Examine individual changes

'[[Image:TempleOfPortunus-ForumBoarium.jpg|thumb|right|Temple of Portunus in the [[Forum Boarium]].]] [[Image:PalladioWare1738FortunaVirilis.jpg|thumb|right|"The Temple of Fortuna Virilis" in [[Isaac Ware]], ''The Four Books of [[Andrea Palladio]]'s Architecture'', London, 1738.]] [[Image:Rome.Temple of Portunus.backside.JPG|thumb|right|Rear view.]] The '''Temple of Portunus''' ({{lang-it|Tempio di Portuno}}) or '''Temple of Fortuna Virilis''' ("manly fortune") is a [[Roman temple]] in [[Rome]], one of the best preserved of all Roman temples. Its dedication remains unclear, as ancient sources mention several temples in this area of Rome, without saying enough to make it clear which this is. It was called the Temple of Fortuna Virilis from the Renaissance, and remains better known by this name. If dedicated to [[Portunes|Portunus]], god of keys, doors and livestock, and so granaries, it is the main [[temple]] dedicated to the god in the city.<ref name="jr1992">{{cite book|author=L. Richardson, jr|title=A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K_qjo30tjHAC&pg=PA320|date=1 October 1992|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=978-0-8018-4300-6|pages=320–}}</ref> It is in the [[Ionic order]] and located by the ancient [[Forum Boarium]] by the [[Tiber]], during [[Classical antiquity|Antiquity]] the site overlooked the Port Tiberinus at a sharp bend in the river; from here, Portunus watched over cattle-barges as they entered the city from [[Ostia Antica (archaeological site)|Ostia]].<ref name="Stamper2005">{{cite book|author=John W. Stamper|title=The Architecture of Roman Temples: The Republic to the Middle Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qSP4ovkOTpoC&pg=PA62|date=16 February 2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-81068-5|pages=62–}}</ref> The temple was originally built in the third or fourth century BC but was rebuilt between 120-80 BC,<ref>[http://www.wmf.org/project/temple-portunus Temple of Portunus.] [[World Monuments Fund]], 2013. Retrieved 30 April 2013. [http://www.webcitation.org/6GGHfvjVX Archived here.]</ref> the rectangular building consists of a [[tetrastyle]] [[portico]] and [[cella]], raised on a high [[podium]] reached by a flight of steps, which it retains.<ref name="Kleiner2010">{{cite book|author=Fred Kleiner|title=A History of Roman Art, Enhanced Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r-r0S-z-UxkC&pg=PA7|date=4 February 2010|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=0-495-90987-4|pages=7–}}</ref> Like the [[Maison Carrée]] in [[Nîmes]], it has a ''[[pronaos]]'' [[portico]] of four [[Ionic column]]s across and two columns deep. The columns of the portico are free-standing, while the remaining five columns on the long sides and the four columns at the rear are half-columns [[Engaged column|engaged]] along the walls of the cella. This form is sometimes called ''[[pseudoperipteral]]'', as distinct from a true [[peripteral]] temple like the [[Parthenon]] entirely surrounded by free-standing columns. The Ionic capitals are of the original form, different in the frontal and side views, except in the volutes at the corners, which project at 45°, a common Roman detail. It is built of [[tuff]]<!--NOT tufa--> and [[travertine]] with a [[stucco]] surface. The temple owes its state of preservation from its being converted to use as a church in 872 and rededicated to ''Santa Maria Egyziaca'' (Saint [[Mary of Egypt]]).<ref name="Claridge2010">{{cite book|author=Amanda Claridge|title=Rome|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lKc4j1kkL0MC&pg=PT334|date=5 August 2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-150138-8|pages=334–}}</ref> Its [[Ionic order]] has been much admired, drawn and engraved and copied since the 16th century (''see illustration, right'').<ref name="Jaffe1989">{{cite book|author=Irma B. Jaffe|title=The Italian Presence in American Art, 1760-1860|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EmMu8K1x08kC&pg=PA242|date=1 January 1989|publisher=Fordham Univ Press|isbn=978-0-8232-1249-1|pages=242–}}</ref> The original coating of [[stucco]] over its tufa and travertine construction has been lost. The circular [[Temple of Hercules Victor]] is located south-east to the temple in the Forum Boarium. The 18th-century [[Temple of Harmony]] in Somerset, England is a [[folly]] based on the Temple of Portunus. ==References== {{Reflist|33em}} ==External links== {{commons|Templum Portunus}} {{external media | width = 210px | align = right | headerimage = [[File:Roma - Tempio di portunus02.JPG|210px]] | video1 =[http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/temple-of-portunus.html Smarthistory - Temple of Portunus, Rome, c. 120-80 B.C.E.]}} *[http://www2.siba.fi/%7Ekkoskim/rooma/pages/PORTUNUS.HTM Temple of Portune] *[http://www.bluffton.edu/~sullivanm/romanvirilis/virilis.html Mary Ann Sullivan, "Temple of Fortuna Virilis (Temple of Portunus)"] *[http://wings.buffalo.edu/AandL/Maecenas/rome/t_fortuna_vir/section_contents.html Images of Temple of Fortuna Virilis (or Portunus)] *[http://archeoroma.beniculturali.it/en/archaeological-site/temple-portunus-forum-boarium Description in the site of the "Soprintendenza Speciale per il Colosseo, il MNR e l'Area Archeologica di Roma"] {{Rome landmarks}} {{coord|41|53|21|N|12|28|51|E|region:IT-RM_type:landmark_source:dewiki|display=title}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Temple Of Portunus}} [[Category:Temples of the Forum Boarium|Portunus]] [[Category:Ancient Roman temples|Portunus]] [[Category:Rome R. XII Ripa]] [[Category:1st-century BC religious buildings]] [[Category:Buildings and structures completed in the 1st century BC]] [[Category:Conversion of non-Christian places of worship into churches]] [[Category:Deconsecrated Roman Catholic churches in Rome]]'