Examine individual changes

'An '''extrajudicial killing''' (also known as '''extrajudicial execution''') is the killing of a person by governmental authorities without the sanction of any [[Judiciary|judicial proceeding]] or legal process. [[Extrajudicial punishment]]s are mostly seen by humanity to be unethical, since they bypass the [[due process]] of the legal jurisdiction in which they occur.{{Citation needed|date=April 2016}} Extrajudicial killings often target leading political, trade union, dissident, religious, and social figures and are only those carried out by the [[State (polity)|state]] government or other state authorities like the armed forces or police, as extra-legal fulfillment of their prescribed role. Section 3(a) of the [[United States]] [[Torture Victim Protection Act]] contains a definition of extrajudicial killing: {{quote|a deliberate killing not authorized by a previous judgement pronounced by a regular constituted court affording all the judicial guarantees which are recognized as indispensable by civilized peoples. Such term, however, does not include any such killing that, under international law, is lawfully carried out under the authority of a foreign nation.<ref>{{citation|title=Congressional Record, V. 147, Pt. 6, May 9, 2001 to May 21 2001|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hCYK7X_SqHIC&pg=PA7897|date=October 2005|publisher=United States Government Printing Office|page=7897|id=GGKEY:2126SDPKSFJ}}</ref>{{efn|The legal exclusion in the sentence that starts "Such term, however ..." covers the killing of [[enemy combatant]]s and others who are not protected under international law from extrajudicial killing.}} }} Extrajudicial killings and [[death squad]]s are common in [[Nigeria]],</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2016/09/nigeria-special-police-squad-get-rich-torturing-detainees/ [[Syria]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dw.com/en/ai-estimates-up-to-13000-civilians-executed-in-syrian-military-prison-over-four-years/a-37435537|title=AI estimates up to 13,000 civilians executed in Syrian military prison over four years - News - DW - 07.02.2017|first=Deutsche Welle|last=(www.dw.com)|website=DW.COM}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ijrcenter.org/2016/02/17/un-experts-widespread-abuses-and-killings-of-detainees-in-syria/|title=UN Experts: Widespread Abuses and Killings of Detainees in Syria|date=17 February 2016|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/04/09/syria-extrajudicial-executions|title=Syria: Extrajudicial Executions|date=9 April 2012|publisher=}}</ref> [[Iraq]],<ref>[http://www.g≠lobalresearch.ca/index.php?context=viewArticle&code=FUL20051124&articleId=1315 Torture and Extrajudicial Killings in Iraq] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130714130932/http://www.g/ |date=July 14, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.electronicintifada.net/bytopic/extrajudicial-killings.shtml |title=ei: Extrajudicial Killings |accessdate=2008-01-04 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110226033302/http://www.electronicintifada.net/bytopic/extrajudicial-killings.shtml |archivedate=February 26, 2011 |df= }}</ref><ref>[https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/AMR51/079/2005/en/bcffa8d8-d4ea-11dd-8a23-d58a49c0d652/amr510792005en.html USA: An Extrajudicial Execution by the CIA? | Amnesty International] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814082007/http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/AMR51/079/2005/en/bcffa8d8-d4ea-11dd-8a23-d58a49c0d652/amr510792005en.html |date=August 14, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brusselstribunal.org/FullerKillings.htm|title=Proof of US orchestration of Death Squads Killings in Iraq|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://soccerdad.baltiblogs.com/archives/2007/06/24/extrajudicial_killings_hamas_style.html|title=Soccer Dad: Extrajudicial killings, hamas style|publisher=|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928205440/http://soccerdad.baltiblogs.com/archives/2007/06/24/extrajudicial_killings_hamas_style.html|archivedate=2007-09-28|df=}}</ref> Egypt,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-39670873|title=Egyptian soldiers accused of killing unarmed Sinai men in leaked video|date=21 April 2017|publisher=|via=www.bbc.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://egyptwatch.info/3-years-2978-cases-extra-judicial-killings/|title=2,978 cases of extra-judicial killings in 3 years - EgyptWatch|date=8 September 2016|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2016/06/08/egypt-rights-group-says-754-extrajudicial-killings-in-2016.html|title=Egypt rights group says 754 extrajudicial killings in 2016|date=8 June 2016|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ecrfeg.org/en/2017/04/04/march-horrific-harvest-hundreds-disappeared-tortured-177-extrajudicial-killings/|title=March Horrific Harvest: Hundreds of 'Disappeared', Tortured and 177 Extrajudicial Killings - Egyptian Coordination for rights and freedoms|website=ecrfeg.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2017/1/25/egypt-police-carry-out-extrajudicial-execution-in-north-sinai|title=Egypt police carry out 'extrajudicial execution' in North Sinai|first=The New|last=Arab|publisher=}}</ref> Libya,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/libya-in-year-update-july-2015/libya-in-year-update-july-2015|title=Libya - in-year update July 2015 - gov.uk|publisher=}}</ref> Central America,<ref name=autogenerated1>[https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/AMR29/015/1996/en/29e818da-eacb-11dd-b6f5-3be39665bc30/amr290151996en.html El Salvador: The spectre of death squads | Amnesty International] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141207084501/http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/AMR29/015/1996/en/29e818da-eacb-11dd-b6f5-3be39665bc30/amr290151996en.html |date=December 7, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nsa/publications/elsalvador2/index.html |title=El Salvador: War, Peace, and Human Rights, 1980–1994 |publisher=Gwu.edu |date= |accessdate=March 1, 2016}}</ref> India,<ref name="kashmirwatch.com">{{cite web|url=http://kashmirwatch.com/amnesty-international-highlights-extrajudicial-killings-in-kashmir/|title=Amnesty International Highlights Extrajudicial Killings in Kashmir - KashmirWatch|date=9 July 2015|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes.com">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/US-rights-report-slams-India-for-extra-judicial-killings-and-arbitrary-arrests/articleshow/51849294.cms|title=US rights report slams India for ‘extra judicial killings’ and ‘arbitrary arrests’ - Times of India|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/33787/police-encounters-are-the-dirty-side-of-indian-democracy/|title=Police Encounters are the Dirty Side of Indian Democracy - The Wire|first=Prem Shankar|last=Jha|publisher=}}</ref> Mexico,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=20143&LangID=E|title="Extrajudicial killings and impunity persist in Mexico" – UN rights expert’s follow-up report|publisher=}}</ref> [[Colombia]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-33253853|title=Colombia's top army officers 'knew of extrajudicial killings'|first=Natalio|last=Cosoy|date=24 June 2015|publisher=|via=www.bbc.com}}</ref> Brazil,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2016/04/brazil-surge-in-killings-by-police-sparks-fear-in-favelas-ahead-of-rio-olympics/|title=Brazil: Surge in killings by police sparks fear in favelas ahead of Rio Olympics|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2016/07/07/good-cops-are-afraid/toll-unchecked-police-violence-rio-de-janeiro|title="Good Cops Are Afraid"|date=7 July 2016|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2015/08/brazil-trigger-happy-military-police-kill-hundreds-as-rio-prepares-for-olympic-countdown/|title=Brazil: ‘Trigger happy’ military police kill hundreds as Rio prepares for Olympic countdown|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/08/04/world/brazil-amnesty-international-police-killings/index.html|title=Amnesty slams killings by police in Rio de Janeiro|first=Ashley Fantz and Mariano Castillo|last=CNN|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.vice.com/article/cops-in-rio-keep-killing-people-ahead-of-brazils-olympics-report-says|title=Cops in Rio keep killing people ahead of Brazil's Olympics, report says - VICE News|publisher=}}</ref> [[Venezuela]],<ref>{{cite web |title=World Report 2002: Venezuela |url=http://hrw.org/wr2k2/americas10.html |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=World Report 2003: Venezuela |url=http://hrw.org/wr2k3/americas10.html |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Indonesia,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://alrc.asia/indonesia-extrajudicial-and-summary-executions-remain-a-serious-problem-despite-legal-guarantees-to-the-right-to-life/|title=INDONESIA: Extrajudicial and summary executions remain a serious problem despite legal guarantees to the right to life – Asian Legal Resource Centre|website=alrc.asia}}</ref> [[Afghanistan]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/03/afghanistan-allies-sanctioned-torture-murder-report-human-rights-watch|title=Afghanistan officials sanctioned murder, torture and rape, says report|first=Emma|last=Graham-Harrison|date=3 March 2015|publisher=|via=The Guardian}}</ref> [[Pakistan]],<ref> {{cite news| url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-10667545 | work=BBC News | title=Pakistan army accused of extrajudicial killings in Swat | date=July 16, 2010 | accessdate=Jul 17, 2010}}</ref> [[Bangladesh]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allamericanpatriots.com/48723123_world_bangladesh_release_journalist_and_rights_activist|title=Bangladesh: Release Journalist and Rights Activist - All American Patriots|publisher=|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223919/http://www.allamericanpatriots.com/48723123_world_bangladesh_release_journalist_and_rights_activist|archivedate=2007-09-27|df=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/93477/bangladesh-calls-for-end-to-torture-extrajudicial-killings |title=Calls for end to torture, extrajudicial killings |publisher=Irinnews.org |date=2016-03-07 |accessdate=March 1, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.vice.com/article/bangladesh-police-accused-of-extrajudicial-killings-in-protest-crackdown|title=Bangladesh Police Accused of Extrajudicial Killings in Protest Crackdown - VICE News|publisher=}}</ref> several nations or regions in Africa,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/53437/cote-d-ivoire-un-demands-inquiry-into-13-torture-deaths|title=Cote d'Ivoire: UN demands inquiry into 13 torture deaths|date=16 March 2005|accessdate=2 November 2012|publisher=IRIN Africa}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.omct.org/urgent-campaigns/urgent-interventions/ethiopia/2005/11/d17734/|title=Ethiopia – extrajudicial killing/torture/arbitrary arrests|publisher=World Organisation Against Torture|accessdate=2 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201208200590.html|publisher=AllAfrica|author=Arubi, Emma|date=20 August 2012|title=Nigeria: Delta Community Alleges Extrajudicial Killing by Soldiers}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/africa/kenya|title=Kenya|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2011/03/23/uganda-torture-extortion-killings-police-unit|title=Uganda: Torture, Extortion, Killings by Police Unit|date=23 March 2011|publisher=}}</ref> including the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]<ref name="un.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=52759#.V9Gk9P_r0qQ|title=UN News - DR Congo: UN report accuses security forces of summary executions and death threats ahead of elections|first=United Nations News Service|last=Section|date=8 December 2015|publisher=}}</ref> and [[Burundi]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.africanews.com/2016/06/30/burundi348-extrajudicial-killings-in-a-year-un/|title=Burundi: 348 'extrajudicial' killings in 12 months - UN|first=|last=AfricaNews|date=30 December 2016|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/press-releases/2015/12/burundi-extrajudicial-executions-and-systematic-killings-must-be-investigated/|title=Burundi: Extrajudicial executions and systematic killings must be investigated|publisher=}}</ref> [[Jamaica]],<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite web |url=http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/html/20040307T040000-0500_56740_OBS_LOUIS_JODEL_CHAMBLAIN_.asp |title=Louis-Jodel Chamblain – Convicted assassin and leader of death squads |accessdate=2008-01-04 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121183203/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/html/20040307T040000-0500_56740_OBS_LOUIS_JODEL_CHAMBLAIN_.asp |archivedate=November 21, 2008 |df= }}</ref><ref name=autogenerated5>{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/gayrights/story/0,12592,1659296,00.html | work=The Guardian | location=London | title=Jamaican gay activist shot dead after being abducted | first=Gary | last=Younge | date=December 6, 2005 | accessdate=May 2, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A61549-2004Mar15_2.html | work=The Washington Post | title=Aristide Back in Caribbean Heat | first=Peter | last=Eisner | date=March 16, 2004 | accessdate=May 2, 2010}} Note: first page of this article is missing from The Washington Post website, but can be found here [http://www.iacenter.org/Haitifiles/aristide_washpost.htm]</ref> Kosovo,<ref>{{cite web |title=Report on Human Rights Violations in Kosovo |url=http://www.unhchr.ch/Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf/TestFrame/ffdab064dd4600ba802567dd00351af3?Opendocument |publisher= ECOSOC}}</ref> [[Russia]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/court-rules-against-russia-in-chechen-killing-454152.html|title=Court rules against Russia in Chechen killing - Europe, World - The Independent|date=6 August 2011|publisher=|deadurl=bot: unknown|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806071635/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/court-rules-against-russia-in-chechen-killing-454152.html|archivedate=6 August 2011|df=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6163502.stm | work=BBC News | title=Obituary: Alexander Litvinenko | date=November 24, 2006 | accessdate=May 2, 2010}}</ref> [[Uzbekistan]], parts of [[Thailand]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ahrchk.net/ua/mainfile.php/2003/407/ |title=Thailand: Extrajudicial killing, impunity |publisher=Ahrchk.net |date= |accessdate=March 1, 2016}}</ref> [[Turkey]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/07/11/turkey-state-blocks-probes-southeast-killings|title=Turkey: State Blocks Probes of Southeast Killings|date=11 July 2016|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.todayszaman.com/columnist/gunal-kursun/closing-investigations-into-extrajudicial-killings-in-turkey_358710.html|title=ZAMAN<!-- Bot generated title -->|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="ob.nubati.net">The report [http://ob.nubati.net/wiki/Extra-judicial_Executions Turkey: Extrajudicial Executions (AI Index: EUR 44/45/90)] was accessed on 10 September 2009</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-344936-mit-bill-raises-concerns-about-possible-boost-in-extrajudicial-killings.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-09-22 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208102420/http://www.todayszaman.com/news-344936-mit-bill-raises-concerns-about-possible-boost-in-extrajudicial-killings.html |archivedate=2014-12-08 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/europe/turkish-military-officer-confirms-kurd-killings |title=Turkish military officer confirms Kurd killings &#124; The National |publisher=Thenational.ae |date=2010-08-25 |accessdate=March 1, 2016}}</ref> in the [[Philippines]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://time.com/4478954/philippines-rodrigo-duterte-drug-war-vigilante-killing-deaths/|title=Philippines: Rodrigo Duterte's Drug War Claims 2,400 Lives|first=Rishi|last=Iyengar|publisher=}}</ref><ref>[http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/topstories/topstories/view/20060725-11686/Arroyo_fails_to_take_steps_to_end_extrajudicial_killings Arroyo fails to take steps to end extrajudicial killings] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418012506/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/topstories/topstories/view/20060725-11686/Arroyo_fails_to_take_steps_to_end_extrajudicial_killings |date=April 18, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.independent.co.uk/world/asia/article2293482.ece | work=The Independent | location=London | title=Philippines army accused of killing political activists | first=Justin | last=Huggler | date=February 22, 2007 | accessdate=May 2, 2010 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081123120314/http://news.independent.co.uk/world/asia/article2293482.ece | archivedate=November 23, 2008 | df= }}</ref><ref name="pinoyhr.net">{{cite web|url=http://www.pinoyhr.net/|title=pinoyhr.net - This website is for sale! - pinoyhr Resources and Information.|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://hrw.org/reports/2007/philippines0607/ |title=Scared Silent: Impunity for Extrajudicial Killings in the Philippines |publisher=Hrw.org |date= |accessdate=June 17, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.radiopinoyusa.com/radiopinoy_news.php?id=NEWS-00592 |title=U.N. Rapporteur: Philippines Military Implicated in Extra-Judicial Murders and Political Killings (Radio Pinoy USA) |accessdate=2007-11-11 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090604005623/http://www.radiopinoyusa.com/radiopinoy_news.php?id=NEWS-00592 |archivedate=June 4, 2009 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pcusa.org/pcnews/2007/07271.htm |title=PC(USA) News: ‘Graft and corruption’ |accessdate=2013-08-24 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090810094427/http://www.pcusa.org/pcnews/2007/07271.htm |archivedate=August 10, 2009 |df= }}</ref> Tajikistan,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/02/17/tajikistan-severe-crackdown-political-opposition|title=Tajikistan: Severe Crackdown on Political Opposition|date=17 February 2016|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/tajikistan/us-department-state-tajikistan-country-report-human-rights-practices-1998|title=U.S. Department of State: Tajikistan Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 1998|date=1 March 1999|publisher=}}</ref> [[Papua New Guinea]],<ref name="un.org"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/23/witchcraft-papua-new-guinea-students-share-video-appearing-show-torture|title=Papua New Guinea students share video appearing to show women tortured for 'witchcraft'|first=Helen|last=Davidson|date=23 October 2015|publisher=|via=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2014/country-chapters/papua-new-guinea|title=World Report 2014: Papua New Guinea|date=21 January 2014|publisher=}}</ref> and by Israeli forces.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2015/11/israel-opt-investigate-apparent-extrajudicial-execution-at-hebron-hospital/|title=Israel/OPT: Investigate apparent extrajudicial execution at Hebron hospital|website=www.amnesty.org|access-date=2016-05-11}}</ref><ref name=Amnesty/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/10/bringing-question-palestine-israel-extra-judicial-killings-151012070120570.html|title=Bringing into question Israel's extrajudicial killings|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref> One of the most recent issues regarding extrajudicial killing has been the debate about the legal and moral status of [[Targeted killing#Use by the United States Government|targeted killing by unmanned aerial vehicles by the United States]]. == Argentina == [[Argentina]]'s dictatorial government during the 1976–1983 period used extrajudicial killings systematically as way of crushing the opposition in the so-called "[[Dirty War]]".<ref>[http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/elpais/1-131783-2009-09-15.html Veinticinco años del informe de la Conadep] {{sp icon}}</ref> == Bangladesh == Bangladeshi special security force [[Rapid Action Battalion]] (RAB) has long been known for extrajudicial killing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2011/05/10/crossfire/continued-human-rights-abuses-bangladeshs-rapid-action-battalion|title="Crossfire"|date=10 May 2011|publisher=}}</ref> In a leaked [[Wikileaks]] cable it was found that RAB was trained by [[UK]] government.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/dec/21/wikileaks-cables-british-police-bangladesh-death-squad|title=WikiLeaks cables: Bangladeshi 'death squad' trained by UK government|first1=Fariha|last1=Karim|first2=Ian|last2=Cobain|date=21 December 2010|publisher=|via=The Guardian}}</ref> 16 RAB officials (sacked afterwards) including Lt Col (sacked) [[Tareque Sayeed]], Major (sacked) Arif Hossain, and Lt Commander (sacked) Masud Rana were given death penalty for abduction, murder, concealing the bodies, conspiracy and destroying evidences in the [[Narayanganj Seven Murder]] case.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/country/35-indicted-narayanganj-7-murder-cases-214357|title=35 indicted in Narayanganj 7-murder cases|date=8 February 2016|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2016/02/08/court-indicts-35-including-nur-hossain-three-ex-rab-officials-for-narayanganj-seven-murder|title=Court indicts 35 including Nur Hossain, three ex-RAB officials for Narayanganj seven-murder|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://en.prothom-alo.com/bangladesh/news/136079/Nur-Hossain-Tarek-among-26-get-death-penalty|title=Ex-AL men, Ex-RAB officials among 26 handed death penalty|newspaper=Prothom Alo|access-date=2017-01-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/country/security-beefed-ahead-nganj-7-murder-verdict-1346107|title=7-murder: Nur Hossain, Rab commander Tareque, 24 others get death|date=2017-01-16|newspaper=The Daily Star|language=en|access-date=2017-01-21}}</ref> Beside this lots of alleged criminals were killed by Bangladesh police by the name of cross fire.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/op-ed/politics/crossfire-killings-132418|title=Crossfire killings|date=26 August 2015|publisher=}}</ref> == Chile == During the [[Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–90)|Pinochet Regime]] that lasted from 1973 to 1989 elements of the military and [[carabineros de Chile|police]] committed extrajudicial killings. Some of these were coordinated with other right-wing dictatorships in the Southern Cone in the so-called [[Operation Condor]]. == El Salvador == During the [[El Salvador Civil War|Salvadoran civil war]], death squads achieved notoriety when far-right vigilantes assassinated Archbishop [[Óscar Romero]] for his social activism in March 1980. In December 1980, [[1980 murders of U.S. missionaries in El Salvador|four Americans — three nuns and a lay worker — were raped and murdered]] by a military unit later found to have been acting on specific orders. Death squads were instrumental in killing hundreds of peasants and activists, including such notable priests as [[Rutilio Grande]]. Because the death squads involved were found to have been soldiers of the Salvadoran military, which was receiving U.S. funding and training from American advisors during the [[Jimmy Carter|Carter]] administration, these events prompted outrage in the U.S. and led to a temporary cutoff in military aid from the [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] administration{{Citation needed|date=September 2007}}, although death squad activity stretched well into the Reagan years (1981–1989) as well. == Honduras == Honduras also had death squads active through the 1980s, the most notorious of which was [[Battalion 316]]. Hundreds of people, including teachers, politicians and union bosses, were assassinated by government-backed forces. Battalion 316 received substantial support and training from the United States [[Central Intelligence Agency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/bal-negroponte1a-story.html|title=When a wave of torture and murder staggered a small U.S. ally, truth was a casualty.|first=Gary Cohn and Ginger|last=Thompson|publisher=}}</ref> == Iran == {{See also|Chain Murders of Iran}} In 1953 a regime was installed through the efforts of the American [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] and the British [[MI6]] in which the Shah (hereditary monarch) [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]] used [[SAVAK]] death squads (also trained by the CIA) to imprison, torture and/or kill hundreds of dissidents. After the [[Iranian Revolution|1979 revolution]] death squads were used to an even greater extent by the new Islamic government. In 1983, the CIA gave the Supreme Leader of Iran—[[Ruhollah Khomeini|Ayatollah Khomeini]]—information on [[KGB]] agents in Iran. This information was probably used. The Iranian government later used death squads occasionally throughout the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s; however by the 2000s it seems to have almost entirely, if not completely, ceased using them. This partial relaxation of Khomeini's harsh policies and subtle [[Westernization]] of the country can be seen paralleling similar events in [[Lebanon]], the [[United Arab Emirates]], and Northern [[Iraq]] beginning in the late 1990s. == Iraq == [[Iraq]] was formed by the partition and domination of various tribal lands by the British in the early 20th century. Britain granted independence to Iraq in 1932, on the urging of [[Faisal I of Iraq|King Faisal]], though the British retained military bases and transit rights for their forces. [[King Ghazi]] of Iraq ruled as a figurehead after King Faisal's death in 1933, while undermined by attempted military coups, until his death in 1939. The United Kingdom invaded Iraq in 1941 (see [[Anglo-Iraqi War]]), for fear that the government of [[Rashid Ali al-Gaylani]] might cut oil supplies to Western nations, and because of his links to the [[Axis powers]]. A military occupation followed the restoration of the Hashemite monarchy, and the occupation ended on October 26, 1947. Iraq was left with a national government led from [[Baghdad]] made up of [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] ethnicity in key positions of power, ruling over an ad-hoc nation splintered by tribal affiliations. This leadership used death squads and committed massacres in Iraq throughout the 20th century, culminating in the dictatorship of Saddam Hussein.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailykos.com/storyonly/2006/9/13/14133/1410/|title=History of Iraq: 1933 - 1939|publisher=}}</ref> The country has since become increasingly partitioned following the [[Iraq War]] into three zones: a [[Iraqi Kurdistan|Kurdish ethnic zone]] to the north, a Sunni center and the [[Shia Islam|Shia]] ethnic zone to the south. The [[Secularism|secular]] [[Arab socialism|Arab socialist]] [[Ba'ath Party|Baathist]] leadership were replaced with a provisional and later constitutional government that included leadership roles for the Shia (Prime Minister) and Kurdish (President of the Republic) peoples of the nation. This paralleled the development of ethnic militias by the Shia, Sunni, and the Kurdish ([[Peshmerga]]). There were [[death squad]]s formed by members of every ethnicity.<ref>{{Cite news |title=U.S. cracks down on Iraq death squads |url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/meast/07/24/iraq.main/index.html |publisher=CNN |date=2006-07-24}}</ref> In the national capital of Baghdad some members of the now-Shia police department and army (and militia members posing as members of police or armed forces) formed unofficial, unsanctioned, but long-tolerated death squads.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/Iraq/Story/0,,1869439,00.html | work=The Guardian | location=London | title=US patrols to weed out militias posing as Iraqi police | first=Peter | last=Beaumont | date=September 11, 2006 | accessdate=May 2, 2010}}</ref> They possibly had links to the Interior Ministry and were popularly known as the 'black crows'. These groups operated night or day. They usually arrested people, then either tortured<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/12/03/AR2005120300881.html | work=The Washington Post | title=Iraq's Death Squads | date=December 4, 2005 | accessdate=May 2, 2010}}</ref> or killed <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iraqs-death-squads-on-the-brink-of-civil-war-467784.html |title=Iraq's death squads: On the brink of civil war |first1=Andrew |last1=Buncombe |first2=Patrick |last2=Cockburn |work=The Independent |location=London, UK |date=February 26, 2006 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629055833/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iraqs-death-squads-on-the-brink-of-civil-war-467784.html |archivedate=2007-06-29 |deadurl=yes}}</ref> them. The victims of these attacks were predominantly young males who had probably been suspected of being members of the Sunni [[insurgency]]. Agitators such as Abdul Razaq al-Na'as, Dr. Abdullateef al-Mayah, and Dr. Wissam Al-Hashimi have also been killed. These killings are not limited to men; women and children have also been arrested and/or killed.<ref>{{Cite news |title='25,000 civilians' killed in Iraq |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4692589.stm |publisher=BBC |date=2005-07-19}}</ref> Some of these killings have also been part of simple robberies or other criminal activities. A feature in a May 2005 issue of the magazine of the ''New York Times'' claimed that the U.S. military had modelled the "Wolf Brigade", the Iraqi interior ministry police commandos, on the death squads used in the 1980s to crush the left-wing insurgency in [[El Salvador]].<ref name=Nytimes050501>{{cite news |title=The Way of the Commandos |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/01/magazine/01ARMY.html?ei=5088&en=f0604488a64924cd&ex=1272686400&pagewanted=all&position= |publisher=The New York Times |date=2005-05-01 | first=Peter | last=Maass | accessdate=May 2, 2010}}</ref> Western news organizations such as [[Time (magazine)|''Time'']] and [[People (magazine)|''People'']] disassembled this by focusing on aspects such as probable [[militia]] membership, religious ethnicity, as well as uniforms worn by these squads rather than stating the [[United States]]-backed Iraqi government had death squads active in the Iraqi capital of Baghdad.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4719252.stm | work=BBC News | title=Iraq 'death squad caught in act' | date=February 16, 2006 | accessdate=May 2, 2010}}</ref> ==India== {{main article|Extrajudicial killings in Jammu and Kashmir}} A form of extrajudicial killing called [[police encounter]]s is common in India. Such encounters are being staged also by military and security forces.<ref name="kashmirwatch.com"/><ref name="indiatimes.com"/><ref name="auto"/> == Philippines == === Maguindanao massacre === {{Main article|Maguindanao massacre}} The [[Committee to Protect Journalists]] (CPJ) has called the massacre the single deadliest event for [[journalists]] in history.<ref name=pdi>{{cite news|first=Alcuin|last=Papa|title=Maguindanao massacre worst-ever for journalists|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20091126-238554/Maguindanao-massacre-worst-ever-for-journalists|work=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]|publisher=|date=2009-11-26|accessdate=2010-09-30|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091129120848/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20091126-238554/Maguindanao-massacre-worst-ever-for-journalists|archivedate=2009-11-29|df=}}</ref> Even prior to this, the CPJ had labeled the [[Philippines]] the second most dangerous country for journalists, second only to [[Iraq]].<ref name=pdi/> === War on Drugs === {{Main article|Extrajudicial killings and forced disappearances in the Philippines|Philippine Drug War}} Following the election of [[Inauguration of Rodrigo Duterte|President Rodrigo Duterte]] in 2016, a campaign against illegal drugs has led to widespread extrajudicial killings. This follows the actions by then-Mayor Duterte to roam [[Davao City|Davao]] in order to "encounter to kill".<ref>{{cite news |last=Rauhala |first=Emily |date=14 December 2016 |title=Duterte keeps admitting to killing people. His supporters keep shrugging it off. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/12/14/duterte-keeps-admitting-to-killing-people-his-supporters-keep-shrugging-it-off/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=4 January 2017 }}<br/>{{cite news |last=Westcott |first=Ben |last2=Quiano |first2=Kathy |date=14 December 2016 |title=Philippines President Duterte admits killing suspects |url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/12/14/asia/duterte-philippines-davao-killings/ |newspaper=CNN |access-date= }}</ref> The Philippine president has urged its [[Philippine Drug War|citizens to kill suspected criminals and drug addicts]],<ref name=wow>{{cite news|first=Jim|last=Gomez|title=Duterte urges public to kill drug dealers |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/789237/duterte-urges-public-to-kill-drug-dealers |work=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |accessdate=2016-06-05}}</ref> ordered the police to adopt a [[Philippine Drug War|shoot-to-kill]]<ref name=wew>{{cite news|first=AJ|last=Press|title=Duterte issues "shoot-to-kill" order vs drug criminals who resist arrest |url=http://asianjournal.com/news/duterte-issues-shoot-to-kill-order-vs-drug-criminals-who-resist-arrest%E2%80%AF/ |work=[[Asian Journal (newspaper)|Asian Journal]] |accessdate=2016-08-05}}</ref> policy has offered [[Philippine Drug War|bounties for dead suspects]],<ref name=waw>{{cite news|first=Straits|last=Times|title=Duterte offers big bounties for suspected criminals |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/duterte-offers-big-bounties-for-suspected-criminals |work=[[The Straits Times]] |accessdate=2016-06-06}}</ref> and has even admitted to personally [[Philippine Drug War|killing suspected criminals]].<ref name=wut>{{cite news|first=BBC|last=News|title=Duterte admits personally killing suspects |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-38311655 |work=[[BBC News]] |accessdate=2016-12-14}}</ref> The move has sparked widespread condemnation from [[Philippine Drug War#International|international publications]] <ref name="wut"/><ref name=wat>{{cite news|first=New York|last=Times|title="They are slaughtering us like animals" |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/12/07/world/asia/rodrigo-duterte-philippines-drugs-killings.html |work=[[BBC News]] |accessdate=2016-12-14}}</ref><ref name=wet>{{cite news|first=Al|last=Jazeera|title=Philippines: Inside Duterte's killer drug war |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/09/philippines-duterte-killer-drug-war-160905094258461.html |work=[[Al Jazeera News]] |accessdate=2016-09-08}}</ref><ref name=wit>{{cite news|first=The Sydney |last=Morning Herald|title=Philippines president Rodrigo Duterte admits to killing people and abusing drugs |url=http://www.smh.com.au/world/philippines-president-rodrigo-duterte-admits-to-personally-killing-people-20161214-gtbdjr.html |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |accessdate=2016-12-15}}</ref><ref name=wot>{{cite news|first=Kristine|last=Guerra|title=Duterte’s war on drugs has killed hundreds in the Philippines. This could be a huge problem. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/08/22/dutertes-war-on-drugs-has-killed-hundreds-in-the-philippines-this-could-be-a-huge-problem/ |work=[[The Washington Post]] |accessdate=2016-08-22}}</ref> and [[Rodrigo Duterte#Extrajudicial killings|magazines]],<ref name=what>{{cite news|title=The human toll of the Philippines’ war on drugs |url=https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21707299-extrajudicial-killings-have-spiked-election-rodrigo-duterte-human-toll |work=[[The Economist Magazine]] |accessdate=2016-09-15}}</ref><ref name=when>{{cite news|first=Times|last=Magazine|title=The Killing Time: Inside Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte’s War on Drugs |url=http://time.com/4462352/rodrigo-duterte-drug-war-drugs-philippines-killing/ |work=[[Times Magazine]] |accessdate=2016-08-25}}</ref><ref name=where>{{cite news|first=Vanity|last=Fair|title=The Mass Murder in teh Philippines is Far Worse Than Most Media Report |url=http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2016/12/mass-murder-in-the-philippines |work=[[Vanity Fair Magazine]] |accessdate=2016-12-12 }}</ref> prompting the Philippine government to issue statements denying the existence of state-sanctioned killings.<ref name=a>{{cite news|first=Daxim|last=Lucas|title=Cabinet members scramble to interpret Duterte’s words |url=https://globalnation.inquirer.net/147437/cabinet-members-scramble-to-interpret-dutertes-words |work=[[Global Inquirer.Net]] |accessdate=2016-10-21}}</ref><ref name=b>{{cite news|first=John Paolo Bencito and|last=Sara Fabunan|title=PH-US ‘war games’ end in Oct.—Du30 |url=http://thestandard.com.ph/news/headlines/217565/ph-us-war-games-end-in-oct-du30.html |work=[[Manila Standard]] |accessdate=2016-09-30}}</ref><ref name=c>{{cite news|first=John Paolo Bencito|last=and Sara Fabunan|title=UN slams Hitler gaffe |url=http://www.philnews.com/headlines/2016/headline_news_1001aa.htm |work=[[Manila Standard]] |accessdate=2016-09-30}}</ref> Though Duterte’s controversial [[Philippine Drug War|war on drugs]] was opposed by the [[Rodrigo Duterte#Extrajudicial killings|United States]] under President Barack Obama,<ref name=d>{{cite news|first=Dharel|last=Placido|title=Obama to Duterte: Do war on drugs 'the right way' |url=http://news.abs-cbn.com/news/09/08/16/obama-to-duterte-do-war-on-drugs-the-right-way |work=[[ABS-CBN News]] |accessdate=2016-09-08}}</ref> the [[Philippine Drug War#International|European Union]],<ref name=e>{{cite news|first=Estrella|last=Torres|title=EU urges PH to stop extrajudicial killings on drug suspects |url=https://globalnation.inquirer.net/145037/eu-weighs-in-on-human-rights-issue-in-antidrug-war |work=[[Inquirer.net]] |accessdate=2016-09-18}}</ref> and the United Nations, Duterte claims that he has received approving remarks from US President [[Rodrigo Duterte#Extrajudicial killings|Donald Trump]].<ref name=f>{{cite news|first=Daniel|last=Politi|title=Philippines President Says Trump Congratulated Him on Violent Anti-Drug Crackdown |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2016/12/03/philippine_president_duterte_says_trump_congratulated_him_on_violent_anti.html |work=[[The Slatest]] |accessdate=2016-12-03}}</ref> On a news report of ABS-CBN dated September 26, 4:17 PM, Duterte issued guidelines that would enable the [[Philippine Drug War#International|United Nations Rapporteur]] on Extrajudicial Killings to probe the rising death toll.<ref name=g>{{cite news|first=Dharel|last=Placido|title=Duterte sets conditions for UN drug killings probe |url=http://news.abs-cbn.com/news/09/26/16/duterte-sets-conditions-for-un-drug-killings-probe |work=[[ABS-CBN News]] |accessdate=2016-09-26}}</ref> On a news report of GMA News dated December 14, 10:24 PM, Duterte cancelled the planned visit of the Rapporteur for failure of the latter to accept the conditions for the probe.<ref name=h>{{cite news|first=GMA|last=News|title=Duterte admin cancels visit of UN Rapporteur on extrajudicial killings |url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/592499/news/nation/duterte-admin-cancels-visit-of-un-rapporteur-on-extrajudicial-killings |work=[[GMA News]] |accessdate=2016-12-14}}</ref> == Soviet Union and Russia == In [[Bolshevist Russia|Soviet Russia]] since 1918 [[Cheka]] was authorized to execute "counterevolutionaries" without trial. Hostages were also executed by Cheka during the [[Red Terror]] in 1918-20. The [[Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies|successors of Cheka]] also had the authority for extrajudicial executions. In 1937-38 hundreds of thousands where executed extrajudicially during the [[Great Purge]] under the lists approved by [[NKVD troika]]s. In some cases the Soviet special services did not arrest and then execute their victims but just secretly killed them without any arrest. For example, [[Solomon Mikhoels]] was murdered in 1948 and his body was run over to create the impression of a traffic accident. The Soviet special services also conducted extrajudicial killings abroad, most notably of [[Leon Trotskiy]] in 1940 in [[Mexico]], [[Stepan Bandera]] in 1969 in Germany, [[Georgi Markov]] in 1978 in London. {{main article|Active measures|Poison laboratory of the Soviet secret services}} In [[Russian Federation]] a number of journalist [[murder]]s were attributed to public administration figures, usually where the publications would reveal their involvement in large corruption scandals. {{main article|List of journalists killed in Russia}} It has been regarded that the [[Alexander Litvinenko assassination theories|Alexander Litvinenko]] murder was linked to Russian special forces. USA and UK intelligence services believe that the Russian government and secret services are behind at least fourteen [[targeted killing]]s on British soil.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/uk-police-evidence-russian-assassins-behind-14-suspicious-deaths-british-soil-boris-berezovsky-scot-a7793151.html|title=UK authorities 'overlooked' evidence linking Russia to deaths on British soil|date=16 June 2017|publisher=}}</ref> == State of Israel == In a report, [[Amnesty International]] documented incidents that "appear to have been extrajudicial executions" against Palestinian civilians.<ref name=Amnesty>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2015/10/israeli-forces-must-end-pattern-of-unlawful-killings-in-west-bank/|title=Israeli forces in Occupied Palestinian Territories must end pattern of unlawful killings|website=www.amnesty.org|access-date=2016-05-11}}</ref> Those incidents occurred after Palestinians reportedly attempted to attack Israelis, but even though the attackers did pose a serious threat due to soldiers' armor, they were shot without ensuring that the threat was real and without attempt to arrest suspects before resorting to the use of lethal force.<ref name=Amnesty/> == Thailand == Reportedly thousands of [[Human rights in Thailand#Deaths relating to the 2003 war on drugs|extrajudicial killings occurred during the 2003 anti-drug effort]] of [[Thailand]]'s prime minister [[Thaksin Shinawatra]]. Rumors still persist that there is collusion between the government, rogue military officers, the radical right wing, and anti-drug [[death squad]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cbrayton.wordpress.com/2007/12/23/thai-coup-and-countercoup-the-corrupt-media-mogul-v-the-crusading-journalist/|title=Thailand: "The Corrupt Media Mogul v. The Crusading Journalist"|first=Colin|last=Brayton|date=23 December 2007|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.correct.go.th/death.htm |title=Commit |publisher=Correct.go.th |date= |accessdate=2010-10-01 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527144716/http://www.correct.go.th/death.htm |archivedate=2011-05-27 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.angelfire.com/rnb//y/squads.htm |title=Death Squad links. Drug war and more. Worldwide. Mostly U.S.-run or U.S.-aided terrorism. Millions killed over decades. Torture on an industrial scale. "Dirty wars," murder, corruption, destabilization, disinformation, subversion of democracy, etc.. Above |publisher=Angelfire.com |date= |accessdate=2010-10-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cannabisculture.com/articles/2997.html |title=Thailand's anti-drug death squads &#124; Cannabis Culture Magazine |publisher=Cannabisculture.com |date=2003-08-15 |accessdate=2010-10-01 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606131426/http://www.cannabisculture.com/articles/2997.html |archivedate=2011-06-06 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://gallery.marihemp.com/akha |title=Thailand. 2500 extrajudicial drug-war killings of innocent people. |accessdate=2008-02-07 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091206205143/http://gallery.marihemp.com/akha |archivedate=December 6, 2009 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stopthedrugwar.org/chronicle-old/275/thailandwar.shtml|title=Thailand War on Drugs Turns Murderous, 600 Killed This Month -- Human Rights Groups Denounce Death Squads, Executions|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stopthedrugwar.org/chronicle/497/thailand_investigations_drug_war_killings_get_underway |title=Southeast Asia: Probe into Thai Drug War Killings Getting Underway |publisher=StoptheDrugWar.org |date= |accessdate=2010-10-01}}</ref> Both [[Muslim]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.strategypage.com/qnd/thai/articles/20070214.aspx |title=Thailand: Death Squads and Roadside Bombs |publisher=Strategypage.com |date= |accessdate=2010-10-01}}</ref> and [[Buddhist]]<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2007/sep/7/buddhists-suspected-in-thai-raids/?page=all | title=Buddhists suspected in Thai raids |work=The Washington Times |location=Washington, DC |date=September 7, 2007 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427192324/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2007/sep/7/buddhists-suspected-in-thai-raids/?page=all |archivedate=2014-04-27 |deadurl=no}}</ref> sectarian death squads still operate in the south of the country. == Turkey == In 1990 [[Amnesty International]] published its first report on [[Extrajudicial punishment|extrajudicial executions]] in Turkey.<ref name="ob.nubati.net"/> In the following years the problem became more serious. The [[Human Rights Foundation of Turkey]] determined the following figures on extrajudicial executions in Turkey for the years 1991 to 2001:<ref>Source: Report for 2001, published on 10 March 2003, Ankara, {{ISBN|975-7217-38-7}}, page 49 (Turkish)</ref> {| class = "wikitable" |- |1991||1992||1993||1994||1995||1996||1997||1998||1999||2000||2001 |- |98||283||189||129||96||129||98||80||63||56||37 |} In 2001 the UN Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, Ms. [[Asma Jahangir]], presented a report on a visit to Turkey.<ref name="UN2001">The [http://www.extrajudicialexecutions.org/reports/E_CN_4_2002_74_Add_1.pdf full report as pdf-file] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071002225033/http://www.extrajudicialexecutions.org/reports/E_CN_4_2002_74_Add_1.pdf |date=2007-10-02 }}; accessed on 10 September 2009</ref> The report presented details of killings of prisoners (26 September 1999, 10 prisoners killed in a prison in Ankara; 19 December 2000, an operation in 20 prisons launched throughout Turkey resulted in the death of 30 inmates and two gendarmes). For the years 2000–2008 the [[Human Rights Association (Turkey)|Human Rights Association]] (HRA) gives the following figures on doubtful deaths/deaths in custody/extra judicial execution/torture by paid village guards<ref>The [http://www.ihd.org.tr/images/pdf/IHD_1999_2008_Comparative_Balance_Sheet.pdf comparative balance sheet of the HRA] is available in English; accessed on 10 September 2009</ref> {| class = "wikitable" |- |2000||2001||2002||2003||2004||2005||2006||2007||2008 |- |173|| 55|| 40|| 44|| 47|| 89|| 130|| 66|| 65 |} In 2008 the human rights organization Mazlum Der counted 25 extrajudicial killings in Turkey.<ref>The [http://www.mazlumder.org/ms_word.asp?haber=4784 full report in Turkish as word-file] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227033753/http://www.mazlumder.org/ms_word.asp?haber=4784 |date=2012-02-27 }}; accessed on 10 September 2009</ref> ==United Kingdom== During the [[Irish war of independence]] in 1916–21, the British forces organised several secret assassination squads.{{citation needed|date=January 2017|reason=If secret, an authoritative source is needed that states that they committed extrajudicial killing(s).}} On 20 March 1920 the [[Black and Tans|Royal Irish Constabulary Reserve Force]] murdered the mayor of [[Cork (city)|Cork]] city.<ref>{{citation |last=O'Day |first=Alan |last2=Fleming |first2=N. C. |year=2014 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1HTJAwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=pt-BR&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Longman Handbook of Modern Irish History Since 1800 |publisher=Routledge |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1HTJAwAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&hl=pt-BR&pg=PA69#v=onepage&q&f=false 69]}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=January 2017|reason=partial fail because it does not state who committed the murder, and if it was murder also the Black and Tans were not secret}} In Limerick, the mayor and former mayor of [[Limerick]] city were murdered on 2 May 1921.{{sfn|O'Day|Fleming|2014|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1HTJAwAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&hl=pt-BR&pg=PA70#v=onepage&q&f=false 70]}}{{Failed verification|date=January 2017|reason=partial fail because it does not state who committed the murder, and if it was murder}} === Northern Ireland === {{Main article|Shoot-to-kill policy in Northern Ireland}} In [[Northern Ireland]], members of the British armed forces, the [[Royal Ulster Constabulary]], and British agents, on occasion killed without lawful excuse during [[The Troubles]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1993/WR93/Hsw-09.htm|title=Hsw|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sptimes.com/2007/06/24/Opinion/A_grim_lesson_from_Ul.shtml|title=Opinion: A grim lesson from Ulster|publisher=}}</ref> [[Brian Nelson (double agent)|Brian Nelson]], an [[Ulster Defence Association]] member and British Army agent was convicted of sectarian murders.<ref>{{cite web|last1=O'Duffy|first1=Brendan|last2=O'Leary|first2=Brendan|url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/violence/bodbol.htm|title=Violence in Northern Ireland, 1969-June 1989|publisher=CAIN Web Service - Conflict and Politics in Northern Ireland}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/83509.stm | work=BBC News | title=N.Ireland police arrest 2 suspected of sectarian killing | date=April 25, 1998 | accessdate=May 2, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/48753.stm | work=BBC News | title=Tit-for-tat murders in N Ireland | date=January 20, 1998 | accessdate=May 2, 2010}}</ref> == United States == {{see also|Targeted killing|Disposition Matrix}} The legality of killings such as [[Osama Bin-Laden]]'s in 2011 have been brought to question, with sources mentioning military law and international law, the US defended themselves claiming the killing was not an Assassination, merely an act of "National Self Defence".<ref name=OBLQ>{{cite news|last1=Lewis|first1=Aiden|title=Osama Bin Laden: Legality of Killing questionned|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13318372|accessdate=June 16, 2017|agency=BBC News|publisher=BBC News|date=May 12, 2011|ref=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13318372}}</ref> Legally, the assassinations by targeted drone strike are almost all Extra-Judicial killings. Of which there had been just under 2500 by 2015.<ref name="Drone Strikes">{{cite web|last1=Serle|first1=Jack|title=Almost 2,500 now killed by cover US drone strikes|url=https://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/stories/2015-02-02/almost-2-500-now-killed-by-covert-us-drone-strikes-since-obama-inauguration-six-years-ago-the-bureaus-report-for-january-2015|website=The Bureau|accessdate=May 21, 2017}}</ref> Concerns about targeted and sanctioned killings of non-Americans and American citizens in overseas "counter-terrorism" activities have been raised by lawyers, News firms<ref name=OBLQ/> and private citizens. On September 30, 2011 a drone strike in Yemen killed American citizens [[Anwar al-Awlaki]] and [[Samir Khan]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/01/world/middleeast/anwar-al-awlaki-is-killed-in-yemen.html?_r=0 |title=Two-Year Manhunt Led to Killing of Awlaki in Yemen |date=September 30, 2011 |author1=Mazzetti, Mark |author2=Schmitt, Eric |author3=Worth, Robert F. |work=New York Times |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140504075820/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/01/world/middleeast/anwar-al-awlaki-is-killed-in-yemen.html?_r=0 |archivedate=2014-05-04 |deadurl=no}}</ref> Both individuals resided in [[Yemen]] at the time of their deaths. The executive order approving Al-Awlaki's death was issued by [[Barack Obama]] in 2010 and challenged by the [[American Civil Liberties Union]] and the [[Center for Constitutional Rights]] in that year. The U.S. president issued an order, approved by the [[United States National Security Council|National Security Council]], that Al-Awlaki's normal legal rights as a civilian should be suspended and his death should be imposed, as he was a threat to the United States. The reasons provided to the public for approval of the order were Al-Awlaki's links to the 2009 [[2009 Fort Hood shooting|Fort Hood Massacre]] and the [[2009 Christmas Day bomb plot]], the attempted destruction of a Detroit-bound passenger-plane.<ref>{{cite news | url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/barackobama/7564581/Barack-Obama-orders-killing-of-US-cleric-Anwar-al-Awlaki.html | work=The Telegraph| title=Barack Obama orders killing of US cleric Anwar al-Awlaki | date=April 7, 2010 | location=London | first=Tom | last=Leonard}}</ref> The following month, al-Awlaki's son was killed by mistake by another US drone strike.<ref name=NYT031013>{{cite news | title = How a U.S. Citizen Came to Be in America’s Cross Hairs | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/10/world/middleeast/anwar-al-awlaki-a-us-citizen-in-americas-cross-hairs.html | accessdate = March 10, 2013 | newspaper = [[The New York Times]] | date = March 9, 2013 | author= [[Mark Mazzetti]] | author2 = [[Charlie Savage]] | author3 = [[Scott Shane]] | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140422052044/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/10/world/middleeast/anwar-al-awlaki-a-us-citizen-in-americas-cross-hairs.html?pagewanted=all | archivedate=2014-04-22 | deadurl = No }}</ref> == Vietnam == [[Nguyễn Văn Lém]] (referred to as Captain Bay Lop) (died 1 February 1968 in Saigon) was a member of the [[Viet Cong]] who was summarily shot in [[Saigon]] during the [[Tet Offensive]]. The photograph of his death would become one of many anti-[[Vietnam War]] icons in the [[Western World]]. == Human rights groups == Many [[human rights]] organizations including [[Amnesty International]] along with the [[United Nations]] are campaigning against extrajudicial punishment.<ref name=autogenerated1 /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.extrajudicialexecutions.org/|title=The Project on Extrajudicial Executions home|website=www.extrajudicialexecutions.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=22046&Cr=rights&Cr1=council|title=UN News - UN independent expert on extrajudicial killings urges action on reported incidents|first=United Nations News Service|last=Section|date=28 March 2007|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6814001/site/newsweek/ |title=Dickey: Iraq, Salvador and Death-Squad Democracy – Newsweek The War in Iraq – MSNBC.com |accessdate=2008-01-04 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051101220002/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6814001/site/newsweek/ |archivedate=November 1, 2005 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6802629/site/newsweek/ |title=Special Forces May Train Assassins, Kidnappers in Iraq – Newsweek The War in Iraq – MSNBC.com |accessdate=2006-05-12 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100809021749/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6802629/site/newsweek/ |archivedate=August 9, 2010 |df= }}</ref> == See also == {{Portal|Human rights}} {{Div col}} * [[Arbitrary arrest and detention]] * [[Assassination]] * [[Deadly force]] * [[Death squad]] * [[Encounter killing]] * [[Extraordinary rendition]] * [[Extrajudicial punishment]] * [[Human rights]] * [[Iraq war]] * [[Israeli targeted killings]] * [[Jungle justice]] * [[List of killings by law enforcement officers]] * [[Lynching]] * [[Mahmoud Salah]] * [[Manhunt (law enforcement)]] * [[Manhunt (military)]] * [[Outlaw]] * [[Police misconduct]] * [[Police killings in the United States ]] * [[Posse comitatus (common law)]] * [[Prison rape]] * [[Summary execution]] * [[Targeted killing]] * [[Terrorism]] * [[The Troubles]] * [[Vigilante]] {{Div col end}} == References == {{notelist}} {{Reflist|30em}} ==Further reading== * {{cite web |title=India: Torture, rape and deaths in custody |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA20/006/1992/en/d8f411b5-edaa-11dd-9ad7-350fb2522bdb/asa200061992en.html |date=26 March 1992 |publisher=[[Amnesty International]] |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201122112/http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA20/006/1992/en/d8f411b5-edaa-11dd-9ad7-350fb2522bdb/asa200061992en.html |archivedate=1 February 2015 |df= }} * {{cite book |title=Feudal Forces: Democratic Nations – Police Accountability in Commonwealth South Asia|author=Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative |authorlink=Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative |year=2007 |publisher=CHRI |isbn= 81-88205-48-6|page= |url= |ref= }} {{US War on Terror|state=collapsed}} [[Category:Extrajudicial killings| ]] [[Category:Targeted killing]] [[Category:Killings by type]] [[Category:Politics]] [[Category:Organized crime]] [[ar:إعدام دون محاكمة]]'