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'{{redirect|Kingdom of Granada|the post-1492 kingdom under the Crown of Castile|Kingdom of Granada (Crown of Castile)}} {{Infobox former country |native_name = {{lang|ar|إمارة غرﻧﺎﻃﺔ}}<br />''Imarat Gharnāṭah'' |conventional_long_name = Emirate of Granada |common_name = Granada |continent = Europe |region = Southern Europe |country = Spain |era = [[Late Middle Ages]] |status = Tributary state |status_text = Tributary state of the [[Crown of Castile]] |empire = Crown of Castile |government_type = [[Hereditary monarchy]] <!--- Rise and fall, events, years and dates ---> |year_start = 1230 |year_end = 1492 |event_end = [[Granada War|Castilian conquest]] <!-- Flag navigation: Preceding and succeeding entities "p1" to "p5" and "s1" to "s8" --> |p1 = Almohad Caliphate |flag_p1 = Flag of Morocco 1147 1269.svg |border_p1 = no |s1 = Kingdom of Granada (Crown of Castile) |flag_s1 = Banner of the Kingdom of Granada.svg |border_s1 = no |image_flag = Royal Standard of Nasrid Dynasty Kingdom of Grenade.svg |flag_border = no |flag_type = Flag |flag = Flag of Spain |image_coat = Coat of Arms of the Emirate of Granada (1013-1492).svg |image_map = Reino de Granada.svg |image_map_caption = Territory of the Nasrid Kingdom |national_motto = ''Wa lā ghāliba illā-llāh''<br />(There is no victor but God) |common_languages = Official language:<br>[[Classical Arabic]]<br>Other languages: [[Andalusi Arabic]], [[Mozarabic language|Mozarabic]], [[Berber languages|Berber]], [[Judaeo-Spanish|Ladino]] |capital = [[Granada]] |religion = Majority religion:<br>[[Islam]]<br>Minority religions:<br>[[Christianity]] ([[Roman Catholicism]]), [[Judaism]] <!--- Titles and names of the first and last leaders and their deputies ---> |leader1 = [[Mohammed I ibn Nasr]] |leader2 = [[Muhammad XII of Granada|Muhammad XII]] |year_leader1 = 1238–1273 |year_leader2 = 1487–1492 |title_leader = [[Sultan]] <!--- Area and population of a given year ---> |stat_area1 = |today = {{flag|Spain}} {{flag|Gibraltar}} {{flag|Morocco}} }} {{History of al-Andalus}} The '''Emirate of Granada''' ({{lang-ar|إمارة غرﻧﺎﻃﺔ}}, [[Arabic transliteration|trans.]] ''Imarat Gharnāṭah''), also known as the '''Nasrid Kingdom of Granada''' ({{lang-es|Reino Nazarí de Granada}}), was an [[emirate]] established in 1230 by [[Mohammed I ibn Nasr]].{{sfn|Miranda|1970|p=429}} After Prince Idris left Iberia to take the [[Almohad Caliphate]] leadership, the ambitious [[Mohammed I ibn Nasr]] established the last Muslim dynasty on the [[Iberian peninsula]], the [[Nasrid dynasty|Nasrids]]. The Nasrid [[emir]]s were responsible for building the [[Alhambra]] palace complex as it is known today. By 1250, the Emirate was the last part of the Iberian peninsula held by the Muslims. [[Andalusian Arabic]] and the [[Berber language]] were the mother tongues of the majority of the Muslim population. For two more centuries, the region enjoyed considerable cultural and economic prosperity but also ongoing infightings over power. It was gradually conquered by the [[Crown of Castile]] and dissolved with the 1491 [[Treaty of Granada (1491)|Treaty of Granada]], ending the [[Granada War]]. In January 1492 [[Muhammad XII of Granada]], the last Nasrid ruler of Granada, formally relinquished his sovereignty and surrendered his territories to Castile, eventually moving to Morocco in exile. Yoooooooo == Tributary state == With the [[Reconquista]] in full swing after the conquest of [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]] in June 1236, Mohammed I ibn Nasr aligned Granada with [[Ferdinand III of Castile]] in 1246,{{sfn|Miranda|1970|p=429}} thereby creating a [[tributary state]], or ''[[taifa]]'', under the [[Crown of Castile]]. Granada remained a tributary state for the next 250 years, with Nasrid emirs paying tribute to Castilian kings mostly in the form of [[gold]] from present-day [[Mali]] and [[Burkina Faso]] that was carried to Iberia through the merchant routes in the [[Sahara]]. The Nasrids also provided military assistance to Castile for its conquest of areas under Muslim control, most notably [[Seville]] in November 1248 and the [[Taifa of Niebla]] in 1262.{{Citation needed|date=September 2013}}. In 1305, Granada conquered [[Ceuta]], but lost control of the city in 1309 to the [[Kingdom of Fez]] with the assistance of the [[Crown of Aragon]]. Granada re-captured Ceuta a year later, but again lost it in 1314. Granada again held the city from 1315 to 1327. In 1384, Granada again re-took Ceuta but lost it definitively to Kingdom of Fez in 1386. Finally Ceuta was taken by the [[Portuguese Empire]] in 1415 and by the [[Spanish Empire]] in 1580. Granada's peace with Castile broke down on various occasions. Granada lost territory to Castile at the [[Battle of Teba]] in 1330. In 1340, Granada under [[Yusuf I, Sultan of Granada|Yusuf I]] supported the failed [[Marinid dynasty|Marinid]] invasion of the Iberian Peninsula, which ended at the [[Battle of Río Salado]]. == Regional entrepôt == Granada's status as a tributary state and its favorable geographic location, with the [[Sierra Nevada (Spain)|Sierra Nevada]] as a natural barrier, helped to prolong Nasrid rule and allowed the Emirate to prosper as a regional [[entrepôt]] with the [[Maghreb]] and the rest of Africa. The city of Granada was one of the largest cities during this time: it accepted numerous Muslim refugees expelled from Christian controlled areas, doubling the size of the city<ref>[http://www.muslimheritage.com/uploads/Granada.pdf Granada- The Last Refuge of Muslims in Spain] by Salah Zaimeche</ref> and even becoming the largest city of Europe in 1450 in terms of population. Granada also served as a refuge for Muslims fleeing during the [[Reconquista]]. Regardless of its comparative prosperity, intra-political strife was constant. Skirmishes along the [[border of Granada]] occurred frequently and territory was gradually lost to Castile. [[File:Reino_de_Granada_cuarto_dírhem_23111.jpg|none|thumb|[[Silver coin]] minted by the Emirate of Granada.]] Granada was tightly integrated in Mediterranean trade networks and heavily financed by [[Republic of Genoa|Genoese]] bankers aiming to gain control of the gold trade carried in through Saharan caravan routes.<ref name="Page 120">{{cite book|last=Arrighi|first=Giovanni|title=The Long Twentieth Century|year=2010|publisher=Verso|isbn=978-1-84467-304-9|page=120}}</ref> However, after [[Portuguese Empire|Portugal]] opened direct trade routes to [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] by sea in the 15th century, Granada became less important as a regional commercial center. With the [[Kingdom of Castile#Union of the Crowns of Castile and Aragon|union of Castile and Aragon]] in 1469, these kingdoms set their sights on annexing Granada. == Fall of Granada == The war of Granada would offer an opportunity for Ferdinand and Isabella to harness the restless Castilian nobility against a common enemy and instill subjects with a sense of loyalty to the crown.<ref name="Page 103">{{cite book|last=Barton|first=Simon|title=A History of Spain|year=2004|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-20012-8|page=103}}</ref> The Emirate's attack on the Castilian frontier town of [[Zahara de la Sierra|Zahara]] in December 1481 led to a prolonged war.<ref name="Page 103" /> The [[Granada War]] began in 1482, with Christian forces capturing [[Alhama de Granada]] in February 1482. This marked the beginning of a grinding 10-year war. The Christian force was made up of troops provided by Castilian nobles, towns, and the [[Hermandad|''Santa Hermandad'']], as well as Swiss mercenaries.<ref name="Page 104">{{cite book|last=Barton|first=Simon|title=History of Spain|year=2004|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-20012-8|page=104}}</ref> The Catholic Church also encouraged other Christian countries to offer their troops and their finances to the war effort. Meanwhile, [[civil war]] erupted in Granada as a result of succession struggles in the Nasrid ruling house. Castile used this internal strife as an opportunity to push further into Granada. By 1491, the city of Granada itself lay under siege. On November 25, 1491, the [[Treaty of Granada]] was signed, setting out the conditions for surrender. On January 2, 1492, the last Muslim leader, [[Muhammad XII of Granada|Muhammad XII]], known as ''Boabdil'' to the Spanish, gave up complete control of Granada, to [[Ferdinand V of Spain|Ferdinand]] and [[Isabella I of Spain|Isabella]], ''[[Los Reyes Católicos]]'' ("The Catholic Monarchs"). == Aftermath == {{refimprove section|date=June 2013}} The Christian ousting of Muslim rule on the Iberian Peninsula with the conquest of Granada did not extinguish the spirit of the ''Reconquista''. Isabella urged Christians to pursue a conquest of Africa.<ref name="Page 105">{{cite book|last=Barton|first=Simon|title=A History of Spain|year=2004|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-20012-8|page=105}}</ref> About 200,000 Muslims are thought to have emigrated{{dubious|date=June 2013}} to North Africa after the fall of Granada. Initially, under the [[Treaty of Granada|conditions of surrender]], the Muslims who remained were guaranteed their property, laws, customs, and religion{{according to whom|date=June 2013}}{{dubious|date=June 2013}}. This however, was not the case, causing the Muslims to rebel against their Christian rulers, culminating with [[Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1499–1501)|an uprising in 1500]]. The rebellion was seen as a chance to formally end the treaty of Granada, and the rights of Muslims and Jews were withdrawn. Muslims in the area were given the choice of expulsion or conversion. In 1568–1571, the descendants of the converted Muslims [[Morisco revolt|revolted again]], leading to their [[expulsion of the Moriscos|expulsion]] from the former Emirate to [[North Africa]] and [[Anatolia]]. For Jews as well, a period of mixed religious tolerance and persecution under Muslim rule in Spain came to an end with their [[Spanish expulsion|expulsion]] by the Christian monarchy in 1492. ==List of sultans of Granada== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Years !! Ruler !! Reign |- | 1238–1272 || [[Muhammed I ibn Nasr, Sultan of Granada|Muhammed I ibn Nasr]] || |- | 1273–1302 || [[Muhammed II al-Faqih, Sultan of Granada|Muhammed II al-Faqih]] || |- | 1302–1309 || [[Muhammed III, Sultan of Granada|Muhammed III]] || |- | 1309–1314 || [[Nasr, Sultan of Granada|Nasr]] || |- | 1314–1325 || [[Ismail I, Sultan of Granada|Ismail I]] || |- | 1325–1333 || [[Muhammed IV, Sultan of Granada|Muhammed IV]] || |- | 1333–1354 || [[Yusuf I, Sultan of Granada|Yusuf I]] || |- | 1354–1359 || [[Muhammed V of Granada|Muhammed V]] || |- | 1359–1360 || [[Ismail II, Sultan of Granada|Ismail II]] || |- | 1360–1362 || [[Muhammed VI, Sultan of Granada|Muhammed VI]]|| |- | 1362–1391 || [[Muhammed V of Granada|Muhammed V]] || Second |- | 1391–1392 || [[Yusuf II, Sultan of Granada|Yusuf II]] || |- | 1392–1408 || [[Muhammed VII, Sultan of Granada|Muhammed VII]] || |- | 1408–1417 || [[Yusuf III, Sultan of Granada|Yusuf III]] || |- | 1417–1419 || [[Muhammed VIII, Sultan of Granada|Muhammed VIII]] || |- | 1419–1427 || [[Muhammed IX, Sultan of Granada|Muhammed IX]] || |- | 1427–1429 || [[Muhammed VIII, Sultan of Granada|Muhammed VIII]] || Second |- | 1430–1431 || [[Muhammed IX, Sultan of Granada|Muhammed IX]] || Second |- | 1432-1432 || [[Yusuf IV, Sultan of Granada|Yusuf IV]] || |- | 1432–1445 || [[Muhammed IX, Sultan of Granada|Muhammed IX]]|| Third |- | 1445–1446 || [[Yusuf V, Sultan of Granada|Yusuf V]] || |- | 1446–1448 || [[Muhammed X, Sultan of Granada|Muhammed X]] || |- | 1448–1453 || [[Muhammed IX, Sultan of Granada|Muhammed IX]] || Fourth |- | 1453–1454 || [[Muhammed XI, Sultan of Granada|Muhammed XI]] || |- | 1454–1461 || [[Sa'ad, Sultan of Granada|Sa'ad]] || |- | 1462–1463 || [[Yusuf V, Sultan of Granada|Yusuf V]] || Second |- | 1464–1482 || [[Abu l-Hasan Ali, Sultan of Granada|Ali Abu l-Hasan]] || |- | 1482–1483 || [[Muhammad XII of Granada|Muhammed XII Abu ‘Abd Allah]] || |- | 1483–1485 || [[Abu l-Hasan Ali, Sultan of Granada|Ali Abu l-Hasan]] || Second |- | 1485–1486 || [[Muhammed XIII, Sultan of Granada|Muhammed XIII Abū ‘Abd Allāh]] || |- | 1486–1492 || [[Muhammad XII of Granada|Muhammed XII Abu ‘Abd Allah]] || Second |} == See also == *[[Nasrid dynasty]] *[[Romance of Abenamar]] *[[Taifa of Granada]] *[[List of Sunni Muslim dynasties]] * [[Border of Granada]] == References == {{reflist}} ===Bibliography=== * {{Cite book|title=The Alhambra. Vol 1. From the Ninth Century to Yusuf I (1354)|first=Antonio|last=Fernández Puertas|publisher=Saqi Books|year=1997|isbn=0-86356-466-6}} * {{Cite book|title=The Alhambra. Vol. 2. (1354–1391)|first=Antonio|last=Fernández Puertas|publisher=Saqi Books|isbn=0-86356-467-4}} * {{Cite book|title=Islamic Spain 1250 to 1500|first=Leonard Patrick|last=Harvey|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1992|isbn=0-226-31962-8}} * {{Cite book|title=A History of Islamic Spain|first=W. Montgomery|last=Watt|authorlink=William Montgomery Watt|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|year=1965|isbn=0-7486-0847-8}} * {{Cite book|first=Rachel|last=Arié|title=L’Espagne musulmane au Temps des Nasrides (1232–1492)|publisher=De Boccard|year=1990|edition=2nd|isbn= 2-7018-0052-8|language=french}} * {{Cite book|last=Bueno|first=Francisco|title=Los Reyes de la Alhambra. Entre la historia y la leyenda|publisher=Miguel Sánchez|year=2004|isbn=84-7169-082-9|language=Spanish}} * {{Cite book|last=Cortés Peña|first=Antonio Luis|first2=Bernard |last2=Vincent|title=Historia de Granada. 4 vols.|publisher=Editorial Don Quijote|year=1983–1987|language=Spanish}} * {{Cite book|last=Cristobal Torrez Delgado|title=El Reino Nazari de Granada|year=1982|language=Spanish}} *{{cite book |chapter=The Iberian Peninsula and Sicily |first=Ambroxio Huici |last=Miranda |title=The Cambridge History of Islam |editor-first1=P.M |editor-last1=Holt |editor-first2=Ann K.S. |editor-last2=Lambton |editor-first3=Bernard |editor-last3=Lewis |volume=Vol. 2A |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1970 |ref=harv}} == External links == {{commons category|Emirate of Granada}} *[http://www.muslimheritage.com/uploads/Granada.pdf Granada- The Last Refuge of Muslims in Spain] by Salah Zaimeche *{{es icon}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20090427093923/http://www.liceus.com/cgi-bin/gba/4010.asp Al-Ándalus III: el Sultanato De Granada (1232–1492) y Una Breve Reseña Sobre la Alhambra] *{{es icon}} R.H. Shamsuddín Elía, Historia de Al-Andalus, Boletín N° 53 -08/2006 [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927010027/http://www.islamyal-andalus.org/control/noticia.php?id=1142 ''Al-Ándalus III: El Sultanato De Granada (1232–1492)''] *{{es icon}} Nicolás Homar Vives, [http://www.homar.org/genealog/iv_europa_i/ibe18a.htm Genealogy of the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada] *{{fr icon}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20081113170329/http://web.genealogie.free.fr/Les_dynasties/Les_dynasties_musulmanes/Espagne.htm Genealogy of the muslim dynasties in Spain] *{{ar icon}} [http://www.hukam.net/family.php?fam=211 {{lang|ar|بنو نصر/النصريون/بنو الأحمر في غرناطة}}] ''Les Nasrides, Les Banû al-Ahmar à Grenade'' {{coord|37|11|N|3|36|W|type:city_source:kolossus-hewiki|display=title}} {{Spanish Kingdoms |state=expanded}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Emirate Of Granada}} [[Category:Emirate of Granada| ]] [[Category:Former countries on the Iberian Peninsula|Granada]] [[Category:Former Muslim countries in Europe]] [[Category:History of Andalusia]] [[Category:1238 establishments in Europe]] [[Category:1492 disestablishments in Europe]] [[Category:1492 disestablishments in Spain]]'