Examine individual changes
Appearance
This page allows you to examine the variables generated by the Edit Filter for an individual change.
Variables generated for this change
Variable | Value |
---|---|
Whether or not the edit is marked as minor (no longer in use) (minor_edit ) | false |
Edit count of the user (user_editcount ) | null |
Name of the user account (user_name ) | '2601:400:C200:FDBA:917A:B2A1:BCFC:E654' |
Age of the user account (user_age ) | 0 |
Groups (including implicit) the user is in (user_groups ) | [
0 => '*'
] |
Rights that the user has (user_rights ) | [
0 => 'createaccount',
1 => 'read',
2 => 'edit',
3 => 'createtalk',
4 => 'writeapi',
5 => 'editmyusercss',
6 => 'editmyuserjs',
7 => 'viewmywatchlist',
8 => 'editmywatchlist',
9 => 'viewmyprivateinfo',
10 => 'editmyprivateinfo',
11 => 'editmyoptions',
12 => 'abusefilter-view',
13 => 'abusefilter-log',
14 => 'abusefilter-log-detail',
15 => 'centralauth-merge',
16 => 'vipsscaler-test',
17 => 'ep-bereviewer'
] |
Global groups that the user is in (global_user_groups ) | [] |
Whether or not a user is editing through the mobile interface (user_mobile ) | true |
Page ID (page_id ) | 2282309 |
Page namespace (page_namespace ) | 0 |
Page title without namespace (page_title ) | 'C. C. Little' |
Full page title (page_prefixedtitle ) | 'C. C. Little' |
Last ten users to contribute to the page (page_recent_contributors ) | [
0 => '35.2.137.0',
1 => 'Natureium',
2 => 'Zigzig20s',
3 => 'KolbertBot',
4 => '74.95.112.141',
5 => 'KasparBot',
6 => 'Rathfelder',
7 => 'Cydebot',
8 => 'Ecadoux',
9 => 'Sol1'
] |
First user to contribute to the page (page_first_contributor ) | 'User2004' |
Action (action ) | 'edit' |
Edit summary/reason (summary ) | '/* Death and legacy */Removed irrelevant content' |
Old content model (old_content_model ) | 'wikitext' |
New content model (new_content_model ) | 'wikitext' |
Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext ) | '{{refimprove|date=September 2017}}
{{infobox person
|name=C. C. Little
|image=Clarence Cook Little.jpg
|imagesize=165px
|birth_name=Clarence Cook Little
|birth_date=October 6, 1888
|birth_place=[[Brookline, Massachusetts]]
|death_date={{dda|1971|12|22|1888|10|6}}
|death_place=
|occupation=academic administrator, researcher
}}
'''Clarence Cook "C.C." Little''' (October 6, 1888 – December 22, 1971) was an [[United States|American]] [[genetics]], [[cancer]], and [[tobacco]] researcher and [[academic administrator]].
==Early life==
C. C. Little was born in [[Brookline, Massachusetts]] and attended [[Harvard University]] after his secondary education at the [[Noble and Greenough School]]. While studying under [[W. E. Castle]], Little began his work with [[mouse|mice]], focusing on inheritance, transplants, and grafts. He also was an assistant dean and secretary to the president. His most important research occurred at Harvard, including what some call his most brilliant work, "A [[Gregor Mendel|Mendelian]] explanation for the inheritance of a trait that has apparently non-Mendelian characteristics". His observations on transplant rejection became codified into the "five laws of transplant immunology" by [[George Davis Snell|George Snell]]. Little developed the "DBA ([[Dilute, Brown and non-Agouti]])" [[Strain (biology)|strain]] of mice while at Harvard. For his research, he received the 1978 Cancer Research Institute [[William B. Coley Award]].
Little received an A.B. from [[Harvard University]] in 1910, an M.S. in 1912, and D.Sc. in 1914 in zoology, with special focus in the new science of genetics.
During [[World War I]] Little served in the [[U.S. Army Signal Corps]], attaining the rank of Major. Following the war he spent three years at the [[Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory]]. In 1921 he helped found the [[American Birth Control League]] with [[Margaret Sanger]] and [[Lothrop Stoddard]].
==Career==
Little accepted the post of President of the [[University of Maine]] in 1922, becoming at age 33 the youngest university president in the country. While there he started a summer laboratory in [[Bar Harbor, Maine|Bar Harbor]]. In 1925 he left to become the President of the [[University of Michigan]]. His tenure at the university was controversial due to his outspokenness in favor of [[eugenics]], [[birth control]], and [[euthanasia]]. He left Michigan in 1929 in order to devote himself to his research at Bar Harbor. With funding from Detroit car manufacturers he was able to improve the facility for year-round use. He renamed it the "Jackson Laboratory" in honor of one donor, Roscoe B. Jackson of the [[Hudson Motor Car]] Corporation.{{citation needed|date=June 2012}} Also in 1929 he took on a part-time job as managing director of the American Society for the Control of Cancer (later became the [[American Cancer Society]] (ACS)) and served as President to the [[American Eugenics Society]].
Funding for the [[Jackson Laboratory]] was extremely limited during the [[Great Depression]], but it received one of the first grants from the newly formed [[National Cancer Institute]] in 1938. Little energetically developed both the lab and the ACS, and by 1944 they were shipping 9000 mice a week to other laboratories. The laboratory and all of the livestock were destroyed in the Great Bar Harbor Fire in the Fall of 1947. The lab was quickly rebuilt and most mouse strains were recovered from other labs around the world. By 1950 the lab was maintaining 60 inbred strains, and had developed the F<sub>1</sub> hybrid that became widely used for chemical testing. Little resigned in 1954.
His last major post, from 1954 to 1969, was as the Scientific Director of the Scientific Advisory Board of the [[Tobacco Industry Research Committee]] (renamed [[Council for Tobacco Research]] in 1964). In that role he was a leading scientific voice of the [[tobacco industry]] and oversaw a USD 1 million research budget that gave grants to hundreds of scientists. [http://tobaccodocuments.org/bliley_pm/22809.html#images][http://tobaccodocuments.org/tplp/ATMXPRIV0009047-9049.html#images] In 1959 he refuted his earlier assertion, made as Director of the ACS, that inhaling fine particles is unhealthy, and stated that smoking does not cause lung cancer and is at most a minor contributing factor. [http://tobaccodocuments.org/tplp/ATMXPRIV00013038-3041.html#images]. A decade later he said, "there is no demonstrated causal relationship between smoking or any disease."[http://tobaccodocuments.org/nysa_ti_s1/TI55842608.html] In keeping with his earlier research he believed that the main cause of cancer was genetic, not environmental.
==Death and legacy==
Little died of a [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]] in 1971 in [[Ellsworth, Maine]] at the age of 83.
The C. C. Little Library Building at the [[University of Michigan]] was named in his honor. In 2017, five faculty members asked University of Michigan President [[Mark Schlissel]] to change the name because of Little's previous support of eugenics.<ref name="insidehigheredhonorsforracistscientists">{{cite news|last1=Flaherty|first1=Colleen|title=Honors for Racist Scientists|url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2017/09/07/editorial-nature-sets-debate-over-building-names-and-statues-honor-racist-scientists?|accessdate=September 7, 2017|work=Inside Higher Ed|date=September 7, 2017}}</ref>
==See also==
* [[Eugenics in the United States]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/utils/lofref.fcgi?PrId=3051&uid=12196385&db=PubMed&url=http://www.genetics.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12196385 C. C. Little, Cancer and Inbred Mice] by James F. Crow, "[[Genetics (journal)|Genetics]]", Vol. 161, 1357–1361, August 2002.
*[http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1600-6143.2003.00324.x Clarence Cook Little (1888-1971): The Genetic Basis of Transplant Immunology] by Hugh Auchincloss Jr* and Henry J. Winn, "American Journal of Transplantation", Volume 4 Issue 2 Page 155 - February 2004
*[http://tobaccodocuments.org/profiles/little_clarence_cook.html Tobacco Documents Online] Tobacco-related documents that mention Little.
==External links==
*[http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/32/6/1354.full.pdf Obituary, ''Cancer Research'', 32, 1354-1356, June 1972]
*[http://www.michigandaily.com/content/christopher-zbrozek-strange-career-cc-little "The strange career of C.C. Little"] Christopher Zbrozek, ''The Michigan Daily'' September 26, 2006
*[http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/little-clarence-c.pdf National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir]
{{s-start}}
{{s-aca}}
{{s-bef | before=[[Robert Judson Aley]]}}
{{s-ttl | title=President of the [[University of Maine]] | years=1922–1925}}
{{s-aft | after=[[Harold Sherburne Boardman]]}}
{{s-bef | before=[[Alfred Henry Lloyd]]}}
{{s-ttl | title=[[History of the University of Michigan#Presidents of the University of Michigan|President of the University of Michigan]]|
years=1925–1929}}
{{s-aft | after=[[Alexander Grant Ruthven]]}}
{{end}}
{{University of Michigan presidents}}
{{University of Maine presidents}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Little, C. C.}}
[[Category:1888 births]]
[[Category:1971 deaths]]
[[Category:American geneticists]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Brookline, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Presidents of the University of Michigan]]
[[Category:Tobacco in the United States]]
[[Category:Guggenheim Fellows]]
[[Category:Presidents of the University of Maine]]
[[Category:Smoking in the United States]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext ) | '{{refimprove|date=September 2017}}
{{infobox person
|name=C. C. Little
|image=Clarence Cook Little.jpg
|imagesize=165px
|birth_name=Clarence Cook Little
|birth_date=October 6, 1888
|birth_place=[[Brookline, Massachusetts]]
|death_date={{dda|1971|12|22|1888|10|6}}
|death_place=
|occupation=academic administrator, researcher
}}
'''Clarence Cook "C.C." Little''' (October 6, 1888 – December 22, 1971) was an [[United States|American]] [[genetics]], [[cancer]], and [[tobacco]] researcher and [[academic administrator]].
==Early life==
C. C. Little was born in [[Brookline, Massachusetts]] and attended [[Harvard University]] after his secondary education at the [[Noble and Greenough School]]. While studying under [[W. E. Castle]], Little began his work with [[mouse|mice]], focusing on inheritance, transplants, and grafts. He also was an assistant dean and secretary to the president. His most important research occurred at Harvard, including what some call his most brilliant work, "A [[Gregor Mendel|Mendelian]] explanation for the inheritance of a trait that has apparently non-Mendelian characteristics". His observations on transplant rejection became codified into the "five laws of transplant immunology" by [[George Davis Snell|George Snell]]. Little developed the "DBA ([[Dilute, Brown and non-Agouti]])" [[Strain (biology)|strain]] of mice while at Harvard. For his research, he received the 1978 Cancer Research Institute [[William B. Coley Award]].
Little received an A.B. from [[Harvard University]] in 1910, an M.S. in 1912, and D.Sc. in 1914 in zoology, with special focus in the new science of genetics.
During [[World War I]] Little served in the [[U.S. Army Signal Corps]], attaining the rank of Major. Following the war he spent three years at the [[Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory]]. In 1921 he helped found the [[American Birth Control League]] with [[Margaret Sanger]] and [[Lothrop Stoddard]].
==Career==
Little accepted the post of President of the [[University of Maine]] in 1922, becoming at age 33 the youngest university president in the country. While there he started a summer laboratory in [[Bar Harbor, Maine|Bar Harbor]]. In 1925 he left to become the President of the [[University of Michigan]]. His tenure at the university was controversial due to his outspokenness in favor of [[eugenics]], [[birth control]], and [[euthanasia]]. He left Michigan in 1929 in order to devote himself to his research at Bar Harbor. With funding from Detroit car manufacturers he was able to improve the facility for year-round use. He renamed it the "Jackson Laboratory" in honor of one donor, Roscoe B. Jackson of the [[Hudson Motor Car]] Corporation.{{citation needed|date=June 2012}} Also in 1929 he took on a part-time job as managing director of the American Society for the Control of Cancer (later became the [[American Cancer Society]] (ACS)) and served as President to the [[American Eugenics Society]].
Funding for the [[Jackson Laboratory]] was extremely limited during the [[Great Depression]], but it received one of the first grants from the newly formed [[National Cancer Institute]] in 1938. Little energetically developed both the lab and the ACS, and by 1944 they were shipping 9000 mice a week to other laboratories. The laboratory and all of the livestock were destroyed in the Great Bar Harbor Fire in the Fall of 1947. The lab was quickly rebuilt and most mouse strains were recovered from other labs around the world. By 1950 the lab was maintaining 60 inbred strains, and had developed the F<sub>1</sub> hybrid that became widely used for chemical testing. Little resigned in 1954.
His last major post, from 1954 to 1969, was as the Scientific Director of the Scientific Advisory Board of the [[Tobacco Industry Research Committee]] (renamed [[Council for Tobacco Research]] in 1964). In that role he was a leading scientific voice of the [[tobacco industry]] and oversaw a USD 1 million research budget that gave grants to hundreds of scientists. [http://tobaccodocuments.org/bliley_pm/22809.html#images][http://tobaccodocuments.org/tplp/ATMXPRIV0009047-9049.html#images] In 1959 he refuted his earlier assertion, made as Director of the ACS, that inhaling fine particles is unhealthy, and stated that smoking does not cause lung cancer and is at most a minor contributing factor. [http://tobaccodocuments.org/tplp/ATMXPRIV00013038-3041.html#images]. A decade later he said, "there is no demonstrated causal relationship between smoking or any disease."[http://tobaccodocuments.org/nysa_ti_s1/TI55842608.html] In keeping with his earlier research he believed that the main cause of cancer was genetic, not environmental.
==Death and legacy==
Little died of a [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]] in 1971 in [[Ellsworth, Maine]] at the age of 83.
The C. C. Little Library Building at the [[University of Michigan]] was named in his honor.
==See also==
* [[Eugenics in the United States]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/utils/lofref.fcgi?PrId=3051&uid=12196385&db=PubMed&url=http://www.genetics.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12196385 C. C. Little, Cancer and Inbred Mice] by James F. Crow, "[[Genetics (journal)|Genetics]]", Vol. 161, 1357–1361, August 2002.
*[http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1600-6143.2003.00324.x Clarence Cook Little (1888-1971): The Genetic Basis of Transplant Immunology] by Hugh Auchincloss Jr* and Henry J. Winn, "American Journal of Transplantation", Volume 4 Issue 2 Page 155 - February 2004
*[http://tobaccodocuments.org/profiles/little_clarence_cook.html Tobacco Documents Online] Tobacco-related documents that mention Little.
==External links==
*[http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/32/6/1354.full.pdf Obituary, ''Cancer Research'', 32, 1354-1356, June 1972]
*[http://www.michigandaily.com/content/christopher-zbrozek-strange-career-cc-little "The strange career of C.C. Little"] Christopher Zbrozek, ''The Michigan Daily'' September 26, 2006
*[http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/little-clarence-c.pdf National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir]
{{s-start}}
{{s-aca}}
{{s-bef | before=[[Robert Judson Aley]]}}
{{s-ttl | title=President of the [[University of Maine]] | years=1922–1925}}
{{s-aft | after=[[Harold Sherburne Boardman]]}}
{{s-bef | before=[[Alfred Henry Lloyd]]}}
{{s-ttl | title=[[History of the University of Michigan#Presidents of the University of Michigan|President of the University of Michigan]]|
years=1925–1929}}
{{s-aft | after=[[Alexander Grant Ruthven]]}}
{{end}}
{{University of Michigan presidents}}
{{University of Maine presidents}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Little, C. C.}}
[[Category:1888 births]]
[[Category:1971 deaths]]
[[Category:American geneticists]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Brookline, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Presidents of the University of Michigan]]
[[Category:Tobacco in the United States]]
[[Category:Guggenheim Fellows]]
[[Category:Presidents of the University of Maine]]
[[Category:Smoking in the United States]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff ) | '@@ -30,5 +30,5 @@
Little died of a [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]] in 1971 in [[Ellsworth, Maine]] at the age of 83.
-The C. C. Little Library Building at the [[University of Michigan]] was named in his honor. In 2017, five faculty members asked University of Michigan President [[Mark Schlissel]] to change the name because of Little's previous support of eugenics.<ref name="insidehigheredhonorsforracistscientists">{{cite news|last1=Flaherty|first1=Colleen|title=Honors for Racist Scientists|url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2017/09/07/editorial-nature-sets-debate-over-building-names-and-statues-honor-racist-scientists?|accessdate=September 7, 2017|work=Inside Higher Ed|date=September 7, 2017}}</ref>
+The C. C. Little Library Building at the [[University of Michigan]] was named in his honor.
==See also==
' |
New page size (new_size ) | 7128 |
Old page size (old_size ) | 7632 |
Size change in edit (edit_delta ) | -504 |
Lines added in edit (added_lines ) | [
0 => 'The C. C. Little Library Building at the [[University of Michigan]] was named in his honor.'
] |
Lines removed in edit (removed_lines ) | [
0 => 'The C. C. Little Library Building at the [[University of Michigan]] was named in his honor. In 2017, five faculty members asked University of Michigan President [[Mark Schlissel]] to change the name because of Little's previous support of eugenics.<ref name="insidehigheredhonorsforracistscientists">{{cite news|last1=Flaherty|first1=Colleen|title=Honors for Racist Scientists|url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2017/09/07/editorial-nature-sets-debate-over-building-names-and-statues-honor-racist-scientists?|accessdate=September 7, 2017|work=Inside Higher Ed|date=September 7, 2017}}</ref>'
] |
All external links added in the edit (added_links ) | [] |
All external links in the new text (all_links ) | [
0 => 'http://tobaccodocuments.org/bliley_pm/22809.html#images',
1 => 'http://tobaccodocuments.org/tplp/ATMXPRIV0009047-9049.html#images',
2 => 'http://tobaccodocuments.org/tplp/ATMXPRIV00013038-3041.html#images',
3 => 'http://tobaccodocuments.org/nysa_ti_s1/TI55842608.html',
4 => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/utils/lofref.fcgi?PrId=3051&uid=12196385&db=PubMed&url=http://www.genetics.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12196385',
5 => 'http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1600-6143.2003.00324.x',
6 => 'http://tobaccodocuments.org/profiles/little_clarence_cook.html',
7 => 'http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/32/6/1354.full.pdf',
8 => 'http://www.michigandaily.com/content/christopher-zbrozek-strange-career-cc-little',
9 => 'http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/little-clarence-c.pdf',
10 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/35482251',
11 => 'https://viaf.org/viaf/35482251',
12 => 'http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n87145165',
13 => 'http://isni.org/isni/0000000110538726',
14 => 'http://d-nb.info/gnd/127568891',
15 => 'https://www.idref.fr/139010289',
16 => 'http://socialarchive.iath.virginia.edu/ark:/99166/w6t15mv5'
] |
Links in the page, before the edit (old_links ) | [
0 => 'http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/32/6/1354.full.pdf',
1 => 'http://d-nb.info/gnd/127568891',
2 => 'http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n87145165',
3 => 'http://isni.org/isni/0000000110538726',
4 => 'http://socialarchive.iath.virginia.edu/ark:/99166/w6t15mv5',
5 => 'http://tobaccodocuments.org/bliley_pm/22809.html#images',
6 => 'http://tobaccodocuments.org/nysa_ti_s1/TI55842608.html',
7 => 'http://tobaccodocuments.org/profiles/little_clarence_cook.html',
8 => 'http://tobaccodocuments.org/tplp/ATMXPRIV0009047-9049.html#images',
9 => 'http://tobaccodocuments.org/tplp/ATMXPRIV00013038-3041.html#images',
10 => 'http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1600-6143.2003.00324.x',
11 => 'http://www.michigandaily.com/content/christopher-zbrozek-strange-career-cc-little',
12 => 'http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/little-clarence-c.pdf',
13 => 'https://viaf.org/viaf/35482251',
14 => 'https://www.idref.fr/139010289',
15 => 'https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2017/09/07/editorial-nature-sets-debate-over-building-names-and-statues-honor-racist-scientists?',
16 => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/utils/lofref.fcgi?PrId=3051&uid=12196385&db=PubMed&url=http://www.genetics.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12196385',
17 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/35482251'
] |
New page wikitext, pre-save transformed (new_pst ) | '{{refimprove|date=September 2017}}
{{infobox person
|name=C. C. Little
|image=Clarence Cook Little.jpg
|imagesize=165px
|birth_name=Clarence Cook Little
|birth_date=October 6, 1888
|birth_place=[[Brookline, Massachusetts]]
|death_date={{dda|1971|12|22|1888|10|6}}
|death_place=
|occupation=academic administrator, researcher
}}
'''Clarence Cook "C.C." Little''' (October 6, 1888 – December 22, 1971) was an [[United States|American]] [[genetics]], [[cancer]], and [[tobacco]] researcher and [[academic administrator]].
==Early life==
C. C. Little was born in [[Brookline, Massachusetts]] and attended [[Harvard University]] after his secondary education at the [[Noble and Greenough School]]. While studying under [[W. E. Castle]], Little began his work with [[mouse|mice]], focusing on inheritance, transplants, and grafts. He also was an assistant dean and secretary to the president. His most important research occurred at Harvard, including what some call his most brilliant work, "A [[Gregor Mendel|Mendelian]] explanation for the inheritance of a trait that has apparently non-Mendelian characteristics". His observations on transplant rejection became codified into the "five laws of transplant immunology" by [[George Davis Snell|George Snell]]. Little developed the "DBA ([[Dilute, Brown and non-Agouti]])" [[Strain (biology)|strain]] of mice while at Harvard. For his research, he received the 1978 Cancer Research Institute [[William B. Coley Award]].
Little received an A.B. from [[Harvard University]] in 1910, an M.S. in 1912, and D.Sc. in 1914 in zoology, with special focus in the new science of genetics.
During [[World War I]] Little served in the [[U.S. Army Signal Corps]], attaining the rank of Major. Following the war he spent three years at the [[Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory]]. In 1921 he helped found the [[American Birth Control League]] with [[Margaret Sanger]] and [[Lothrop Stoddard]].
==Career==
Little accepted the post of President of the [[University of Maine]] in 1922, becoming at age 33 the youngest university president in the country. While there he started a summer laboratory in [[Bar Harbor, Maine|Bar Harbor]]. In 1925 he left to become the President of the [[University of Michigan]]. His tenure at the university was controversial due to his outspokenness in favor of [[eugenics]], [[birth control]], and [[euthanasia]]. He left Michigan in 1929 in order to devote himself to his research at Bar Harbor. With funding from Detroit car manufacturers he was able to improve the facility for year-round use. He renamed it the "Jackson Laboratory" in honor of one donor, Roscoe B. Jackson of the [[Hudson Motor Car]] Corporation.{{citation needed|date=June 2012}} Also in 1929 he took on a part-time job as managing director of the American Society for the Control of Cancer (later became the [[American Cancer Society]] (ACS)) and served as President to the [[American Eugenics Society]].
Funding for the [[Jackson Laboratory]] was extremely limited during the [[Great Depression]], but it received one of the first grants from the newly formed [[National Cancer Institute]] in 1938. Little energetically developed both the lab and the ACS, and by 1944 they were shipping 9000 mice a week to other laboratories. The laboratory and all of the livestock were destroyed in the Great Bar Harbor Fire in the Fall of 1947. The lab was quickly rebuilt and most mouse strains were recovered from other labs around the world. By 1950 the lab was maintaining 60 inbred strains, and had developed the F<sub>1</sub> hybrid that became widely used for chemical testing. Little resigned in 1954.
His last major post, from 1954 to 1969, was as the Scientific Director of the Scientific Advisory Board of the [[Tobacco Industry Research Committee]] (renamed [[Council for Tobacco Research]] in 1964). In that role he was a leading scientific voice of the [[tobacco industry]] and oversaw a USD 1 million research budget that gave grants to hundreds of scientists. [http://tobaccodocuments.org/bliley_pm/22809.html#images][http://tobaccodocuments.org/tplp/ATMXPRIV0009047-9049.html#images] In 1959 he refuted his earlier assertion, made as Director of the ACS, that inhaling fine particles is unhealthy, and stated that smoking does not cause lung cancer and is at most a minor contributing factor. [http://tobaccodocuments.org/tplp/ATMXPRIV00013038-3041.html#images]. A decade later he said, "there is no demonstrated causal relationship between smoking or any disease."[http://tobaccodocuments.org/nysa_ti_s1/TI55842608.html] In keeping with his earlier research he believed that the main cause of cancer was genetic, not environmental.
==Death and legacy==
Little died of a [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]] in 1971 in [[Ellsworth, Maine]] at the age of 83.
The C. C. Little Library Building at the [[University of Michigan]] was named in his honor.
==See also==
* [[Eugenics in the United States]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/utils/lofref.fcgi?PrId=3051&uid=12196385&db=PubMed&url=http://www.genetics.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12196385 C. C. Little, Cancer and Inbred Mice] by James F. Crow, "[[Genetics (journal)|Genetics]]", Vol. 161, 1357–1361, August 2002.
*[http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1600-6143.2003.00324.x Clarence Cook Little (1888-1971): The Genetic Basis of Transplant Immunology] by Hugh Auchincloss Jr* and Henry J. Winn, "American Journal of Transplantation", Volume 4 Issue 2 Page 155 - February 2004
*[http://tobaccodocuments.org/profiles/little_clarence_cook.html Tobacco Documents Online] Tobacco-related documents that mention Little.
==External links==
*[http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/32/6/1354.full.pdf Obituary, ''Cancer Research'', 32, 1354-1356, June 1972]
*[http://www.michigandaily.com/content/christopher-zbrozek-strange-career-cc-little "The strange career of C.C. Little"] Christopher Zbrozek, ''The Michigan Daily'' September 26, 2006
*[http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/little-clarence-c.pdf National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir]
{{s-start}}
{{s-aca}}
{{s-bef | before=[[Robert Judson Aley]]}}
{{s-ttl | title=President of the [[University of Maine]] | years=1922–1925}}
{{s-aft | after=[[Harold Sherburne Boardman]]}}
{{s-bef | before=[[Alfred Henry Lloyd]]}}
{{s-ttl | title=[[History of the University of Michigan#Presidents of the University of Michigan|President of the University of Michigan]]|
years=1925–1929}}
{{s-aft | after=[[Alexander Grant Ruthven]]}}
{{end}}
{{University of Michigan presidents}}
{{University of Maine presidents}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Little, C. C.}}
[[Category:1888 births]]
[[Category:1971 deaths]]
[[Category:American geneticists]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Brookline, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Presidents of the University of Michigan]]
[[Category:Tobacco in the United States]]
[[Category:Guggenheim Fellows]]
[[Category:Presidents of the University of Maine]]
[[Category:Smoking in the United States]]' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node ) | 0 |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp ) | 1507158770 |