Examine individual changes

'{{distinguish|Body of water}} In [[physiology]], '''body water''' is the [[water]] content of an [[animal body]] that is contained in the tissues, the blood, the bones and elsewhere. The percentages of body water contained in various [[compartment (pharmacokinetics)|fluid compartments]] add up to '''total body water''' (TBW). This water makes up a significant fraction of the [[human body]], both by weight and by volume. Ensuring the right amount of body water is part of [[fluid balance]], an aspect of [[homeostasis]]. ==Location== By weight, the average human adult male is approximately 60% water and the average adult female is approximately 55%. There can be considerable variation in body water percentage based on a number of factors like age, health, weight, and sex. In a large study of adults of all ages and both sexes, the adult human body averaged ~65% water. However, this varied substantially by age, sex, and adiposity (amount of fat in [[body composition]]). The figure for water fraction by weight in this sample was found to be 48 ±6% for females and 58 ±8% water for males.<ref>{{cite journal| title = Total body water volumes for adult males and females estimated from simple anthropometric measurements.|url = http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/33/1/27.full.pdf| publisher = [[The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition]]|subscription = yes|volume = 33| date = January 1980| issue = 1 }}</ref> The body water constitutes as much as 73% of the body weight of a newborn infant, whereas some obese people are as little as 45% water by weight.<ref name="textbookofmedicalphysiology5thed">{{cite book |title=Textbook of Medical Physiology | last=Guyton |first=Arthur C. |year=1976| edition=5th| publisher=W.B. Saunders| location=Philadelphia| pages= 284, 424| isbn=0-7216-4393-0}}</ref> This is due to how fat tissue does not retain water as well as lean tissue. These statistical averages will vary with factors such as type of population, age of people sampled, number of people sampled, and methodology. So there is not, and cannot be, a figure that is exactly the same for all people, for this or any other physiological measure.<!--Anchor for redirect of [Animal body water] article; caution. --> Most of animal body water is contained in various [[body fluid]]s. These include [[intracellular fluid]]; [[extracellular fluid]]; [[Blood plasma|plasma]]; [[interstitial fluid]]; and [[transcellular fluid]].<ref name="John T. Hansen, Bruce M. Koeppen, 2002">{{cite book |author1=John T. Hansen |author2=Bruce M. Koeppen |title=Netter's Atlas of Human Physiology |publisher=Icon Learning Systems |location=Teterboro, N.J |year=2002 |isbn=1-929007-01-9}}</ref> Water is also contained inside organs, in [[Gastrointestinal physiology#Secretion|gastrointestinal]], [[cerebrospinal fluid|cerebrospinal]], [[peritoneal fluid|peritoneal]], and [[Aqueous humour|ocular]] fluids. [[Adipose tissue]] contains about 10% of water, while [[muscle tissue]] contains about 75%.<ref name=aniprod/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FcA6zIq0d48C|title=Nutrient Requirements of Nonhuman Primates:|work=google.com}}</ref> In ''Netter's Atlas of Human Physiology'', body water is broken down into the following ''compartments:''<ref name="John T. Hansen, Bruce M. Koeppen, 2002"/> * [[Intracellular fluid]] (2/3 of body water) is fluid contained within cells. In a 72-kg body containing 40 litres of fluid, about 25 litres is intracellular,<ref name="guyton2">{{cite book |title=Textbook of Medical Physiology | last=Guyton |first=Arthur C. |year=1976| edition=5th| publisher=W.B. Saunders| location=Philadelphia| pages= 275| isbn=0-7216-4393-0}}</ref> which amounts to 62.5%. Jackson's texts states 70% of body fluid is intracellular.<ref name="Jackson1979">{{cite book | title=Anatomy & Physiology for Nurses |last=Jackson| first=Sheila| year=1985| edition=9th| series=Nurses' Aids Series| publisher=Bailliere Tindall| location=London| isbn=0-7020-0737-4}}</ref> * [[Extracellular fluid]] (1/3 of body water) is fluid contained in areas outside of cells. For a 40-litre body, about 15 litres is extracellular,<ref name=guyton2/> which amounts to 37.5%. ** [[Blood plasma|Plasma]] (1/5 of extracellular fluid). Of this 15 litres of extracellular fluid, plasma volume averages 3 litres,<ref name=guyton2/> or 20%. ** [[Interstitial fluid]] (4/5 of extracellular fluid) ** [[Transcellular fluid]] (a.k.a. "third space," normally ignored in calculations) contained inside organs, such as the [[gastrointestinal]], [[cerebrospinal fluid|cerebrospinal]], peritoneal, and [[Human eye|ocular]] fluids. ==Measurement== ===Dilution and equilibration=== Total body water can be determined using [[Flowing afterglow mass spectrometry]] measurement of [[deuterium]] abundance in breath samples from individuals. A known dose of deuterated water ([[Heavy water]], D₂O) is ingested and allowed to equilibrate within the body water. The FA-MS instrument then measures the deuterium-to-hydrogen (D:H) ratio in the exhaled breath water vapour. The total body water is then accurately measured from the increase in breath deuterium content in relation to the volume of D₂O ingested. Different substances can be used to measure different fluid compartments:<ref>{{GeorgiaPhysiology|7/7ch02/7ch02p13}}</ref> * total body water: [[tritiated water]] or [[heavy water]]. * [[extracellular fluid]]: [[inulin]] * [[blood plasma]]: [[Evans blue]] [[Intracellular fluid]] may then be estimated by subtracting extracellular fluid from total body water. ===Bioelectrical impedance analysis=== Another method of determining total body water percentage (TBW%) is via [[Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis]] (BIA). In the traditional BIA method, a person lies on a cot and spot electrodes are placed on the hands and bare feet. Electrolyte gel is applied first, and then a weak current of frequency 50kHz is introduced. This AC waveform allows the creation of a current inside the body via the very capacitive skin without causing a DC flow or burns, and limited in the ~20mA range current for safety.<ref name="US Patent 4719922">{{cite web|url=http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/4719922/description.html|title=US Patent 4719922, Stimulator Apparatus - this website has ended|work=patentstorm.us}}</ref> BIA has emerged as a promising technique because of its simplicity, low cost, high reproducibility and noninvasiveness. BIA prediction equations can be either generalized or population-specific, allowing this method to be potentially very accurate. Selecting the appropriate equation is important to determining the quality of the results. For clinical purposes, scientists are developing a multi-frequency BIA method that may further improve the method's ability to predict a person's hydration level. New segmental BIA equipment that uses more electrodes may lead to more precise measurements of specific parts of the body. == Calculation == In humans, total body water can be estimated based on the premorbid (or ideal) body weight and correction factor. <math>TBW = weight * C</math>. C is a coefficient for the expected percentage of weight made up of free water. For adult, non-elderly males, C = 0.6. For adult elderly males, malnurished males, or females, C = 0.5. For adult elderly or malnurished females C = 0.45. A total body water deficit (TBWD) can then be approximated by the follwoing formula: <math display="block">TBWD=TBW*(1-[Na]t/[Na]m)</math>Where [Na]t = targed sodium concentration (usually 140 mEq/L), and [Na]m = measured sodium concentration. The resultant value is the approximate volume of free water that must is required to correct a hypernatremic state. In practice, the value rarely approximates the actualy amount of free water required to correct a deficit due to insensible losses, urinary output, and differences in water distribution between patients. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/779501249|title=Goldman's Cecil medicine|last=Lee.|first=Goldman,|last2=I.|first2=Schafer, Andrew|last3=Fayette.|first3=Cecil, Russell La|date=2012-01-01|publisher=Elsevier/Saunders|isbn=9781437716047|oclc=779501249}}</ref> == Functions == Water in the animal body performs a number of functions: as a solvent for transportation of nutrients; as a medium for [[excretion]]; a means for heat control; as a lubricant for joints; and for shock absorption.<ref name="aniprod">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0UPDQQOgr5YC&pg=PA47&lpg=PA47&dq=%22animal+body+water%22&source=bl&ots=lgiH5WdhyJ&sig=g3oAL6_TNDK2vyWL20J2r9SIAa4&hl=en&ei=81veTuPLIKqmiQLWpbjsCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CFwQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=%22animal%20body%20water%22&f=false|title=FCS Animal Production L2|work=google.com}}</ref> ==Changes== The usual way of adding water to a body is by [[drinking]]. Water also enters the body with foods, especially those rich in water, such as plants, [[raw meat]], and fish. The amount of this water that is retained in animals is affected by several factors. Water amounts vary with the age of the animal. The older the [[vertebrate]] animal, the higher its relative bone mass and the lower its body water content. In diseased states, where body water is affected, the [[fluid compartments|fluid compartment or compartments]] that have changed can give clues to the nature of the problem, or problems. Body water is regulated by [[hormone]]s, including [[anti-diuretic hormone]], [[aldosterone]] and [[atrial natriuretic peptide]]. === Loss of water === {{Main|Volume contraction|Dehydration}} [[Volume contraction]] is a decrease in [[body fluid]] volume, with or without a concomitant loss of [[osmolyte]]s. The loss of the body water component of body fluid is specifically termed [[dehydration]].<ref>[http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=2933 MedicineNet > Definition of Dehydration] Retrieved on July 2, 2009</ref> Sodium loss approximately correlates with fluid loss from [[extracellular fluid]], since sodium has a much higher concentration in extracelluliar fluid (ECF) than [[intracellular fluid]] (ICF). In contrast, K⁺ has a much higher concentration in ICF than ECF, and therefore its loss rather correlates with fluid loss from ICF, since K⁺ loss from ECF causes the K⁺ in ICF to diffuse out of the cells, dragging water with it by [[osmosis]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2016}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Further reading== *[https://books.google.com/books?id=en3Z1N8lF80C&pg=PT26 ''Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Disorders in Small Animal Practice''] *[https://books.google.com/books?id=M0XvP6mgmnkC&pg=PA180 ''Essentials of Animal Physiology''] *[https://books.google.com/books?id=JGBBhS-Wnz4C&pg=PA58 ''The Encyclopedia of Farm Animal Nutrition''] *[https://books.google.com/books?id=jlZg1VF-sKIC&pg=PA120 ''Animal Osmoregulation''] *[https://books.google.com/books?id=OG6qrtVKwTEC&pg=PA117 ''Animal Nutrition Science''] ==External links== {{portal|Animals}} * {{MeshName|Body+water}} * {{MeshName|Body+fluid+compartments}} {{Renal physiology}} [[Category:Body water| ]] [[Category:Humans]] [[de:Körperwasser]]'