Examine individual changes

'{{Use Australian English|date=December 2013}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2013}} {{Infobox tram network | name = Melbourne tramway network | system = [[Public Transport Victoria]] | logo = Melbourne tram logo.svg | logo_width = 100px | logo_alt = Metropolitan Melbourne tram network logo | image = Z3.215 + B2.2028 swanston.JPG | caption = [[Z-class Melbourne tram|Z3]] 215 and [[B-class Melbourne tram|B2]] 2028 on [[Swanston Street]], 2012 | locale = [[Melbourne]], [[Victoria, Australia|Victoria]], [[Australia]] | era1_name = [[Horsecar|Horse tram]] | era1_start_year = {{Start date|1884}} | era1_end_year = {{End date|1923}} | era1_state = show | era1_system = | era1_status = Converted to cable | era1_routes = | era1_owner = | era1_operator = {{unbulleted list|Various (1884–1915)|MTOC (1887–1923)}} | era1_gauge = | era1_propulsion_system = Horse | era1_el = | era1_depot = | era1_stock = | era1_single_track_length = | era1_double_track_length = | era1_total_track_length = | era1_route_length = | era1_pass_year = | era1_passengers = | era1_pass_percent = | era1_pass_system = | era1_mpassengers = | era1_map = | era2_name = [[Cable car (railway)|Cable tram]] | era2_start_year = {{Start date|1885}} | era2_end_year = {{End date|1940}} | era2_state = show | era2_system = | era2_status = Converted to electric | era2_routes = | era2_owner = | era2_operator = {{unbulleted list|MTOC (1885–1916)|MTB (1916–1919)|[[Melbourne & Metropolitan Tramways Board|MMTB]] (1919–1940)}} | era2_gauge = {{Track gauge|1435mm|allk=on}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cable-car-guy.com/html/ccoznz.html |title=Cable Tramways in Australia and New Zealand |author=Joe Thompson |work=The Cable Car Home Page |accessdate=16 December 2011}}</ref> | era2_propulsion_system = Cable | era2_el = | era2_depot = | era2_stock = | era2_single_track_length = | era2_double_track_length = | era2_total_track_length = | era2_route_length = | era2_pass_year = | era2_passengers = | era2_pass_percent = | era2_pass_system = | era2_mpassengers = | era2_map = | era3_name = [[Tram|Electric tram]] | era3_start_year = since {{Start date|1906}} | era3_end_year = | era3_state = show | era3_system = {{unbulleted list|[[Metlink]] (2003-2012)|[[Public Transport Victoria]] (since 2012)}} | era3_status = Operational | era3_routes = [[#Routes|24 routes]] | era3_owner = {{unbulleted list|Various (1906–1959)|MMTB (1920–1983)|[[Metropolitan Transit Authority (Victoria)|MTA]] (1983–1989)|[[Public Transport Corporation|PTC]] (1989–1999)|[[VicTrack]] (since&nbsp;1999)}} | era3_operator = {{unbulleted list|Various (1906–1959)|MMTB (1920–1983)|MTA (1983–1989)|PTC (1989–1999)|[[M-Tram|M>Tram]] (1999–2004)|[[TransdevTSL]] ([[Yarra Trams]]) (1999–2009)|[[Keolis Downer]] (Yarra&nbsp;Trams) (since&nbsp;2009)}} | era3_gauge = {{Track gauge|1435mm|allk=on}}<ref name="Trams Currently In Service">{{cite web |url=http://www.railpage.org.au/tram/today.html |title=Trams Currently in Service |author=David Hoadley |year=1998 |work=Trams of Australia |accessdate=16 December 2011}}</ref> | era3_propulsion_system = Electricity | era3_el = 600 [[Volt|V]] [[Direct current|DC]] [[Overhead line|Catenary]] | era3_depot = [[#Depots|8 depots]] | era3_stock = [[#Fleet|501 trams]] | era3_single_track_length = | era3_double_track_length = {{convert|250|km|1|abbr=on}} | era3_total_track_length = | era3_route_length = | era3_pass_year = 2015-16 | era3_passengers = 203.8 million | era3_pass_percent = 12.0 | era3_pass_system = | era3_mpassengers = | era3_map = [[File:Melbourne trams map.gif|250px|Melbourne tramway network, 2011.]] | era3_website = http://www.yarratrams.com.au Yarra Trams }} Trams are a major form of [[Transport in Melbourne|public transport]] in [[Melbourne]], the capital city of the [[States of Australia|state]] of [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], Australia. As of May 2017, the Melbourne tramway network consists of {{Convert|250|km|mi|abbr=off}} of track, 493 trams, [[List of Melbourne tram routes|24 routes]], and 1,763 [[tram stop]]s.<ref name="YT facts">{{cite web| url=http://www.yarratrams.com.au/about-us/who-we-are/facts-figures/ | work=[[Yarra Trams]] | title=Facts & Figures | accessdate=13 October 2014}}</ref> It is the largest urban tramway network in the world,<ref name="YT facts"/> ahead of the networks in [[Tramways in Saint Petersburg|St Petersburg]] (205&nbsp;km) and [[Silesian Interurbans|Upper Silesia]] (200&nbsp;km), [[Trams in Berlin|Berlin]] (190&nbsp;km), [[Trams in Moscow|Moscow]] (181&nbsp;km) and [[Trams in Vienna|Vienna]] (172&nbsp;km).<ref name="wiener linien">{{cite web|url=http://www.wienerlinien.at/wl/ep/contentView.do/contentTypeId/1001/channelId/-26075/programId/9419/pageTypeId/9081/contentId/25061|title=Wien hat das fünftgrößte Straßenbahnnetz der Welt|last=|first=|date=|year=2011|publisher=[[Wiener Linien]]|language=de|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725072612/http://www.wienerlinien.at/wl/ep/contentView.do/contentTypeId/1001/channelId/-26075/programId/9419/pageTypeId/9081/contentId/25061|archive-date=2011-07-25|dead-url=yes|trans_title=Vienna has the fifth largest tramway network in the world|accessdate=19 October 2011}}</ref> Trams are the second most used form of public transport in overall boardings in Melbourne after the [[Railways in Melbourne|commuter railway network]], with a total of 203.8 million passenger trips in 2015-16.<ref>{{cite web|title=Public Transport Victoria Annual Report 2015–16|url=https://static.ptv.vic.gov.au/PTV/PTV%20docs/AnnualReport/1477349157/PTV-Annual-Report-2016.pdf|publisher=Public Transport Victoria|accessdate=11 November 2016|page=44}}</ref> Trams have operated continuously in Melbourne since 1884, with the opening of a horse tram line in [[Fairfield, Victoria|Fairfield]]. Since then they have become a distinctive part of Melbourne's character and feature in tourism and travel advertising. [[Melbourne cable tramway system|Melbourne's cable tram system]] opened in 1885, and expanded to one of the largest in the world, with {{convert|75|km|mi|1|abbr=off}} of double track. The first electric tram line opened in 1889, but closed only a few years later in 1894. In 1906 electric tram systems were opened in [[St Kilda, Victoria|St Kilda]] and [[Essendon, Victoria|Essendon]], marking the start of continuous operation of Melbourne's electric trams. The [[Melbourne & Metropolitan Tramways Board]] was formed in 1919 to take control of Melbourne's cable tram network, six of the seven electric tramway companies, and the last horse tram. By 1940, all cable and horse tram lines had been abandoned or converted to either electric tram or bus operation. Victoria's public transport system was reorganised in 1983 and saw the Melbourne & Metropolitan Tramways Board dissolved into the [[Metropolitan Transit Authority (Victoria)|Metropolitan Transit Authority]], which was in turn absorbed by the [[Public Transport Corporation]] in 1989. The network has been operated under contract since the commencement of franchising, following the privatisation of the Public Transport Corporation in 1999. The current private operator contracted to run Melbourne's tram system is [[Keolis Downer]], trading as [[Yarra Trams]]. Ticketing, public information and patronage promotion are undertaken by Victoria's public transport body, [[Public Transport Victoria]]. The multi-modal integrated ticketing system, [[myki]], currently operates across the tram network. At some Melbourne intersections, motor vehicles are required to perform a [[hook turn]], a manoeuvre designed to give trams priority.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.vicroads.vic.gov.au/Home/SafetyAndRules/RoadRules/Turning.htm | work=[[Vicroads]] | title=Turning | accessdate=10 October 2011}}</ref> To further improve tram speeds on congested Melbourne streets, trams also have priority in road usage, with specially fitted [[traffic lights]] and exclusive lanes being provided either at all times or in peak times, as well as other measures.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.vicroads.vic.gov.au/Home/Moreinfoandservices/PublicTransport/TramProjects/ThinkTramProgram.htm | work=[[Vicroads]] | title=Think Tram Program | accessdate=19 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Citation| url=http://www.vicroads.vic.gov.au/Home/Moreinfoandservices/PublicTransport/TramProjects/TramPriorityAndSafety.htm | work=[[Vicroads]] | title=Tram priority & safety | accessdate=19 October 2011}}</ref> ==History== ===Horse trams=== Melbourne's first tram was a [[horse tram]] from [[Fairfield railway station, Melbourne|Fairfield railway station]] to a real estate development in [[Thornbury, Victoria|Thornbury]], it opened on 20 December 1884, and was closed by 1890. Seven horse trams operated in Melbourne, three lines were built by the [[Melbourne Tramway & Omnibus Company]] (MTOC), while the other four were built by different private companies.<ref name="Hooves and iron: Melbourne’s horse trams">{{cite web |url=http://www.hawthorntramdepot.org.au/papers/horse.htm |title=Hooves and iron: Melbourne’s horse trams |author=Russell Jones |year=2003 |work=Friends of Hawthorn Tram Depot |accessdate=16 January 2012}}</ref> The MTOC's three lines fed 😏😏😏😏😏😏😏😏😏😏😏😏😏😏😏😏😏😏😏😏😏😏😏😏😏😏😏😏😏😏😏😏😏😏😏😏😏😏😏😏😏😏😏😏😏😏😏😏😏😏😏😏😏😏😏😏😏their cable tram system: [[Victoria Bridge, Melbourne|Victoria Bridge]] cable tram terminus to Kew ([[Boroondara Cemetery]]), opened in 1887 and closed in 1915 after its sale to [[City of Kew|Kew Council]] for conversion to a [[Prahran & Malvern Tramways Trust]] electric line; [[Hawthorn Bridge]] cable tram terminus to Auburn Road, via Burwood Road, Power Street and Riversdale Road, opened in 1890 and closed on 31 January 1916 after being sold to the [[Hawthorn Tramways Trust]] for conversion to electric traction; and the Zoo line, from the [[Royal Parade, Melbourne|Royal Parade]] cable line to [[Melbourne Zoo|Melbourne Zoological Gardens]], opened on 10 March 1890 and closed in November 1923. The Zoo line was Melbourne's last horse tram and the only line still in operation at the formation of the [[Melbourne & Metropolitan Tramways Board]] (MMTB), it was destroyed by fire during the [[1923 Victorian Police strike|1923 police strike]]; the MMTB took the decision not to reopen it, ending Melbourne's horse tram era.<ref name="Hooves and iron: Melbourne’s horse trams"/> ===Cable trams=== {{Main article|Melbourne cable tramway system}} {{See also|Melbourne Tramway & Omnibus Company}} [[File:Melbourne cable tram 1905.jpg|thumb|left|Cable tram dummy and trailer passing [[Queen Victoria Hospital, Melbourne|Queen Victoria Hospital]], [[Swanston Street]], 1905]] Melbourne's cable tram system has its origins in the MTOC, started by Francis Boardman Clapp in 1877, with a view to operate a Melbourne tram system. After some initial resistance, he successfully lobbied the government who passed the Melbourne Tramway & Omnibus Company Act 1883 on 10 October 1883, granting the company the right to operate a [[cable car (railway)|cable tram]] system in Melbourne. Although some lines were originally intended to be horse trams, and the MTOC did operate three horse tram lines on the edges of the system, the core of the system was built as cable trams.<ref name="Francis Boardman Clapp: transport entrepreneur">{{cite web |url=http://www.hawthorntramdepot.org.au/papers/clapp.htm |title=Francis Boardman Clapp: transport entrepreneur |author=Russell Jones |year=2002 |work=Friends of Hawthorn Tram Depot |accessdate=10 November 2011}}</ref><ref name="The Melbourne Tramway & Omnibus Company Limited">{{cite web|url=http://www.tramway.org.au/runningjournal/rj_vol9_no3.pdf |title=The Melbourne Tramway & Omnibus Company Limited |date=June 1972 |work=[[Running Journal]] Vol9 No3 |format=[[PDF]] |accessdate=10 November 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512234645/http://www.tramway.org.au/runningjournal/rj_vol9_no3.pdf |archivedate=12 May 2013 |df= }}</ref> The Act established the Melbourne Tramways Trust (MTT), which was made up of the 12 municipalities that the MTOC system would serve. The MTT was responsible for the construction of tracks and engine house, while the MTOC built the depots, offices and arranged for the delivery or construction of the rolling stock. The MTT granted a lease to operate the system until 1 July 1916 to the MTOC, with the MTOC paying 4.5% interest on the debts incurred by the MTT in building the system.<ref name="Francis Boardman Clapp: transport entrepreneur"/><ref name="The Melbourne Tramway & Omnibus Company Limited"/> [[File:Melbourne’s first cable tram.jpg|thumb|Melbourne's first cable tram service on 11 November 1885]] The first cable tram line opened on 11 November 1885, running from [[Bourke Street]] to [[Hawthorn Bridge]], along [[Spencer Street]], [[Flinders Street, Melbourne|Flinders Street]], Wellington Parade and Bridge Road, with the last line opening on 27 October 1891. At its height the cable system was one of the largest in the world, with {{convert|75|km}} of double track, 1200 grips and trailers and 17 routes covering (103.2 route km or 64.12 route miles).<ref name="The Melbourne Tramway & Omnibus Company Limited"/><ref name="Melbourne's cable trams">{{cite web |url=http://www.railpage.org.au/tram/cable.html |title=Melbourne's cable trams |author=David Hoadley |date=8 January 1996 |work=Trams of Australia |accessdate=10 November 2011}}</ref> On 18 February 1890, the Northcote tramway was opened by the Clifton Hill to Northcote & Preston Tramway Company. This was Melbourne's only non-MTOC cable tram, built by local land speculators and was operated as an independent line, feeding the Clifton Hill line.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hawthorntramdepot.org.au/papers/northcote.htm |title=Northcote: the on again, off again cable tramway |work=Friends of Hawthorn Tram Depot |author=Russell Jones |year=2004 |accessdate=10 November 2011}}</ref> When the lease expired on 1 July 1916, all the assets of the MTT and MTOC cable network were taken over by the Melbourne Tramways Board (MTB).<ref name="Francis Boardman Clapp: transport entrepreneur"/> The MMTB was formed on 1 November 1919, taking over the MTB cable tram network, with the Northcote tramway and the tramway trusts transferred to the MMTB on 20 February 1920.<ref name="YT-Trams in Melbourne">{{cite web | url=http://www.yarratrams.com.au/about-us/our-history/trams-in-melbourne/ | work=[[Yarra Trams]] | title=Trams in Melbourne | accessdate=26 January 2012}}</ref><ref name="The early days">{{cite web| url=http://www.yarratrams.com.au/about-us/our-history/tramway-milestones/the-early-days/ | work=[[Yarra Trams]] | title=The early days | accessdate=26 January 2012}}</ref> From 1924 the cable tram lines were progressively converted to electric trams, or abandoned in favour of buses, with the last Melbourne cable tram operating on 26 October 1940.<ref name="YT-Trams in Melbourne"/><ref>{{cite web | url=http://corp.ptv.vic.gov.au/managing-victoria-s-public-transport-network/history-and-heritage/early-history-of-public-transport/ | work=[[Public Transport Victoria]] | title=Early history of public transport | accessdate=9 July 2012}}</ref> ===First electric trams=== [[File:Box Hill to Doncaster tram.jpg|thumb|left|[[Box Hill, Victoria|Box Hill]] to [[Doncaster, Victoria|Doncaster]] tram]] The first electric tram in Melbourne was built in 1889 by the Box Hill and Doncaster Tramway Company Limited—an enterprise formed by a group of land developers—and ran from [[Box Hill railway station, Melbourne|Box Hill railway station]] along what is now Station Street and Tram Road to [[Doncaster, Victoria|Doncaster]], using equipment left over from the Centennial International Exhibition of 1888 at the [[Royal Exhibition Building]]. The venture was marred with disputes and operational problems, and ultimately failed, with the service ceasing in 1896.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hawthorntramdepot.org.au/papers/boxhill.htm |title=Australia's first electric tram: the Box Hill to Doncaster tramway |author=Robert Green |date=October 1989 |work=Friends of Hawthorn Tram Depot |accessdate=23 October 2011}}</ref> After this venture failed, electric trams returned on 5 May 1906, with the opening of the [[Victorian Railways#Other functions|Victorian Railways Electric Street Railway Electric Street Railway]] from [[St Kilda, Victoria|St Kilda]] to [[Brighton, Victoria|Brighton]], and was followed on 11 October 1906 with the opening of the [[List of defunct utility companies in Victoria, Australia#The North Melbourne Electric Tramways and Lighting Company|North Melbourne Electric Tramway & Lighting Company]] (NMETL) system, which opened two lines from the cable tram terminus at Flemington Bridge to [[Essendon, Victoria|Essendon]] and Saltwater River (now [[Maribyrnong River]]).<ref name="The early days"/> ====Victorian Railways Electric Street Railways==== [[File:Two Victorian Railway trams.jpg|thumb|right|Two [[Victorian Railways]] trams]] The [[Victorian Railways]] line came about when [[Thomas Bent|Sir Thomas Bent]] became [[Premier of Victoria|Premier]]. A corrupt politician and leading land boomer, he stood to benefit from construction of the line, through the increased value of his large land holdings in the area, and pushed through the legislation to enable to building of the line by the VR in 1904.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hawthorntramdepot.org.au/papers/bent.htm |title=Bent by name, Bent by nature |author=Russell Jones |year=2003 |work=Friends of Hawthorn Tram Depot |accessdate=23 October 2011}}</ref> The VR tram was called a "Street Railway" and was built using the Victorian Railways {{Track gauge|5ft3in}} [[broad gauge]] instead of the cable tramway [[standard gauge]] of {{Track gauge|impsg}}, and connected it with the [[St Kilda railway station]], to allow trams to be moved along the St Kilda railway line for servicing at [[Jolimont Yard]].<ref name="VR electric street railways">{{cite web |url=http://www.hawthorntramdepot.org.au/papers/vrtram.htm |title=VR electric street railways |author=Russell Jones |year=2003 |work=Friends of Hawthorn Tram Depot |accessdate=23 October 2011}}</ref> The line was opened in two stages, from St Kilda railway station to Middle Brighton on 5 May 1906 and to Brighton Beach terminus on 22 December 1906.<ref name="The early days"/> A fire at the Elwood tram depot on 7 March 1907 destroyed the depot and all the trams. Services resumed on 17 March 1907 using four [[Sydney C-Class Tram|C-class trams]] and three [[Sydney D-Class Tram|D-class trams]] from [[Trams in Sydney|Sydney]], which were altered to run on VR trucks salvaged from the fire. These trams sufficed until [[Newport Workshops]] built 14 new trams. The St Kilda to Brighton Beach Electric Street Railway closed on 28 February 1959 and was replaced by buses.<ref name="VR electric street railways"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tramway.org.au/reflections.php?p=vr_tramway_reminisences |title=V.R. Tramway "Reminisences." |author=Paul Nicholson |date=June–July 1969 |work=[[Tramway Museum Society of Victoria|TMSV]] Running Journal |accessdate=28 October 2010}}</ref> VR opened a second, standard gauge, electric tramway from [[Sandringham railway station]] to [[Black Rock, Victoria|Black Rock]] on 10 March 1919, it was extended to [[Beaumaris, Victoria|Beaumaris]] on 2 September 1926. The service was withdrawn on 5 November 1956 and replaced with buses.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tramway.org.au/reflections.php?p=the_sandringham_tramway |title=The Sandringham Tramway |author= Arthur Stone |date=October–November 1969 |work=[[Tramway Museum Society of Victoria|TMSV]] Running Journal |accessdate=3 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://localhistory.kingston.vic.gov.au/htm/article/237.htm |work=[[City of Kingston]] |title=Did You Know?: Trams | accessdate=3 June 2011}}</ref> ====North Melbourne Electric Tramway & Lighting Company==== [[File:NMETL first tram.jpg|thumb|right|First North Melbourne Electric Tramway & Lighting Co tram on opening day]] The [[List of defunct utility companies in Victoria, Australia#The North Melbourne Electric Tramways and Lighting Company|North Melbourne Electric Tramway & Lighting Company]] (NMELT) was an electricity and tramway company that operated from 1906 to 1922.<ref name="A brief history of the North Melbourne Electric Tramway & Lighting Company ">{{cite web |url=http://www.hawthorntramdepot.org.au/papers/nmetl.htm |title=A brief history of the North Melbourne Electric Tramway & Lighting Company |author= Russell Jones |year=2005 |work=Friends of Hawthorn Tram Depot |accessdate=4 January 2012}}</ref> The tramway section was taken over by the MMTB on 1 August 1922 and the electricity section taken over by the [[State Electricity Commission of Victoria]] in 1922.<ref name="Between the Wars">{{cite web |url=http://www.yarratrams.com.au/about-us/our-history/tramway-milestones/between-the-wars/ |work=[[Yarra Trams]] |title=Between the Wars | accessdate=26 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.access.prov.vic.gov.au/public/component/daPublicBaseContainer?component=daViewAgency&entityId=1002# |work=[[Public Record Office Victoria]] |title=State Electricity Commission of Victoria (previously known as the Electricity Commissioners) | accessdate=4 January 2012}}</ref> The Victorian Government of Sir Thomas Bent approved an application by Mr Morgan to build a tramway system in the Essendon area on 29 March 1904, with a poll of ratepayers overwhelming supporting the proposition on 29 July 1904 (2874 votes to 146). Mr Morgan transferred the concession to the NMELT, which had been formed to build the system and provide electricity to the area. Under the concession the NMELT was to construct a tramway and provide electricity within the municipalities of Essendon and Flemington for 30 years, it also mandated a service at least every 20 minutes and had provisions for the undertaking to become property of the municipalities involved earlier than the prescribed 30 years.<ref name="A Brief History of... The North Melbourne Electric Tramways and Lighting Company Limited">{{cite web |url=http://www.tramway.org.au/reflections.php?p=a_brief_history_of_the_north_melbourne_electric_tramways_and_lighting_company_limited |title=A Brief History of... The North Melbourne Electric Tramways and Lighting Company Limited |author= K. S. Kings |date=October 1966 |work=[[Tramway Museum Society of Victoria|TMSV]] Running Journal |accessdate=4 January 2012}}</ref> The NMELT bought land on [[Mount Alexander Road]] for its offices, car barn and power house, with the foundation stone laid by the Mayors of Essendon and Flemington on 24 May 1905, and the first rail laid a month later by Premier Bent. The system opened on 11 October 1906 operating two routes from Flemington Bridge—one to Essendon via Mount Alexander Road, [[Pascoe Vale Road]], Fletcher Street and onto Mount Alexander Road again (with a short branch line along Puckle Street), and the second to Saltwater River via Mount Alexander Road, Victoria Street, Racecourse Road, Epsom Road, Union Road and Maribyrnong Road. The system was approximately {{convert|7|mi|km|1|abbr=on}} and was operated by 25 motor cars and 10 trailers.<ref name="A Brief History of... The North Melbourne Electric Tramways and Lighting Company Limited"/> ===The tramway trusts=== Due to demand for better public transport in Melbourne's inner suburbs of Prahran and Malvern the [[Prahran & Malvern Tramways Trust]] Act 1907 was enacted. Councillor [[Alexander Cameron (tramways administrator)|Alex Cameron]] of Malvern, who led the push for a municipal tramway service, was elected chairman of the trust by both Malvern & Prahran councils. Construction began on its first tram line in 1909 with the first passenger service commencing on 30 May 1910. Using overhead wires to feed electricity to the trams, this network continued to expand so greatly & profitably that when the MMTB was established in July 1919 Alex Cameron was appointed its full-time chairman.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hawthorntramdepot.org.au/papers/pmtt.htm |title=Steady as she goes: the Prahran & Malvern Tramways Trust |author= Russell Jones |year=2008 |work=Friends of Hawthorn Tram Depot |accessdate=23 October 2011}}</ref><ref name="Alex Cameron: father of Melbourne’s electric trams">{{cite web |url=http://www.hawthorntramdepot.org.au/papers/cameron.htm |title=Alex Cameron: father of Melbourne’s electric trams |author= Russell Jones |year=2009 |work=Friends of Hawthorn Tram Depot |accessdate=23 October 2011}}</ref>In 1913, the region covered by the PMTT was extended and, thus, representatives of the [[Hawthorn, Victoria|Hawthorn]] and [[Kew, Victoria|Kew]] councils were also included on the board. In 1916 [[Camberwell, Victoria|Camberwell]] council representatives were also included. Following the PMTT, the following municipal trusts were formed: *[[Hawthorn Tramways Trust]] – 1914 (Municipalities of [[Melbourne]], [[Richmond, Victoria|Richmond]], Hawthorn & Camberwell) *Melbourne, Brunswick & Coburg Tramways Trust – 1916 (Municipalities of [[Brunswick, Victoria|Brunswick]], [[Coburg, Victoria|Coburg]] & Melbourne) *Fitzroy, Northcote & Preston Tramways Trust – in process of construction when taken over in 1920 (Municipalities of [[Fitzroy, Victoria|Fitzroy]], [[Northcote, Victoria|Northcote]] & [[Preston, Victoria|Preston]]) *Footscray Tramway Trust – in process of construction when taken over in 1920 (Municipality of [[Footscray, Victoria|Footscray]]) ===Network under MMTB=== {{Main article|Melbourne & Metropolitan Tramways Board}} [[File:Swanston and Flinders St intersection 1927.jpg|thumb|right|Intersection of [[Swanston Street|Swanston]] and [[Flinders Street, Melbourne|Flinders]] Streets showing electric and cable trams, 1927]] Alex Cameron, Chairman of the MMTB was in charge of a tramway network that had both cable and electric traction and had been constructed by different bodies without any uniform system. Under Cameron's guidance the Tramways Board was to bring these under a single control, extend the electric lines, and convert the existing cable-system to electric traction.<ref name="Alex Cameron: father of Melbourne’s electric trams"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://adbonline.anu.edu.au/biogs/A070534b.htm |title=Cameron, Alexander (1864–1940) |author=Kathleen Thomson |work=Australian Dictionary of Biography |accessdate=4 November 2011}}</ref> To solve operational and maintenance problem the MMTB introduced in 1923 the iconic [[W-class Melbourne tram|W-class tram]] and phased out the other models.<ref name="Melbourne & Metropolitan Tramways Board W Class No 380">{{cite web |url=http://www.hawthorntramdepot.org.au/trams/mmtb380.htm |work=Friends of Hawthorn Tram Depot |title=Melbourne & Metropolitan Tramways Board W Class No 380 |accessdate=23 October 2011}}</ref> The [[Preston Workshops]] were constructed about this time to manufacture and maintain the new tram fleet.<ref name="Vines2011">[http://www.dpcd.vic.gov.au/heritage/publications-and-research/thematic-and-typological-studies/tram-heritage-study Vines, G. 2010 ''Melbourne Tramway Heritage Study'', report to Heritage Victoria]</ref> In March 1923 Alex Cameron went overseas to investigate traffic problems. He returned next year confirmed in his long-held opinions that electric trams were superior to buses and that overhead wires were preferable to the underground conduit (cable) system. Alex Cameron remained chairman there until 1935. He died a few years later in 1940, the same year the last of the cable tram services in Melbourne ended.<ref name="Alex Cameron: father of Melbourne’s electric trams"/> The MMTB generated further patronage by developing the enormous [[Wattle Park, Melbourne|Wattle Park]] in the 1920s and 1930s, it had inherited Wattle Park from the Hawthorn Tramways Trust with the HTTs takeover by the MMTB.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hawthorntramdepot.org.au/papers/wattlepk.htm |title=Wattle Park: a tramway tradition |author=Russell Jones |year=2003 |work=Friends of Hawthorn Tram Depot |accessdate=23 October 2011}}</ref> After [[World War II]] other Australian cities began to replace their trams with buses. However, in Melbourne, the Bourke Street buses were replaced by trams in 1955, and new lines opened to [[Preston, Victoria|East Preston]] and [[Brunswick East]]. [[File:Melbourne tram surf.jpg|thumb|right| An overcrowded East Preston tram in [[Fitzroy North]], 1944]] Melbourne's tram usage peaked at 260 million trips in 1949, before dropping sharply to 200 million the following year in 1950.<ref name="TDIA">Transport Demand Information Atlas, Vol 1</ref> However usage defied the trend and bounced back in 1951, but began a gradual decline in usage which would continue until 1970.<ref name="TDIA" /> During the same period bus use also went into decline and buses have never proved as popular with passengers as trams at any time in Melbourne's history. By the 1970s Melbourne was the only Australian city with a major tram network.<ref>Keenan, David R. "Melbourne's Tramways in 1974." (Transit Press, 1974)</ref> Melbourne resisted the trend to shut down the network for three major reasons: partly because the city's wide streets and geometric street pattern made trams more practicable than in many other cities; partly because of resistance from the [[trade union|unions]]; and partly because the Chairman of the MMTB, [[Robert Risson|Sir Robert Risson]], successfully argued that the cost of ripping up the concrete-embedded tram tracks would be prohibitive. Also, the infrastructure and vehicles were relatively new, having replaced Cable Tram equipment in only the 1920s–1940s. This destroyed the argument used by many other cities, which was that renewal of the tram system would cost more than replacing it with buses. By the mid-1970s, as other cities became increasingly choked in traffic and air pollution, Melbourne was convinced that its decision to retain its trams was the correct one, even though patronage had been declining since the 1950s in the face of increasing use of cars and the shift to the outer suburbs, beyond the tram network's limits. The first tram line extension in over twenty years took place in 1978, along [[Burwood Highway]]. The W-class trams were gradually replaced by the new Z-class trams in the 1970s, and by the A-class trams and the larger, articulated B-class trams in the 1980s. In 1980, the controversial [[Lonie Report]] recommended the closure of seven tram lines. Public protests and union action resulted these closures not being carried out.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://researchbank.swinburne.edu.au/vital/access/services/Download/swin:8497/SOURCE3 |title=Political factors in the rebuilding of mass transit |author=[http://researchbank.swinburne.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/swin:8497 John Andrew Stone] |year=2008 |publisher=[[Swinburne University of Technology]] |format=[[PDF]] |pages= 183–186 |accessdate=11 November 2011}}</ref> ===Metropolitan Transit Authority and Public Transport Corporation=== {{Main article|Metropolitan Transit Authority (Victoria)|Public Transport Corporation|l1=Metropolitan Transit Authority}} [[Image:Hook Turn Sign Melbourne.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hook turn]] sign]] The MMTB, along with the [[Railways in Melbourne|metropolitan railway assets]] of [[Victorian Railways|VicRail]], were absorbed into the newly formed Metropolitan Transit Authority (MTA) on 1 July 1983, while the regional assets of VicRail were absorbed by the [[State Transport Authority (Victoria)|State Transit Authority]] (STA). The MTA was formed to co-ordinate and operate the Melbourne public transport system, during 1986–87 an integration of rail, tram and bus divisions took place, with the operations, maintenance and administration of these departments fully integrated by 11 April 1988.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://access.prov.vic.gov.au/public/component/daPublicBaseContainer?component=daViewAgency&entityId=1038 |title=State Transport Authority |work=[[Public Record Office Victoria]] |accessdate=29 November 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002042901/http://access.prov.vic.gov.au/public/component/daPublicBaseContainer?component=daViewAgency&entityId=1038 |archivedate=2 October 2011 |df= }}</ref><ref name="PROV MTA">{{cite web |url=http://access.prov.vic.gov.au/public/component/daPublicBaseContainer?component=daViewAgency&entityId=1044 |title=Metropolitan Transit Authority |work=[[Public Record Office Victoria]] |accessdate=29 November 2011}}</ref> [[Image:Z1-class-tram.96 swanston collins.jpg|thumb|left|Z1.95 in The Met livery on [[Swanston Street]]]] The MTA introduced a new green and yellow livery and uniform design, with a new logo, showing the integration of Melbourne's public transport system, replacing the MMTB logo, and introduced a new time-based integrated ticketing system, for all modes of Melbourne's public transport.<ref name="YT-Trams in Melbourne"/> An Automatic Vehicle Monitoring system was introduced in 1985, improving communication with drivers and allowing tracking of trams throughout the network. This reduced tram bunching and improved reliability of tram services.<ref name="YT-Trams in Melbourne"/> The [[St Kilda railway line|St Kilda]] and [[Port Melbourne railway line|Port Melbourne]] railway lines were converted to light rail lines in 1987, with the lines closed on 1 July 1987 and 11 October 1987 respectively. Trams first ran on the St Kilda line on 20 November 1987, with Port Melbourne following on 13 December 1987.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vicsig.net/infrastructure/line/Port-Melbourne |title=Port Melbourne Line |work=VICSIG |accessdate=29 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vicsig.net/infrastructure/line/St-Kilda |title=St Kilda Line |work=VICSIG |accessdate=29 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yarratrams.com.au/about-us/our-history/tramway-milestones/towards-the-modern-era/ |title=Towards the modern era |work=[[Yarra Trams]] |accessdate=26 January 2012}}</ref> The conversion consisted of the track being re-gauged from [[Irish gauge|broad gauge]] {{Track gauge|5ft3in}} to [[standard gauge]] {{Track gauge|impsg}}, the overhead being converted to tramway voltage and light rail platforms built adjacent to the former stations platforms.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.railpage.org.au/tram/melbintr.html |title=Melbourne's tram system |author=David Hoadley |year=1998 |work=Trams of Australia |accessdate=29 November 2011}}</ref> As a result of the Transport (Amendment) Act 1989 the MTA and STA were merged into the Public Transport Corporation (PTC) on 1 July 1989, bringing all rail services in Victoria under one body.<ref name="PROV MTA"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://access.prov.vic.gov.au/public/component/daPublicBaseContainer?component=daViewAgency&entityId=2984 |title=Public Transport Corporation |work=[[Public Record Office Victoria]] |accessdate=29 November 2011}}</ref> By the late 1980s, the state government was under financial pressures brought on by an economic downturn. In January 1990, the [[Australian Labor Party|Labor]] government of [[Premiers of Victoria|Premier]] [[John Cain II|John Cain]] tried to introduce economies into the running of the public transport system, including the removal of [[Conductor (transportation)|tram conductors]]. This provoked a long and crippling strike by the tramways union in January 1990, resulting in a back-down by the government and the retention of conductors.<ref name="Melbourne tramways: union vs management">{{cite web |url=http://www.hawthorntramdepot.org.au/papers/union.htm |title=Melbourne tramways: union vs management |author=Russell Jones |year=2003 |work=Friends of Hawthorn Tram Depot |accessdate=29 November 2011}}</ref> In the [[Victorian state election, 1992|1992 state election]], the [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberals]] came to power under Premier [[Jeff Kennett]], who planned to cut the costs of Melbourne's public transport network and remove conductors. [[OneLink]] were contracted in 1995 to introduce an automatic ticketing system. The tramway union, which opposed this move, went on strike during the 1997 Grand Prix. One month later the government announced plans for [[privatisation]] of the PTC.<ref name="Melbourne tramways: union vs management"/> The tram conductors were replaced with ticketing machines between 1996 and 1998—shortly before the system was privatised.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.robx1.net/victkt/metcard/html/history.htm |title=Metcard—A brief history |author=Rob O'Regan |year=2002 |work=Victorian Public Transport Ticketing |accessdate=29 November 2011}}</ref> This move led to the loss of millions of dollars in revenue through fare evasion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/stories/s334651.htm |title=Photo ignites debate on tram fare evasion |author=Geoff Hutchison |date=24 July 2001 |work=The World Today |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |accessdate=29 November 2011}}</ref> ===Privatisation=== [[Image:M-Tram.jpg|thumb|right|B2.2078 class tram in [[M-Tram|M>Tram]] livery in 2001]] On 1 July 1997, in preparation for privatisation of the [[Public Transport Corporation]], Melbourne's tram network was split into two businesses: Met Tram 1 (later renamed Swanston Trams) and Met Tram 2 (later renamed Yarra Trams).<ref name="History of Yarra Trams">{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220100753/http://www.yarratrams.com.au/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-60/38_read-103/ |archivedate=20 February 2011 |url=http://www.yarratrams.com.au/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-60/38_read-103/ |work=[[Yarra Trams]] |title=History of Yarra Trams |accessdate=26 January 2012}}</ref> [[VicTrack]], a new statutory authority within the Victorian Government, was created in 1997 to hold the ownership of land and assets relating to Victoria's tram and rail systems.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.victrack.com.au/en/we-are-victrack/about-victrack |work=[[VicTrack]] |title=About VicTrack |accessdate=24 October 2011}}</ref> In addition, a statutory office was established—the [[Director of Public Transport]]—to procure rail and tram services and to enter into and manage contracts with transport operators.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/images/stories/documents/council/Select_Committees/Trains/Submissions/SCTS_18_Att_3.pdf |author=Paul Mees |date=July 2005 |publisher=[[Parliament of Victoria]] |title=Privatization of Rail and Tram Services in Melbourne: What Went Wrong? |accessdate=9 July 2012 |format=[[PDF]]}}</ref> After a tendering process the businesses were awarded as 12-year franchises, with Swanston Trams won by [[National Express]], and the Yarra Trams business by [[TransdevTSL]].<ref name="YT-Trams in Melbourne"/><ref>{{cite press release |title=Transfield Services/Transedv Partnership with the State Government of Victoria to Operate the Entire Melbourne Tram Network |url=http://www.asx.com.au/asxpdf/20040219/pdf/3kpf73m37my2b.pdf |author=[[Transfield Services]] |publisher=[[Australian Securities Exchange|ASX]] |date=19 February 2004 |accessdate=9 August 2012}}</ref> Following a transitional period, the right to operate the two tram businesses was officially transferred from the government to the private sector under franchise agreements on 29 August 1999.<ref name="YT-Trams in Melbourne"/> National Express renamed Swanston Trams as [[M-Tram|M>Tram]], similarly along with its [[M-Train|M>Train]] suburban train business, on 1 October 2001.<ref name="YT-Trams in Melbourne"/> After several years of failing to make a profit, more than a year of negotiations over revised financing arrangements with the government, and grave concern over its future viability, National Express Group announced on 16 December 2002, its decision to walk away from all of their Victorian contracts and hand control back to the state government, with funding for its operations to stop on 23 December 2002.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iii.co.uk/investment/detail/?display=news&code=cotn:NEX.L&action=article&articleid=4537089 |work=Interactive Investor |title=National Express – Pre Close statement |accessdate=24 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=National Express walks out of Australian rail service |author=Alistair Osborne |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2836793/National-Express-walks-out-of-Australian-rail-service.html |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=17 December 2002 |accessdate=24 October 2011}}</ref> The government ran M>Tram until negotiations were completed with Yarra Trams for it to take-over responsibility of the whole tram network from 18 April 2004.<ref name="YT-Trams in Melbourne"/><ref name="History of Yarra Trams"/> On 25 June 2009, it was announced that [[Keolis Downer]], a joint venture between [[Keolis]] and [[Downer Group|Downer EDI]], would be the operator of the Melbourne tram network from 30 November 2009. The contract is for eight years with an option for a further seven years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yarratrams.com.au/about-us/who-we-are/ |work=[[Yarra Trams]] |title=Who we are | accessdate=26 January 2012}}</ref> ===Recent=== {{See also|Yarra Trams}} [[Image:Melbourne metro tram boardings.png|thumb|right|Tram boarding statistics since privatisation, based on [[Public Transport Victoria]] figures]] As a part of the privatisation process, franchise contracts between the state government and both private operators included obligations to extend and modernise the Melbourne tram network. This included acquiring new tram rolling stock, in addition the existing tram fleet was refurbished.<ref name="Privatisation Boosts Rail Investment In Melbourne">{{cite news|title=Privatisation Boosts Rail Investment in Melbourne |author=Ian Hammond |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0BQQ/is_10_40/ai_66931446/ |publisher=[[International Railway Journal]] |date=October 2000 |accessdate=10 November 2011 }}{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Melbourne Refurbishes to Improve Image">{{cite news|title=Melbourne Refurbishes to Improve Image: |author=Ian Hammond |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0BQQ/is_6_41/ai_80898097/ |publisher=[[International Railway Journal]] |date=June 2001 |accessdate=10 November 2011 }}{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Swanston Trams (M>Tram) introduced 59 new [[Combino]] (D-class) [[Low-floor tram|low-floor]] built trams by [[Siemens]], at a cost of A$175 million, and invested approximately A$8 million in refurbishing their fleet, while Yarra Trams introduced 36 [[Citadis]] (C-class) low-floor trams from [[Alstom]], at a cost of A$100 million, and invested A$5.3 million refurbishing their fleet.<ref name="Melbourne Refurbishes to Improve Image"/><ref name="C-class">{{cite press release |title=New era for public transport starts today |url=http://franklin.dpc.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/MediaRelArc02.nsf/0/0CB6751618ECE8244A256AE5008133D1?Open |publisher=Office of the Premier |date=12 October 2001 |accessdate=10 November 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509111659/http://franklin.dpc.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/MediaRelArc02.nsf/0/0CB6751618ECE8244A256AE5008133D1?Open |archivedate=9 May 2012}}</ref><ref name="NEW LOW-FLOOR TRAM HONOURS TRAMWAYS LEGEND">{{cite press release |title=NEW LOW-FLOOR TRAM HONOURS TRAMWAYS LEGEND |url=http://franklin.dpc.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/MediaRelArc02.nsf/0/79B7C8A44C7671A04A256C0C0000D780?Open |publisher=MINISTER FOR TRANSPORT |date=2 August 2002 |accessdate=10 November 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509111727/http://franklin.dpc.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/MediaRelArc02.nsf/0/79B7C8A44C7671A04A256C0C0000D780?Open |archivedate=9 May 2012}}</ref> [[File:New Metlink Signage.jpg|thumb|left|[[Metlink]] tram stop signage outside [[Flinders Street railway station|Flinders Street station]]]] In 2003 the marketing and umbrella brand [[Metlink]] was introduced to co-ordinate the promotion of Melbourne's public transport and the communications from the separate privatised companies. Metlink's role was to provide timetables, passenger information about connecting services provided by several operators, fares and ticketing information and introduce uniform signage across the Melbourne public transport system.<ref>{{cite press release|title=A NEW IDENTITY FOR MELBOURNE'S PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM |url=http://franklin.dpc.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/newmedia.nsf/798c8b072d117a01ca256c8c0019bb01/861b4c03c1c2088fca256d410008cf92!OpenDocument |publisher=FROM THE MINISTER FOR PUBLIC TRANSPORT |date=9 June 2003 |accessdate=10 November 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509111735/http://franklin.dpc.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/newmedia.nsf/798c8b072d117a01ca256c8c0019bb01/861b4c03c1c2088fca256d410008cf92%21OpenDocument |archivedate=9 May 2012 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.metlinkmelbourne.com.au/about-metlink/ | work=[[Metlink]] | title=About Metlink | accessdate=7 April 2012 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607234329/http://www.metlinkmelbourne.com.au/about-metlink/ | archivedate=7 June 2011}}</ref> Since privatisation extensions have been made to the tram system, with the $28 million extension of the 109 to Box Hill opening on 2 May 2003,<ref>{{cite press release |title=MELBOURNE'S NEW TRAMLINE UNVEILED |url=http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/newmedia.nsf/bc348d5912436a9cca256cfc0082d800/9eab51baa5822b08ca256d1d00088a96!OpenDocument |publisher=FROM THE OFFICE OF THE PREMIER |date=2 May 2003 |accessdate=10 November 2011}}</ref> a $7.5 million extension along Docklands Drive in Docklands opened on 4 January 2005,<ref>{{cite press release |title=Docklands Drive Tram Extension Now in Service |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080727092647/http://www.yarratrams.com.au/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-105/99_read-325 |archivedate=27 July 2008 |url=http://www.yarratrams.com.au/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-105/99_read-325 |publisher=[[Yarra Trams]] |date=4 January 2005 |accessdate=26 January 2012}}</ref> and a $42.6 million extension of the 75 to Vermont South opening on 23 July 2005.<ref>{{cite press release |title=MAJOR PUBLIC TRANSPORT BOOST OPENS IN MELBOURNE'S EAST |url=http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/newmedia.nsf/b0222c68d27626e2ca256c8c001a3d2d/77f706ecbd1cb0a2ca2570490003dfcc!OpenDocument |publisher=FROM THE MINISTER FOR PUBLIC TRANSPORT |date=23 July 2005 |accessdate=10 November 2011}}</ref> [[File:E 6001 in PTV livery on the Preston Workshop test track, September 2013.JPG|thumb|[[E-class Melbourne tram|E 6001]] in [[Public Transport Victoria]] livery at [[Preston Workshops]] on the test track before entering passenger service, September 2013.]] It was announced on 27 September 2010 that [[Bombardier Transportation]] had won a $303 million contract to supply and maintain 50 new [[E-class Melbourne tram|E-class]] trams, the contract includes an option for a further 100.<ref name="50 TRAMS ORDER FOR MELBOURNE CREATES LOCAL JOBS">{{cite press release |title=50 TRAMS ORDER FOR MELBOURNE CREATES LOCAL JOBS |url=http://archive.premier.vic.gov.au/newsroom/12031.html |work=From the Minister for Public Transport |date=27 September 2010 |accessdate=19 April 2012}}</ref><ref name="Bombardier Wins Contract for 50 Trams for One of the World's Largest Tram Operations in Melbourne, Australia">{{cite press release |title=Bombardier Wins Contract for 50 Trams for One of the World's Largest Tram Operations in Melbourne, Australia |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2010/09/29/idUS150770+29-Sep-2010+HUG20100929 |work=[[Bombardier Transportation]] |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=29 September 2010 |accessdate=10 September 2013}}</ref><ref name="VICSIG E">{{cite web |title=E Class |url=http://www.vicsig.net/trams/tram/e/v1 |work=VICSIG |accessdate=19 November 2011}}</ref> They will be built at Bombardier's Dandenong factory, with the propulsion systems and bogies coming from Bombardier's factories in [[Mannheim]] and [[Siegen]], Germany, respectively. The trams will be 33 metres long and have a capacity of 210 passengers and are due to be in service in 2013.<ref name="Bombardier Wins Contract for 50 Trams for One of the World's Largest Tram Operations in Melbourne, Australia"/><ref name="VICSIG E"/><ref name="Carey">{{cite news|last=Carey|first=Adam|title=New low-floor trams miss first stop by seven months|url=http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/new-lowfloor-trams-miss-first-stop-by-seven-months-20120817-24e1q.html|accessdate=31 March 2013|newspaper=[[The Age]]|date=18 August 2012}}</ref> The first E-class tram arrived at Preston Workshops in late June 2013 for testing, with the first two E-class entering revenue service in November 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Melbourne's first new generation tram arrives|url=http://ptv.vic.gov.au/news-and-events/news/melbourne-s-first-new-generation-tram-arrives/|work=26 June 2013|accessdate=4 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="Longer and louder: New E-Class tram makes itself heard">{{cite news|last=Gough |first=Deborah |title=Longer and louder: New E-Class tram makes itself heard |url=http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/longer-and-louder-new-eclass-tram-makes-itself-heard-20131104-2wvt8.html |accessdate=4 November 2013 |newspaper=[[The Age]] |date=4 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104075947/http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/longer-and-louder-new-eclass-tram-makes-itself-heard-20131104-2wvt8.html |archivedate=4 November 2013 |df= }}</ref> In April 2012, [[Public Transport Victoria]] (PTV), a new [[statutory authority]] was formed after amendments to the [[Transport Integration Act 2010]] and the passing of the Transport Legislation Amendment (Public Transport Development Authority) Act 2011. PTV assumed responsibility from the Director of Public Transport for the provision and administration of Victoria's transport services. It also provides information on fares, transport services and initiatives, and is responsible for overseeing and improving Victoria's public transport services.<ref>{{cite web |title=TRANSPORT LEGISLATION AMENDMENT (PUBLIC TRANSPORT DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY) ACT 2011 (NO. 61 OF 2011) |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/vic/num_act/tlatdaa201161o2011828/ |work=[[Government of Victoria (Australia)|Government of Victoria]] |publisher=Australasian Legal Information Institute |accessdate=25 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://corp.ptv.vic.gov.au/ | work=[[Public Transport Victoria]] | title=Welcome to Public Transport Victoria | accessdate=7 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://corp.ptv.vic.gov.au/managing-victoria-s-public-transport-network/ | work=[[Public Transport Victoria]] | title=Managing Victoria's public transport network | accessdate=25 November 2012}}</ref> The era since privatisation has also brought large patronage increases, an increase in platform stops, and a new ticketing system. In 1999–2000 year—when the tram system was privatised—patronage was 127.3 million per annum, this has increased almost each year since, and in the 2012–2013 year was 182.7 million passenger trips, a 4.2% year-on-year patronage increase; trams are the second most utilised public transport method, between trains and buses.<ref>{{cite web|title=Track Record|url=http://ptv.vic.gov.au/about-ptv/ptv-data-and-reports/track-record-2/|work=[[Public Transport Victoria]]|accessdate=21 September 2013}}</ref> Yarra Trams, the [[Department of Transport (Victoria)|Department of Transport]], and later Public Transport Victoria, are introducing level boarding [[Tram stop|stops]] to improve accessibility and safety, and comply with the Disability Discrimination Act; as of January 2014 360 accessible stops have been constructed, all since 1999.<ref>{{cite press release |title=330 and counting for platform stops |url=http://www.yarratrams.com.au/media-centre/news/articles/2011/330-and-counting-for-platform-stops/ |publisher=[[Yarra Trams]] |date=27 May 2011 |accessdate=26 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Accessible trams|url=http://ptv.vic.gov.au/getting-around/accessible-transport/accessible-trams/|work=[[Public Transport Victoria]]|accessdate=16 January 2014}}</ref> The [[Metcard]] ticketing system which operated from 1996 was switched off on 29 December 2012, leaving [[myki]]—which has been in operation on Melbourne trains since 29 December 2009, and valid on Melbourne trams and buses since 25 July 2010—as the sole ticketing system.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ptv.vic.gov.au/tickets/myki/ |work=[[Public Transport Victoria]] |title=myki | accessdate=22 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Metcards a piece of Melbourne history |author=Stephen Cauchi |url=http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/metcards-a-piece-of-melbourne-history-20121229-2bzy6.html |newspaper=[[The Age]] |date=29 December 2012 |accessdate=29 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Myki rolls out – but only on city trains |author=Clay Lucas |url=http://www.theage.com.au/national/myki-rolls-out--but-only-on-city-trains-20091228-lhc8.html |newspaper=[[The Age]] |date=29 December 2009 |accessdate=29 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Myki will grow on you: ticket boss |author=Jason Dowling |url=http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/myki-will-grow-on-you-ticket-boss-20100811-11ztt.html |newspaper=[[The Age]] |date=12 August 2010 |accessdate=29 December 2012}}</ref> ==Routes== {{See also|List of Melbourne tram routes}} 24 numbered routes operate with a regular schedule on Melbourne's tram network.<ref name="YT facts"/> Route numbers suffixed with the letter 'a' terminate before the usual destination, divert from the usual route, or both (due to major delays or disruptions), while services suffixed with the letter 'd' terminate or divert to their depots (at end of service).<ref>{{cite press release |title=Catch me, now you can |url=http://www.yarratrams.com.au/media-centre/news/articles/2011/catch-me,-now-you-can/ |publisher=[[Yarra Trams]] |date=15 August 2011 |accessdate=26 January 2012}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" ! class="unsortable" scope="col" style="width: 20px;" | ! Nº ! Terminus A ! class="unsortable"| via ! Terminus B ! Full length |- | style="background: #B5C426;"| | data-sort-value="1"| [[Melbourne tram route 1|1]] | [[Coburg, Victoria|Coburg East]] | [[Brunswick East, Victoria|Brunswick East]] – Carlton – [[Melbourne City Centre|City]] – [[South Melbourne, Victoria|South Melbourne]] | South Melbourne Beach, [[Albert Park, Victoria|Albert Park]] | {{Convert|13.2|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on}} |- | style="background: #88D1F0;"| | data-sort-value="3"| [[Melbourne tram route 3|3<br />3a]] | [[Melbourne University tram stop|Melbourne University]], [[Carlton, Victoria|Carlton]] | City – [[Balaclava, Victoria|Balaclava]] – [[Caulfield North, Victoria|Caulfield North]] (weekdays)<br />City – [[St Kilda, Victoria|St Kilda]] – Balaclava – Caulfield North (weekends) | [[Malvern East, Victoria|Malvern East]] | {{Convert|14.9|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on}}<br />{{Convert|16.3|km|mi|abbr=on}} |- | style="background: #E04038;"| | data-sort-value="5"| [[Melbourne tram route 5|5<br />5a]] | Melbourne University, Carlton (before 7:50 pm)<br />Orrong & Dandenong Roads, [[Armadale, Victoria|Armadale]] (after 7:50 pm){{efn|name=r5a}} | City – [[Windsor, Victoria|Windsor]] – Armadale<br />– | [[Malvern, Victoria|Malvern]] | {{Convert|12.6|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on}}<br />{{Convert|3.5|km|mi|abbr=on}} |- | style="background: #004C6C;"| | data-sort-value="6"| [[Melbourne tram route 6|6]] | [[Moreland railway station]], [[Brunswick, Victoria|Brunswick]] | Brunswick East – Carlton – City – [[Prahran, Victoria|Prahran]] – Armadale – Malvern | [[Glen Iris, Victoria|Glen Iris]] | {{Convert|19.0|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on}} |- | style="background: #86C5A2;"| | data-sort-value="11"| [[Melbourne tram route 11|11]] | [[Preston, Victoria|West Preston]] | [[Thornbury, Victoria|Thornbury]] – [[Northcote, Victoria|Northcote]] – [[Fitzroy, Victoria|Fitzroy]] – City | [[Docklands, Victoria#Victoria Harbour|Victoria Harbour]], [[Docklands, Victoria|Docklands]] | {{Convert|13.3|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on}} |- | style="background: #008995;"| | data-sort-value="12"| [[Melbourne tram route 12|12]] | [[Victoria Gardens Shopping Centre]], [[Richmond, Victoria|Richmond]] | Richmond – [[East Melbourne, Victoria|East Melbourne]] – City – South Melbourne – [[Middle Park, Victoria|Middle Park]] | Fitzroy & Park Streets, [[St Kilda, Victoria|St Kilda]] | {{Convert|11.3|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on}} |- | style="background: #FFDA66;"| | data-sort-value="16"| [[Melbourne tram route 16|16]] | Melbourne University, Carlton | City – St Kilda – Balaclava – Caulfield North – Malvern – [[Hawthorn, Victoria|Hawthorn]] | [[Kew, Victoria|Kew]] | {{Convert|20.2|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on}} |- | style="background: #8F4A78;"| | data-sort-value="19"| [[Melbourne tram route 19|19]]{{efn|name=nightnetwork}} | [[Coburg North, Victoria|Coburg North]] | Brunswick – [[Parkville, Victoria|Parkville]] | [[Flinders Street railway station]], [[Melbourne City Centre|City]] | {{Convert|10.2|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on}} |- | style="background: #4F4A9F;"| | data-sort-value="30"| [[Melbourne tram route 30|30]]{{efn|name=r30}} | [[St Vincent's Plaza]], [[East Melbourne, Victoria|East Melbourne]] | City | [[Docklands, Victoria#Victoria Harbour|Central Pier]], Docklands{{efn|name=sign-stadium}} | {{Convert|2.9|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on}} |- | style="background: #723B1F;"| | data-sort-value="35"| [[City Circle Tram|35]]{{efn|name=r35}} | Harbour Town Shopping Centre, Docklands{{efn|name=sign-waterfront}} | City | Harbour Town Shopping Centre, Docklands{{efn|name=sign-waterfront}} | {{Convert|7.6|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on}} |- | style="background: #434244;"| | data-sort-value="48"| [[Melbourne tram route 48|48]] | [[Balwyn North]] | Kew – [[Richmond, Victoria|Richmond]] – East Melbourne – City | Victoria Harbour, Docklands | {{Convert|13.5|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on}} |- | style="background: #33BDCA;"| | data-sort-value="57"| [[Melbourne tram route 57|57]] | [[Maribyrnong, Victoria|West Maribyrnong]] | [[Ascot Vale, Victoria|Ascot Vale]] – [[Flemington, Victoria|Flemington]] – [[North Melbourne, Victoria|North Melbourne]] | Flinders Street railway station, City | {{Convert|11.6|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on}} |- | style="background: #83898F;"| | data-sort-value="58"| [[Melbourne tram route 58|58]] | [[Pascoe Vale South, Victoria|Pascoe Vale South]]{{efn|name=sign-westcoburg}} | [[Brunswick West, Victoria|Brunswick West]] – Parkville – City – [[Southbank, Victoria|Southbank]] – [[South Yarra, Victoria|South Yarra]] | [[Toorak, Victoria|Toorak]] | {{Convert|18.2|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on}} |- | style="background: #49805B;"| | data-sort-value="59"| [[Melbourne tram route 59|59]] | [[Airport West, Victoria|Airport West]] | [[Essendon, Victoria|Essendon]] – [[Moonee Ponds, Victoria|Moonee Ponds]] – [[Travancore, Victoria|Travancore]] – Parkville | Flinders Street railway station, City | {{Convert|14.7|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on}} |- | style="background: #1AAA6F;"| | data-sort-value="64"| [[Melbourne tram route 64|64]] | Melbourne University, Carlton | City – Windsor – Armadale – [[Caulfield, Victoria|Caulfield]] | [[Brighton East, Victoria|Brighton East]] | {{Convert|16.1|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on}} |- | style="background: #AC7963;"| | data-sort-value="67"| [[Melbourne tram route 67|67]]{{efn|name=nightnetwork}} | Melbourne University, Carlton | City – Balaclava – [[Elwood, Victoria|Elwood]] – [[Elsternwick, Victoria|Elsternwick]] – Caulfield – [[Glen Huntly, Victoria|Glen Huntly]] | [[Carnegie, Victoria|Carnegie]] | {{Convert|12.7|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on}} |- | style="background: #F38BB9;"| | data-sort-value="70"| [[Melbourne tram route 70|70]] | [[Wattle Park, Melbourne|Wattle Park]], [[Surrey Hills, Victoria|Surrey Hills]] | [[Camberwell, Victoria|Camberwell]] – Hawthorn – Richmond – City | Harbour Town Shopping Centre, Docklands{{efn|name=sign-waterfront}} | {{Convert|16.5|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on}} |- | style="background: #9EB4A5;"| | data-sort-value="72"| [[Melbourne tram route 72|72]] | Melbourne University, Carlton | City – Prahran – [[Toorak, Victoria|Toorak]] – [[Glen Iris, Victoria|Glen Iris]] – [[Camberwell, Victoria|Camberwell]] | [[Deepdene, Victoria|Deepdene]]{{efn|name=sign-camberwell}} | {{Convert|16.8|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on}} |- | style="background: #009FDA;"| | data-sort-value="75"| [[Melbourne tram route 75|75]]{{efn|name=nightnetwork}} | [[Vermont South, Victoria|Vermont South]] Shopping Centre | [[Burwood, Victoria|Burwood]] – Camberwell – Hawthorn – Richmond – City | Central Pier, Docklands{{efn|name=sign-stadium}} | {{Convert|22.8|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on}} |- | style="background: #897CB9;"| | data-sort-value="78"| [[Melbourne tram route 78|78]] | [[Richmond, Victoria|North Richmond]] | South Yarra – Prahran – Windsor | [[Balaclava, Victoria|Balaclava]] | {{Convert|6.5|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on}} |- | style="background: #BED639;"| | data-sort-value="82"| [[Melbourne tram route 82|82]] | [[Footscray railway station]] | [[Maribyrnong, Victoria|Maribyrnong]] – Ascot Vale | [[Moonee Ponds Junction]] | {{Convert|9.2|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on}} |- | style="background: #FEBA10;"| | data-sort-value="86"| [[Melbourne tram route 86|86]]{{efn|name=nightnetwork}}<br />86a{{efn|name=r86a}} | [[RMIT University]], [[Bundoora, Victoria|Bundoora]]<br />[[Melbourne Museum]], [[Fitzroy, Victoria|Fitzroy]] | [[Preston, Victoria|Preston]] – Thornbury – Northcote – [[Collingwood, Victoria|Collingwood]] – Fitzroy – City<br />– | Harbour Town Shopping Centre, Docklands{{efn|name=sign-waterfront}}<br />[[La Trobe Street, Melbourne|La Trobe]] & [[Spencer Street, Melbourne|Spencer]] Streets, City | {{Convert|22.2|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on}}<br />{{Convert|3.0|km|mi|abbr=on}} |- | style="background: #E33385;"| | data-sort-value="96"| [[Melbourne tram route 96|96]]{{efn|name=nightnetwork}} | [[Brunswick East, Victoria|Brunswick East]] | Carlton – City – South Melbourne – Albert Park – St Kilda | [[St Kilda Beach, Victoria|St Kilda Beach]] | {{Convert|13.9|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on}} |- | style="background: #F58122;"| | data-sort-value="109"| [[Melbourne tram route 109|109]]{{efn|name=nightnetwork}} | [[Box Hill Central Shopping Centre]] | [[Balwyn, Victoria|Balwyn]] – [[Kew, Victoria|Kew]] – Richmond – East Melbourne – City | [[Port Melbourne, Victoria|Port Melbourne]] | {{Convert|19.2|km|mi|abbr=on|sortable=on}} |- class="sortbottom" | colspan="6"| {{notelist|refs= {{efn|name=r86a|Off-peak [[Bourke Street, Melbourne|Bourke Street]] services operates on Thursdays to Sundays between 11:30 am and 2:30 pm.<ref>{{cite web|title=Timetable changes|url=http://yarratrams.com.au/using-trams/service-changes/service-changes/2015/timetable-changes/|website=[[Yarra Trams]]|accessdate=8 June 2017|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20170128145658/http://yarratrams.com.au/using-trams/service-changes/service-changes/2015/timetable-changes/|archivedate=28 January 2017|deadurl=no}}</ref>}} {{efn|name=nightnetwork|[[Night Network (Melbourne)|Operates overnight on Saturday and Sunday mornings.]]}} {{efn|name=r5a|Connects with route 64 services to and from Melbourne University.}} {{efn|name=r30|Operates on weekdays before 6:00 pm only, excluding public holidays.}} {{efn|name=r35|[[City Circle Tram|City Circle]] service operates between 9:30 am and 6:00 pm (Sundays to Wednesdays) or 9:00 pm (Thursdays to Saturdays), excluding Good Friday and Christmas Day.}} {{efn|name=sign-camberwell|Signed as <em>Camberwell</em>}} {{efn|name=sign-stadium|Signed as <em>[[Docklands Stadium]]</em>}} {{efn|name=sign-waterfront|Signed as <em>[[Docklands, Victoria#Waterfront City|Waterfront City Docklands]]</em>}} {{efn|name=sign-westcoburg|Signed as <em>West Coburg</em>}} }} |- |} ==Fleet== The Melbourne tram fleet currently comprises 501 trams as of November 2014.<ref name="YT facts"/> [[Melbourne tram classification|Classification]] is based on the original system begun by the MMTB in 1921.<ref name=cross>{{cite book|last=Cross|first=Norman|title=Destination City|year=2001|publisher=Transit Australia|location=Sydney|isbn=0 909459 17 7|page=8}}</ref> The [[rolling stock]] is part of leases to Yarra Trams, with the W-, Z-, A- and B-class trams owned by the Victorian Government, and the C-class and D-classes are subject to lease purchase agreements, while the C2-class trams were leased from [[Mulhouse]], France but are now state assets.<ref name="Invitation to Tender">{{cite web | url=http://corp.ptv.vic.gov.au/assets/MR3-IOT-Tram-Vol2.pdf | work=[[Public Transport Victoria]] | title=Invitation to Tender – Melbourne Metropolitan Tram Franchise | format = [[PDF]] | pages = 97–98 | accessdate=9 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="Bee trams to stay, but at what price?">{{cite news |title=Bee trams to stay, but at what price? |author=Clay Lucas |url=http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/bee-trams-to-stay-but-at-what-price-20101012-16huk.html |newspaper=[[The Age]] |date=13 October 2010 |accessdate=6 November 2011}}</ref> ===W-class=== {{Main article|W-class Melbourne tram}} W-class trams were introduced to Melbourne in 1923 as a new standard design. They have a dual-[[bogie]] layout with a distinctive "drop centre" section, allowing the centrally placed doors to be closer to the ground. The W-class was the mainstay of Melbourne's tramways system for 60 years. A total of 752 trams of 12 variants were built, the last of which in 1956.<ref name="Melbourne & Metropolitan Tramways Board W Class No 380"/><ref name="Melbourne's W-class tram">{{cite web | url=http://www.railpage.org.au/tram/w.html | work=Trams of Australia | title=Melbourne's W-class tram | accessdate=6 November 2011}}</ref><ref name="W Class Trams - NatTrust">{{cite web | url=http://vhd.heritage.vic.gov.au/search/nattrust_result_detail/64262 | work=[[National Trust of Australia]] | title=W Class Trams | accessdate=6 November 2011}}</ref> It was not until the 1980s that the W-class started to be replaced in large numbers, and by 1990 their status as an icon for the city was recognised, leading to a listing by the [[National Trust of Australia]]. Public outrage over their sale for tourist use overseas led to an embargo on further export out of the country in 1993, though recently{{when|date=June 2017}} some have been given or loaned to various Museums. Approximately 200 of the W-class trams retired since then remain stored, and the future use of these trams is unknown.<ref name="W Class Trams - NatTrust"/><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nattrust.com.au/content/download/81747/865020/file/Background_information.pdf | work=[[National Trust of Australia]] | title=W CLASS TRAMS – BACKGROUND INFORMATION | accessdate=6 November 2011}}</ref> W-class trams have been sent overseas: five went to [[Seattle]] between 1978 and 1993, where they operated on Seattle's [[Seattle Waterfront Streetcar|George Benson Waterfront Streetcar Line]] from 1982, but suspended in 2005. Another nine are now part of the downtown Memphis tourist service, while several{{which|date=June 2017}} other US cities have one or two.<ref name="Melbourne's W-class tram"/> As of January 2015, there are approximately 230 W-class trams: about 165 are in storage, 27 are stored operational in "ready reserve", 12 run on the [[City Circle Tram|City Circle]] (the oldest W-class tram in service runs on the City Circle) and 26 are used in revenue service.<ref>{{cite news |title=City not ready to lose its W-class act |author=Ruth Williams |url=http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/city-not-ready-to-lose-its-wclass-act-20100227-pa8v.html |newspaper=[[The Age]] |date=28 February 2010 |accessdate=6 November 2011}}</ref> In January 2010, it was announced by the new transport minister that the 26 W-class trams running the two inner city routes, would be phased out by 2012, prompting a new campaign from the [[National Trust of Australia]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Minister in, W-class trams out |author=Sarah-Jane Collins |url=http://www.theage.com.au/national/minister-in-wclass-trams-out-20100121-mo95.html |newspaper=[[The Age]] |date=22 January 2010 |accessdate=6 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nattrust.com.au/advocacy/campaigns/w_class_trams | work=[[National Trust of Australia]] | title=W Class Trams | accessdate=6 November 2011}}</ref> In 2010, it was proposed to better utilise the unused W-class trams by refurbishing and leasing them as "roving ambassadors" to other cities, generating revenue which could then be invested back into the public transport system.<ref>{{cite news |title=Activist ready to rattle to keep W-class rolling |author=Ruth Williams |url=http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/activist-ready-to-rattle-to-keep-wclass-rolling-20100306-pptp.html |newspaper=[[The Age]] |date=7 March 2010 |accessdate=6 November 2011}}</ref> In 2011 the Victoria government committed $8 million over four years for the restoration of W-class trams, with options for new routes to be considered.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Coalition Government to save Victoria's W-Class trams |url=http://www.premier.vic.gov.au/media-centre/media-releases/719-coalition-government-to-save-victorias-w-class-trams.html |publisher=From the Minister for Public Transport |date=3 May 2011 |accessdate=16 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Restoring W-Class trams|url=http://corp.ptv.vic.gov.au/projects/metropolitan-tram-network/restoring-w-class-trams/|work=[[Public Transport Victoria]]|accessdate=16 March 2013}}</ref> <gallery> File:SW5.728FlindersStreet.jpg|A SW5-class tram on [[Flinders Street, Melbourne|Flinders Street]] File:W6 Melbourne tram, Nicholson Street.jpg|A W6-class tram on [[Victoria Street, Melbourne|Victoria Street]] File:City-Circle-Tram,-cnr-Flinders&Elizabeth,-Melb,-12.08.2008.jpg|A W7-class tram on [[Flinders Street, Melbourne|Flinders Street]] </gallery> ===Z-class=== {{Main article|Z-class Melbourne tram}} [[File:Z3 183 2009 livery.jpg|thumb|right|A Z3-class tram on [[Swanston Street]]]] The development of new [[rolling stock]] to replace the W-class began in the early 1970s with a modern design, based on the [[Gothenburg]], [[Sweden]] M28 design.<ref name="Melbourne's Z-class tram">{{cite web | url=http://www.railpage.org.au/tram/z.html | work=Trams of Australia | title=Melbourne's Z-class tram | accessdate=6 November 2011}}</ref> The Z-class trams, built by [[Commonwealth Engineering|Comeng]], were introduced in 1975, starting with the Z1-class. 100 Z1-class trams were built between 1975 and 1979. The design was unpopular due to the limited number of doors and the position of the conductor's seat.<ref name="Melbourne's Z-class tram"/> Most of the Z1-class trams were withdrawn following the introduction of the C, D and E class trams; the last Z1-class withdrawn on 23 April 2016. Many were later sold at auctions, while others were donated to tram museums.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.vicsig.net/index.php?page=trams&class=Z1 | work=VICSIG | title=Z1 Class | accessdate=6 November 2011}}</ref> In 1978 and 1979, fifteen Z2-class trams, having little difference from the Z1-class, were built.<ref name="Melbourne's Z-class tram"/> As with the Z1-class, the Z2-class trams have been withdrawn from service.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.vicsig.net/index.php?page=trams&class=Z2 | work=VICSIG | title=Z2 Class | accessdate=6 November 2011}}</ref> From 1979 to 1984, Z3-class trams were introduced. They have an additional door on each side of the tram, no conductor's console was provided, and smoother acceleration and braking compared to the Z1-class.<ref name="Melbourne's Z-class tram"/> 115 were built, 113 of which are in service.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.vicsig.net/index.php?page=trams&class=Z3 | work=VICSIG | title=Z3 Class | accessdate=6 November 2011}}</ref> <gallery> File:Z1 Melbourne tram.jpg|A Z1-class tram at [[Federation Square]], [[Swanston Street]] File:Z2 101 Swanston Street 4-10-2012.jpg|A Z2-class tram at City Square, [[Swanston Street]] File:Z3-class Melbourne tram interior, 2013.jpg|A Z3-class tram interior </gallery> ===A-class=== {{Main article|A-class Melbourne tram}} [[File:A2273 YarraTrams New Livery.JPG|thumb|right|An A2-class tram]] The A-class trams were built between 1984 and 1986 by [[Commonwealth Engineering|Comeng]]. They were built in two runs: 28 A1-class trams being introduced into service between 1984 and 1985, and 42 A2-class trams between 1985 and 1986. They were similar - the major differences being the brakes and that the A1-class were built with [[trolley poles]], while A2-class were built with [[pantograph (rail)|pantographs]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.railpage.org.au/tram/a.html | work=Trams of Australia | title=Melbourne's A-class tram | accessdate=6 November 2011}}</ref> All but one that were built remain in service at present.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.vicsig.net/index.php?page=trams&class=A1 | work=VICSIG | title=A1 Class | accessdate=6 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.vicsig.net/index.php?page=trams&class=A2 | work=VICSIG | title=A2 Class | accessdate=6 November 2011}}</ref> <gallery> File:A1 class tram.jpg|An A1-class tram at [[Federation Square]], [[Flinders Street, Melbourne|Flinders Street]] File:A1.234 spencer, 2014.JPG|An A1-class tram File:A2.272FlindersStreet.jpg|An A2-class tram on [[Flinders Street, Melbourne|Flinders Street]] </gallery> ===B-class=== {{Main article|B-class Melbourne tram}} [[File:B22026 New Yarra Trams Livery.JPG|thumb|right|A B2-class tram on [[Spencer Street]]]] The B-class trams were first introduced to Melbourne in 1984 with the first prototype B1-class trams, the second being built in 1985. As of 2016, one is currently in regular service.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.vicsig.net/index.php?page=trams&class=B1 | work=VICSIG | title=B1 Class | accessdate=6 November 2011}}</ref> The B-class trams used the same traction equipment as the Z3 and A-class trams, and were built for the light rail lines. They were originally built with movable steps to allow railway platform and street level boarding, but this concept was later abandoned, with low-floor platform built at the converted light rail stations.<ref name="Melbourne's B-class tram">{{cite web | url=http://www.railpage.org.au/tram/b.html | work=Trams of Australia | title=Melbourne's B-class tram | accessdate=6 November 2011}}</ref> B2-class trams entered service between 1988 and 1994. 130 trams were built by Comeng, and later [[ABB Group|ABB Transportation]]; all but one of which remain in service today. The B2-class was the first Melbourne tram fitted with [[air conditioning|air-conditioning]].<ref name="Melbourne's B-class tram"/><ref name="B2 Class">{{cite web | url=http://www.vicsig.net/index.php?page=trams&class=B2 | work=VICSIG | title=B2 Class | accessdate=6 November 2011}}</ref> <gallery> File:B1.2001 bourke, 2014.JPG|B1-class tram #2001 File:B2.2021FlindersStreet.jpg|B2-class tram #2021 on [[Flinders Street, Melbourne|Flinders Street]] File:B2-class Melbourne tram interior, 2013.JPG|A B2-class tram interior </gallery> ===C-class (Citadis)=== {{Main article|C-class Melbourne tram|C2-class Melbourne tram}} Following the privatisation of Melbourne's tram system, the private operators acquired new trams to replace the older Z-class trams. In 2001, Yarra Trams introduced the [[Low-floor tram|low-floor]] C-class trams, a variant of the [[Alstom Citadis|Citadis]] manufactured in France by [[Alstom]]. They are three-section articulated vehicles, with 36 in service.<ref name="C-class"/><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.vicsig.net/index.php?page=trams&class=C&v=1 | work=VICSIG | title=C Class | accessdate=6 November 2011}}</ref> Five C2-class trams were introduced in 2008 after being leased from [[Mulhouse tramway|Mulhouse]] in France. They have been dubbed 'Bumble Bees' due to their distinctive yellow colour, and exclusively run on route 96. It was announced in November 2010 that the State Government was in negotiations to purchase the five C2-class trams,<ref name="Bee trams to stay, but at what price?"/><ref>{{Citation| url=http://www.vicsig.net/index.php?page=trams&class=C2 | work=VICSIG | title=C2 Class | accessdate=6 November 2011}}</ref> with the purchase finalised in 2013.<ref name="PTV-TPP">{{cite web|title=Tram Procurement Program|url=http://ptv.vic.gov.au/projects/trams/tram-procurement-program/|work=[[Public Transport Victoria]]|accessdate=21 October 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513161451/http://ptv.vic.gov.au/projects/trams/tram-procurement-program/ |archivedate=13 May 2013}}</ref> The C-class trams are owned by Allco entity and are subject to a lease purchase agreement. While the C2-class trams were leased from Société Générale entity,<ref name="Invitation to Tender"/> but were subsequently purchased by the Victorian Government in the 2012–2013 year.<ref name="PTV-TPP"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Public Transport Victoria Annual Report 2012 – 13|url=http://ptv.vic.gov.au/assets/PTV/PTV%20docs/AnnualReport/Annual-Report-2012-13.pdf|work=[[Public Transport Victoria]]|accessdate=1 January 2014|pages=13|year=2013|format=[[PDF]]}}</ref> <gallery> File:C Class Tram, Melbourne - Jan 2008.jpg|A C-class tram at St Vincent's Plaza, [[East Melbourne]] File:Melbourne-C2-class-tram-Mulhouse.jpg|A C2-class tram on [[La Trobe Street]] </gallery> ===D-class (Combino)=== {{Main article|D-class Melbourne tram}} The German-made [[Siemens AG|Siemens]] [[Combino]] trams were introduced by the now defunct [[M-Tram|M>Tram]]. The Combino is a three-section ([[D-class Melbourne tram|D1-class]]) or five-section ([[D-class Melbourne tram|D2-class]]) articulated vehicle. Currently{{when|date=June 2017}}, 38 D1-class and 21 D2-class trams are in service.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.vicsig.net/index.php?page=trams&section=class&class=D1 | work=VICSIG | title=D1 Class | accessdate=6 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.vicsig.net/index.php?page=trams&section=class&class=D2 | work=VICSIG | title=D2 Class | accessdate=6 November 2011}}</ref> The D1-class and D2-class trams are owned by CBA entity and are subject to a lease purchase agreement.<ref name="Invitation to Tender"/> According to [[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]] Melbourne, the D-Class trams are unpopular, due to a lack of seats and other concerns.<ref name="timeout.com">https://www.timeout.com/melbourne/blog/melbournes-trams-ranked-from-best-to-worst-033116</ref> <gallery> File:KDR Yarra Trams D class..jpg|A D1-class tram File:D2 5001 (Melbourne tram) in Elizabeth St on route 19 to North Coburg in PTV livery, December 2013.jpg|A D2-class tram File:D2-class Melbourne tram interior, 2013.JPG|A D2-class tram interior </gallery> ===E-class (Flexity)=== {{Main article|E-class Melbourne tram}} [[File:Melbourne Tram E-Class 6007.jpg|thumb|E 6007]] The E-class are three-section, four-[[bogie]] articulated trams built at [[Bombardier Transportation]]'s [[Dandenong]] factory. The propulsion systems and bogies were imported from Bombardier's Mannheim and Siegen factories in Germany.<ref name="Bombardier Wins Contract for 50 Trams for One of the World's Largest Tram Operations in Melbourne, Australia"/><ref name="VICSIG E"/> Bombardier was selected on 27 September 2010 following a tendering process for 50 new low-floor trams, which was opened in 2009. The $303 million contract is for supply of 50 trams with maintenance to 2017, and includes an option for a further 100 trams.<ref name="50 TRAMS ORDER FOR MELBOURNE CREATES LOCAL JOBS"/> The trams are based on the [[Flexity Swift]] design. The E-class trams are the first locally built Melbourne trams since the B-class in 1994.<ref name="Melbourne’s newest tram – the story so far">{{cite web |title=Melbourne's newest tram – the story so far |url=http://www.yarratrams.com.au/media-centre/news/articles/2012/melbourne%E2%80%99s-newest-tram-%E2%80%93-the-story-so-far |work=[[Yarra Trams]] |date=2 May 2012 |accessdate=1 July 2012}}</ref> The trams are 33 metres long, 2.65 metres wide, have anti-slip flooring, air-conditioned, have automatic audio-visual announcements and a passenger capacity of 210. A two-thirds mock up, produced for design input was unveiled on 24 August 2011 and was displayed at the 2011 [[Royal Melbourne Show]].<ref name="Melbourne’s newest tram – the story so far"/><ref>{{cite web |title=FLEXITY Swift – Melbourne, Australia |url=http://www.bombardier.com/en/transportation/products-services?docID=0901260d801b2dd7# |publisher=[[Bombardier Transportation]] |accessdate=1 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|title=FIRST LOOK AT MELBOURNE'S NEW TRAMS |url=http://www.terrymulder.com.au/media-releases/first-look-at-melbourne-s-new-trams |publisher=The Hon Terry Mulder, Minister for Public Transport |date=24 August 2011 |accessdate=1 July 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426061203/http://www.terrymulder.com.au/media-releases/first-look-at-melbourne-s-new-trams |archivedate=26 April 2012 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Melbourne's new trams revealed |author=Clay Lucas |url=http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/melbournes-new-trams-revealed-20110824-1j9iz.html |newspaper=[[The Age]] |date=24 August 2011 |accessdate=1 July 2012}}</ref> Although originally anticipated to be deliver in 2012, design complexity slowed down construction, delaying delivery of the first tram.<ref name="Carey"/> The first E-class tram arrived at Yarra Trams' [[Preston Workshops]] on 28 June.<ref>{{cite press release|title=First of 50 new generation trams arrives for testing|url=http://www.premier.vic.gov.au/media-centre/media-releases/7215-first-of-50-new-generation-trams-arrives-for-testing.html|publisher=Premier of Victoria|date=1 July 2013|accessdate=1 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Carey|first=Adam|title=New trams arrive, but not on schedule|url=http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/new-trams-arrive-but-not-on-schedule-20130701-2p71e.html|accessdate=1 July 2013|newspaper=[[The Age]]|date=1 July 2013}}</ref> In September 2013, there were two E-class trams at Preston Workshops undergoing non-passenger testing in preparation for introduction to service in late 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Passengers asked for patience|url=http://www.yarratrams.com.au/media-centre/news/articles/2013/passengers-asked-for-patience/|work=[[Yarra Trams]]|accessdate=9 September 2013|date=23 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=New E-Class trams|url=http://ptv.vic.gov.au/projects/trams/new-e-class-trams/|work=[[Public Transport Victoria]]|accessdate=9 September 2013}}</ref> The first two trams entered service on 4 November 2013, and were joined by a further three at the start of 2014.<ref name="Longer and louder: New E-Class tram makes itself heard"/> According to ''[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]]'' Melbourne, the E-Class are the city's tram passengers' favourite due to their size, design and comfort.<ref name="timeout.com"/> ==Depots== Melbourne's trams run out of eight depots.<ref name="YT facts"/> {| class="wikitable" !align="center"| ! Depot ! Location ! Routes ! Trams |- |[[File:Brunswick Tram Depot shed.jpg|150px|A photo of Brunswick tram depot shed, with a handful of Z class trams inside]] |[[Brunswick tram depot|Brunswick]] |807 [[Sydney Road]],<br>[[Brunswick, Victoria|Brunswick]] |[[Melbourne tram route 1|1]]<br>[[Melbourne tram route 6|6]]<br>[[Melbourne tram route 19|19]] |18 [[Z-class Melbourne tram|Z3-Class]]<br>17 [[B-class Melbourne tram|B2-Class]]<br>15 [[D-class Melbourne tram|D2-Class]] |- |[[File:Camberwell Depot.jpg|150px|A photo of Camberwell tram depot shed, with one tram, a B class tram inside]] |[[Camberwell tram depot|Camberwell]] |8 Council Street,<br>[[Hawthorn East]] |[[Melbourne tram route 70|70]]<br>[[Melbourne tram route 75|75]] |19 [[A-class Melbourne tram|A2-Class]]<br>23 [[B-class Melbourne tram|B2-Class]]<br>1 [[W-class Melbourne tram|SW6-Class]] |- |[[File:Essendon tram depot, 2013.JPG|150px|Essendon tram depot, viewed from the southern gate, 2013]] |[[Essendon tram depot|Essendon]] |318 [[Mount Alexander Road]],<br>[[Travancore, Victoria|Travancore]] |[[Melbourne tram route 57|57]]<br>[[Melbourne tram route 58|58]]<br>[[Melbourne tram route 59|59]]<br>[[Melbourne tram route 82|82]] |38 [[Z-class Melbourne tram|Z3-Class]]<br>33 [[B-class Melbourne tram|B2-Class]] |- |[[File:Glenhuntly Tram Depot main entrance.jpg|150px|A photo of the main entrance for Glenhuntly tram depot. There is double track up the right hand side, leading to the sheds in the back.]] |[[Glenhuntly tram depot|Glenhuntly]] |893–901 [[Glen Huntly Road]],<br>[[Caulfield South]] |[[Melbourne tram route 3|3]]<br>[[Melbourne tram route 64|64]]<br>[[Melbourne tram route 67|67]] |3 [[W-class Melbourne tram|SW6-Class]]<br>1 [[W-class Melbourne tram|W7-Class]]<br>9 [[Z-class Melbourne tram|Z1-Class]]<br>30 [[Z-class Melbourne tram|Z3-Class]]<br>10 [[A-class Melbourne tram|A1-Class]]<br>6 [[B-class Melbourne tram|B2-Class]] |- |[[File:Kew Depot, with C.3026 passing.jpg|150px|A photo of Kew tram depot. There is one C-class stabled and another C-class is passing the depot on Barkers Road.]] |[[Kew tram depot|Kew]] |61 Barkers Road,<br>[[Kew, Victoria|Kew]] |[[Melbourne tram route 48|48]]<br>[[Melbourne tram route 78|78]]<br>[[Melbourne tram route 109|109]] |12 [[A-class Melbourne tram|A2-Class]]<br>36 [[C-class Melbourne tram|C-Class]] |- |[[File:Malvern tram depot.jpg|150px|A photo of Malvern tram depot]] |[[Malvern tram depot|Malvern]] |21 Coldblo Road,<br>[[Armadale, Victoria|Armadale]] |[[Melbourne tram route 5|5]]<br>[[Melbourne tram route 6|6]]<br>[[Melbourne tram route 16|16]]<br>[[Melbourne tram route 58|58]]<br>[[Melbourne tram route 72|72]] |1 [[W-class Melbourne tram|SW5-Class]] 3 [[W-class Melbourne tram|SW6-Class]]<br>1 [[W-class Melbourne tram|W6-Class]]<br>17 [[Z-class Melbourne tram|Z1-Class]]<br>2 [[Z-class Melbourne tram|Z2-Class]]<br>27 [[Z-class Melbourne tram|Z3-Class]]<br>38 [[D-class Melbourne tram|D1-Class]] |- |[[File:Miller Street entrance to Preston Workshop, April 2013..JPG|150px|A photo of Preston Workshops]] |[[Preston Workshops|Preston]] |Miller Street,<br>[[Preston, Victoria|Preston]] |[[Melbourne tram route 11|11]]<br>[[Melbourne tram route 86|86]] |1 [[B-class Melbourne tram|B1-Class]]<br>35 [[B-class Melbourne tram|B2-Class]]<br>23 [[E-class Melbourne tram|E-Class]] |- |[[File:Southbank-tram-depot-Melbourne.jpg|150px|A photo of Southbank tram depot yard. C2-, W-, and A-class trams are stabled inside]] |[[Southbank tram depot|Southbank]] |167 Normanby Road,<br>[[Southbank, Victoria|Southbank]] |[[Melbourne tram route 12|12]]<br>[[Melbourne tram route 30|30]]<br>[[City Circle Tram|35 (City Circle)]]<br>[[Melbourne tram route 96|96]] |9 [[W-class Melbourne tram|SW6-Class]]<br>3[[W-class Melbourne tram|W6-Class]]<br>1 [[W-class Melbourne tram|W7-Class]]<br>2 [[W-class Melbourne tram|W8-Class]]<br>14 [[A-class Melbourne tram|A1-Class]]<br>11 [[A-class Melbourne tram|A2-Class]]<br>5 [[C2-class Melbourne tram|C2-Class]]<br>6 [[D-class Melbourne tram|D2-Class]]<br>22 [[E-class Melbourne tram|E-Class]] |- | align="center" colspan="5" |<small>''Source: Vicsig<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vicsig.net/index.php?page=trams&depot=brunswick |work=VICSIG |title=Brunswick Depot |accessdate=1 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vicsig.net/index.php?page=trams&depot=camberwell |work=VICSIG |title=Camberwell Depot |accessdate=1 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vicsig.net/index.php?page=trams&depot=east%20preston |work=VICSIG |title=East Preston Depot |accessdate=1 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vicsig.net/index.php?page=trams&depot=essendon |work=VICSIG |title=Essendon Depot |accessdate=1 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vicsig.net/index.php?page=trams&depot=glenhuntly |work=VICSIG |title=Glenhuntly Depot |accessdate=1 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vicsig.net/index.php?page=trams&depot=kew |work=VICSIG |title=Kew Depot |accessdate=1 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vicsig.net/index.php?page=trams&depot=malvern |work=VICSIG |title=Malvern Depot |accessdate=1 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vicsig.net/index.php?page=trams&depot=southbank |work=VICSIG |title=Southbank Depot |accessdate=1 December 2011}}</ref>''</small> |} ==Power supply== [[File:Holden St tramway substation, North Fitzroy, Melbourne, 2013.JPG|thumb|A tramway substation in [[Fitzroy North]]]] Melbourne's tram system operates on 600 volt DC electricity, provided to the over head lines by a network of 50 substations spread across the network. Electricity is supplied to these substations in either 6,600, 11,000, or 22,000 volt AC and is then stepped down, and rectified to 600 volt DC. The overhead system is further separated into 100 sections, this is done for two reasons, one is to maintain voltage and current across the network, and two is to isolate disruptions when issues relating to the electrical transmission system occur. The most common disturbances to the supply system are over height vehicles, falling tree limbs, damaged poles, and fires nearby to overhead wires.<ref name="Substation to Substation - Melbourne's tram power infrastructure">{{cite web|title=Substation to Substation – Melbourne's tram power infrastructure|url=http://www.yarratrams.com.au/media-centre/news/articles/2013/substation-to-substation-melbourne%27s-tram-power-infrastructure/|work=[[Yarra Trams]]|accessdate=9 September 2013|date=27 August 2013}}</ref> Since 2013 Yarra Trams have been provisioning for the upgrade of substations across the network. This is due to the increased amount of current required by newer trams such as the E-class and other low-floor trams scheduled for wider deployment across the system. Additionally, they are concurrently planning for the further segmentation of the supply network; further isolating disruptions caused by disturbance to the supply system.<ref name="Substation to Substation - Melbourne's tram power infrastructure"/> In January 2017, the state government announced tenders to power Melbourne's tram network with solar power, to be supplied at Mildura with a new 75 MW solar power plant by the end of 2018 <ref name="Melbourne's trams to be solar powered">{{cite web|title=Melbourne's trams to be solar powered|url=http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/melbournes-trams-to-be-solar-powered-20170118-gtuazz.html|work=[[The Age]]|accessdate=20 January 2017|date=19 January 2017}}</ref> <ref name="Melbourne's tram network to use solar energy by the end of 2018, Government says">{{cite web|title=Melbourne's tram network to use solar energy by the end of 2018, Government says|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-01-19/melbourne-tram-network-to-use-solar-energy-by-end-of-2018/8194642 |work=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|accessdate=20 January 2017|date=19 January 2017}}</ref> <ref name="Solar to help power Melbourne's trams">{{cite web|title=Solar to help power Melbourne's trams|url=http://www.news.com.au/national/breaking-news/solar-to-help-power-melbournes-trams/news-story/e88b126e1088978ef5c9603f147d9bf5 |work=[[news.com.au]]|accessdate=20 January 2017|date=19 January 2017}}</ref> ==Tram–train level crossings== [[File:Z2 101 crossing Kooyong Station level crossing.jpg|thumb|Z2 101 crossing [[Kooyong railway station|Kooyong station]] level crossing]] There are currently three level crossings where trams and trains cross each other: [[Glenferrie Road]], [[Kooyong, Victoria|Kooyong]]; [[Glen Huntly Road]], [[Glen Huntly]]; and [[Riversdale Road]], [[Camberwell, Victoria|Camberwell]]. To accommodate the differing voltages of the 600-volt tram and 1500-volt train systems each of these level crossings is fitted with an overhead square, which can isolate the section of overhead wiring above the crossing and apply the appropriate voltage. When the signal box adjacent to the crossing interlocks the gates for trains to pass through, 1500 volts is applied, while when the gates are up 600 volts is applied.<ref name="Tramway level crossings in Victoria">{{cite web |url=http://www.hawthorntramdepot.org.au/papers/lvlcross.htm |title=Tramway level crossings in Victoria cauthor=Russell Jones |year=2003 |work=Friends of Hawthorn Tram Depot |accessdate=8 July 2012}}</ref> Historically many tram–train level crossings have operated in Melbourne, all but the aforementioned three have been [[Grade separation|grade separated]], or the tramway or railway has been abandoned. The first were built during the cable tram systems operation, with much reluctance on behalf of the Victorian Railways. Many more were built after the emergence of electric trams in 1906, often causing disputes between tramway operators and the Victorian Railways.<ref name="Tramway level crossings in Victoria"/> ==In popular culture== [[Image:Comm Games 2006 flying tram.JPG|thumb|left|The "flying tram" featured in the [[2006 Commonwealth Games]] Opening Ceremony, sitting on a [[Melway|Melbourne street map]]]] Melbourne's trams—especially the W-class—are an icon of Melbourne and an important part of its history and character. Trams have been featured across several media, and in tourism advertising since [[World War II]].<ref name="W-class trams: the art and soul of Melbourne town">{{cite news |title=W-class trams: the art and soul of Melbourne town |author=Ruth Williams |url=http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/wclass-trams-the-art-and-soul-of-melbourne-town-20101023-16yne.html |newspaper=[[The Age]] |date=24 October 2010 |accessdate=14 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=decaaQl5t_I |title=After Dark, Melbourne |author=Visit Victoria |publisher=YouTube |accessdate=14 November 2011}}</ref> Trams are a heavily featured in the movie ''[[Malcolm (film)|Malcolm]]'', one scene of the controversial film ''[[Alvin Purple]]'', and feature in the video clips for the [[Beastie Boys]]' ''The Rat Cage'' and [[AC/DC]]'s ''[[It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll)|It's a Long Way to the Top]]''.<ref name="W-class trams: the art and soul of Melbourne town"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GKQTEXWWtdQ&ob=av2n |title=Beastie Boys – The Rat Cage |author=[[Beastie Boys]] |publisher=YouTube |accessdate=8 November 2011}}</ref> Among songs written about Melbourne's trams are ''Toorak Tram'' by Bernard Bolan,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tdu.to/42011.msg |title=Toorak Trams and Bernard Bolan |publisher=Trams Down Under |accessdate=8 November 2011}}</ref> and ''Taking the tram to Carnegie'' by Oscar.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://oscartheband.bandcamp.com/track/taking-the-tram-to-carnegie |title=Taking the Tram (to Carnegie) |author=Oscar the Band |publisher=[[Bandcamp]] |accessdate=8 November 2011}}</ref> The Eastern Suburbs Professional Community Theatre Company, known as [[Theatreworks (Melbourne)|Theatre Works]] staged a performance on a 109 tram entitled ''Storming Mont Albert by Tram'', between 26 February and 14 March 1982 as part of the Melbourne [[Moomba]] Festival. It was written by Paul Davies and directed by Mark Shirrefs and was revived in 1992 and 1998.<ref>[http://www.theatreworks.org.au/archive/event/?id=169 STORMING MONT ALBERT BY TRAM ~ Melbourne Moomba Festival theatreworks.org.au]</ref> [[File:SW6 925 in Flinders St on the City Circle in Melbourne Art Tram livery, 2013.JPG|thumb|W class tram 925 in Jon Campbell's ''Melbourne Art Tram'' design]] For the Melbourne [[2006 Commonwealth Games]] a Z-class tram was decorated as a [[Karachi]] bus by a team of [[Pakistani people|Pakistani]] decorators. Dubbed the [[Karachi to Melbourne Tram|Karachi tram]], it operated on the City Circle tourist route during the Commonwealth Games.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.melbourne2006.com.au/M2006/Homepage+News/20060325+Karachi+tram.htm |title=Last rides on the Karachi tram |author=Melissa Mackereth |date=25 March 2006 |work=Melbourne 2006 Commonwealth Games Corporation |accessdate=14 November 2011}}</ref> The centrepiece of the [[2006 Commonwealth Games Opening Ceremony|Opening Ceremony]] was a flying W-class tram, specially built for the event, from original W-class plans and photos.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://museumvictoria.com.au/discoverycentre/infosheets/10458/ |work=[[Museum Victoria]] |title=The Flying Tram | accessdate=8 November 2011}}</ref> On 26 October 2011, a Z3-class tram, specially liveried as a ''Royal Tram'' was used to convey [[Elizabeth II]] and [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]], from [[Federation Square]] to [[Government House, Melbourne|Government House]], along [[St Kilda Road]] during their visit to Melbourne. The ''Royal Tram'' was in regular service for a little over one year following the event.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Royal Tram now in public service |url=http://www.yarratrams.com.au/media-centre/news/articles/2011/royal-tram-now-in-public-service/ |publisher=[[Yarra Trams]] |date=26 October 2011 |accessdate=8 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Not the Rolls or Bentley, but a commoner's conveyance gives Her Majesty a royal ride |author=Michael Shmith |url=http://www.theage.com.au/national/not-the-rolls-or-bentley-but-a-commoners-conveyance-gives-her-majesty-a-royal-ride-20111026-1mk4i.html |newspaper=[[The Age]] |date=27 October 2011 |accessdate=8 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Z3.158|url=http://www.vicsig.net/index.php?page=trams&number=158&class=Z3|work=VICSIG|accessdate=9 September 2013}}</ref> From 1978 to 1993 36 W-class trams were painted with artwork as part of the ''Transporting Art'' project.<ref name="Melbourne Festival art trams">{{cite web|title=Melbourne Art Trams|url=http://www.melbournefestival.com.au/program/genre/free-outdoor/melbourne-art-trams.html|work=Melbourne Festival|accessdate=30 September 2013}}</ref> The idea was conceived in early 1978 by Melbourne Lord Mayor Irvin Rockman and artist [[Clifton Pugh]], the idea was backed by then Premier [[Rupert Hamer]], and over the time of the project many notable artist participated.<ref name="Melbourne Festival art trams"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Arts Flashback 1970s: Transporting Art|url=http://40yearsof.arts.vic.gov.au/pages/seventies/milestone22/|work=Art Victoria|accessdate=30 September 2013}}</ref> The idea was reprised as part of the [[Melbourne International Arts Festival|Melbourne Festival]] in 2013, with a competition launched in May 2013 to select eight designs, one to operate out of each Melbourne tram depot.<ref>{{cite news|last=Cuthbertson|first=Debbie|title=Melbourne's art trams back on track|url=http://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/art-and-design/melbournes-art-trams-back-on-track-20130528-2n9os.html|accessdate=30 September 2013|newspaper=[[The Age]]|date=29 May 2013}}</ref><ref name="Yarra Trams transporting art">{{cite web|title=First Melbourne Art Tram revealed|url=http://www.yarratrams.com.au/media-centre/news/articles/2013/first-melbourne-art-tram-revealed/|work=[[Yarra Trams]]|accessdate=30 September 2013|date=30 September 2013}}</ref> The first of the new ''Melbourne Art Trams'', W-class 925, was launched on 30 September 2013 by then Premier [[Denis Napthine]] and Yarra Trams CEO Clément Michel, with the remaining seven trams to be introduced in the following two weeks; the last was introduced to service on 11 October 2013.<ref name="Yarra Trams transporting art"/><ref>{{cite web|title=All aboard – Premier reveals first Melbourne Art Tram|url=http://www.arts.vic.gov.au/About_Us/News/2013/All_aboard_-_Premier_reveals_first_Melbourne_Art_Tram|work=Arts Victoria|accessdate=30 September 2013|date=30 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Ross|first=Annabel|title=Art trams back on the tracks|url=http://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/art-and-design/art-trams-back-on-the-tracks-20130930-2uolb.html|accessdate=1 October 2013|newspaper=[[The Age]]|date=1 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Exploring Melbourne's Art Trams|url=http://www.yarratrams.com.au/media-centre/news/articles/2013/exploring-melbourne%27s-art-trams/|work=[[Yarra Trams]]|accessdate=12 October 2013|date=11 October 2013}}</ref> ==Legislation and governance== {{See also|VicTrack}} [[File:St Paul's Anglican Cathedral, Melbourne.jpg|thumb|upright|A tram passing St Paul's Anglican Cathedral, [[Flinders Street, Melbourne|Flinders Street]]]] ===Transport Integration Act=== {{Main article|Transport Integration Act 2010}} The prime rail related statute in Victoria is the Transport Integration Act, the Act was enacted to provide an overarching legislation for Victoria's transport system. It requires state agencies charged with providing transport services to work together towards an integrated transport system, and requires state planning bodies to consult the Act when making decisions that will affect the transport system.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Transport Integration Act – Overview |url=http://www.transport.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/30782/TIA-overview-JUL-2012.pdf |work=[[Department of Transport (Victoria)|Department of Transport]] |format=[[PDF]] |accessdate=9 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=About us – Transport Integration Act |url=http://www.transport.vic.gov.au/about-us/legislation/transport-integration-act |work=[[Department of Transport (Victoria)|Department of Transport]] |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> The Act establishes Transport Safety Victoria (TSV) as Victoria's safety regulator for bus, maritime and rail transport. The Act also establishes the independent office of the [[Director, Transport Safety]], though who the regulatory function is carried out with the support of TSV.<ref name="About Transport Safety Victoria">{{cite web |title=About Transport Safety Victoria |url=http://www.transportsafety.vic.gov.au/about-transport-safety-victoria |work=Transport Safety Victoria |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> Another important piece of legislation is the Rail Management Act 1996, whose purpose is to establish a management regime for Victoria's rail infrastructure.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rail Management Act 1996 |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/vic/consol_act/rma1996140/ |work=[[Government of Victoria (Australia)|Government of Victoria]] |publisher=Australasian Legal Information Institute |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> ===Safety=== {{Main article|Rail Safety Act}} {{See also|Director, Transport Safety|Chief Investigator, Transport Safety}} The safety of tram operations in Melbourne is regulated by the [[Rail Safety Act|Rail Safety Act 2006]] which applies to all rail operations in Victoria.<ref name="Overview of rail safety legislation">{{cite web |title=Overview of rail safety legislation |url=http://www.transportsafety.vic.gov.au/rail-safety/acts-and-regulations/overview-of-rail-safety-legislation |work=Transport Safety Victoria |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> The Act establishes a framework containing safety duties for all rail industry participants and requires operators who manage infrastructure and rolling stock to obtain accreditation prior to commencing operations.<ref name="Overview of rail safety legislation"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Overview of rail accreditation process |url=http://www.transportsafety.vic.gov.au/rail-safety/accreditation/overview-of-rail-accreditation-process |work=Transport Safety Victoria |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> Accredited operators are also required to have a [[Safety Management Systems|safety management system]] to guide their operations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Safety management systems |url=http://www.transportsafety.vic.gov.au/rail-safety/accreditation/how-to-become-accredited/safety-management-systems |work=Transport Safety Victoria |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> Sanctions applying to the safety scheme established under the [[Rail Safety Act]] are contained in the Part 7 of the [[Transport (Compliance and Miscellaneous) Act 1983]].<ref name="Transport (Compliance and Miscellaneous) Act 1983">{{cite web |title=Transport (Compliance and Miscellaneous) Act 1983 |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/vic/consol_act/tama1983385/ |work=[[Government of Victoria (Australia)|Government of Victoria]] |publisher=Australasian Legal Information Institute |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> The safety regulator for the rail system in Victoria including trams is the [[Director, Transport Safety]], whose office is established under the [[Transport Integration Act|Transport Integration Act 2010]].<ref name="About Transport Safety Victoria"/> Rail operators in Victoria can also be the subject of no blame investigations conducted by the [[Chief Investigator, Transport Safety]]. The Chief Investigator is charged by the [[Transport Integration Act]] with conducting investigations into rail safety matters including incidents and trends.<ref>{{cite web |title=About us – Office of the Chief Investigator |url=http://www.transport.vic.gov.au/about-us/oci |work=[[Department of Transport (Victoria)|Department of Transport]] |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> ===Ticketing and conduct=== Ticketing requirements for trams in Melbourne are mainly contained in the Transport (Ticketing) Regulations 2006<ref>{{cite web |title=TRANSPORT (TICKETING) REGULATIONS 2006 |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/vic/consol_reg/tr2006351/ |work=[[Government of Victoria (Australia)|Government of Victoria]] |publisher=Australasian Legal Information Institute |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> and the Victorian Fares and Ticketing Manual.<ref>{{cite web |title=Victorian Fares and Ticketing Manual |url=http://ptv.vic.gov.au/tickets/victorian-fares-and-ticketing-manual/ |work=[[Public Transport Victoria]] |accessdate=22 April 2013}}</ref> Rules about safe and fair conduct on trams in Melbourne are generally contained in the [[Transport (Compliance and Miscellaneous) Act 1983]],<ref name="Transport (Compliance and Miscellaneous) Act 1983"/> and the Transport (Conduct) Regulations 2005.<ref>{{cite web |title=TRANSPORT (CONDUCT) REGULATIONS 2005 |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/vic/consol_reg/tr2005335/ |work=[[Government of Victoria (Australia)|Government of Victoria]] |publisher=Australasian Legal Information Institute |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> ==See also== {{portal|Trams|Victoria}} * [[List of tram and light-rail transit systems]] * [[Proposed Melbourne tram extensions]] * [[Transport in Australia]] ==References== ===Notes=== {{Reflist|30em}} ===Bibliography=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book|editor1-last=Badawy|editor1-first=Emile D.|editor2-last=Sargent|editor2-first=John|title=Trams and Streetscapes Metropolitan Melbourne 1950s-1960s: a photographic profile|date=2000|publisher=Train Hobby Publications|location=Studfield, Vic|isbn=1876249404}} * {{cite book|last1=Birrell|first1=R.A.|title=Melbourne Tram Review|date=1988|publisher=Railmac Publications|location=Elizabeth, SA|isbn=0949817740}} * {{cite book|last=Brady|first=Ian A.|title=Prahran and Malvern Tramways Trust: Melbourne's foremost municipal tramway|date=2011|publisher=Transit Australia Publishing|location=Sydney|isbn=9780909459239}} * {{cite book|last1=Budd|first1=Dale|last2=Wilson|first2=Randall|title=Melbourne's Marvellous Trams|date=1998|publisher=University of New South Wales Press|location=Kensington, NSW|isbn=0868405043}} * {{cite book|editor1-last=Clark|editor1-first=David|editor2-last=Sargent|editor2-first=John|title=Melbourne's Colourful Trams: a photographic profile from the 1970s|date=2008|publisher=Train Hobby Publications|location=Pinewood, Vic|isbn=9781921122163}} * {{cite book|editor1-last=Crow|editor1-first=Lindsay|editor2-last=Pike|editor2-first=Colin|editor3-last=Sargent|editor3-first=John|title=More Trams and Streetscapes Metropolitan Melbourne 1950s-1960s: a complete photographic profile|date=2002|publisher=Train Hobby Publications|location=Studfield, Vic|isbn=1876249633}} * {{cite book|last=Fiddian|first=Marc|title=Clang Clang Clang: a study of Melbourne's tramways|date=1993|publisher=Pakenham Gazette|location=Pakenham, Vic|isbn=1875475052}} * {{cite book|last=Frost|first=David|title=A Short History of the Victorian Railways Trams: St. Kilda - Brighton - Sandringham - Black Rock - Beaumaris|date=2006|publisher=Tramway Publications|location=Nunawading, Vic|isbn=0975801201}} * {{cite book|last=Keating|first=John|title=Mind the Curve!: a history of the cable trams|date=2001|publisher=Transit Australia Publishing|location=Sydney|isbn=0522840361}} * {{cite book|last=Keenan|first=David R|title=Melbourne Tramways|date=1985|publisher=Transit Press|location=Sans Souci, NSW|isbn=0909338043}} * {{cite book|last=Prentice|first=Bob|title=Tramway by the River: A Brief History of the Hawthorn Tramways Trust|date=1993|publisher=Tramway Publications|location=Melbourne|isbn=0646145231}} * {{cite book|last=Prentice|first=Bob|title=A Brief History of the Melbourne, Brunswick and Coburg Tramways Trust|date=1999|publisher=Tramway Publications|location=Melbourne|isbn=0646226533}} * {{cite book|last=Watson|first=Stephen|title=The Melbourne Tramways: a pictorial history|date=1993|publisher=S. Watson|location=Moonee Ponds, Vic|oclc=221859976}} * {{cite book|last1=Wilson|first1=Randall|last2=Budd|first2=Dale|title=The Melbourne Tram Book|date=2008|publisher=New South Wales University Press|location=Kensington, NSW|isbn=9781921410499|edition=2nd}} * {{cite book|last1=Wilson|first1=Randall|last2=Budd|first2=Dale|title=Destination Waterfront City: a guide to Melbourne's trams|date=2013|publisher=Transit Australia Publishing|location=Sydney|isbn=9780909459253}} {{refend}} ==External links== {{Commons category|Trams in Melbourne}} {{Wikivoyage}} '''Official''' * [http://ptv.vic.gov.au/ Public Transport Victoria] * [http://www.yarratrams.com.au/ Yarra Trams] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091030001006/http://www.100yearstrams.com.au/ 100 Years of Electric Trams in Melbourne] (archive) * [http://www.dpcd.vic.gov.au/heritage/publications-and-research/thematic-and-typological-studies/tram-heritage-study Melbourne Metropolitan Tramway Heritage Study], by Gary Vines 2011 ([[Heritage Victoria]]) '''Enthusiast''' * [http://www.vicsig.net/ VICSIG – Victorian tramway infrastructure and rollingstock information] * [http://www.hawthorntramdepot.org.au/articles.htm Friends of Hawthorn Tram Depot – Articles] * [http://www.tramway.org.au/reflections.php?p=index Tramway Museum Society of Victoria – Reflections] * [http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/Hollywood/Set/9507/melbtram.html&date=2009-10-25+08:13:06 Melbourne's Trams To The Millennium] * [http://www.railpage.org.au/tram/ Trams of Australia] * [https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&msid=101996212121253487336.00046b4fa1952c40b9df2&z=11 Geographically accurate map on Google Maps] * [http://www.trainsandtrams.com Historical Map of Melbourne's Tramways showing horse cable and electric systems] *[http://cv.vic.gov.au/stories/built-environment/melbourne-trams-step-aboard/ A social history of Melbourne's Trams] on Culture Victoria {{MelbournePublicTransport}} {{MelbourneTramNavbox}} {{TramsAustralia}} {{Melbourne landmarks}} [[Category:Public transport in Melbourne]] [[Category:Trams in Melbourne]] [[Category:Light rail in Australia|Melbourne]] [[Category:Tram transport in Australia|Melbourne]]'