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'{{EngvarB|date=July 2017}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}} {{other people}} {{Infobox Christian leader |type = bishop |honorific-prefix = [[The Right Reverend]] |name = Charles Gore |honorific-suffix = [[Community of the Resurrection|CR]] |title = [[Bishop of Oxford]] |image =Charles Gore (1853-1932) in 1918.jpg |alt = |church = [[Church of England]] |province = [[Province of Canterbury|Canterbury]] |diocese = [[Diocese of Oxford|Oxford]] |elected = 6 September 1911 (nominated) |appointed = 17 October 1911 (confirmed) |term_start = |term_end = 1 July 1919 |predecessor = [[Francis Paget]] |successor = [[Hubert Burge]] |other_post = <!---------- Orders ----------> |ordination = 1878 (priest) |ordinated_by = |consecration = 23 February 1902 |consecrated_by = <!---------- Personal details ----------> |birth_name = |birth_date = {{birth date|1853|01|22|df=yes}} |birth_place = [[Wimbledon, London|Wimbledon]], London, England |death_date = {{death date and age|1932|01|17|1853|01|22|df=yes}} |death_place = |buried = |nationality = English |religion = [[Anglicanism]] |residence = |parents = {{unbulleted list|[[Charles Alexander Gore]]|Augusta Lavinia Priscilla Gore (née Ponsonby)}} |spouse = |children = |occupation = |profession = |previous_post = {{unbulleted list|[[Bishop of Worcester]]|[[Bishop of Birmingham]]}} |alma_mater = [[Balliol College, Oxford]] |motto = |signature = |signature_alt = |coat_of_arms = |coat_of_arms_alt = <!---------- Sainthood ----------> |feast_day = 17 January 16 January |venerated = [[Church of England]], [[Episcopal Church (United States)]] |saint_title = |beatified_date = |beatified_place = |beatified_by = |canonized_date = |canonized_place = |canonized_by = |attributes = |patronage = |shrine = |suppressed_date = }} '''Charles Gore''' {{post-nominals|post-noms=[[Community of the Resurrection|CR]]}} (22 January 1853{{snd}}17 January 1932) was the [[Bishop of Oxford]]. He was one of the most influential Anglican [[Anglicanism#Anglican divines|theologians]] of the 19th century, helping reconcile the church to some aspects of [[biblical criticism]] and scientific discovery, while remaining Catholic in his interpretation of the faith and sacraments. Also known for his social action, Gore became an [[Anglican ministry#Bishops|Anglican bishop]] and founded the priestly [[Community of the Resurrection]] as well as co-founded the [[Christian Social Union (UK)|Christian Social Union]]. ==Early life and education== Charles Gore was born into an Anglo-Irish aristocratic family{{sfn|Crosse|1932}} as the third son of Charles Alexander Gore,{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=254}} son of the [[Arthur Gore, 2nd Earl of Arran|Earl of Arran]], and Lady Augusta Lavinia Priscilla (''née'' Ponsonby), a daughter of the fourth [[Earl of Bessborough]]. His eldest brother, [[Philip Gore, 4th Earl of Arran|Philip]], became the fourth [[Earl of Arran]], and his brother [[Spencer Gore (sportsman)|Spencer]] was the first winner of the [[Wimbledon Championships]]. Gore's parents sent him to [[Harrow School]], London,{{sfn|Crosse|1932}} then to [[Balliol College, Oxford]], where he supported the trade-union movement.<ref name=rice>[http://justus.org/resources/bio/84.html Rice, Hugh a. Lawrence, ''The Bridge Builders: Biographical Studies in the History of Anglicanism'', Darton, Longman & Todd, London, 1961.]{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Theologian at Pusey House== In 1875, Gore was elected a fellow of [[Trinity College, Oxford]],<ref name=rice/> and lectured there from 1876 to 1880.<ref name=TT08111901>{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=New Bishop of Worcester |day_of_week=Friday |date=8 November 1901 |page_number=9 |issue=36607| }}</ref> Gore was ordained to the Anglican diaconate in 1876 and the priesthood in 1978.{{sfn|Waddell|2014|p=xiii}} From 1880 to 1883, he served as vice-principal of [[Ripon College (Cuddesdon)|Cuddesdon Theological College]].{{sfnm |1a1=Chisholm |1y=1911 |2a1=Waddell |2y=2014 |2p=xiii}} When, in 1884, [[Pusey House]] was founded at Oxford as a home for Pusey's library and a centre for the propagation of his principles, Gore was appointed as principal, a position he held until 1893. As Principal of Pusey House, he exercised wide influence over undergraduates and the younger clergy and it was largely under this influence that the [[Oxford Movement]] underwent a change which to surviving [[Tractarian]]s seemed to involve a break with its basic principles. Puseyism had been in the highest degree conservative, basing itself on authority and tradition and repudiating compromise with the modern critical and liberalising spirit. Gore, starting from the same basis of faith and authority, found from experience in dealing with the doubts and difficulties of the younger generation that this uncompromising attitude was untenable and set himself the task of reconciling the principle of authority in religion with that of scientific authority, by attempting to define the boundaries of their respective spheres of influence. To him the divine authority of the Catholic Church was an axiom. In 1889, he published two works, the larger of which, ''The Church and the Ministry'', is a learned vindication of the principle of [[apostolic succession]] in the episcopate against the [[Presbyterians]] and other Reformed church bodies, while the second, ''Roman Catholic Claims'', is a defence, in more popular form, of [[Anglicanism]] and Anglican ordinations and sacraments against the criticisms of Roman Catholic authorities.<ref name=rice/> So far Gore's published views had been in consonance with those of the older Tractarians, but in 1890 a stir was created by the publication, under his editorship, of ''[[Lux Mundi (book)|Lux Mundi]]'', a series of essays by different writers attempting to bring the Christian creed into a harmonious relation to the modern growth of knowledge, scientific, historic, critical, and to modern problems of politics and ethics. Gore himself contributed an essay on "The Holy Spirit and Inspiration" and, from the tenth edition, one of Gore's sermons, "On the Christian Doctrine of Sin", was included as an appendix. The book, which ran through twelve editions in little over a year, met with a mixed reception. Traditional clerics, both Evangelicals and Tractarians, were alarmed by views on the incarnate nature of Christ which seemed to them to impugn his divinity and, by concessions to the higher criticism in the matter of the inspiration of scripture, appeared to them to convert the "impregnable rock" (as Gladstone had called it) into a foundation of sand. Sceptics, however, were not impressed by a system of defence which seemed to draw an artificial line beyond which criticism was not to advance. The book nonetheless produced a profound effect far beyond the borders of the Anglican churches and it is largely due to its influence, and to that of the school it represents, that the Anglican high church movement developed on Modernist rather than Tractarian lines from then on. ==Bampton Lectures, Radley parish and Westminster Abbey== In 1891 Gore was chosen to deliver the [[Bampton lectures]], and he took for his subject the "Incarnation of Christ". In these published lectures, Gore developed the theology of ''Lux Mundi'', attempting to explain how Christ, though incarnate God, could err – e.g. in his citations from the Old Testament. The orthodox explanation had been based on the [[Accommodation (religion)|religious principle of accommodation]]. This, however, had not solved the difficulty that if Christ on earth was not subject to human limitations, especially of knowledge, he was not as other men, not subject to their trials and temptations. Gore addressed this through revisiting the Kenotic Theory of the Incarnation. Theologians had attempted to explain what [[Paul the Apostle]] meant when he wrote of Christ (Philippians 2:7) that he emptied himself (''[[kenosis]]'') and took upon him the form of a servant. According to Gore this means that Christ on his incarnation, although sinless, became subject to all human limitations and stripped himself of all attributes of [[Godhead in Christianity|Godhead]], including omniscience, the Divine nature being hidden under the human.{{cn|date=July 2016}} The Bampton Lectures led to a tense situation, which Gore relieved in 1893 by resigning his principalship of Pusey House and accepting the position of vicar of [[Radley]] parish near [[Oxford]]. In 1894 Gore became a canon of [[Westminster Abbey]]. Here he gained commanding influence as a preacher and in 1898 was appointed one of the court chaplains. In July 1901 he was appointed a [[Chaplain-in-Ordinary]] to [[Edward VII|King Edward VII]],<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=27336 |pages=4838–4839|date=23 July 1901}}</ref> though he resigned as such on elevation as bishop in January 1902.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27393|date=3 January 1902|page=1}}</ref> ==Community of the Resurrection== {{See also|Community of the Resurrection}} In 1892, while Principal of Pusey House, Gore founded a clerical fraternity, known as the Society of the Resurrection. The society became a religious community and he became its first superior, only resigning when appointed as Bishop of Worcester in 1902. Its members were Anglican priests bound by the obligation of celibacy, living under a common [[Benedictine]] rule and with a common purse. Their work was pastoral, evangelistic, literary and educational. The community followed Gore to Radley in 1893, most of them remaining there when he moved to London in 1894. In 1898 the [[House of the Resurrection]] in [[Mirfield]], near [[Huddersfield]], became the centre of the community. Although the community followed a liturgical day familiar to Roman Catholic monks, Gore and the other founders wanted it to engage in social action. Five of the six founding members belonged to the Christian Social Union, hence the decision to settle in the industrial north, between Wakefield and Huddersfield.<ref name=howse>{{cite news |last=Howse |first=Christopher |date=13 November 2009 |title=The Levelling of Mirfield Church |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/columnists/christopherhowse/6562705/The-levelling-of-Mirfield-church.html |newspaper=The Telegraph |access-date=22 December 2017}}</ref> In 1903 a college for training candidates for the Anglican priesthood, the [[College of the Resurrection]], was established in Mirfield and, in the same year, a branch house for missionary work was set up in [[Johannesburg]] in South Africa. ==Bishop in Worcester, Birmingham, and Oxford== In November 1901 Gore was nominated to succeed [[JJS Perowne|J. J. S. Perowne]] as [[Bishop of Worcester]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27389|date=20 December 1901|page=8979}}</ref> The appointment caused some controversy, due to his teachings and relationship to the Prime Minister, [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury|Lord Salisbury]] (he was a cousin of Lord Salisbury's daughter-in-law).<ref name=TT08111901 /> The [[Church Association]] and the Liverpool Laymen's League were among societies lodging formal protests before his confirmation.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=Ecclesiastical intelligence |day_of_week=Thursday |date=2 January 1902 |page_number=5 |issue=36654| }}</ref> After subsequent legal hearings, Gore was consecrated as Bishop at [[Lambeth Palace]] on 23 February 1902,<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=Ecclesiastical intelligence – Consecration of the Bishop of Worcester|day_of_week=Monday |date=24 February 1902 |page_number=7 |issue=36699| }}</ref> and enthroned at [[Worcester Cathedral]] two days later on 25 February.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=Enthronement of the Bishop of Worcester |day_of_week=Wednesday |date=26 February 1902 |page_number=11 |issue=36701| }}</ref> [[Image:Charles Gore NPG.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Gore in 1902]] He received the degree [[Doctor of Divinity]] (DD) from the [[University of Oxford]] in December 1901,<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=University intelligence |day_of_week=Friday |date=6 December 1901 |page_number=7 |issue=36631| }}</ref> and was elected an [[Honorary Fellow]] of Trinity College, Oxford, in May 1902.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=University intelligence |day_of_week=Wednesday |date=28 May 1902 |page_number=12 |issue=36779| }}</ref> In 1905 Gore was installed as the first [[Bishop of Birmingham]], a new see, which he had helped to create by dividing his see of Worcester. The second parish church of Birmingham, [[St Philip's Cathedral, Birmingham|St Philip]], became the cathedral. While adhering to his views on the divine institution of episcopacy as essential to the Christian Church, Bishop Gore from the first cultivated friendly relations with the ministers of other Christian denominations, and advocated co-operation with them in all matters when agreement was possible. In social questions Gore became a leader of the group of high Anglicans known loosely as [[Christian socialists]]. In 1889 at Pusey House Gore had helped found the [[Christian Social Union (Church of England)|Christian Social Union]]. He worked actively against the [[sweating system]], pleaded for European intervention in [[Macedonia (region)|Macedonia]], and in 1908 was a keen supporter of the Licensing Bill. In 1911 he succeeded [[Francis Paget]] as [[Bishop of Oxford]]. On 28 September 1917 Gore licensed 21 women as [[lay reader]]s called the "Diocesan Band of Women Messengers". These were possibly the first female lay readers in the Church of England. The last one, [[Bessie Bangay]], died in 1987 aged 98. ==Retirement in London== Gore resigned in {{citation needed span |date=December 2017 |text=June}} 1919 and retired to London,{{sfn|Waddell|2014|pp=xiii, xxv}} where he lived at 6 Margaret Street{{sfn|Temple|Thom|n.d.|p=26}} as a tenant of the parochial authorities of [[All Saints, Margaret Street]]. There he remained for several years, celebrating regularly in the church and in the sisters' chapel close by, and taking his usual keen interest in the affairs of the church and parish. At the same time Gore attached himself to [[Grosvenor Chapel]], South Audley Street, and was licensed to the Rector of [[St George's, Hanover Square]], in whose parish that Chapel stands, thus becoming for the first time in his life a licensed curate.{{sfn|Crosse|1932}} Gore was a bundle of contradictions, an Anglo-Catholic in the Church of England whose questioning of the Old Testament produced in the 1890s a crisis for many believers. In the judgment of his biographer, Gore was a loner who thought he had a vocation to community life. He chose to be buried at Mirfield, in the church of the [[Community of the Resurrection]], though he had never managed to be more than a visitor there.<ref name=howse/> ==Death and legacy== Gore died in 1932. He left instructions for his body to be cremated, a practice seen by some at the time as unacceptable for a Christian. Nearly three decades earlier, in a letter read at the 1903 opening ceremony of the [[Birmingham Crematorium]], Gore had written:<ref name="Lancet">{{cite journal|date=17 October 1903|title=Birmingham Crematorium|journal=The Lancet|volume=162|issue=4181|page=1109|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(01)46268-4}}</ref> {{Quote|What I should desire when I myself die is that my body should be reduced rapidly to ashes, so that it may do no harm to the living, and then in accordance with Christian feeling be laid in the earth.}} Gore's wishes provoked the Anglo-Catholic leader and politician [[Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax|Lord Halifax]] to exclaim, belatedly, "I could shake the life out of him with my own hands."<ref name=howse/> The ashes were taken to [[Mirfield]] in Yorkshire for burial as per his wishes. His cope and mitre remain at the [[Grosvenor Chapel]]. ==Published works== [[File:Charles Gore - Statue - St. Philip's - Birmingham - 2005-10-14.jpg|thumbnail|200px|right|Statue of Charles Gore, by [[Thomas Stirling Lee]], outside [[St Philip's Cathedral, Birmingham]]]] * [https://archive.org/details/a583501000goreuoft''Lux Mundi''] (editor) (1889) * [https://archive.org/details/a583499000goreuoft ''The Incarnation of the Son of God''] (The Bampton Lectures 1891) * [https://archive.org/details/a583508500goreuoft ''Roman Catholic Claims''] (1892, revised 1920) * [https://archive.org/details/a583484600goreuoft ''Dissertations on Subjects connected with the Incarnation''] (1895) * [https://archive.org/details/creedofchristian00goreuoft ''The Creed of the Christian''] (1895) * [https://archive.org/details/a583516300goreuoft ''The Sermon on the Mount''] (1896, revised 1910) * [https://archive.org/details/583500500goreuoft ''Leo the Great''] (1897) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140324154935/http://www.cristoraul.com/ENGLISH/History-of-the-Popes/GalleryofHistory/Leo-the-Great/Life-Door.html ''Leo the Great (AD 400–461( BTM format''] (2014) * [https://archive.org/details/a583511400goreuoft ''The Epistle to the Ephesians''] (1898) * [https://archive.org/details/prayerandlordspr00goreuoft ''Prayer, and the Lord's Prayer''] (1898) * ''Romans'' (1899) * [https://archive.org/details/a583480900goreuoft ''The Church and the Ministry''] (1899, revised 1919) * [https://archive.org/details/thebodyofchrist00goreuoft ''The Body of Christ''] (1901) * [https://archive.org/details/a583504100goreuoft ''The New Theology and the Old Religion''] (1907) * [https://archive.org/details/ordersandunity00goreuoft ''Orders and Unity''] (1909) * [https://archive.org/details/religionofchurch00goreuoft ''The Religion of the Church''] (1916) * [https://archive.org/details/dominantideascor00goreuoft ''Dominant Ideas and Corrective Principles''] (1918) * [https://archive.org/details/epistlesofstjohn00goreuoft ''The Epistles of St John''] (1920) * [https://archive.org/details/christianmoralpr00goreuoft ''Christian Moral Principles''] (1921) * [https://archive.org/details/a583479600goreuoft ''Belief in God''] (1921) * [https://archive.org/details/a583475300goreuoft ''Belief in Christ''] (1922) * [https://archive.org/details/holyspiritandthe011907mbp ''The Holy Spirit and the Church''] (1924) * ''The Doctrine of the Infallible Book'' (1924) * ''Christ and Society (Halley Stewart Lectures, 1927)'' (pub. 1928) * ''A New Commentary on Holy Scripture'' (contributor and co-editor) (1928) * [https://archive.org/details/dogma029363mbp ''Dogma in the Early Church''] a Lecture (1929) * "'''Jesus of Nazareth''" (1929) ''Belief in God'', ''Belief in Christ'' and ''The Holy Spirit and the Church'' were reissued in a single volume as ''The Reconstruction of Belief'' in 1926. ==References== ===Citations=== {{reflist|22em}} ===Works cited=== {{refbegin|35em|indent=yes}} : {{cite encyclopedia |year=1911 |title=[[wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Gore, Charles|Gore, Charles]] |editor-last=Chisholm |editor-first=Hugh |editor-link=Hugh Chisholm |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]] |volume=12 |edition=11th |location=Cambridge, England |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=254–255 |ref=harv }} This article incorporates text from this public-domain publication. : {{cite book |last=Crosse |first=Gordon |year=1932 |title=Charles Gore: A Biographical Sketch |url=http://anglicanhistory.org/gore/crosse.html |location=Milwaukee, Wisconsin |publisher=Morehouse Publishing |access-date=22 December 2017 |ref=harv }} : {{cite book |last1=Temple |first1=Philip |last2=Thom |first2=Colin |year=n.d. |chapter=Margaret Street |chapter-url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/architecture/sites/bartlett/files/chapter27_margaret_street.pdf |title=Survey of London |volume=51–52 |edition=draft |location=London |publisher=University College London |access-date=22 December 2017 |ref=harv }} : {{cite book |last=Waddell |first=Peter |year=2014 |title=Charles Gore: Radical Anglican |location=Norwich, England |publisher=Canterbury Press |isbn=978-1-84825-654-5 |ref=harv }} {{refend}} ==Further reading== {{refbegin|35em|indent=yes}} : {{cite book |last=Grimes |first=G. F. |year=1992 |title=Liberal Catholicism: Charles Gore and the Question of Authority |series=Latimer Studies |volume=40 |location=Oxford |publisher=Latimer House |isbn=978-0-946307-38-8 |ref=harv }} : {{cite book |last=Wilkinson |first=Alan |year=1992 |title=The Community of the Resurrection: A Centenary History |location=London |publisher=SCM Press |isbn=978-0-334-02531-3 |ref=harv }} {{refend}} ==External links== {{Commons category}} *[http://www.oxford.anglican.org/page/1816/ Charles Gore] – from the Diocese of Oxford *[https://web.archive.org/web/20060514232232/http://www.anglocatholicsocialism.org/csu.html Charles Gore and the Lux Mundi School] from Anglo-Catholic Socialism website *[http://anglicanhistory.org/gore/index.html Project Canterbury: Charles Gore] * {{Gutenberg author |id=Gore,+Charles | name=Charles Gore}} * {{Internet Archive author |sname=Charles Gore}} {{S-start}} {{S-rel|en}} {{S-bef|before=[[John Perowne]]}} {{S-ttl|title=[[Bishop of Worcester]] |years=1902–1905}} {{S-aft|after=[[Huyshe Yeatman-Biggs]]}} {{S-new|title}} {{S-ttl|title=[[Bishop of Birmingham]] |years=1905–1911}} {{S-aft|after=[[Henry Wakefield (bishop of Birmingham)|Henry Wakefield]]}} {{S-bef|before=[[Francis Paget]]}} {{S-ttl|title=[[Bishop of Oxford]] |years=1911–1919}} {{S-aft|after=[[Hubert Burge]]}} {{S-end}} {{Bishops of Worcester since 1908}} {{Bishops of Birmingham}} {{Bishops of Oxford since 1908}} {{Portal bar|Anglicanism|Biography|England}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gore, Charles}} [[Category:1853 births]] [[Category:1932 deaths]] [[Category:20th-century Anglican bishops]] [[Category:Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford]] [[Category:Anglican saints]] [[Category:English Anglican theologians]] [[Category:Annihilationists]] [[Category:Bishops of Birmingham]] [[Category:Bishops of Worcester]] [[Category:Canons of Westminster]] [[Category:Fellows of King's College London]] [[Category:Fellows of Trinity College, Oxford]] [[Category:Honorary Chaplains to the Queen]] [[Category:Members of Anglican religious orders]] [[Category:People from Wimbledon, London]] [[Category:People educated at Harrow School]] [[Category:Gore family (Anglo-Irish aristocracy)|Charles Gore]] [[Category:Clergy of Pusey House, Oxford]] [[Category:Anglo-Catholic socialists]] [[Category:English Christian socialists]] [[Category:Anglo-Catholic bishops]] [[Category:Christian socialist theologians]] [[Category:Anglo-Catholic theologians]]'