Examine individual changes

[ 0 => '{{Other uses}}', 1 => '{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}', 2 => '[[File:QWERTY keyboard.jpg|thumb|right|A laptop computer keyboard showing the QWERTY keys]]', 3 => ''''QWERTY''' is a [[keyboard layout]] for [[Latin-script alphabet]]s. The name comes from the order of the first six [[Computer keyboard keys#Key types|keys]] on the top left letter row of the keyboard ({{keypress|[[Q]]}} {{keypress|[[W]]}} {{keypress|[[E]]}} {{keypress|[[R]]}} {{keypress|[[T]]}} {{keypress|[[Y]]}}). The QWERTY design is based on a layout created for the [[Sholes and Glidden typewriter]] and sold to [[E. Remington and Sons|Remington]] in 1873. It became popular with the success of the Remington No. 2 of 1878, and remains in widespread use.', 4 => false, 5 => '==History==', 6 => '[[File:Continental Standard typewriter keyboard - key detail.jpg|thumb|upright|Keys are arranged on diagonal columns, to give space for the levers.]]', 7 => '{{Main article|Sholes and Glidden typewriter}}', 8 => 'The QWERTY layout was devised and created in the early 1870s by [[Christopher Latham Sholes]], a [[newspaper]] editor and printer who lived in [[Milwaukee]], [[Wisconsin]]. In October 1867, Sholes filed a patent application for his early writing machine he developed with the assistance of his friends [[Carlos Glidden]] and [[Samuel W. Soule|Samuel W. Soulé]].<ref name="USPatent79868">{{Citation', 9 => ' | inventor-last =Shole| inventor-first =C. Latham | inventorlink = C. Latham Sholes', 10 => ' | inventor2-last =Glidden | inventor2-first =Carlos | inventorlink2 =Carlos Glidden', 11 => ' | inventor3-last =Soule | inventor3-first =Samuel W. | inventorlink3 = Samuel W. Soule', 12 => ' | issue-date = 14 July 1868', 13 => ' | title = Improvement in Type-writing Machines', 14 => ' | country-code =US', 15 => ' | patent-number = 79868', 16 => '}}</ref>', 17 => false, 18 => 'The first model constructed by Sholes used a piano-like keyboard with two rows of characters arranged alphabetically as shown below:<ref name="USPatent79868" />', 19 => '{{quotation|<tt>- 3 5 7 9 N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z<br>&nbsp;2 4 6 8 . A B C D E F G H I J K L M</tt>}}', 20 => false, 21 => 'The construction of the "Type Writer" had two flaws that made the product susceptible to jams.', 22 => 'Firstly, characters were mounted on metal arms or [[typebars]], which would clash and jam if neighboring arms were pressed at the same time or in rapid succession. Secondly, its printing point was located beneath the paper carriage, invisible to the operator, a so-called "up-stroke" design. Consequently, jams were especially serious, because the typist could only discover the mishap by raising the carriage to inspect what had been typed. The solution was to place commonly used letter-pairs (like "th" or "st") so that their typebars were not neighboring, avoiding jams.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}', 23 => false, 24 => 'Sholes struggled for the next five years to perfect his invention, making many trial-and-error rearrangements of the original machine's alphabetical key arrangement. The study of [[bigram frequency|bigram (letter-pair) frequency]] by educator Amos Densmore, brother of the financial backer [[James Densmore]], is believed to have influenced the array of letters, but the contribution was later called into question.<ref>Koichi Yasuoka: [http://yasuoka.blogspot.com/2006/08/sholes-discovered-that-many-english.html The Truth of QWERTY], entry dated 1 August 2006.</ref> Others suggest instead that the letter groupings evolved from [[telegraph]] operators' feedback.<ref>{{cite web|last=Stamp|first=Jimmy|title=Fact of Fiction? The Legend of the QWERTY Keyboard|url=http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/design/2013/05/fact-of-fiction-the-legend-of-the-qwerty-keyboard/|work=Smithsonian Magazine|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|accessdate=6 May 2013}}</ref>', 25 => false, 26 => 'In November 1868 he changed the arrangement of the latter half of the alphabet, O to Z, right-to-left.<ref name=":0">Koichi and Motoko Yasuoka: Myth of QWERTY Keyboard, Tokyo: NTT Publishing, 2008. [https://books.google.com/books?id=tEsAMggMKoMC&pg=PA8 pp.12-20]</ref> In April 1870 he arrived at a four-row, upper case keyboard approaching the modern QWERTY standard, moving six vowel letters, A, E, I, O, U, and Y, to the upper row as follows:<ref>Koichi and Motoko Yasuoka: Myth of QWERTY Keyboard, Tokyo: NTT Publishing, 2008. [https://books.google.com/books?id=tEsAMggMKoMC&pg=PA20 pp.24-25]</ref>', 27 => '{{quotation|&nbsp; 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 -<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; A E I . ? Y U O ,<br>B C D F G H J K L M<br>Z X W V T S R Q P N}}', 28 => false, 29 => 'In 1873 Sholes's backer, James Densmore, successfully sold the manufacturing rights for the Sholes & Glidden Type-Writer to [[E. Remington and Sons]]. The keyboard layout was finalized within a few months by Remington's mechanics and was ultimately presented:<ref name="Yasuoka2011">Koichi and Motoko Yasuoka: [http://kanji.zinbun.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~yasuoka/publications/PreQWERTY.html On the Prehistory of QWERTY], ZINBUN, No.42, pp.161-174, 2011.</ref>', 30 => '{{quotation|&nbsp; 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 - ,<br>Q W E . T Y I U O P<br>Z S D F G H J K L M<br>A X & C V B N ? ; R}}', 31 => 'After they purchased the device, Remington made several adjustments, creating a keyboard with essentially the modern QWERTY layout. These adjustments included placing the "R" key in the place previously allotted to the period key. Apocryphal claims that this change was made to let salesmen impress customers by pecking out the brand name "TYPE WRITER QUOTE" from one keyboard row are not formally substantiated.<ref name="Yasuoka2011" /> Vestiges of the original alphabetical layout remained in the "[[home row]]" sequence DFGHJKL.<ref name="david" >{{citation |last=David |first=Paul A. |title=Clio and the Economics of QWERTY |journal=[[American Economic Review]] |volume=75 |issue=2 |pages=332–337 |year=1985 |doi= |publisher=American Economic Association|jstor=1805621 }}</ref>', 32 => false, 33 => 'The modern layout is:', 34 => '{{quotation|1=1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 - =<br>Q W E R T Y U I O P [ ] \<br>A S D F G H J K L ; '<br>Z X C V B N M , . /}}', 35 => false, 36 => 'The QWERTY layout became popular with the success of the Remington No. 2 of 1878, the first typewriter to include both upper and lower case letters, using a [[shift key]].', 37 => false, 38 => '===Differences from modern layout===', 39 => false, 40 => '==== Substituting characters ====', 41 => '[[File:QWERTY 1878.png|thumb|right|300px|Christopher Latham Sholes's 1878 QWERTY keyboard layout]]', 42 => false, 43 => 'The QWERTY layout depicted in Sholes's 1878 patent is slightly different from the modern layout, most notably in the absence of the numerals 0 and 1, with each of the remaining numerals shifted one position to the left of their modern counterparts. The letter M is located at the end of the third row to the right of the letter L rather than on the fourth row to the right of the N, the letters X and C are reversed, and most [[Punctuation|punctuation marks]] are in different positions or are missing entirely.<ref name="patent">{{Citation', 44 => ' | inventor-last = Sholes', 45 => ' | inventor-first = Christopher Latham', 46 => ' | issue-date = 27 August 1878', 47 => ' | title =', 48 => ' | country-code = US', 49 => ' | description =', 50 => ' | patent-number = 207559', 51 => '}}</ref> 0 and 1 were omitted to simplify the design and reduce the manufacturing and maintenance costs; they were chosen specifically because they were "redundant" and could be recreated using other keys. Typists who learned on these machines learned the habit of using the uppercase letter [[I]] (or lowercase letter [[L]]) for the digit one, and the uppercase [[O]] for the zero.<ref name="Weller" >{{Citation', 52 => ' | last = Weller| first = Charles Edward', 53 => ' | year = 1918', 54 => ' | url = https://archive.org/details/earlyhistorytyp00wellgoog', 55 => ' |title=The early history of the typewriter', 56 => ' | place = La Porte, Indiana| publisher = Chase & Shepard, printers', 57 => '}}</ref>', 58 => false, 59 => '==== Combined characters ====', 60 => 'In early designs, some characters were produced by printing two symbols with the [[typewriter carriage|carriage]] in the same position. For instance, the [[Exclamation mark|exclamation point]], which shares a key with the numeral 1 on modern keyboards, could be reproduced by using a three-stroke combination of an apostrophe, a backspace, and a period. A semicolon (;) was produced by printing a comma (,) over a colon (:). As the backspace key is slow in simple mechanical typewriters (the carriage was heavy and optimized to move in the opposite direction), a more professional approach was to block the carriage by pressing and holding the space bar while printing all characters that needed to be in a shared position. To make this possible, the carriage was designed to advance forward only after releasing the space bar.', 61 => false, 62 => 'The 0 key was added and standardized in its modern position early in the history of the typewriter, but the 1 and exclamation point were left off some typewriter keyboards into the 1970s.<ref>See for example the [http://www.mrmartinweb.com/type.htm#olivetti Olivetti Lettera 36], introduced in 1972</ref>', 63 => false, 64 => '===Contemporary alternatives===', 65 => 'There were no particular technological requirements for the QWERTY layout,<ref name="Yasuoka2011" /> since at the time there were ways to make a typewriter without the "up-stroke" typebar mechanism that had required it to be devised. Not only were there rival machines with "down-stroke" and "frontstroke" positions that gave a visible printing point, the problem of typebar clashes could be circumvented completely: examples include [[Thomas Edison]]'s 1872 electric print-wheel device which later became the basis for [[Teleprinter|Teletype]] machines; [[Lucien Stephen Crandall]]'s typewriter (the second to come onto the American market) whose type was arranged on a cylindrical sleeve; the Hammond typewriter of 1887 which used a semi-circular "type-shuttle" of hardened rubber (later light metal); and the [[Blickensderfer typewriter]] of 1893 which used a type wheel. The early Blickensderfer's "Ideal" keyboard was also non-QWERTY, instead having the sequence "DHIATENSOR" in the [[home row]], these 10 letters being capable of composing 70% of the words in the English language.<ref>{{cite book|last=Shermer|first=Michael|title=The mind of the market|year=2008|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=0-8050-7832-0|page=50}}</ref>', 66 => false, 67 => '==Properties==', 68 => 'Alternating hands while typing is a desirable trait in a keyboard design. While one hand types a letter, the other hand can prepare to type the next letter, making the process faster and more efficient. However, when a string of letters is typed with the same hand, the chances of stuttering{{clarify|date=August 2015}} are increased and a rhythm can be broken, thus decreasing speed and increasing errors and fatigue. In the QWERTY layout many more words can be spelled using only the left hand than the right hand. In fact, thousands of English words can be spelled using only the left hand, while only a couple of hundred words can be typed using only the right hand<ref name=Diamond >{{Citation', 69 => ' | last = Diamond | first = Jared | authorlink = Jared Diamond', 70 => ' | title = The Curse of QWERTY', 71 => ' | journal = [[Discover (magazine)|Discover]]', 72 => ' | date = April 1997', 73 => ' | url = http://discovermagazine.com/1997/apr/thecurseofqwerty1099/', 74 => ' | accessdate = 2009-04-29', 75 => ' | quote=More than 3,000 English words utilize QWERTY's left hand alone, and about 300 the right hand alone.', 76 => ' | postscript = .', 77 => '}}</ref> (the three most frequent letters in the English language, ETA, are all typed with the left hand). In addition, more typing strokes are done with the left hand in the QWERTY layout. This is helpful for left-[[handedness|handed]] people but to the disadvantage of right-handed people.', 78 => false, 79 => 'Contrary to popular belief, the QWERTY layout was not designed to slow the typist down,<ref name=":0" /> but rather to speed up typing by preventing jams. Indeed, there is evidence that, aside from the issue of jamming, placing often-used keys farther apart increases typing speed, because it encourages alternation between the hands.<ref name="sd">{{cite web|url=http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/221/was-the-qwerty-keyboard-purposely-designed-to-slow-typists|title=...at least one study indicates that placing commonly used keys far apart, as with the QWERTY, actually speeds typing, since consecutive letters are often typed with alternate hands|publisher=straightdope.com}}</ref> There is another origin story in the Smithsonian that the QWERTY keyboard was made for telegraph operators and has this layout to make it easy for the telegraph operator to work.<ref name="sd" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/fact-of-fiction-the-legend-of-the-qwerty-keyboard-49863249/|title=Fact of Fiction? The Legend of the QWERTY Keyboard|first=Jimmy|last=Stamp|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/05/the-lies-youve-been-told-about-the-origin-of-the-qwerty-keyboard/275537/|title=The Lies You've Been Told About the Origin of the QWERTY Keyboard|first=Alexis C.|last=Madrigal|publisher=}}</ref> (On the other hand, in the German keyboard the Z has been moved between the T and the U to help type the frequent bigraphs TZ and ZU in that language.) Almost every word in the English language contains at least one vowel letter, but on the QWERTY keyboard only the vowel letter "A" is located on the home row, which requires the typist's fingers to leave the home row for most words.', 80 => false, 81 => 'A feature much less commented-on than the order of the keys is that the keys do not form a rectangular grid, but rather each column slants diagonally. This is because of the mechanical linkages – each key is attached to a lever, and hence the offset prevents the levers from running into each other – and has been retained in most electronic keyboards. Some keyboards, such as the [[Kinesis (keyboard)|Kinesis]] or [[TypeMatrix]], retain the QWERTY layout but arrange the keys in vertical columns, to reduce unnecessary lateral finger motion.<ref>[http://www.kinesis-ergo.com/benefits.htm Kinesis – Ergonomic Benefits of the Contoured Keyboard] – Vertical key layout</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://typematrix.com/2030/why.php|title=TypeMatrix - The Keyboard is the Key|author=TypeMatrix|work=typematrix.com}}</ref>', 82 => false, 83 => 'The words 'typewriter', 'proprietor', 'perpetuity', and 'repertoire' (from French) are the longest English words that can be written using only the keys in the top row.', 84 => false, 85 => '==Computer keyboards==', 86 => '[[File:Qwerty.svg|thumb|425px|The standard QWERTY keyboard layout used in the US. Some countries, such as the UK and Canada, use a slightly different QWERTY (the @ and " are switched in the UK); see [[keyboard layout]]]]', 87 => false, 88 => 'The first computer terminals such as the Teletype were typewriters that could produce and be controlled by various computer codes. These used the QWERTY layouts and added keys such as [[Esc key|escape]] (ESC) which had special meanings to computers. Later keyboards added [[function key]]s and [[arrow keys]]. Since the standardization of PC-compatible computers and Windows after the 1980s, most full-sized computer keyboards have followed this standard (see drawing at right). This layout has a separate [[numeric keypad]] for data entry at the right, 12 function keys across the top, and a cursor section to the right and center with keys for [[Insert key|Insert]], [[Delete key|Delete]], [[Home key|Home]], [[End key|End]], [[Page Up and Page Down keys|Page Up, and Page Down]] with cursor arrows in an inverted-T shape.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Castillo|first=M.|title=QWERTY, @, &, #|journal=[[American Journal of Neuroradiology]]|date=2 September 2010|volume=32|issue=4|pages=613|doi=10.3174/ajnr.a2228}}</ref>', 89 => false, 90 => '==Diacritical marks and international variants==', 91 => 'Different computer operating systems have methods of support for input of different languages such as Chinese, Hebrew or Arabic. QWERTY is designed for [[English language|English]], a language with [[diacritic]]al marks appearing only in a few words of foreign origin. QWERTY [[Keyboard (computing)|keyboards]] have no standard way of typing an accent. Until recently, no norm was defined for a standard QWERTY keyboard layout allowing the typing of accented characters. The so called "US-International layout" is, in fact, OS-dependent. There exist other layouts that try to overcome this shortcoming. One popular is [[#EurKEY|EurKEY]] which is available for Windows, OS X and Linux.', 92 => false, 93 => 'Depending on the [[operating system]] and sometimes the [[application program]] being used, there are many ways to generate Latin characters with accents independently of the layout in use.', 94 => false, 95 => '===Other keys and characters===', 96 => '{{Main article|Alt code|Compose key|Option key}}', 97 => false, 98 => '===International variants===', 99 => 'Minor changes to the arrangement are made for other languages. There are a large number of different keyboard layouts used for different languages written in Latin script. They can be divided into three main families according to where the {{Key press|Q}}, {{Key press|A}}, {{Key press|Z}}, {{Key press|M}}, and {{Key press|Y}} keys are placed on the keyboard. These are usually named after the first six letters.', 100 => false, 101 => '====Canadian====', 102 => '[[File:ACNOR keyboard.jpg|thumb|420px|The [[ACNOR]] keyboard]]', 103 => false, 104 => 'English-speaking Canadians have traditionally most often used the same keyboard layout as in the United States, unless they are in a position where they have to write French on a regular basis. French-speaking Canadians respectively have favoured the Canadian French keyboard layout (see [[#Canadian French|below]]).', 105 => false, 106 => '=====Canadian Multilingual Standard=====', 107 => '[[File:KB Canadian Multilingual Standard comment-en.svg|thumb|420px|[[Languages of Canada|Canadian Multilingual Standard]] keyboard layout]]', 108 => false, 109 => '{{See also|Languages of Canada}}', 110 => false, 111 => 'The Canadian Multilingual Standard keyboard layout is used by some Canadians. Though this keyboard lacks the [[caret]] (^) character, this is easily accomplished by typing the circumflex accent followed by a space.', 112 => false, 113 => '{{Clear}}', 114 => false, 115 => '=====Canadian French=====', 116 => '[[File:KB Canadian French text.svg|thumb|[[French language in Canada|Canadian French]] keyboard layout|444x444px]]', 117 => false, 118 => 'This keyboard layout is commonly used in Canada by [[French language in Canada|French-speaking Canadians]]. It is the most common layout for [[laptops]] and stand-alone keyboards targeting French speakers. Unlike the French layout used in France and Belgium, the Canadian French layout is a true QWERTY and as such is also relatively commonly used by English speakers in the US and Canada (using standard QWERTY keyboards) for easy access to accented letters found in some of the French words commonly used in English. It can be used to type all accented French characters, as well as some from other languages. It also serves all English functions as well. It is popular mainly because of its close similarity to the basic US keyboard commonly used by English-speaking Canadians and Americans, historical use of US-made typewriters by French-Canadians, and is the standard for keyboards in Quebec. Use of the European French layout in Quebec is practically unheard of.', 119 => false, 120 => 'In some variants of this keyboard {{key press|Caps Lock}} is {{key press|⇪ Fix Maj}} (short for Fix Majuscule = Lock Upper Case) or {{key press|⇪ Verr Maj}} (short for Verrouiller Majuscule = Lock Upper Case), {{key press|Enter}} is {{key press|↵ Entrée}},<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www3.uakron.edu/modlang/french/images/kbd4.gif |title=Fren-Canadian keyboard |publisher=uakron.edu |accessdate=27 November 2010}}</ref> and {{key press|Esc}} is {{key press|Échap}}.', 121 => false, 122 => '{{Clear}}', 123 => false, 124 => '{{Anchor|Czech QWERTY}}', 125 => false, 126 => '====Czech (QWERTY)====', 127 => '[[File:Qwerty cz.svg|thumb|420px|Czech QWERTY keyboard layout]]', 128 => 'The typewriter came to the [[Czech language|Czech]]-speaking area in the late 19th century, when it was part of [[Austria-Hungary]] where German was the dominant language of administration. Therefore, Czech typewriters have the [[QWERTZ#Czech (QWERTZ)|QWERTZ layout]].', 129 => 'However, with the introduction of imported computers, especially since the 1990s, the QWERTY keyboard layout is frequently used for computer keyboards, too. Czech QWERTY layout differs from QWERTZ in that the characters (e.g. @$& and others) missing from the Czech keyboard are accessible with AltGr on the same keys where they are located on an [[#United States|American keyboard]]. In Czech QWERTZ keyboard the position of these characters accessed through AltGr differs.', 130 => false, 131 => '{{Clear}}', 132 => false, 133 => '====Danish====', 134 => '[[File:KB Danish.svg|thumb|420px|[[Danish Language|Danish]] keyboard layout]]', 135 => false, 136 => 'Both the Danish and [[#Norwegian|Norwegian keyboards]] include dedicated keys for the letters [[Å|Å/å]], [[Æ|Æ/æ]] and [[Ø|Ø/ø]], but the placement is a little different, as the {{Key press|Æ}} and {{Key press|Ø}} keys are swapped on the Norwegian layout. (The [[#Finnish–Swedish|Finnish–Swedish keyboard]] is also largely similar to the Norwegian layout, but the {{Key press|Ø}} and {{Key press|Æ}} are replaced with {{Key press|[[Ö]]}} and {{Key press|[[Ä]]}}. On some systems, the Danish keyboard may allow typing Ö/ö and Ä/ä by holding the {{Key press|[[AltGr key|AltGr]]}} or {{Key press|[[Option key|Option]]}} key while striking {{Key press|Ø}} and {{Key press|Æ}}, respectively.)', 137 => false, 138 => '{{Clear}}', 139 => false, 140 => '====Dutch (Netherlands)====', 141 => '[[File:Nederlandse toetsenbordindeling - tekst als paden.svg|thumb|420px|[[Dutch Language|Dutch]] ([[Netherlands]]) keyboard layout]]', 142 => 'Though it is seldom used (most Dutch keyboards use [[#US-International|US International]] layout),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=ZsYtUuq9JuTc4QSe34CICg&hl=nl&id=jXvlAAAAMAAJ&dq=ibm|title=Handboek Nederlands|first1=Liesbeth|last1=Koenen|first2=Rik|last2=Smits|date=1 January 2004|publisher=Bijleveld|via=Google Books}}</ref> the Dutch layout uses QWERTY but has additions for the € sign, the [[Diaeresis (diacritic)|diaresis (¨)]], and the [[Braces (punctuation)|braces ({ })]] as well as different locations for other symbols. An older version contained a single-stroke key for the Dutch character [[IJ (digraph)|IJ/ij]], which is usually typed by the combination of {{key press|I}} and {{key press|J}}. In the 1990s, there was a version with the now-obsolete [[florin sign]] (Dutch: guldenteken) for IBM PCs. In [[Flemish Community|Flanders]] (the [[Dutch-speaking]] part of [[Belgium]]), "AZERTY" keyboards are used instead, due to influence from the French-speaking part of Belgium.', 143 => '{{Clear}}', 144 => false, 145 => '====Estonian====', 146 => '[[File:KB Estonian.svg|thumb|420px|[[Estonian language|Estonian]] keyboard layout]]', 147 => 'The keyboard layout used in [[Estonia]] is virtually the same as the [[#Swedish|Swedish layout]]. The main difference is that the {{Key press | Å}} and {{Key press |¨}} keys (to the right of {{Key press|P}}) are replaced with {{Key press |Ü}} and {{Key press |Õ}} respectively (the latter letter being the most distinguishing feature of the [[Estonian alphabet]]). Some special symbols and dead keys are also moved around.', 148 => '{{Clear}}', 149 => false, 150 => '====Faroese====', 151 => '[[File:KB Faroese.svg|thumb|420px|[[Faroese language|Faroese]] keyboard layout]]', 152 => 'Basically the same as the Danish layout with added {{Key press|Đ}}, since the [[Faroe Islands]] are a self-governed part of the [[Kingdom of Denmark]].', 153 => '{{Clear}}', 154 => false, 155 => '{{Anchor|Finnish multilingual keyboard}}', 156 => false, 157 => '====Finnish multilingual====', 158 => '[[File:KB Finnish Multilingual.svg|thumb|420px|[[Languages of Finland|Finnish multilingual]] keyboard layout]]', 159 => 'The visual layout used in [[Finland]] is basically the same as the [[#Swedish|Swedish layout]]. This is practical, as [[Finnish language|Finnish]] and [[Swedish language|Swedish]] share the special characters [[Ä|Ä/ä]] and [[Ö|Ö/ö]], and while the Swedish [[Å|Å/å]] is unnecessary for writing Finnish, it is needed by [[Swedish-speaking Finns]].', 160 => false, 161 => 'As of 2008, there is a new standard for the Finnish multilingual keyboard layout, developed as part of a [[Internationalization and localization|localization]] project by [[CSC - IT Center for Science Ltd.|CSC]]. All the engravings of the traditional Finnish–Swedish visual layout have been retained, so there is no need to change the hardware, but the functionality has been extended considerably, as additional characters (e.g., [[Æ|Æ/æ]], [[Ə|Ə/ə]], [[Ʒ|Ʒ/ʒ]]) are available through the {{Key press|[[AltGr key|AltGr]]}} key, as well as [[dead key]]s, which allow typing a wide variety of letters with [[diacritic]]s (e.g., [[Ç|Ç/ç]], [[Ǥ|Ǥ/ǥ]], [[Ǯ|Ǯ/ǯ]]).<ref>{{Citation | url = http://sales.sfs.fi/sfs/servlets/ProductServlet?action=showproduct&productid=210467 | title = SFS 5966 | format = keyboard layout | publisher = Finnish Standards Association SFS | date = 3 November 2008 | accessdate = 19 April 2015 }}. Finnish-Swedish multilingual keyboard setting.</ref><ref>{{Citation | last = Kotoistus | url = http://kotoistus.fi/nappaimisto_htm | title = Uusi näppäinasettelu | trans_title = Status of the new Keyboard Layout | language = Finnish, English | format = presentation page collecting drafts of the Finnish Multilingual Keyboard | publisher = [[CSC – IT Center for Science Ltd.|CSC IT Center for Science]] | date = 12 December 2006 | accessdate = 19 April 2015 }}</ref>', 162 => false, 163 => 'Based on the [[Latin script|Latin]] letter repertory included in the Multilingual European Subset No. 2 ([[MES-2]]) of the Unicode standard, the layout has three main objectives. First, it provides for easy entering of text in both Finnish and Swedish, the two official [[languages of Finland]], using the familiar keyboard layout but adding some advanced punctuation options, such as [[dash]]es, typographical [[Quotation mark, non-English usage|quotation marks]], and the [[non-breaking space]] (NBSP).', 164 => false, 165 => 'Second, it is designed to offer an indirect but intuitive way to enter the special letters and diacritics needed by the other three [[Nordic countries|Nordic]] national languages ([[Danish language|Danish]], [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] and [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]]) as well as the regional and minority languages ([[Northern Sámi]], [[Southern Sámi]], [[Lule Sámi]], [[Inari Sami language|Inari Sámi]], [[Skolt Sami language|Skolt Sámi]], [[Romani language]] as spoken in Finland, [[Faroese language|Faroese]], [[Greenlandic language|Kalaallisut]] also known as Greenlandic, and [[German language|German]]).', 166 => false, 167 => 'As a third objective, it allows for relatively easy entering of particularly names (of persons, places or products) in a variety of European languages using a more or less extended Latin alphabet, such as the official [[languages of the European Union]] (excluding [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] and [[Modern Greek|Greek]]). Some letters, like [[Ł|Ł/ł]] needed for Slavic languages, are accessed by a special "overstrike" key combination acting like a dead key.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Kotoistus |title=Precomposed characters in the new Finnish keyboard layout specification|url=http://kotoistus.fi/kbpcse.pdf |pages=10 |date=29 June 2006 |access-date=19 April 2015 |language=en|format=PDF}}</ref> ', 168 => 'However, the [[Romanian language|Romanian]] letters [[Ș|Ș/ș]] and [[Ț|Ț/ț]] (S/s and T/t with [[comma below]]) are not supported; the presumption is that [[Ş|Ş/ş]] and [[Ţ|Ţ/ţ]] (with [[cedilla]]) suffice as surrogates.', 169 => false, 170 => '{{Clear}}', 171 => false, 172 => '====Icelandic====', 173 => '{{Main article|Icelandic keyboard layout}}', 174 => '[[File:KB Iceland.svg|thumb|420px|[[Icelandic language|Icelandic]] keyboard layout]]', 175 => false, 176 => 'The Icelandic keyboard layout is different from the standard QWERTY keyboard because the Icelandic alphabet has some special letters, most of which it shares with the other Nordic countries:', 177 => 'Þ/þ, Ð/ð, Æ/æ, and Ö/ö. (Æ/æ also occurs in Norwegian, Danish and Faroese, Ð/ð in Faroese, and Ö/ö in Swedish, Finnish and Estonian. In Norwegian Ö/ö could be substituted for Ø/Ø which is the same sound/letter and is widely understood).', 178 => false, 179 => 'The letters Á/á, Ý/ý, Ú/ú, Í/í, and É/é are produced by first pressing the {{Key press|´}} [[dead key]]and then the corresponding letter. The Nordic letters Å/å and Ä/ä can be produced by first pressing {{Key press|°}}, located below the {{Key press|Esc}} key, and {{Key press|Shift|°}} (for ¨) which also works for the non-Nordic ÿ, Ü/ü, Ï/ï, and Ë/ë. These letters are not used natively in Icelandic, but may have been implemented for ease of communication in other Nordic languages.{{Citation needed|date=October 2011}} Additional diacritics may be found behind the {{Key press|AltGr}} key: {{Key press|AltGr|+}} for ˋ (grave accent) and {{Key press|AltGr|´}} for ˆ (circumflex).', 180 => '{{Clear}}', 181 => false, 182 => '====Irish====', 183 => '[[File:KB Windows Ireland.svg|thumb|420px|Microsoft Windows [[Irish language|Irish]] layout]]', 184 => false, 185 => '[[Microsoft Windows]] includes a Gaelic layout which supports acute accents with {{Key press|AltGr}} for the [[Irish language]] and grave accents with the {{Key press|`}} [[dead key]] for [[Scottish Gaelic]]. The other [[Insular Celtic languages]] have their own layout.', 186 => 'The UK or UK-Extended layout is also frequently used.', 187 => '{{Clear}}', 188 => false, 189 => '{{Anchor|Italian QWERTY}}', 190 => false, 191 => '====Italian====', 192 => '[[File:Italian Keyboard layout.svg|thumb|420px|[[Italian language|Italian]] keyboard layout]]', 193 => '* Braces (right above square brackets and shown in purple) are given with both AltGr and Shift pressed.', 194 => '* The tilde (~) and backquote (`) characters are not present on the Italian keyboard layout (with Linux, they are available by pressing {{Key press|AltGr}}+{{Key press|Shift}}+{{Key press|ì}}, and {{Key press|AltGr}}+{{Key press|Shift}}+{{Key press|'}}; Windows might not recognise these keybindings).', 195 => '* When using Microsoft Windows, the standard Italian keyboard layout does not allow one to write 100% correct Italian language, since it lacks capital accented vowels, and in particular the [[È]] key. The common workaround is writing E' (E followed by an [[apostrophe]]) instead, or relying on the auto-correction feature of several [[word processor]]s when available. It is possible to obtain the È symbol in MS Windows by typing {{Key press|Alt}} + {{Key press|0}}{{Key press|2}}{{Key press|0}}{{Key press|0}}. Mac users, however, can write the correct accented character by pressing {{Key press|shift}} + {{Key press|option}} + {{Key press|E}} or, in the usual Mac way, by pressing the correct key for the accent (in this case {{Key press|Alt}} + {{Key press|9}}) and subsequently pressing the wanted letter (in this case {{Key press|Shift}} + {{Key press|E}}). Linux users can also write it by pressing the {{Key press|è}} key with {{Key press|Caps Lock}} enabled.', 196 => false, 197 => 'There is an alternate layout, which differs only in disposition of characters accessible through {{Key press|AltGr}}, and includes the tilde and the curly brackets. It is commonly used in IBM keyboards.', 198 => false, 199 => 'Italian [[typewriter]]s often{{Citation needed|date=June 2017}} have the [[QZERTY]] layout instead.', 200 => false, 201 => 'The Italian-speaking part of [[Switzerland]] uses the QWERTZ keyboard.', 202 => '{{Clear}}', 203 => false, 204 => '==== Latvian (QWERTY) ====', 205 => 'In Latvia, the keyboard layout usually used is called ŪGJRMV, and it is specifically designed for the language. The Latvian QWERTY keyboard layout is also used. The Latvian QWERTY keyboard layout is the same as latin ones, but with a dead key, which allows entering special characters (āčēģīķļņšūž, sometimes ō and ŗ). The most common dead key is the apostrophe ('), which is followed by Alt+Gr (Windows default for Latvian layout). Some prefer using tick (`).', 206 => false, 207 => '{{Clear}}', 208 => false, 209 => '====Maltese====', 210 => 'The [[Maltese language]] uses Unicode (UTF-8) to display the Maltese diacritics: ċ Ċ; ġ Ġ; ħ Ħ; ż Ż (together with à À; è È; ì Ì; ò Ò; ù Ù). There are [https://www.mita.gov.mt/MediaCenter/Images/1_Fonts_Pic1.jpg two standard keyboard layouts for Maltese], according to "MSA 100:2002 Maltese Keyboard Standard"; one of 47 keys and one of 48 keys. The 48-key layout is the most popular.', 211 => false, 212 => '{{Clear}}', 213 => false, 214 => '====Norwegian====', 215 => '[[File:KB Norway.svg|thumb|420px|[[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] keyboard layout]]', 216 => '[[File:KB NorwaySami.svg|thumb|420px|Norwegian with [[Sámi language|Sámi]]]]', 217 => false, 218 => 'The [[Languages of Norway|Norwegian languages]] use the same letters as [[Danish language|Danish]], but the Norwegian keyboard differs from the Danish layout regarding the placement of the {{Key press|[[Ø]]}}, {{Key press|[[Æ]]}} and {{Key press|\}} ([[backslash]]) keys. On the [[#Danish|Danish keyboard]], the {{Key press|Ø}} and {{Key press|Æ}} are swapped. The [[#Swedish|Swedish keyboard]] is also similar to the Norwegian layout, but {{Key press|Ø}} and {{Key press|Æ}} are replaced with {{Key press|[[Ö]]}} and {{Key press|[[Ä]]}}. On some systems, the Norwegian keyboard may allow typing Ö/ö and Ä/ä by holding the {{Key press|[[AltGr key|AltGr]]}} or {{Key press|[[Option key|Option]]}} key while striking {{Key press|Ø}} and {{Key press|Æ}}, respectively.', 219 => false, 220 => 'There is also an alternative keyboard layout called ''Norwegian with [[Sámi language|Sámi]]'', which allows for easier input of the characters required to write various Sámi (also known as Lapp) languages. All the Sámi characters are accessed through the {{Key press|AltGr}} key.', 221 => false, 222 => 'On [[Macintosh]] computers, the ''Norwegian'' and ''Norwegian extended'' keyboard layouts have a slightly different placement for some of the symbols obtained with the help of the {{Key press|[[Shift key|Shift]]}} or {{Key press|[[Option key|Option]]}} keys. Notably, the ''$'' sign is accessed with {{Key press|Shift|4}} and ''¢'' with {{Key press|Shift|Option|4}}. Furthermore, the frequently used ''@'' is placed between {{Key press|Æ}} and {{Key press|Return}}.', 223 => false, 224 => '{{Clear}}', 225 => false, 226 => '====Polish====', 227 => '[[File:KB Polish QWERTZ PN87 Mac.svg|thumb|right|420px|''Polish typist's keyboard'' (QWERTZ PN-87)]]', 228 => '[[File:Polish programmer's layout.PNG|thumb|right|420px|''Polish programmer's keyboard'']]', 229 => 'Most typewriters use a QWERTZ keyboard with [[Polish language|Polish]] letters (with diacritical marks) accessed directly (officially approved as "Typist's keyboard", {{lang-pl |klawiatura maszynistki}}, Polish Standard PN-87), which is mainly ignored in Poland as impractical (except custom-made, e.g., in public sector and some Apple computers); the "Polish programmer's" ({{lang-pl|polski programisty}}) layout has become the ''de facto'' standard, used on virtually all computers sold on the Polish market.', 230 => false, 231 => 'Most computer keyboards in Poland are laid out according to the [[#United States|standard US]] visual and functional layout. Polish diacritics are accessed by using the ''[[AltGr]]'' key with a corresponding similar letter from the base Latin alphabet. Normal capitalization rules apply with respect to ''[[Shift key|Shift]]'' and ''[[Caps Lock]]'' keys. For example, to enter "Ź", one can type ''Shift+AltGr+X'' with ''Caps Lock'' off, or turn on ''Caps Lock'' and type ''AltGr+X''.', 232 => false, 233 => 'Both ANSI<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.x-kom.pl/p/57307-klawiatura-przewodowa-logitech-k120-keyboard-czarna-usb.html|title=Logitech K120 Keyboard czarna USB - Klawiatury przewodowe - Sklep komputerowy - x-kom.pl|website=x-kom.pl|access-date=2017-01-27}}</ref> and ISO<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.x-kom.pl/p/217752-klawiatura-przewodowa-logitech-corded-keyboard-k280e.html|title=Logitech Corded Keyboard K280e - Klawiatury przewodowe - Sklep komputerowy - x-kom.pl|website=x-kom.pl|access-date=2017-01-27}}</ref> mechanical layouts are common sights, and even some non-standard<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.x-kom.pl/p/320320-klawiatura-przewodowa-shiru-klawiatura-przewodowa.html|title=SHIRU Klawiatura przewodowa - Klawiatury przewodowe - Sklep komputerowy - x-kom.pl|website=x-kom.pl|access-date=2017-01-27}}</ref> mechanical layouts are in use. ANSI is often preferred, as the additional key provides no additional function, at least in [[Microsoft Windows]] where it duplicates the backslash key, while taking space from the Shift key. Many keyboards do not label ''AltGr'' as such, leaving the ''Alt'' marking as in the US layout - the right ''Alt'' key nevertheless functions as ''AltGr'' in this layout, causing possible confusion when [[keyboard shortcuts]] with the ''Alt'' key are required (these usually work only with the left ''Alt'') and causing the key to be commonly referred to as ''right Alt'' ({{lang-pl|prawy Alt}}).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://yestok.pl/gen/y15.php|title=Klawiatura. Dlaczego są z nią problemy? Gdzie są polskie litery?|website=yestok.pl|access-date=2017-01-27}}</ref> However, keyboards with ''AltGr'' marking are available and it is also officially used by Microsoft when depicting the layout.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.microsoft.com/resources/msdn/goglobal/keyboards/kbdpl1.html | title=Polish (Programmers) Keyboard Layout|publisher=Microsoft | accessdate=2013-06-05}}</ref>', 234 => false, 235 => '{| class="wikitable"', 236 => '|+ Key combinations to obtain Polish characters (Windows)', 237 => '! rowspan="2" | Caps Lock state !! rowspan="2" | In combination with !! colspan = "10" | Keystroke', 238 => '|-', 239 => '| '''A''' || '''C''' || '''E''' || '''L''' || '''N''' || '''O''' || '''S''' || '''Z''' || '''X''' || '''U'''', 240 => '|-', 241 => '| rowspan="2" | Off || right '''Alt''' || ą || ć || ę || ł || ń || ó || ś || ż || ź || €', 242 => '|-', 243 => '| '''Shift''' & right '''Alt''' || Ą || Ć || Ę || Ł || Ń || Ó || Ś || Ż || Ź ||', 244 => '|-', 245 => '| rowspan="2" | On || right '''Alt''' || Ą || Ć || Ę || Ł || Ń || Ó || Ś || Ż || Ź || €', 246 => '|-', 247 => '| '''Shift''' & right '''Alt''' || ą || ć || ę || ł || ń || ó || ś || ż || ź ||', 248 => '|-', 249 => '! colspan="12" style="text-align:center; font-weight:normal;"| Note: On Polish programmer keyboard, right Alt plays the role of [[AltGr]]', 250 => '|}', 251 => false, 252 => 'Also, on [[Microsoft Windows|MS Windows]], the tilde character "~" (''Shift''+''`'') acts as a [[dead key]] to type Polish letters (with diacritical marks) thus, to obtain an "Ł", one may press ''Shift''+''`'' followed by ''L''. The tilde character is obtained with (''Shift''+''`'') then ''space''.', 253 => false, 254 => 'In [[Linux]]-based systems, the euro symbol is typically mapped to Alt+5 instead of Alt+U, the tilde acts as a normal key, and several accented letters from other European languages are accessible through combinations with left Alt. Polish letters are also accessible by using the [[compose key]].', 255 => false, 256 => 'Software keyboards on touchscreen devices usually make the Polish diacritics available as one of the alternatives which show up after long-pressing the corresponding Latin letter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://softonet.pl/publikacje/poradniki/Tani.tablet.z.Windows-jak.i.do.czego.go.uzywac,611/3|title=Jak używać ekranu dotykowego|website=softonet.pl|access-date=2017-01-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://gsmonline.pl/artykuly/test-htc_one_m9-recenzja|title=Test HTC One M9|website=gsmonline.pl|access-date=2017-01-27}}</ref> However, modern [[predictive text]] and [[autocorrection]] algorithms largely mitigate the need to type them directly on such devices.', 257 => false, 258 => '====Portuguese====', 259 => 'See [[Portuguese keyboard layout]]', 260 => false, 261 => '{{Anchor|Portuguese (Brazil)}}', 262 => false, 263 => '=====Brazil=====', 264 => '[[File:KB Portuguese Brazil.svg|thumb|right|420px|[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] (Brazil) keyboard layout]]', 265 => 'The Brazilian computer keyboard layout is specified in the [[ABNT]] [[Norma Brasileira|NBR]] 10346 variant 2 (alphanumeric portion) and 10347 (numeric portion) standards.', 266 => false, 267 => 'Essentially, the Brazilian keyboard contains dead keys for five variants of diacritics in use in the language; the letter Ç, the only application of the [[cedilla]] in Portuguese, has its own key. In some keyboard layouts the {{Key press|AltGr}}+{{Key press|C}} combination produces the ₢ character ([[Unicode]] 0x20A2), symbol for the old currency [[Brazilian cruzeiro|cruzeiro]], a symbol that is not used in practice (the common abbreviation in the eighties and nineties used to be Cr$). The [[cent sign]] ¢, is accessible via {{Key press|AltGr}}+{{Key press|5}}, but is not commonly used for the [[centavo]], subunit of previous currencies as well as the current [[Brazilian Real|real]], which itself is represented by R$. The Euro sign € is not standardized in this layout. The masculine and feminine [[ordinal indicator|ordinals]] ª and º are accessible via {{Key press|AltGr}} combinations. The [[section sign]] § (Unicode U+00A7), in Portuguese called ''parágrafo'', is nowadays practically only used to denote sections of laws.', 268 => false, 269 => 'Variant 2 of the Brazilian keyboard, the only which gained general acceptance (MS Windows treats both variants as the same layout),<ref name = "ABNT_and_ABNT2">{{cite web| url= http://www.siao2.com/2006/10/07/799605.aspx | title = Pimping your Brazilian keyboard | work = Developer network | publisher = Microsoft |date = 7 October 2006 | accessdate = 2012-03-30}}</ref> has a unique [[Keyboard layout#Mechanical, visual and functional layouts|mechanical layout]], combining some features of the [[ISO 9995]]-3 and the ''JIS'' keyboards in order to fit 12 keys between the left and right Shift (compared to the American standard of 10 and the international of 11). Its modern, [[IBM PS/2]]-based variations, are thus known as 107-keys keyboards, and the original PS/2 variation was 104-key. Variant 1, never widely adopted, was based on the ISO 9995-2 keyboards. To make this layout usable with keyboards with only 11 keys in the last row, the rightmost key (/?°) has its functions replicated across the {{Key press|AltGr}}+{{Key press|Q}}, {{Key press|AltGr}}+{{Key press|W}}, and {{Key press|AltGr}}+{{Key press|E}} combinations.', 270 => '{{Clear}}', 271 => false, 272 => '{{Anchor|Portuguese (Portugal)}}', 273 => false, 274 => '=====Portugal=====', 275 => '[[File:KB Portuguese.svg|thumb|420px|[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] (Portugal) keyboard layout]]', 276 => false, 277 => 'Essentially, the Portuguese keyboard contains dead keys for five variants of diacritics; the letter Ç, the only application of the [[cedilla]] in Portuguese, has its own key, but there are also a dedicated key for the [[ordinal indicator]]s and a dedicated key for [[quotation mark]]s. The {{Key press|AltGr}}+{{Key press|E}} combination for producing the [[euro sign]] € ([[Unicode]] 0x20AC) has become standard. On some QWERTY keyboards the key labels are translated, but the majority are labelled in English.', 278 => false, 279 => 'During the 20th century, a different keyboard layout, [[HCESAR]], was in widespread use in [[Portugal]].', 280 => false, 281 => '{{Clear}}', 282 => false, 283 => '====Romanian (in Romania and Moldova)====', 284 => '[[File:Romanian-keyboard-layout.png|thumb|420px|[[Romanian language|Romanian]] keyboard layout]]', 285 => 'The current Romanian National Standard SR 13392:2004 establishes two layouts for [[Romanian language|Romanian]] keyboards: a "primary"<ref>{{Citation | url = http://diacritice.sourceforge.net/imagini/ro.png | title = Diacritice | contribution = RO | publisher = Sourceforge | format = [[Portable Network Graphics|PNG]]}}</ref> one and a "secondary"<ref>{{Citation | url = http://diacritice.sourceforge.net/imagini/ro_us.png | title = Diacritice | contribution = RO US | publisher = Sourceforge | format = [[Portable Network Graphics|PNG]]}}</ref> one.', 286 => false, 287 => 'The "primary" layout is intended for traditional users who have learned how to type with older, Microsoft-style implementations of the Romanian keyboard. The "secondary" layout is mainly used by programmers as it does not contradict the physical arrangement of keys on a US-style keyboard. The "secondary" arrangement is used as the default Romanian layout by [[Linux]] distributions, as defined in the "X Keyboard Configuration Database"<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/XKeyboardConfig | title = X keyboard config | publisher = Free desktop | format = [[wiki]]}}</ref>', 288 => false, 289 => 'There are four [[Romanian alphabet|Romanian-specific characters]] that are incorrectly implemented in versions of Microsoft Windows prior to Vista:', 290 => '* '''[[S-comma|Ș]]''' (U+0218, S with comma), incorrectly implemented as '''[[Ş]]''' (U+015E, S with cedilla)', 291 => '* '''ș''' (U+0219, s with comma), incorrectly implemented as '''ş''' (U+015F, s with cedilla)', 292 => '* '''[[T-comma|Ț]]''' (U+021A, T with comma), incorrectly implemented as '''[[Ţ]]''' (U+0162, T with cedilla)', 293 => '* '''ț''' (U+021B, t with comma), incorrectly implemented as '''ţ''' (U+0163, t with cedilla)', 294 => false, 295 => 'The cedilla-versions of the characters do not exist in the Romanian language (they came to be used due to a historic bug).<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.secarica.ro/html/s-uri_si_t-uri.html |title= S-uri si t-uri |publisher=Secarica | location = RO |date=20 October 2011 |accessdate=2012-03-30}}</ref> The UCS now says that encoding this was a mistake because it messed up Romanian data and the letters with cedilla and the letters with comma are the same letter with a different style.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cedilla vs Comma|url=http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2013/13155-cedilla-comma.pdf|accessdate=2015-12-09}}</ref>', 296 => false, 297 => 'Since Romanian hardware keyboards are not widely available, Cristian Secară has created a driver that allows Romanian characters to be generated with a US-style keyboard in all versions of Windows prior to Vista through the use of the AltGr key modifier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.secarica.ro/html/ro_keyboard.html |title=RO Keyboard |publisher=Secarica | location = RO |date=20 October 2011 |accessdate=2012-03-30 | language = Romanian}}</ref>', 298 => false, 299 => 'MS Windows 7 now includes the correct diacritical signs in the default Romanian Keyboard layout. This layout has the Z and Y keys mapped like in English layouts and also includes characters like the 'at' (@) and dollar ($) signs, among others. The older cedilla-version layout is still included albeit as the 'Legacy' layout.', 300 => false, 301 => '{{Clear}}', 302 => false, 303 => '{{Anchor|Slovak QWERTY}}', 304 => false, 305 => '====Slovak (QWERTY)====', 306 => '[[File:KB Slovak.svg|thumb|420px|[[Slovak language|Slovak]] QWERTY/Z keyboard layout]]', 307 => false, 308 => 'In [[Slovakia]], similarly to the Czech Republic, both QWERTZ and QWERTY keyboard layouts are used. [[#Slovak QWERTZ|QWERTZ]] is the default keyboard layout for [[Slovak language|Slovak]] in [[Microsoft Windows]].', 309 => false, 310 => '{{Clear}}', 311 => false, 312 => '====Spanish====', 313 => '{{Anchor|Spanish (Spain)|Spanish (International sort)}}', 314 => false, 315 => '=====Spain, also known as Spanish (International sort)=====', 316 => '{{See also|Languages of Spain}}', 317 => '[[File:KB Spanish.svg|thumb|420px|[[Languages of Spain|Spanish]] keyboard layout]]', 318 => 'The Spanish keyboard layout is used to write in [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and in other languages of Spain such as [[Aragonese language|Aragonese]], [[Asturian language|Asturian]], [[Catalan language|Catalan]], [[Occitan language|Occitan]], [[Galician language|Galician]] and [[Basque language|Basque]]. It includes [[Ñ]] for Spanish, Asturian and Galician, the [[acute accent]], the [[diaeresis (diacritic)|diaeresis]], the [[Inverted question and exclamation marks|left question and exclamation marks]] (¿, ¡) and, finally, some characters required only for typing Catalan and Occitan that are [[Ç]], the [[grave accent]] and the [[interpunct]] (''{{lang|ca|punt volat}}'' / ''{{lang|es|punt interior}}'', used in ''l·l, n·h, s·h''; located at Shift-3). It can also be used to write other international characters, such as the [[circumflex accent]] (used in French and Portuguese among others) and the [[tilde]] (used in both Spanish and Portuguese), which are available as [[dead keys]]. However, it lacks two characters used in Asturian: [[Asturian language|Ḥ]] and [[Ḷ]] (historically, general support for these two has been poor – they aren't present in the [[ISO 8859-1]] character encoding standard, or any other [[ISO/IEC 8859]] standard); several alternative distributions, based on this one or created from scratch, have been created to address this issue (see the [[Keyboard layout#Other original layouts and layout design software|Other original layouts and layout design software]] section for more information).', 319 => false, 320 => 'On most keyboards, € is marked as Alt Gr + E and not Alt Gr + 5 as shown in the image. However, in some keyboards, € is found marked twice. An alternative version exists, supporting all of [[ISO 8859-1]].<ref name="Microsoft Keyboard Layouts">{{cite web|title=Microsoft Keyboard Layouts|url=https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/globalization/mt644793.aspx|publisher=Microsoft|accessdate=26 May 2017}}</ref>', 321 => false, 322 => 'Spanish keyboards are usually labelled in Spanish instead of English, its abbreviations being:', 323 => '{| class="wikitable"', 324 => '|-', 325 => '! Spanish label || English equivalent', 326 => '|-', 327 => '| Insertar (Ins) || Insert (Ins)', 328 => '|-', 329 => '| Suprimir (Supr) || Delete (Del)', 330 => '|-', 331 => '| Retroceder página (Re Pág) || Page up (PgUp)', 332 => '|-', 333 => '| Avanzar página (Av Pág) || Page down (PgDn)', 334 => '|-', 335 => '| Inicio || Home', 336 => '|-', 337 => '| Fin || End', 338 => '|-', 339 => '| Imprimir pantalla / Petición de sistema (Impr Pant/PetSis) || Print Screen / System request (PrtScn/SysRq)', 340 => '|-', 341 => '| Bloqueo de mayúsculas (Bloq Mayús) || Caps Lock', 342 => '|-', 343 => '| Bloqueo numérico (Bloq Num) || Num Lock', 344 => '|-', 345 => '| Bloqueo de desplazamiento (Bloq Despl) || Scroll Lock', 346 => '|-', 347 => '| Pausa / Interrumpir (Pausa/Inter) || Pause/Break', 348 => '|-', 349 => '| Intro || Enter', 350 => '|}', 351 => false, 352 => 'The c-cedilla key (Ç), instead of on the right of the acute accent key (´), is located alternatively on some keyboards one or two lines above. In some cases it's placed on the right of the plus sign key (+).<ref>{{Citation | url = http://mylingos.com/keyboards/spanishspain.html | title = Spanish Keyboard layout and special alt characters Spain (Spanish) version | publisher = MyLingos}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | place = FI | url = http://www.trantor.fi/AC_Spanish_Traditional_keyboard_overlay_sticker.htm | title = Spanish (Traditional Sort) Keyboard Overlays | publisher = Trantor}}</ref> In other keyboards it's situated on the right of the inverted exclamation mark key (¡).<ref>{{citation | format = [[Portable Network Graphics|PNG]] | url = http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flyff_Distrib_esp.png | contribution = Flyff Distrib esp | publisher = Wikimedia | title = Commons}}</ref><ref>{{citation | url = http://www.translationsoftware4u.com/keyboard-layout.php | title = Foreign language Keyboard layout: type foreign languages, spanish keyboard layout, French, German, Italian | publisher = Translation Software}}</ref>', 353 => false, 354 => '{{Clear}}', 355 => false, 356 => '{{Anchor|Spanish (Latin America)}}', 357 => false, 358 => '=====Hispanic America=====', 359 => '[[File:KB Latin American.svg|thumb|420px|[[Spanish language|Latin American Spanish]] keyboard layout]]', 360 => false, 361 => 'The Hispanic American [[Spanish language|Spanish]] keyboard layout is used throughout [[Mexico]], [[Central America|Central]] and [[South America]]. Before its design, Hispanic American vendors had been selling the Spanish (Spain) layout as default.', 362 => false, 363 => 'Its most obvious difference from the Spanish (Spain) layout is the lack of a [[Ç]] key; on Microsoft Windows it lacks a [[tilde|tilde (~)]] [[dead key]], whereas on Linux systems the dead tilde can be optionally enabled. This is not a problem when typing in Spanish, but it is rather problematic when typing in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], which can be an issue in countries with large commercial ties to [[Brazil]] ([[Argentina]], [[Uruguay]] and [[Paraguay]]).', 364 => false, 365 => 'Normally "Bloq Mayús" is used instead of "Caps Lock", and "Intro" instead of "Enter".', 366 => false, 367 => '{{Clear}}', 368 => false, 369 => '{{Anchor|Finnish–Swedish}}', 370 => false, 371 => '====Swedish====', 372 => '[[File:KB Sweden.svg|thumb|420px|[[Swedish language|Swedish]] Windows keyboard layout]]', 373 => false, 374 => 'The central characteristics of the [[Swedish language|Swedish]] keyboard are the three additional letters [[Å|Å/å]], [[Ä|Ä/ä]], and [[Ö|Ö/ö]]. The same visual layout is also in use in [[Finland]], as the letters Ä/ä and Ö/ö are shared with the [[Swedish language]], and even Å/å is needed by [[Swedish-speaking Finns]]. However, the [[#Finnish multilingual keyboard|Finnish multilingual keyboard]] adds new letters and punctuation to the functional layout.', 375 => false, 376 => 'The [[#Norwegian|Norwegian keyboard]] largely resembles the Swedish layout, but the {{Key press|Ö}} and {{Key press|Ä}} are replaced with {{Key press|[[Ø]]}} and {{Key press|[[Æ]]}}. The [[#Danish|Danish keyboard]] is also similar, but it has the {{Key press|[[Ø]]}} and {{Key press|[[Æ]]}} swapped. On some systems, the Swedish or Finnish keyboard may allow typing Ø/ø and Æ/æ by holding the {{Key press|[[AltGr key|AltGr]]}} or {{Key press|[[Option key|Option]]}} key while striking {{Key press|Ö}} and {{Key press|Ä}}, respectively.', 377 => false, 378 => 'The ''Swedish with [[Sámi language|Sámi]]'' keyboard allows typing not only Ø/ø and Æ/æ, but even the letters required to write various Sámi (also known as Lapp) languages. This keyboard has the same function for all the keys engraved on the regular Swedish keyboard, and the additional letters are available through the {{Key press|AltGr}} key.', 379 => false, 380 => 'On [[Macintosh]] computers, the ''Swedish'' and ''Swedish Pro'' keyboards differ somewhat from the image shown above, especially as regards the characters available using the {{Key press|[[Shift key|Shift]]}} or {{Key press|[[Option key|Option]]}} keys. {{Key press|Shift|§}} (on the upper row) produces the ''°'' sign, and {{Key press|Shift|4}} produces the ''€'' sign. The digit keys produce ''©@£$∞§|[]≈'' with {{Key press|Option}} and ''¡"¥¢‰¶\{}≠'' with {{Key press|Option|Shift}}.', 381 => false, 382 => 'On [[Linux]] systems, the Swedish keyboard may also give access to additional characters as follows:', 383 => '* first row: {{Key press|AltGr}} ''¶¡@£$€¥{[]}\±'' and {{Key press|AltGr|Shift}} ''¾¹²³¼¢⅝÷«»°¿¬''', 384 => '* second row: {{Key press|AltGr}} ''@ł€®þ←↓→œþ"~'' and {{Key press|AltGr|Shift}} ''ΩŁ¢®Þ¥↑ıŒÞ°ˇ''', 385 => '* third row: {{Key press|AltGr}} ''ªßðđŋħjĸłøæ´'' and {{Key press|AltGr|Shift}} ''º§ÐªŊĦJ&ŁØÆ×''', 386 => '* fourth row: {{Key press|AltGr}} ''|«»©""nµ¸·̣ '' and {{Key press|AltGr|Shift}} ''¦<>©‘’Nº˛˙˙''', 387 => 'Several of these characters function as [[dead key]]s.', 388 => false, 389 => '{{Clear}}', 390 => false, 391 => '{{Anchor|Turkish QWERTY}}', 392 => false, 393 => '====Turkish (Q-keyboard)====', 394 => '[[File:KB Turkey.svg|thumb|420px|[[Turkish language|Turkish]] Q-keyboard layout]]', 395 => false, 396 => 'Today the majority of Turkish keyboards are based on QWERTY (the so-called Q-keyboard layout), although there is also the older [[Keyboard layout#Turkish F-keyboard|F-keyboard]] layout specifically designed for the language.', 397 => '{{Clear}}', 398 => false, 399 => '====United Kingdom====', 400 => '[[File:KB United Kingdom.svg|thumb|420px|[[United Kingdom]] and [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] (except Mac) keyboard layout]]', 401 => '[[File:UKUbuntu.png|thumb|420px|United Kingdom Keyboard layout for Linux]]', 402 => 'The [[United Kingdom]] and [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]<ref group="nb">There is a separate Gaelic keyboard layout, but this is rarely used. In all common operating systems that have a different selection for Irish, this refers to the layout that is identical with the UK layout, not the Irish Gaelic layout; the latter tends to be called Gaelic or similar and supports [[Scottish Gaelic]] as well. The other [[Insular Celtic languages]] have their own layout.</ref> use a keyboard layout based on the 48-key version defined in (the now withdrawn) [[British Standard]] BS 4822.<ref>{{citation | format = [[British Standard]] | title = BS 4822: Keyboard allocation of graphic characters for data processing | publisher = [[British Standards Institution]] | year = 1994 | quote = [t]his standard has been declared obsolescent as it is no longer felt to be relevant}}</ref> It is very similar to that of the United States, but has an extra key and a larger Enter key, includes £ and € signs and some rarely used [[Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code|EBCDIC]] symbols (¬, ¦), and uses different positions for the characters @, ", #, ~, \, and |. See the article [[British and American keyboards]] for details.', 403 => false, 404 => 'The BS 4822:1994 standard did not make any use of the AltGr key and lacked support for any non-ASCII characters other than ¬ and £. It also assigned a key for the non-ASCII character broken bar (¦), but lacks one for the far more commonly used ASCII character vertical bar (|). It also lacked support for various diacritics used in the [[Welsh alphabet]], and the [[Scottish Gaelic alphabet]]; and also is missing the letter [[yogh]], ȝ, used very rarely in the [[Scots language]]. Therefore, various manufacturers have modified or extended the BS 4822 standard:', 405 => '* The B00 key (left of Z) shifted results in vertical bar (|) on some systems (e.g. [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] UK/Ireland keyboard layout and [[Linux]]/[[X11]] UK/Ireland keyboard layout), rather than the broken bar (¦) assigned by BS 4822 and provided in some systems (e.g. [[IBM]] [[OS/2]] UK166 keyboard layout)', 406 => '* The E00 key (left of 1) with AltGr provides either vertical bar (|) ([[OS/2]]'s UK166 keyboard layout, [[Linux]]/[[X11]] UK keyboard layout) or broken bar (¦) ([[Microsoft Windows]] UK/Ireland keyboard layout)', 407 => false, 408 => 'In many [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] countries and other English-speaking jurisdictions (e.g., [[Canada]], [[Australia]], the [[Caribbean]] nations, [[Hong Kong]], [[Malaysia]], [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Singapore]], [[New Zealand]], and [[South Africa]]), local spelling conforms more closely to [[British English]] usage, while the supplied keyboard is or based on the English (US) keyboard. In [[Windows 8]] and later versions, the backslash (\) key (left of Z or space) is duplicated onto the hash (#) key (left of Enter), press which with Alt Gr key to type backslash (\), with Alt Gr and Shift keys to type vertical bar (|). This aids users who are familiar with UK keyboard layout while the keyboard lacks this key (e.g. US Standard keyboard and Japan JIS keyboard).', 409 => false, 410 => '=====UK Apple keyboard=====', 411 => '[[File:KB United Kingdom Mac - Apple Keyboard (MC184B).svg|thumb|420px|United Kingdom version of Apple keyboard]]', 412 => 'The British version of the [[Apple Keyboard]] does not use the standard UK layout. Instead, some older versions have the US layout (see below) with a few differences: the {{keypress|[[£]]}} sign is reached by {{keypress|shift|3}} and the {{keypress|[[#]]}} sign by {{keypress|option|3}}, the opposite to the US layout. The {{keypress|[[€]]}} is also present and is typed with {{keypress|option|2}}. Umlauts are reached by typing {{keypress|option|U}} and then the vowel, and ß is reached by typing {{keypress|option|S}}.', 413 => false, 414 => 'Newer Apple "British" keyboards use a layout that is relatively unlike either the US or traditional UK keyboard. It uses an elongated return key, a shortened left {{keypress|shift}} with {{keypress|[[`]]}} and {{keypress|[[~]]}} in the newly created position, and in the upper left of the keyboard are {{keypress|[[§]]}} and {{keypress|[[±]]}} instead of the traditional EBCDIC codes. The middle-row key that fits inside the {{keypress|return}} key has {{keypress|[[\]]}} and {{keypress|[[Pipe symbol|Pipe symbol]]}}.', 415 => false, 416 => '=====United Kingdom (Extended) Layout=====', 417 => '<!--ref: install this keyboard on a Windows machine to document these keystrokes-->', 418 => '[[File:KB United Kingdom Ext.png|thumb|420px|[[United Kingdom]] Extended Keyboard Layout for Windows]]', 419 => '[[File:UKExtUbuntu.png|thumb|420px|United Kingdom Extended Keyboard Layout for Linux]]', 420 => '[[File:UKIntlUbuntu.png|thumb|420px|United Kingdom International Keyboard Layout for Linux]]', 421 => false, 422 => 'From [[Microsoft Windows XP|Windows XP SP2]] onwards, Microsoft has included a variant of the British QWERTY keyboard (the "United Kingdom Extended" keyboard layout) that can additionally generate several [[diacritic|diacritical marks]]. This supports input on a standard physical UK keyboard for many languages without changing positions of frequently used keys, which is useful when working with text in [[Welsh language|Welsh]] and [[Scottish Gaelic]] — languages native to parts of the UK ([[Wales]] and [[Gàidhealtachd|parts of Scotland]] respectively).', 423 => false, 424 => 'Although the rarely used grave accent key becomes, as it also does in the US International layout, a dead key modifying the character generated by the next key pressed, the apostrophe, double-quote, tilde and caret keys are not changed. Instead, the additional characters are obtained using the {{Key press|AltGr}} key. The extended keyboard is software installed from the Windows [[Control Panel (Windows)|control panel]], and the extended characters are not normally engraved on keyboards.', 425 => false, 426 => 'Apple's [[Mac OS X]] does not include UK Extended, as it has key combinations for accents on any keyboard layout.', 427 => false, 428 => 'The UK International keyboard uses mostly the AltGr key to add diacritics to the letters a, e, i, n, o, u, w and y (the last two being used in Welsh) as appropriate for each character, as well as to their capitals. Pressing the key and then a character that does not take the specific diacritic produces the behaviour of a standard keyboard. The key presses followed by spacebar generate a stand-alone mark.:', 429 => false, 430 => '* [[grave accent]]s (e.g. à, è, etc.) are generated by pressing the grave accent/backtick key {{key press|`}}, which is now a [[dead key]], then the letter.', 431 => '* [[acute accent]]s (e.g. á) are generated by pressing the {{key press|[[AltGr key|AltGr]]}} key together with the letter, or {{key press|AltGr|[[apostrophe|']]}} (acting as a dead key combination) followed by the letter. Some programs use the combination of {{Key press|AltGr}} and a letter for other functions, in which case the {{Key press|AltGr|'}} method must be used to generate acute accents.', 432 => '* a [[circumflex]] (e.g. â, ê, etc.) is added by {{key press|AltGr|6}}, acting as a dead key combination, followed by the letter.', 433 => '* [[diaeresis (diacritic)|diaeresis or umlaut]] (e.g. ä, ë, ö, etc.) is generated by a dead key combination {{key press|AltGr|2}}, then the letter.', 434 => '* [[tilde]] (e.g. ã, ñ, õ, etc., as used in Spanish and Portuguese) is generated by dead key combination {{key press|AltGr|#}}, then the letter.', 435 => '* [[cedilla]] (e.g. ç) under c is generated by {{Key press|AltGr|C}}, and the capital letter (Ç) is produced by {{Key press|AltGr|Shift|C}}', 436 => false, 437 => 'The {{key press|AltGr}} and letter method used for acutes and cedillas does not work for applications which assign shortcut menu functions to these key combinations. For acute accents the {{key press|AltGr}} and apostrophe method should be used.', 438 => false, 439 => 'These combinations are intended to be [[mnemonic]] and designed to be easy to remember: the circumflex accent (e.g. â) is similar to a caret (<code>^</code>), printed above the {{key press|6}} key; the diaeresis/umlaut (e.g. ö) is visually similar to the double-quote (<code>"</code>) above {{key press|2}} on the UK keyboard; the tilde (<code>~</code>) is printed on the same key as the {{key press|#}}.', 440 => false, 441 => 'The UK ''extended'' layout is almost entirely transparent to users familiar with the UK layout. A machine with the extended layout behaves exactly as with the standard UK, except for the rarely used grave accent key. This makes this layout suitable for a machine for shared or public use by a user population in which some use the extended functions.', 442 => false, 443 => 'Despite being created for multilingual users, UK-Extended does have some gaps — there are many languages that it cannot cope with, including Romanian and Turkish, and all languages with different [[character encoding|character sets]], such as Greek and Russian. It also does not cater for the ß in German, nor for the å, æ, ø, ð, þ in Nordic languages.', 444 => false, 445 => '===={{anchor|US-American}}United States====', 446 => '[[File:KB United States-NoAltGr.svg|thumb|420px|[[United States]] keyboard layout]]', 447 => 'The arrangement of the character input keys and the [[Shift key]]s contained in this layout is specified in the [[United States|U.S. American]] national standard [[ANSI]]-[[INCITS]] 154-1988 (R1999) (formerly ANSI X3.154-1988 (R1999)),<ref>[http://webstore.ansi.org/RecordDetail.aspx?sku=ANSI+INCITS+154-1988+%28R1999%29 ANSI INCITS 154-1988 (R1999) Office Machines and Supplies - Alphanumeric Machines - Keyboard Arrangement (formerly ANSI X3.154-1988 (R1999))] (retrieved 2012-07-04)</ref> where this layout is called "[[ASCII]] keyboard". The complete US keyboard layout, as it is usually found, also contains the usual function keys in accordance with the international standard [[ISO/IEC 9995]]-2, although this is not explicitly required by the US American national standard.', 448 => false, 449 => 'US keyboards are used not only in the United States, but also in many other English-speaking places, including India, Australia, English Canada, Hong Kong, New Zealand, South Africa, Malaysia, Singapore and Philippines. However, the United Kingdom and Ireland use a slightly different layout.', 450 => false, 451 => 'The US keyboard layout has a second [[Alt key]] instead of the [[AltGr]] key and does not use any [[dead key]]s; this makes it inefficient for all but a handful of languages. On the other hand, the US keyboard layout (or the similar UK layout) is occasionally used by [[programming language|programmers]] in countries where the keys for []{} are located in less convenient positions on the locally customary layout.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cliki.net/Editing%20Lisp%20Code%20with%20Emacs | publisher =CLiki | title = Editing Lisp Code with Emacs | accessdate=2008-01-04}}</ref>', 452 => false, 453 => 'On some keyboards the [[enter key]] is bigger than traditionally and takes up also a part of the line above, more or less the area of the traditional location of the [[backslash]] key (\). In these cases the backslash is located in alternative places.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.sharpened.net/helpcenter/answers/location_of_backslash_key | title = Where is the backslash key located on my keyboard? | publisher = Sharpened.net}}</ref> It can be situated one line above the default location, on the right of the [[equals sign]] key (=).<ref>{{Citation | url = http://oneapiprod.synnex.com/image_technote/I95194895.jpg | format = [[JPEG]] | contribution = Keyboard for programmers | title = Stackoverflow }}</ref><ref>{{Citation | url = http://doc.opensuse.org/products/SLES/SLES-admin/images/keyboard_us.png | format = JPEG | contribution = US keyboard | title = SLES | publisher = OpenSUSE}}</ref> Sometimes it's placed one line below its traditional situation, on the right of the [[apostrophe]] key (') (in these cases the enter key is narrower than usual on the line of its default location).<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.lrc.salemstate.edu/aske/accents.htm | title = Typing accented letters and other special characters on a PC (or Mac) | publisher = Department of Foreign Languages, Salem State University | first = Jon | last = Aske}}</ref> It may also be two lines below its default situation on the right of a narrower than traditionally right [[shift key]].<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.in4mation.de/services/uskeyboard.html | publisher = in4mation | trans_title = US keyboard design | title = US Tastaturbelegung: amerikanische Tastatur | language = German | place = DE}}</ref>{{Clear}} A variant of this layout is used in Arabic-speaking countries.', 454 => ' This variant has the | \ key to the left of Z, ~ ` key where the | \ key is in the usual layout, and the > < key where the ~ ` key is in the usual layout.<ref name="Microsoft Keyboard Layouts"/>', 455 => false, 456 => '=====US-International=====', 457 => '[[File:KB US-International.svg|thumb|420px|US-International keyboard layout (Windows)]]', 458 => false, 459 => 'An alternative layout uses the physical US keyboard to type diacritics in some operating systems (including Windows). This is the US-International layout, which uses the right {{Key press|Alt}} key as an {{Key press|AltGr}} key to support many additional characters directly as an additional shift key. (Since many smaller keyboards don't have a right {{Key press|Alt}} key, Windows also allows {{Key press|Ctrl}}+{{Key press|Alt}} to be used as a substitute for {{Key press|AltGr}}.) This layout also uses keys {{Key press|'}}, {{Key press|`}}, {{Key press|"}}, {{Key press|^}} and {{Key press|~}} as [[dead key]]s to generate characters with diacritics by pressing the appropriate key, then the letter on the keyboard. The international keyboard is a software setting installed from the Windows control panel<ref>[http://support.microsoft.com/kb/306560 How to use the United States-International keyboard layout in Windows 7, in Windows Vista, and in Windows XP], Microsoft, 17 August 2009</ref> or similar; the additional functions (shown in blue) may or may not be engraved on the keyboard, but are always functional. It can be used to type most major languages from Western Europe: [[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]], [[Danish language|Danish]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[English language|English]], [[Faroese language|Faroese]], [[Finnish language|Finnish]], [[French language|French]], [[German language|German]], [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]], [[Irish language|Irish]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Scottish Gaelic]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], and [[Swedish language|Swedish]]. Some less common western European languages, such as [[Maltese language|Maltese]] and [[Welsh language|Welsh]], are not fully supported by the US-International keyboard layout.', 460 => false, 461 => 'A diacritic key is activated by pressing and releasing it, then pressing the letter that requires a diacritic. After the two strokes, the single character with diacritics is generated. Note that only certain letters, such as vowels and "n", can have diacritics in this way. To generate the symbols ', `, ", ^ and ~, when the following character is capable of having a diacritic, press the {{Key press|Spacebar}} after the key.', 462 => false, 463 => 'Characters with diacritics can be typed with the following combinations:', 464 => '* {{Key press|'}} + vowel → vowel with acute accent, e.g., {{Key press|'|e}} → é', 465 => '* {{Key press|`}} + vowel → vowel with grave accent, e.g., {{Key press|`|e}} → è', 466 => '* {{Key press|"}} + vowel → vowel with diaeresis (or umlaut), e.g., {{Key press|"|e}} → ë', 467 => '* {{Key press|^}} + vowel → vowel with circumflex accent, e.g., {{Key press|^|e}} → ê', 468 => '* {{Key press|~}} + {{Key press|a}}, {{Key press|n}} or {{Key press|o}} → letter with tilde, e.g. {{Key press|~|n}} → ñ, {{Key press|~|o}} → õ', 469 => '* {{Key press|'}} + {{Key press|c}} → ç (Windows) or ć (X11)', 470 => false, 471 => 'The US-International layout is not entirely transparent to users familiar with the US layout; when using a machine with the international layout the commonly used single- and double-quote keys and the less commonly used grave accent, tilde, and caret keys behave unexpectedly. This could be disconcerting on a machine for shared or public use.', 472 => false, 473 => 'There are also alternative US-International formats, whereby modifier keys such as shift and alt are used, and the keys for the characters with diacritics are in different places from their unmodified counterparts, for example, using the AltGr modifier key to activate dead keys, so that the ASCII quotation marks or circumflex symbol are not affected and can be typed normally with a single keystroke.', 474 => false, 475 => '=====US-International in the Netherlands=====', 476 => 'The standard keyboard layout in the [[Netherlands]] is US-International, as it provides easy access to diacritics on common UK- or US-like keyboards. The [[#Dutch (Netherlands)|Dutch layout]] is historical, and keyboards with this layout are rarely used. Many US keyboards sold do not have the extra US-International characters or {{Key press|AltGr}} engraved on the keys, although € ({{Key press|AltGr|5}}) always is; nevertheless, the keys work as expected even if not marked. Many computer-literate Dutch people have retained the old habit of using {{Key press|Alt}} + [[Alt codes|number codes]] to type accented characters; others routinely type without diacritics, then use a spelling checker to produce the correct forms.{{Citation needed|date=January 2013}}', 477 => false, 478 => '{{Clear}}', 479 => false, 480 => '===== Apple International English Keyboard =====', 481 => '[[File:KB Intl English Mac - Apple Keyboard (MC184Z).svg|thumb|420px|International English version of Apple keyboard]]', 482 => false, 483 => 'There are three kinds of [[Apple Keyboard]]s for English: the [[#United States|United States]], the [[#United Kingdom|United Kingdom]] and International English. The International English version is almost identical to the United States version, but some features are identical to the United Kingdom version:', 484 => false, 485 => '# The {{su|b={{key press|[[`]]}}|p={{key press|[[~]]}}}} key is located on the left of the {{key press|Z}} key, and the {{su|b={{key press|[[\]]}}|p={{key press|}}}} key is located on the right of the {{su|b={{key press|'}}|p={{key press|[["]]}}}} key.', 486 => '# The {{su|b={{key press|§}}|p={{key press|±}}}} key is added on the left of the {{su|b={{key press|1}}|p={{key press|[[!]]}}}} key.', 487 => '# The left {{keypress|Shift}} key is shortened and the {{keypress|Return}} key has the shape of inverted L.', 488 => false, 489 => '{{Clear}}', 490 => false, 491 => '====Vietnamese====', 492 => '{{main article|Vietnamese language and computers}}', 493 => '[[File:KB Vietnamese.svg|thumb|420px|Vietnamese keyboard layout]]', 494 => 'The [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] keyboard layout is an extended Latin QWERTY layout. The letters Ă, Â, Ê, and Ô are found on what would be the number keys {{key press|1}}–{{key press|4}} on the US English keyboard, with {{key press|5}}–{{key press|9}} producing the tonal marks ([[grave accent]], [[hook above|hook]], [[tilde]], [[acute accent]] and [[dot (diacritic)#Underdot|dot below]], in that order), {{key press|0}} producing Đ, {{key press|{{=}}}} producing the [[Vietnamese đồng|đồng]] sign (₫) when not shifted, and brackets ({{key press|[}}{{key press|]}}) producing Ư and Ơ.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://just.nicepeople.free.fr/kbd/|title=KEYBOARDS VIETNAM + USA + UK + CANADA + FRANCE + GERMANY|work=free.fr}}</ref>', 495 => false, 496 => '{{Clear}}', 497 => false, 498 => '====EurKEY====', 499 => 'EurKEY<ref>[https://eurkey.steffen.bruentjen.eu EurKEY] ''EurKEY Website''. Retrieved 2017-06-05.</ref> is a free and open source US-based layout which provides easy access to many diacritics of European languages as well as to common math symbols and Greek letters. It is available for Windows, OS X, Linux (shipped with xkeyboard-config).', 500 => ' ', 501 => '{{Clear}}', 502 => false, 503 => '==Alternatives to QWERTY==', 504 => '{{See also|Latin-script non-QWERTY keyboards}}', 505 => false, 506 => 'Several alternatives to QWERTY have been developed over the years, claimed by their designers and users to be more efficient, intuitive, and ergonomic. Nevertheless, none have seen widespread adoption, partly due to the sheer dominance of available keyboards and training.<ref>Gould, Stephen Jay (1987) [https://books.google.com/books?id=pzj90slTTEIC&pg=PA59 "The Panda's Thumb of Technology."] ''[[Natural History (magazine)|Natural History]]'' 96 (1): 14-23; Reprinted in ''[[Bully for Brontosaurus]]''. New York: W.W. Norton. 1992, pp. 59-75.</ref> Although some studies have suggested that some of these may allow for faster typing speeds,<ref>Paul David, "Understanding the economics of QWERTY: the necessity of history", ''[[Economic]] history and the modern economist'', 1986</ref> many other studies have failed to do so, and many of the studies claiming improved typing speeds were severely methodologically flawed or deliberately biased, such as the studies administered by Dvorak himself before and after [[World War II]].{{citation needed|date=December 2014}} Economists Stan Liebowitz and Stephen Margolis have noted that rigorous studies are inconclusive as to whether they actually offer any real benefits,<ref name="fable" >{{citation |journal=Journal of Law and Economics |last1=Liebowitz |first1=Stan |last2=Margolis |first2=Stephen E. |title=The Fable of the Keys |year=1990 |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |doi=10.1086/467198 |citeseerx=10.1.1.167.110 }}</ref> and some studies on keyboard layout have suggested that, for a skilled typist, layout is largely irrelevant – even randomized and alphabetical keyboards allow for similar typing speeds to QWERTY and Dvorak keyboards, and that [[switching costs]] always outweigh the benefits of further training on whichever keyboard you already use.', 507 => false, 508 => 'The most widely used such alternative is the [[Dvorak Simplified Keyboard]]; another alternative is [[Colemak]], which is based partly on QWERTY and is claimed to be easier for an existing QWERTY typist to learn while offering several supposed optimisations.<ref name="colemak-carpalx">{{cite web', 509 => ' |url=http://mkweb.bcgsc.ca/carpalx/?colemak', 510 => ' |title=Colemak – Popular Alternative', 511 => ' |author=Krzywinski, Martin', 512 => ' |date=', 513 => ' |work=Carpalx – keyboard layout optimizer', 514 => ' |publisher=Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre', 515 => ' |accessdate=2010-02-04}}</ref> Most modern computer operating systems support these and other alternative mappings with appropriate special mode settings, with some modern operating systems allowing the user to map their keyboard in any way they like, but few keyboards are manufactured with keys labeled according to any other standard.', 516 => false, 517 => '== Comparison to other keyboard input systems ==', 518 => '{{refimprove section|date=December 2014}}', 519 => 'Some people have compared Dvorak and QWERTY to other keyboard input systems, namely [[stenotype]] and its implementations (e.g., [[opensource]] [[Keyboard layout#Plover|PLOVER]] [http://plover.stenoknight.com/]). These systems provide some advantage (including a 700% increase in efficiency over QWERTY<ref>{{cite web|url=http://plover.stenoknight.com/2010/05/ergonomic-argument.html|title=Plover, the Open Source Steno Program|author=Mirabai Knight|work=stenoknight.com}}</ref>) but they are fundamentally different from ordinary typing. Words are input by pressing on several keys and releasing simultaneously but don't require the keys to be pressed down in any order. Neither is the spacebar used. There is a learning hurdle in that hunt and peck does not work. However, it is easy to write at 180–300 wpm.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}} It is worth noting that PLOVER stenotype theory{{clarify|date=December 2014}} required a stenotype machine prior to 2010; due to the inherent difficulties of chording QWERTY was invented to allow machines to be made that didn't jam up; stenotype was invented for maximum speed and accuracy.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}}', 520 => false, 521 => 'The first typed shorthand machines appeared around 1880, roughly current with QWERTY, but the first stenotype machines appeared in 1913.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}} Also, these machines' output needed to be interpreted by a trained professional, comparable to reading [[Gregg shorthand]], which was very much in vogue at the time and taught publicly until the 1980s.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}} Gregg shorthand also didn't require much more than training and a [[pen]], however machines gradually gained traction in the courtroom. Modern PLOVER immediately provides translated output, making it very much like other keyboard setups that immediately produce legible work.', 522 => false, 523 => '==Half QWERTY==', 524 => '[[File:Nokia E55 01.jpg|thumb|right|The Nokia E55 uses a half QWERTY keyboard layout.]]', 525 => 'A half QWERTY keyboard is a combination of an alpha-numeric keypad and a QWERTY keypad, designed for [[mobile phones]].<ref name="gsmarena.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.gsmarena.com/glossary.php3?term=half-qwerty-keyboard |title=Half-QWERTY keyboard layout – Mobile terms glossary |publisher=GSMArena.com |date= |accessdate=2011-01-31}}</ref> In a half QWERTY keyboard, two characters share the same key, which reduces the number of keys and increases the [[surface area]] of each key, useful for mobile phones that have little space for keys.<ref name="gsmarena.com"/> It means that 'Q' and 'W' share the same key and the user must press the key once to type 'Q' and twice to type 'W'.', 526 => false, 527 => '==See also==', 528 => '{{Portal|Computer Science}}', 529 => '* [[AZERTY]]', 530 => '* [[QWERTZ]]', 531 => '* [[HCESAR]]', 532 => '* [[ЙЦУКЕН]]', 533 => '* [[Dvorak Simplified Keyboard]]', 534 => '* [[Colemak Keyboard]]', 535 => '* [[Maltron keyboard]]', 536 => '* [[Path dependence]]', 537 => '* [[Repetitive strain injury]]', 538 => '* [[Text entry interface]]', 539 => '* [[Thumb keyboard]]', 540 => '* [[Touch typing]]', 541 => '* [[Velotype]]', 542 => '* [[Virtual keyboard]]', 543 => '* [[Arrow keys#Alternative cursor movement keys|WASD]]', 544 => '* [[Keyboard monument]]', 545 => '* [[KALQ keyboard]] split-screen touchscreen thumb-typing Android-only 2013 beta', 546 => false, 547 => '==References==', 548 => ''''Citations'''', 549 => '{{Reflist|30em}}', 550 => false, 551 => ''''Informational notes'''', 552 => '{{Reflist|group=nb}}', 553 => false, 554 => '==External links==', 555 => '{{Commons category|QWERTY keyboard layouts}}', 556 => '{{Wiktionary|qwerty}}', 557 => false, 558 => '*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060113120201/http://www.eh.net/encyclopedia/article/puffert.path.dependence Article on QWERTY and Path Dependence from EH.NET's Encyclopedia]', 559 => '*[http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventions/qwerty.htm QWERTY Keyboard History]', 560 => '*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110708055946/http://www.bakwaash.com/2011/07/05/mobile-phone-termonologies/ QWERTY Keyboard in Mobiles]', 561 => '*[http://merelinc.com/art-and-design/qwerty-android-phones-amazing-buttons/ Android phones with QWERTY keyboards]', 562 => '*[https://www.atulhost.com/keyboards-qwerty-format Real History of QWERTY Layout and Why AZERTY Failed]', 563 => '*[https://www.typewizz.com/ Typewizz - English touch typing tutor]', 564 => false, 565 => '{{Latin script}}', 566 => '{{Keyboard layouts}}', 567 => false, 568 => '{{DEFAULTSORT:Qwerty}}', 569 => '<!-- [[Category:Typewriters]] removed, as article is already in sub-cat "Keyboard layouts" -->', 570 => '[[Category:1873 introductions]]', 571 => '[[Category:American inventions]]', 572 => '[[Category:Computer keyboard types]]', 573 => '[[Category:Latin-script keyboard layouts]]' ]