interior was painted red and the floor was scattered with the remains of more than 100 ceramic vessels. These were crushed when the roof of the tomb collapsed. Also found were the remains of 34 [[pyrite]] [[Mirrors in Mesoamerican culture|mirrors]] of a type similar to those found at [[Kaminaljuyu]]. A sizeable quantity of [[jade use in Mesoamerica|jade]] was recovered from the tomb, including beads and [[earplug]]s. Some of the jade beads had been carved to represent human and parrot faces. The tomb contained the bones of four or more individuals. The ceramic offerings included decorated tripod vessels, polychrome bowls and a polychrome cylindrical vase that had a painted band of [[Maya script|hieroglyphs]]. One ceramic bowl is painted in a negative painting style that is similar to finds from [[Nebaj]].<ref name=w121122/> The site core is laid out around eight plazas.<ref>Kelly 1996, pp.203–204.</ref> Some of the structures were restored by the United Fruit Company; most of these border Plazas 1 and 2.<ref name=k204>Kelly 1996, p.204.</ref> Structures 1 and 2 are pyramid temples. Structures 4, 6 and 10 are palace structures, long buildings with internal chambers and benches used as residences and for administrative purposes.<ref name="Rodríguez Rouanet 1992, pp.16-17">Rodríguez Rouanet et al. 1992, pp.16–17.</ref> ===Plazas=== '''Plaza 1''' is the main plaza at the site. It measures {{convert|54|by|38|m|ft}} and is closed on all four sides by pyramid temples.<ref>del Águila Flores 2007, p.11.</ref> '''Plaza 2''' is a large plaza at the southeast of the site core, south of Plaza 1.<ref name="Kelly203"/> It is bordered on the southeastern side by Structure 4, on the northeast by Structure 1, on the northwest by the ballcourt and on the southwest by Plaza 3.<ref name="Kelly203">Kelly 1996, p.203.</ref> '''Plaza 3''' is a small plaza at the southern extreme of the site core, southwest of Plaza 2 and south of the ballcourt.<ref name="Kelly203"/> '''Plaza 4''' is at the northwest side of the site core.<ref name="Kelly203"/> It is closed on the northeastern side by Structure 10, on the southeast by Structure 13 and on the southwest by the ballcourt.<ref name="Kelly203"/> Plazas 5 and 6 are located immediately to the west.<ref name="Kelly203"/> '''Plaza 5''' is a small plaza immediately west of Plaza 4 and northwest of the ballcourt.<ref name="Kelly203"/> It is divided from Plaza 6 to the northwest by Structure 21.<ref name="Kelly203"/> '''Plaza 6''' is another small plaza to the west of Plaza 4.<ref name="Kelly203"/> It is enclosed on three sides by a building complex with Structure 21 on the southeast side.<ref name="Kelly203"/> '''Plaza 7''' is a small plaza at the western extreme of the site core, to the west of Plazas 5 and 6.<ref name="Kelly203"/> '''Plaza 8''' is an enclosed plaza to the southwest of the ballcourt.<ref name="Kelly203"/> Structure 2, a pyramid, closes the northwest side and Structure 3 closes the southeast side.<ref name="Kelly203"/> ===Structures=== [[File:Zacuelu2.jpg|thumb|left|Structure 1, the main pyramid, dates to the Early Classic.]] '''Structure 1''' is a {{convert|39|ft|m|adj=on}} high pyramid on the southeast side of Plaza 1. It has eight stepped sections topped by a summit shrine. The shrine has three doorways approached via a double stairway rising from the plaza below. The pyramid was rebuilt seven times with the visible remains dating to the Early Postclassic.<ref name=k203206>Kelly 1996, pp.203, 206.</ref> The earliest phase of construction dates to the Early Classic period.<ref name="del Águila Flores 2007, p.13">del Águila Flores 2007, p.13.</ref> '''Structure 2''' is a pyramid on the northwest side of the sunken Plaza 8. It is largely unrestored. Structure 3 lies across the plaza to the southeast. It is a platform with a twin stairway facing northwest onto the plaza.<ref>Kelly 1996, pp.203, 205.</ref> '''Structure 3''' is on the southeast side of Plaza 8, facing onto the plaza opposite Structure 2.<ref name="Kelly203"/> It is immediately south of the ballcourt.<ref name="Kelly203"/> '''Structure 4''' is an unusual combination of temple and palace. It is situated on the southeast side of Plaza 2.<ref name=k204/><ref name="Rodríguez Rouanet 1992, pp.16-17"/> The structure consists of a central pyramidal base flanked by two attached range structures. The pyramidal base is topped by a shrine containing three rooms, the final room of the three is circular. The temple has three steep stairways flanked by [[balustrade]]s. The main stairway ascends directly from the plaza, those on either side are [[perpendicular]] to the main stairway. The balustrade of each stairway terminates at the top in a vertical panel. The temple facade is in good condition although the roof of the temple is missing. The range structures are unequal in size and each contains a single long room atop a low platform. The facade of each of these rooms once possessed a row of columns although only stumps remain in situ. This temple-palace is K'iche' in style and has been identified with the Nija'ib' lineage of the K'iche', being very similar to the [[Q'umarkaj#Temple of Awilix|Temple of Awilix]] at [[Q'umarkaj]].<ref name=f183184/><ref name=k204205>Kelly 1996, pp.204–205.</ref> A tomb was excavated in Structure 4, it consisted of a complete skeleton with associated offerings that included two tripod earthenware bowls, one with duck effigies, a tripod [[censer|incense burner]], a flint knife, nine [[Obsidian use in Mesoamerica|obsidian]] knives, five [[jade use in Mesoamerica|jade]] beads and some fragments of gold.<ref>del Águila Flores 2007, p.35.</ref> [[File:Zacuelu4.jpg|thumb|right|Structure 6 on Plaza 1]] '''Structure 6''' is a temple on the northeast side of Plaza 1. It rises in stepped sections topped by a summit shrine and was accessed via a stairway from the plaza that divided in two near the summit. Only the lower sections of the walls and columns of the shrine remain.<ref name=k203206/> '''Structure 9''' is a large mound on the northwest side of Plaza 1.<ref name=w121122/><ref name=k203206/> The last phase of construction shows evidence of the interruption of construction by the Spanish Conquest. Terraces were absent on three sides of the structure with only the lowest level having been built on the fourth.<ref name=w121122/> Early Classic ceramic caches were discovered under Structure 9.<ref name="del Águila Flores 2007, p.13"/> '''Structure 10''' borders the northeast side of Plaza 4 and is unrestored although some original stonework is evident. It is a very long building accessed via three stairways ascending from the plaza. The structure has been investigated by archaeologists and was found to have multiple doorways opening into a single long room.<ref name=k203206/> '''Structures 11''' and '''12''' are small platforms in the middle of Plaza 1. They have both been restored.<ref name=k203206/> '''Structure 13''' is on the southwest side of Plaza 1, dividing that Plaza from Plaza 2. It was accessed via a double stairway ascending from Plaza 1. This double stairway gave access to the first level of the temple structure only; from there, a wide single stairway continued to the summit shrine. Only the lower sections of the walls and columns of the temple superstructure remain.<ref name=k203206/> The earliest phase of construction dates to the Early Classic and consisted of a low platform that supported a perishable superstructure.<ref name="del Águila Flores 2007, p.13"/> '''Structures 15''' and '''16''' are both low platforms located in Plaza 2, on an axis running directly northwest across the plaza from the central temple of Structure 4.<ref name=k204205/> [[File:Zaculeu5A.jpg|thumb|left|The ballcourt at Zaculeu]] '''Structure 17''' is a pyramidal base in Plaza 2, to the west of Structures 15 and 16. It supported two rooms accessed via a double stairway on the northwest side of the temple. The entrance to outermost room once had two columns, although now only the lower portions of the walls and columns remain.<ref name=k204205/> '''Structure 21''' is a low platform in Plaza 5, it is partially restored and has a stairway on the northwest side.<ref>Kelly 1996, p.205.</ref> The [[mesoamerican ballcourt|Ballcourt]] consists of '''Structures 22''' and '''23''', it was used for the ceremonial [[Mesoamerican ballgame]]. It is an I-shaped sunken ballcourt with sloping walls. The two structures forming the sides of the ballcourt once supported buildings, now only the lower sections of their walls remain.<ref>Rodríguez Rouanet et al. 1992, pp.16–17. Kelly 1996, p.205.</ref> The ballcourt is oriented northwest to southeast and is {{convert|48|m|ft}} long.<ref>Fox 1991, p.216.</ref> '''Structure 37''' is not associated with any of the eight plazas of the site core, standing about {{convert|50|m|ft}} northeast of Structure 4 and a similar distance east of Structure 1. It was investigated by archaeologists but has not been restored, although some of the original stonework and plaster coating is visible.<ref>Kelly 1996, pp.203, 206–207.</ref> ==See also== *[[Cerro Quiac]] *[[Chajoma]] *[[Iximche]] *[[Mixco Viejo]] ==Notes== {{reflist|2}} ==References== {{refbegin|indent=yes}} :{{cite journal |author=Arroyo, Bárbara |title=El Posclásico Tardío en los Altos de Guatemala |journal=Arqueología Mexicana |volume=IX |issue=50 |date=July–August 2001|pages=38–43 |location=Mexico |publisher=Editorial Raíces |issn=0188-8218 |oclc=29789840|language=es}} :{{cite book |author=Carmack, Robert M. |authorlink=Robert Carmack|year=2001 |title=Kik'aslemaal le K'iche'aab': Historia Social de los K'iche's |location=Guatemala |publisher=Iximulew |isbn=99922-56-19-2 |oclc=47220876|language=es}} :{{cite web |author=Christenson, Allen J |title=K’iche’ – English Dictionary and Guide to Pronunciation of the K’iche’-Maya Alphabet |url=http://www.famsi.org/mayawriting/dictionary/christenson/quidic_complete.pdf|format=[[PDF]] |publisher=[[Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc.|Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc. (FAMSI)]] |accessdate=2009-02-04}} :{{cite web|author=del Águila Flores, Patricia |title=Zaculeu: Ciudad Postclásica en las Tierras Altas Mayas de Guatemala |trans_title=Zaculeu: Postclassic City in the Maya Highlands of Guatemala |year=2007 |location=Guatemala |url=http://www.mcd.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/zaculeu-ciudad-postclasica-en-las-tierras-altas-mayas-de-guatemala.pdf |format=[[PDF]] |accessdate=2010-02-23 |publisher=Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721084703/http://www.mcd.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/zaculeu-ciudad-postclasica-en-las-tierras-altas-mayas-de-guatemala.pdf |archivedate=2011-07-21|language=es}} :{{cite book|author=Fox, John W. |origyear=1987|year=2008 |title=Maya Postclassic state formation |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge, UK and New York, USA |isbn=978-0-521-10195-0 |oclc=297146853}} :{{cite book |author=Fox, John W. |year=1991 |chapter=The Lords of Light Versus the Lords of Dark: The Postclassic Highland Maya Ballgame |editor=Vernon Scarborough |editor2=David R. Wilcox |title=The Mesoamerican Ballgame|location=Tucson|publisher=[[University of Arizona Press]]|pages=213–238|isbn=0-8165-1360-0 |oclc=51873028}} :{{cite journal |author=Gall, Francis |title=Los Gonzalo de Alvarado, Conquistadores de Guatemala |journal=Anales de la Sociedad de Geografía e Historia |volume=XL | date=July–December 1967 |location=Guatemala City, Guatemala |publisher=[[Sociedad de Geografía e Historia de Guatemala]] |oclc=72773975|language=es}} :{{cite map|publisher=ITMB Publishing Ltd. |title=Guatemala |edition=5th |year=2005 |scale=1:470000 |series=International Travel Maps |isbn=1-55341-230-3 |id=}} :{{cite book |author=Kelly, Joyce |year=1996 |title=An Archaeological Guide to Northern Central America: Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador |location=Norman |publisher=[[University of Oklahoma Press]] |isbn=0-8061-2858-5 |oclc=34658843}} :{{cite book |author=Polo Sifontes, Francis |title=Zaculeu: Ciudadela Prehispánica Fortificada |publisher=IDAEH (Instituto de Antropología e Historia de Guatemala) |location=Guatemala|language=es}} :{{cite book |author=Recinos, Adrian |year=1986 |title=Pedro de Alvarado: Conquistador de México y Guatemala |edition=2nd |location=Guatemala |publisher=CENALTEX Centro Nacional de Libros de Texto y Material Didáctico "José de Pineda Ibarra" |oclc=243309954|language=es}} :{{cite journal |doi=10.1086/466045 |author=Robertson, John S. | date=January 1987 |volume=53 |issue=1 |title=The Origins of the Mamean Pronominals: A Mayan/Indo-European Typological Comparison |journal=International Journal of American Linguistics |pages=74–85 |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago }} :{{cite book|author=Rodríguez Rouanet, Francisco |author2=Fernando Seijas |author3=Gerardo Townson Rincón |year=1992 |title=Huehuetenango |series=Colección Monografías de Guatemala |publisher=Banco Granai & Townson, S.A. |location=Guatemala |oclc=31405975|language=es}} :{{cite book |author=Sharer, Robert J. |authorlink=Robert Sharer |year=2000 |chapter=The Maya Highlands and the Adjacent Pacific Coast |editor=Richard E.W. Adams |editor2=Murdo J. Macleod |title=The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas, Vol. II: Mesoamerica, part 1 |location=Cambridge, UK |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |pages=449–499|isbn=0-521-35165-0 |oclc=33359444}} :{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/275222|author=Woodbury, Richard |title=Progress at Zaculeu, Guatemala |journal=American Antiquity |volume=14 |issue=2 | date=October 1948 |pages=121–122 |publisher=[[Society for American Archaeology]] |issn=0002-7316 |oclc= 482157270 |location=Menasha, Wisconsin, USA.|jstor=275222}} {{refend}} ==External links== {{Commons category| Zaculeu | width=20em}} *[http://www.authenticmaya.com/zaculeu.htm Description and Photo gallery] *[http://www.anthroarcheart.org/zaculeu.htm Photos on anthroarcheart.org] *[http://galeria.guatelinda.com/thumbnails.php?album=7 Photo Gallery Guatelinda.com] {{Coord|15|20|1.66|N|91|29|33.88|W|display=title}} {{Maya sites}} [[Category:Maya sites in Guatemala]] [[Category:Former populated places in Guatemala]] [[Category:Huehuetenango Department]] [[Category:K'iche']] [[Category:Classic period in Mesoamerica]] [[Category:Colonial Guatemala]] [[Category:Maya Postclassic Period]] [[Category:Mam Maya]]'