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'{{update|date=January 2018}} {{copy edit|date=January 2018}} Brain simulation is the concept and scientific project of creating a computer-run model of [[brain]] neuron connections, either for the whole [[brain]] or parts of it. Many projects have attempted to do so for some animals, [[Blue Brain Project|the Blue Brain]] project being one. It was launched in May 2005 by [[IBM]] and the [[École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne|Swiss Federal Institute of Technology]] in [[Lausanne]], with the aim to create a [[computer simulation]] of a mammalian cortical column down to the molecular level. The Human Brain Project has a Brain Simulation Platform (BSP), created in 2013, which is an internet-accessible collaborative platform designed for the simulation of brain models. The Human Brain Project have utilized techniques used by the Blue Brain project and built upon them to further their research. ==C. elegans (roundworm)== [[File:C.elegans-brain-network.jpg|thumb|right|[[Brain mapping|Brain map]] of the [[Caenorhabditis elegans|C. elegans]] roundworm 302 neurons, interconnected by 5000 synapses]] The connectivity of the neural circuit for touch sensitivity of the simple [[Caenorhabditis elegans|C. elegans]] nematode (roundworm) was mapped in 1985<ref>{{cite journal |display-authors=5|author=Chalfie M|author2=Sulston JE|author3=White JG|author4=Southgate E|author5=Thomson JN|author6=Brenner S |title=The neural circuit for touch sensitivity in Caenorhabditis elegans |journal=The Journal of Neuroscience |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=956–64 |date=April 1985 |pmid=3981252 |url=http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=3981252}}</ref> and partly simulated in 1993.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Niebur E|author2=Erdös P |title=Theory of the locomotion of nematodes: control of the somatic motor neurons by interneurons |journal=Mathematical Biosciences |volume=118 |issue=1 |pages=51–82 |date=November 1993 |pmid=8260760 |doi=10.1016/0025-5564(93)90033-7}}</ref> Several software simulation models of the complete neural and muscular system, and to some extent the worm's physical environment, have been presented since 2004, and are in some cases available for downloading.<ref>{{cite conference |last1=Bryden |first1=J. |last2=Cohen |first2=N. |date=2004 |title=A simulation model of the locomotion controllers for the nematodode Caenorhabditis elegans |display-editors=4 |editor1-last=Schaal |editor1-first=S. |editor2-last=Ijspeert |editor2-first=A. |editor3-last=Billard |editor3-first=A. |editor4-last=Vijayakumar |editor4-first=S. |editor5-last=Hallam |editor5-first=J. |editor6-last=Meyer |editor6-first=J.-A. |conference=From Animals to Animats 8: Proceedings of the eighth international conference on the Simulation of Adaptive Behaviour |pages=183–92 |url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/7961/}}</ref><ref>[https://github.com/Flowx08/Celegans-simulation C. Elegans simulation], Open source software project at Github</ref> However, there is still a lack of understanding of how the neurons and the connections between them generate the surprisingly complex range of behaviors that are observed in this relatively simple organism.<ref>[http://itee.uq.edu.au/~markw/celegans/ Mark Wakabayashi] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512215753/http://itee.uq.edu.au/~markw/celegans/ |date=May 12, 2013 }}, with links to MuCoW simulation software, a demo video and the doctoral thesis COMPUTATIONAL PLAUSIBILITY OF STRETCH RECEPTORS AS THE BASIS FOR MOTOR CONTROL IN C. elegans, 2006.</ref><ref>{{Cite book | last1 = Mailler | first1 = R. | last2 = Avery | first2 = J. | last3 = Graves | first3 = J. | last4 = Willy | first4 = N. | chapter = A Biologically Accurate 3D Model of the Locomotion of Caenorhabditis Elegans | doi = 10.1109/BioSciencesWorld.2010.18 | title = 2010 International Conference on Biosciences | pages = 84–90 | date = 7–13 March 2010| isbn = 978-1-4244-5929-2 | url = http://www.personal.utulsa.edu/~roger-mailler/publications/BIOSYSCOM2010.pdf}}</ref> ==Drosophila neural system== {{see|insect brain}} The brain belonging to the fruit fly [[Drosophila]] is also thoroughly studied, and a simplified model simulated.<ref>Arena, P.; Patane, L.; Termini, P.S.; [https://scholar.google.se/scholar?cluster=12345296403665184996&hl=sv&as_sdt=0,5 An insect brain computational model inspired by Drosophila melanogaster: Simulation results], The 2010 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN).</ref> ==Mouse brain mapping and simulation== Between 1995 and 2005, [[Henry Markram]] mapped the types of neurons and their connections.{{cn|date=January 2018}} The [[Blue Brain]] project, completed in December 2006,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bluebrain.epfl.ch/Jahia/site/bluebrain/op/edit/pid/19085|title=Project Milestones|work=Blue Brain|accessdate=2008-08-11}}</ref> aimed at the simulation of a rat [[cortical column|neocortical column]], which can be considered the smallest functional unit of the [[neocortex]] (the part of the brain thought to be responsible for higher functions such as conscious thought), containing 10,000 neurons (and 10⁸[[synapse]]s). In November 2007,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bluebrain.epfl.ch/page18700.html|title=News and Media information|work=Blue Brain|accessdate=2008-08-11|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919051656/http://bluebrain.epfl.ch/page18700.html|archivedate=2008-09-19|df=}}</ref> the project reported the end of the first phase, delivering a data-driven process for creating, validating, and researching the neocortical column. An [[artificial neural network]] described as being "as big and as complex as half of a mouse brain" was run on an IBM [[blue gene]] supercomputer by a University of Nevada research team in 2007. A simulated time of one second took ten seconds of computer time. The researchers said they had seen "biologically consistent" nerve impulses flowed through the virtual cortex. However, the simulation lacked the structures seen in real mice brains, and they intend to improve the accuracy of the neuron model.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/6600965.stm |work=[[BBC News]] |date=27 April 2007 |title=Mouse brain simulated on computer}}</ref> ==Blue Brain and the rat== [[Blue Brain]] is a project, launched in May 2005 by [[IBM]] and the [[École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne|Swiss Federal Institute of Technology]] in [[Lausanne]], with the aim to create a [[computer simulation]] of a mammalian cortical column, down to the molecular level.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.forbes.com/technology/sciences/2005/06/06/cx_mh_0606ibm.html| title=IBM Aims To Simulate A Brain| publisher=Forbes| first=Matthew| last=Herper| date=June 6, 2005| accessdate=2006-05-19}}</ref> The project uses a [[supercomputer]] based on IBM's [[Blue Gene]] design to simulate the electrical behavior of neurons based upon their synaptic connectivity and complement of intrinsic membrane currents. The initial goal of the project, completed in December 2006,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bluebrain.epfl.ch/Jahia/site/bluebrain/op/edit/pid/19085|title=Project Milestones|work=Blue Brain|accessdate=2008-08-11}}</ref> was the simulation of a rat [[cortical column|neocortical column]], which can be considered the smallest functional unit of the [[neocortex]] (the part of the brain thought to be responsible for higher functions such as conscious thought), containing 10,000 neurons (and 10⁸ [[synapse]]s). Between 1995 and 2005, [[Henry Markram]] mapped the types of neurons and their connections in such a column. In November 2007,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bluebrain.epfl.ch/page18700.html|title=News and Media information|work=Blue Brain|accessdate=2008-08-11|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919051656/http://bluebrain.epfl.ch/page18700.html|archivedate=2008-09-19|df=}}</ref> the project reported the end of the first phase, delivering a data-driven process for creating, validating, and researching the neocortical column. The project seeks to eventually reveal aspects of human cognition and various psychiatric disorders caused by malfunctioning neurons, such as [[autism]], and to understand how pharmacological agents affect network behavior. ==Human brain project== The Human Brain Project (HBP) is a 10 year program of research funded by the European Union. It began in 2013 and employs around 500 scientists across Europe. It comprises 6 platforms: *Neuroinformatics (shared database), *Brain Simulation *High Performance Analytics and Computing *Medical Informatics (patient database) *Neuromorphic Computing (brain-inspired computing) *Neurorobotics (robotic simulations). The Brain Simulation Platform (BSP) is a suite of internet-accessible tools for researchers which allow investigations that are not possible in the laboratory. They are applying Blue Brain techniques to other brain regions, such as the cerebellum, hippocampus and the basal ganglia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Brain Simulation Platform|url=https://www.humanbrainproject.eu/en/brain-simulation/brain-simulation-platform/|website=Human Brain Project|accessdate=20 January 2018}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Computational neuroscience]] [[Category:Brain]]'