Examine individual changes

'{{Refimprove|date=January 2008}} {{Infobox ethnic group |group=Walla Walla indian tribe |poptime= Enrolled members: |popplace={{USA}} [[Oregon]] |rels= [[Christianity]] (incl. [[syncretistic]] forms) |langs=[[English language|English]], [[Sahaptin language|Sahaptin]] dialect (endangered) |related= [[Sahaptin]]-speaking [[Umatilla people|Umatilla]], [[Cayuse people|Cayuse]], [[Yakama]] }} [[File:Umatilla, Paloos, and 2 white men - NARA - 523642.jpg|thumb|250px|Sahaptin tribal representatives to Washington D.C. (1890)]] '''Walla Walla''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|w|ɒ|l|ə|ˈ|w|ɒ|l|ə}} {{respell|WOL|ə|WOL|ə}}), sometimes '''Waluulapam''', are a [[Sahaptin people|Sahaptin]] [[indigenous people of the Northwest Plateau]]. The duplication in their name expresses the [[diminutive]] form. The name ''Walla Walla'' is translated several ways but most often as "many waters."<ref>[http://users.michweb.net/~orendon/americans/glosary1.html "Indian Names Of Places"], ''Native American Glossary.'' (retrieved 24 March 2011)</ref> Many Walla Wallas live on the [[Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation]]. The Walla Wallas share land and a governmental structure with the [[Cayuse people|Cayuse]] and the [[Umatilla tribe]]s as part of the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla. The [[Indian reservation|reservation]] is located in the area of [[Pendleton, Oregon]], [[United States]], near the [[Blue Mountains (Oregon)|Blue Mountains]]. Some Walla Wallas are also enrolled in the [[Federally recognized tribe|federally recognized]] [[Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation]]. ==History== The people are a [[Sahaptin language|Sahaptin]]-speaking tribe that traditionally inhabited the interior [[Columbia River]] region of present-day northwestern United States. For centuries before the coming of European settlers, the Walla Wallas, consisting of three principal bands, occupied the territory along the [[Walla Walla River]] and along the confluence of the [[Snake River|Snake]] and [[Columbia River]] rivers in a territory that is now part of northern Oregon and southeastern Washington state. From this zone, the Walla Walla followed a similar pattern of seasonal subsistence practices to that of the Yakama, Palouse, Umatilla, and Wanapum tribes.<ref>[https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1794/13277/Lozar_oregon_0171N_10708.pdf?sequence=1 Patrick Stephen Lozar: “AN ANXIOUS DESIRE OF SELF PRESERVATION”: COLONIALISM, TRANSITION, AND IDENTITY ON THE UMATILLA INDIAN RESERVATION, 1860-1910]</ref> ===Contact with Europeans=== The first encounter with Euro-Americans for the Walla Wallas was the [[Lewis and Clark Expedition]]. First meeting in 1805, the Americans promised to Walla Walla chief [[Yellepit]] they would visit with the people after seeing the [[Pacific Ocean]]. The party returned in April 1806 and stayed at Yellepit's village, located on the [[Columbia River]] near the mouth of the [[Walla Walla River]].<ref>[http://www.pbs.org/lewisandclark/native/wal.html "Walla Walla Indians"], ''Lewis and Clark,'' PBS</ref> During a transaction Yellepit presented Clark with a white horse in return for a copper kettle. The Americans had none in supply however, so Clark gave Yellepit his own sword, along with a quantity of gunpowder and musket balls.<ref>Allen, Cain (2004). [http://oregonhistoryproject.org/articles/historical-records/yelleppit-and-the-walla-walla/ "Yelleppit and the Walla Walla"], ''The Oregon History Project.'' [[Oregon Historical Society]].</ref> Lewis and Clark also gave Yellepit a peace medal engraved with a portrait of President [[Thomas Jefferson]], to be worn around the neck, and a small United States flag. [[Yellepit, Washington]] was later named after him. [[David Thompson (explorer)|David Thompson]] of the Canadian-British [[North West Company]] (NWC) was the next European in the Walla Walla lands, arriving in 1811. About five miles upriver from Yellepit's village on the confluence of the [[Snake River]] and the Columbia, Thompson ordered a pole be placed. An attached letter to the pole claimed the territory for the [[British Crown]], and stated the NWC intended to build a [[trading post]] at the site. Thompson's pole and letter were intended for the traders of the [[Pacific Fur Company]], an American rival of the NWC. Continuing downriver, Thompson stopped at Yellepit's village and discovered the flag and medal left by the Americans. Thompson found Yellepit very friendly and intelligent, even encouraging Thompson's plan to set up a nearby trading post.<ref>{{cite book |last= Nisbet |first= Jack |title= Sources of the River: Tracking David Thompson Across Western North America |year= 1994 |publisher= Sasquatch Books |isbn= 1-57061-522-5 |pages= 202–203}}</ref> For various reasons the post was not built until 1818, when the NWC established [[Fort Nez Perces]] at the mouth of the Walla Walla River. During the summer of 1811, Thompson met also the Walla Walla head chief, Tumatapum, and his equal-ranking Quillquills Tuckapesten, Nimipu head chief, Ollicott, Cayuse head chief, and, probably, Illim-Spokanee, Spokane heade chief. The Walla Wallas eventually adopted maintaining cattle herds, going as far as [[New Helvetia]] in [[Alta California|California]] during 1844 to secure additional livestock. An estimated 40 Walla Wallas, [[Nez Perce people|Nez Perce]] and [[Cayuse people|Cayuse]] under Walla Walla chief [[Piupiumaksmaks]] went on the expedition south. En route the party gathered stray horses, not aware the strays were stolen. Negotiations at New Helvetia were held between one of Piupiumaksmaks' sons, Toayahnu, and an employee of Sutter. The two men entered a dispute, and Toayahnu was killed.<ref name="Heizer">Heizer, Robert Fleming. "Walla Walla Indian Expeditions to the Sacramento Valley." California Historical Society Quarterly 21, No. 1 (1942), pp. 1-7</ref> Despite fears of retribution among Sutter's staff by the Walla Wallas, Piupiumaksmaks returned with a small band of warriors and families in 1846 and declared peaceable intentions.<ref>Hussey, John Adam, George Walcott Ames, Jr. ''Preparations to Meet the Walla Walla Invasion, 1846'', California Historical Society Quarterly 21, No. 1 (1942), pp. 9-21.</ref> The returning party had members infectees of [[measles]], which began to spread across the [[Columbia Plateau]], decimating indigenous populations.<ref>Paul, Kane. [https://archive.org/stream/wanderingsanart00kanegoog#page/n318/mode/2up/ ''Wanderings of an artist across the Indians of North America''], London: Longman, Brown, Green and Roberts, 1859, p. 283</ref> [[Smallpox]] and other diseases were also introduced into the area, increasing the Walla Wallas population decline. Despite this, the Walla Wallas then held extensive herds of horses, being the "principal wealth" of the tribe.<ref name=Report>[https://books.google.com/books?id=F8vhkg-pJ1MC&pg=PA403#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Reports of Explorations and Surveys to Ascertain the Most Practicable and Economical Route for a Railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, Volume 1.'' Washington, D.C. Beverly Tucker. 1855, p. 403.]</ref> The Walla Walla were one of the tribal nations at the [[Walla Walla Council (1855)]] (along with the [[Cayuse people|Cayuse]], [[Nez Perce people|Nez Perce]], [[Umatilla people|Umatilla]], and [[Yakama]]), which signed the Treaty of Walla Walla.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Trafzer | first = Clifford E. | date = Fall 2005 | url = http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/ohq/106.3/trafzer.html | title = Legacy of the Walla Walla Council, 1955 | journal = Oregon Historical Quarterly | volume = 106 | issue = 3 | pages = 398–411 | issn = 0030-4727 }}</ref> <!--What about the rest of their history? Treaty leading to reservation? Way of life?--> ==Notable Walla Walla == * [[Piupiumaksmaks]] (Yellow Serpent) (d. 1855), head chieftain of Walla Wallas * [[James Lavadour]] (b. 1951), painter and printmaker * [[Dan Henderson]] (b. 1970), Olympic wrestler and mixed martial artist * [[Connor Trinneer]] (b. 1969), actor (Commander Charles "Trip" Tucker III from Star Trek: Enterprise) ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== *[http://www.umatilla.nsn.us Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation] {{Sahaptin peoples}} [[Category:Native American tribes in Washington (state)]] [[Category:Native American tribes in Oregon]] [[Category:Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau]]'