Examine individual changes

'[[File:Passing out groceries.jpg|thumb|Volunteers pass out food items from a food bank run by [[Feeding America]]]] A '''food bank''' or '''foodbank''' is a non-profit, [[charitable organization]] that distributes food to those who have difficulty purchasing enough food to avoid [[hunger]]. In North America and Australia, food banks usually operate on the "warehouse" model. They act as food storage and distribution depots for smaller front line agencies; and usually do not themselves give out food directly to the hungry. After the food is collected, sorted, and reviewed for quality, these food banks distribute it to non-profit community or government agencies, including ''food pantries'',<ref>In the US (and to a lesser extent in Canada) a ''food pantry'' is usually a small building or perhaps a suite of rooms in a larger building, which hands out packages of food direct to people in need. The term is rarely used outside of North America, as elsewhere food banks themselves will directly supply the needy as well as possibly providing a warehouse function for other aid agencies. If the establishment offers hot food, then they are often called a ''food kitchen''.</ref> ''food closets'',<ref>Found mainly just in the United States, a ''food closet'' is functionally similar to a food pantry, although it will never be a dedicated building, instead it will just be a small room in a larger structure such as a church or community hall.</ref> [[soup kitchen]]s, [[homeless shelter]]s, [[orphanage]]s, and [[school]]s. Outside North America and Australia, the "front line" model is often found. Such food banks give out most or all of their food directly to the end users. For both models, the largest sources of food include for-profit growers, manufacturers, distributors and retailers who in the normal course of business have excess food that they cannot sell. Some foodbanks receive a substantial proportion of their food from individual donors, including their volunteers. There is considerable overlap with [[food salvage]], [[food rescue]] and [[gleaning]].<ref>Although there is not a link with [[freeganism]] or [[dumpster-diving]].</ref> The world's first food bank was established in the US in 1967, and since then many thousands have been set up all over the world. In Europe, which until recently had little need for food banks due to extensive welfare systems, their numbers grew rapidly after the [[2007–2008 world food price crisis|global increase in the price of food]] which began in late 2006, and especially after the [[financial crisis of 2007–08]] began to worsen economic conditions for those on low incomes. The growth of food banks has been broadly welcomed, most especially by those on the right of the political spectrum, but also by many on the left, who see them as evidence of active community that is independent of the state. However, academics and commentators have expressed concern that the rise of foodbanks may erode political support for welfare provision. Researchers have reported that food banks can be inefficient compared with state-run services, and that some people feel ashamed at having to use them. ==Standard model== [[Image:Insidecafb.png|right|The warehouse of the [[Capital Area Food Bank]]|thumb]] With thousands of food banks operating around the world, there are many different models.<ref name = "globalFBhistory"/> A major distinction between food banks is whether or not they operate on the "front line" model, giving out food directly to the hungry, or whether they operate with the "[[warehouse]]" model, supplying food to intermediaries like food pantries, soup kitchens and other front-line organisations.<ref>These organisations can be private or public, religious or secular. The type and nature of the recipient agency varies depending upon the policies of the food bank, the nature of their community, and the local laws where they operate.</ref> In the US, Australia and to an extent in Canada, the standard model is for food banks to act as warehouses rather than as suppliers to the end user, though there are exceptions. In other countries, food banks usually do hand out food parcels direct to hungry people, providing the service that in the US is offered by ''food pantries''. Another distinction is between the charity model and the labour union model. At least in Canada and the US, food banks run by charities often place relatively more weight on the salvaging of food that would otherwise go to waste, and on encouraging [[Voluntarism (action)|voluntarism]], whereas those run by unions can place greater emphasis on feeding the hungry by any means available, on providing work for the unemployed, and on education, especially on explaining to users their civil rights.<ref name="welfareCrisis"> {{cite book|author=Graham Riches|title=Food banks and the welfare crisis|chapter=''passim'', see esp. Models of Food Banks|year=1986|isbn=0888103638|publisher=Lorimer}}</ref> In the US, cities will often have a single food bank which acts as a centralized warehouse and will serve several hundred front line agencies. Like a [[blood bank]], that warehouse serves as a single collection and distribution point for food donations. A food bank operates a lot like a for-profit food distributor, but in this case it distributes food to charities, not to food retailers. There is often no charge to the charities, but some food banks do charge a small "shared maintenance" fee to help defray the cost of storage and distribution. For many US food banks, most of their donated food comes from food left over from the normal processes of for-profit companies. It can come from any part of the food chain, e.g. from growers who have produced too much or whose food is not sufficiently visually appealing; from manufacturers who overproduced; or from retailers who over-ordered. Often the product is approaching or past its "sell by" date. In such cases, the food bank liaises with the food industry and with regulators to make sure the food is safe and legal to distribute and eat. [[File:US Navy 111123-N-HW977-185 Sailors weigh Thanksgiving food drive donations before delivery to the Corona-Norco Settlement House.jpg|thumb|Volunteers weigh food drive donations.]] Other sources of food include the general public, sometimes in the form of "[[food drive]]s", and government programs that buy and distribute excess farm products mostly to help support higher commodity prices. Food banks can also buy food either at market prices or from wholesalers and retailers at discounted prices, often at cost. Sometimes farmers will allow food banks to send [[Gleaning|gleaners]] to salvage leftover crops for free once their primary harvest is complete. A few food banks have even taken over their own farms, though such initiatives have not always been successful.<ref>{{cite book|author=Elizabeth Henderson and Robyn Van En|title=Sharing the Harvest: A Citizen's Guide to Community Supported Agriculture|publisher=Chealsea Green Publishing|chapter=Chapt 19|year=1986|isbn=193339210X}}</ref> Many food banks don't accept fresh produce, preferring canned or packaged food due to health and safety concerns, though some have tried to change this as part of a growing worldwide awareness of the importance of nutrition. As an example, in 2012, London Food Bank (Canada) started accepting perishable food, reporting that as well as the obvious health benefits, there were noticeable emotional benefits to recipients when they were given fresh food.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lfpress.com/news/columnists/ian_gillespie/2012/07/17/19997971.html|title=How to produce results|publisher=London Free Press|author=Ian Gillespie|date=17 July 2012|access-date=18 July 2012}}</ref> Summer can be a challenging time for food banks, especially in regions where school children are usually given regular free meals during term time. Spikes in demand can coincide with periods where donations fall due to folk being on holiday.<ref>{{cite web|title=Students swell summer demand for food banks|url=http://www.canada.com/Students+swell+summer+demand+food+banks/6915467/story.html|author=Lexi Bainas|date=11 July 2012|work=Canada.com|access-date=12 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.suffolknewsherald.com/2012/07/11/food-banks-struggle-during-summer/|title=Food banks struggle during summer|author=Tracy Agnew|date=11 July 2012|work=Suffolk news herald|access-date=12 July 2012}}</ref> ==North America== ===History=== [[File:US Navy 090806-N-6220J-004 Sailors and Navy Delayed Entry Program members serve breakfast to homeless men and women at Dorothy's Soup Kitchen in Salinas, Calif. during Salinas Navy Week community service event.jpg|thumb|left| In the U.S. and sometimes in Canada, food banks don't typically give food direct to the hungry. Instead they act as warehouses, supplying front-line agencies like this Californian [[soup kitchen]]. (Picture taken in 2009, and shows members of the [[United States Navy]] serving visitors.) ]] The world's first food bank was the St. Mary's Food Bank Alliance in Arizona, founded by [[John van Hengel]] in 1967.<ref name="globalFBhistory"/> According to sociology professor Janet Poppendieck, hunger within the US was widely considered to be a solved problem until the mid-1960s.<ref name="sweet">{{cite book|author=Janet Poppendieck|title=Sweet Charity?: Emergency Food and the End of Entitlement|chapter=Introduction, Chpt 1|year=1999|isbn=0140245561|publisher=Penguine}}</ref> By the mid-sixties, several states had ended the free distribution of [[Federal Surplus Relief Corporation|federal food surpluses]], instead providing an early form of food stamps which had the benefit of allowing recipients to choose food of their liking, rather than having to accept whatever happened to be in surplus at the time. However, there was a minimum charge and some people could not afford the stamps, leading to severe hunger.<ref name = "sweet"/> One response from American society to the rediscovery of hunger was to step up the support provided by [[soup kitchen]]s and similar civil society food relief agencies – some of these dated back to the [[Great Depression]] and earlier. In 1965, while volunteering for a community dining room, van Hengel learned that grocery stores often had to throw away food that had damaged packaging or was near expiration. He started collecting that food for the dining room but soon had too much for that one program. He thought of creating a central location from which any agency can receive donations. Described as a classic case of "if you build it they will come",<ref>{{cite book|author=Leslie Crutchfield and Heather McLeod Grant|title=Forces for Good: The Six Practices of High-Impact Nonprofits|chapter=Chpt 3|year=2007|isbn=0470580348|publisher=Jossey-Bass}}</ref> the first food bank was created with the help of [[St. Mary's Basilica, Phoenix|St. Mary's Basilica]].<ref>[http://www.firstfoodbank.org/history.html History of St. Mary's Food Bank Alliance] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100204020809/http://www.firstfoodbank.org/history.html |date=February 4, 2010 }}</ref> Food banks spread across the United States, and to Canada. By 1976, the precursor to [[Feeding America]] had been established. As of the early 21st century, their network of over 200 food banks provides support for 90,000 projects. Other large networks exist such as [http://www.AmpleHarvest.org/ AmpleHarvest.org], created by [[www.AmpleHarvest.org/CNN|CNN Hero]] Gary Oppenheimer which lists some 7,100 food pantries (1 out of every 5 in America) that can utilize [[overproduction]] of fresh produce.<ref name="sweet"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ampleharvest.org/ |title=AmpleHarvest.org homepage |publisher=AmpleHarvest.org |date=2010-05-17 |access-date=2013-10-25}}</ref> It was not however until the 1980s that U.S. food banks began to enjoy rapid growth. A second response to the "rediscovery" of hunger in the mid-sixties had been extensive lobbying of politicians to improve welfare. Until the 1980s, this approach had greater impact.<ref name = "sweet"/> In the 1970s, U.S. federal expenditure on hunger relief grew by about 500%, with food stamps distributed free of charge to those in greatest need. According to Poppendieck, welfare was widely considered preferable to grass roots efforts, as the latter could be unreliable, did not give recipients consumer-style choice in the same way as did food stamps, and risked recipients feeling humiliated by having to turn to charity. In the early 1980s, [[Ronald Reagan|president Reagan]]'s administration scaled back welfare provision, leading to a rapid rise in activity from grass roots hunger relief agencies. According to a comprehensive government survey completed in 2002, over 90% of food banks were established in the US after 1981.<ref name="sweet"/><ref name="walter">{{cite book|editor=William A Dando|author=Andrew Walter|title=Food and Famine in the 21st Century|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|pages=171–181|year=2012|isbn=978-1-59884-730-7}}</ref> Poppendieck says that for the first few years after the change, there was vigorous opposition from left, who argued that state welfare was much more suitable for meeting recipients needs. But in the decades that followed, food banks have become an accepted part of America's response to hunger.<ref name = "sweet"/><ref name = "WarwickConf"/> Demand for the services of US food bank increased further in the late 1990s, after the "end of welfare as we know it" with President Clinton's [[Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wsws.org/articles/2002/may2002/food-m11.shtml|title=Recession and welfare reform increase hunger in US|publisher=World Socialist Web Site|author=Debra Watson|date=2002-05-11|accessdate=2012-09-06}}</ref> In Canada, foodbanks underwent a period of rapid growth after the cutbacks in welfare that took place in the mid-1990s.<ref name = "welfareCrisis"/> As early as the 1980s, food banks had also begun to spread from the United States to the rest of the world. The first European food bank was founded in France during 1984. In the 1990s and early 2000s, food banks were established in South America, Africa, and Asia, in several cases with van Hengel acting as a consultant.<ref>[http://www.firstfoodbank.org/history.html FirstFoodbank history page] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100204020809/http://www.firstfoodbank.org/history.html |date=February 4, 2010 }}</ref> In 2007, ''The Global FoodBanking Network'' was formed.<ref name="globalFBhistory">{{cite web|title=Archived copy|url=http://www.foodbanking.org/site/PageServer?pagename=foodbanking_history|accessdate=June 20, 2012|deadurl=unfit|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015031147/http://www.foodbanking.org/site/PageServer?pagename=foodbanking_history|archivedate=October 15, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/07/AR2005100701911.html|title=John van Hengel Dies at 83; Founded 1st Food Bank in 1967|publisher=Washington Post|author=Patricia Sullivan|date=2005-10-08|accessdate=2012-08-30}}</ref> ===Food aid for pets=== Some U.S. cities have organizations that provide dog and cat food for pets whose owners qualify for food assistance. For example, ''Daffy's Pet Soup Kitchen'' in [[Lawrenceville, Georgia]] is considered the largest pet food aid agency in [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], distributing over 800,000 pounds of dog and cat food in 2012.<ref name="ajc26">Oliviero, Helena. (2013, February 25). [http://www.ajc.com/news/news/local/pet-food-charity-earns-spot-on-wine-label/nWWf2/ ''Pet food charity earns recognition for its work''.] Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved 2/26/2013.</ref> ''Daffy's Pet Soup Kitchen'' was started in 1997 by Tom Wargo, a repairman who was working in an elderly woman's home when he noticed her sharing her [[Meals On Wheels]] lunch with her pet cat because she couldn't afford cat food.<ref name="ajc26"/> Daffy's was one of seven non-profits recognized by [[Barefoot Wine]] in 2013 through a $10,000 donation and by being featured on labels of the vintner's Impression Red Blend wines.<ref name="ajc26"/> ''Pet Buddies Food Pantry'' in [[Woodstock, Georgia]] is another example of an establishment that provides food aid for pets.<ref name="ajc26"/> ===After 2007 financial crisis=== Following the [[financial crisis of 2007–08]], and the lasting inflation in the price of food that began in late 2006, there has been a further increase in the number of individuals requesting help from American and Canadian food banks. By 2012, according to ''Food Banks Canada'', over 850,000 Canadians needed help from a food bank each month.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foodbankscanada.ca/Media/News-Releases/On-World-Food-Day,-October-16th,-Food-Banks-Canada.aspx|title=On World Food Day, October 16th, Food Banks Canada is asking Canadians to take action in support of local food banks|publisher=Foodbankscanada.ca|accessdate=2013-10-25}}</ref><ref name="UNofficial">{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/un-official-alarmed-by-rise-of-food-banks-in-uk-8498791.html|title=UN official alarmed by rise of food banks in UK|publisher=[[The Independent]]|author=Charlie Cooper|date=2013-02-17|accessdate=2013-02-23}}</ref> For the United States, ''Gleaners Indiana Food bank'' reported in 2012 that there were then 50 million Americans struggling with food insecurity (about 1 in 6 of the population), with the number of individuals seeking help from food banks having increased by 46% since 2005.<ref>[http://www.gleaners.org/ Gleaners Indiana Food bank] Retrieved 2012-07-18</ref> According to a 2012 [[UCLA School of Public Health#Research centers|UCLA Center for Health Policy Research]] study, there has been a 40% increase in demand for Californian food banks since 2008, with married couples who both work sometimes requiring the aid of food banks.<ref>{{cite web|title=Thousands More in Solano, Napa Counties are Turning to Food Banks|url=http://www.loansafe.org/thousands-more-in-solano-napa-counties-are-turning-to-food-banks|author=Alex Ferreras|date=2012-07-11|accessdate=2012-07-11|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717045016/http://www.loansafe.org/thousands-more-in-solano-napa-counties-are-turning-to-food-banks|archivedate=2012-07-17|df=}}</ref> Dave Krepcho, director of the ''Second Harvest Food Bank'' in [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]], has said that college-educated professional couples have begun to turn to food pantries.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/blogs/lookout/going-hungry-america-distressing-humbling-scary-011618014.html|title=Going hungry in America: ‘Distressing,’ ‘humbling’ and ‘scary’|publisher=[[Yahoo!]]|author=Tim Skillern|date=2012-08-23|accessdate=2012-08-24}}</ref> By mid-2012, US food banks had expressed concerns on the expected difficulty in feeding the hungry over the coming months. Rapidly rising demand has been coinciding with higher food prices and with a decrease in donations, partly as the food industry is becoming more efficient and so has less mislabelled and other slightly defective food to give away. Also there has been less surplus federal food on offer.<ref>Several food banks receive federal food surpluses as part of the [[Emergency Food Assistance and Soup Kitchen-Food Bank Program|Emergency Food Assistance Program]]. As the price of food was high throughout 2012, federal authorities were buying less on the market, and so had less to give away to food banks.</ref> Additionally, there have been recent decreases in federal funding, and [[United States Congress|Congress]] have been debating possible further cuts, including potentially billions of dollars from the [[Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program]] (food stamp programme).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://manhattan.ny1.com/content/top_stories/167266/city-food-banks-face-federal-funding-shortage|title=Archived copy|access-date=August 30, 2012|deadurl=unfit|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112223910/http://manhattan.ny1.com/content/top_stories/167266/city-food-banks-face-federal-funding-shortage|archivedate=January 12, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/local/neighborhoods-east/food-banks-cope-with-funding-cuts-drops-in-donations-higher-demand-650175/|title=Food banks cope with funding cuts, drops in donations, higher demand|publisher=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]|author=Debra Duncan|date=2012-08-23|access-date=2012-08-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/story/2012-09-09/food-back-shortage/57698834/1|title=Food banks run short as federal government hands out less |publisher=Detroit Free Press|author=Marisol Bello, USA TODAY| date=2012-09-09|accessdate=2012-09-10}}</ref> In September 2012, [[Feeding America]] launched ''Hunger Action Month'', with events planned all over the nation. Food banks and other agencies involved hoped to raise awareness that about one in six Americans are struggling with hunger, and to get more Americans involved in helping out.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beloitdailynews.com/news/anti-hunger-efforts-under-way-in-area/article_6fb288aa-f833-11e1-bd3f-0019bb2963f4.html|title=Anti-hunger efforts under way in area|author=|date=|work=BeloitDailyNews.com|access-date=11 March 2017}}</ref><ref>[http://amarillo.com/lifestyle/features/2012-09-07/food-banks-spotlight-hunger-awareness Food banks spotlight hunger awareness. ''Amarillo Globe'' news. 7 September 2012]</ref> ==Europe== The first European food bank was founded in France during 1984.<ref name = "globalFBhistory"/> The first Italian food bank was established in 1989. Similar to the UK's experience, foodbanks have become much more common across continental Europe since the crisis that began in 2008, and especially since austerity began to take effect from late 2010.<ref name = "WarwickConf"/> In Spain, food banks can operate on the warehouse model, supplying a network of surrounding soup kitchens and other food relief agencies. [[:d:Q21480634|The Spanish federation of food banks]] [[:es:Federación Española de Bancos de Alimentos|(FESBAL)]] helped to feed about 800,000 people during 2008–2011, according to the [[Carrefour#Carrefour Foundation|Carrefour Foundation]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.fondation-carrefour.org/content/spanish-federation-food-banks|title=Spanish Federation of Food Banks|publisher=[[carrefour]]|access-date=2013-04-24}}</ref> By October 2014, Spain had 55 food banks in total, with the numbers who depend on them having increased to 1.5 million.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/bbdfb1fe-5f96-11e4-8c27-00144feabdc0.html|title=Spanish recovery lays bare a social crisis|publisher=[[The Financial Times]]|author=Tobias Buck|date=2014-10-30|access-date=2014-10-30|registration=yes}}</ref> In Belgium, food banks helped about 121,000 people during 2012. That was an increase of about 4,500 compared with 2011, the biggest increase since the start of the 2008 crisis. Belgian food banks account for about 65% of all food aid given out within the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.expatica.com/be/news/belgian-news/121000-people-get-help-from-Food-Banks_261340.html|title=121,000 people get help from Food Banks|publisher=[[Expatica]]|author=Flandersnews.be and Expatic staff writers|date=2013-03-18|access-date=2013-04-24}}</ref> The number of food banks has increased rapidly even in Germany, a country that has weathered the crisis relatively well, and has not needed to implement severe austerity. In 2012, professor Sabine Pfeiffer of [[Munich University of Applied Sciences]] said there has been an "explosion" of food bank usage.<ref name = "WarwickConf"/> ===Most Deprived Persons programme=== While many European food banks are run by civil society with no government assistance, there is a project funded by the EU, the ''Most deprived persons programme'' (MDP), which specialises in supplying food to marginalised people who are not covered by the benefit system and who may be reluctant to approach the more formal food banks. Food is largely given out by Catholic churches. However, the EU is due to end funding for the MDP in 2013. Similar to the US, the EU no longer expects to need to buy much food to help farmers, as with high global food prices, market surpluses are now much less frequent, So there is less food available to hand out to food banks.<ref name="WarwickConf">{{cite news|url=http://www.warwick.ac.uk/fac/cross_fac/gpp/foodsecurity/publicevents/householdfoodsecurity/food_security_summary.pdf |title=Household food security in the global north: challenges and responsibilities report of warwick conference|publisher=[[Warwick University]] |date=2012-07-06 |accessdate=2012-08-23|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112230035/http://www.warwick.ac.uk/fac/cross_fac/gpp/foodsecurity/publicevents/householdfoodsecurity/food_security_summary.pdf |archivedate=January 12, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/most-deprived-persons/index_en.htm|title=Free food for the most deprived persons in the EU (published by the European Commission)|publisher=Ec.europa.eu|date= |accessdate=2013-10-25}}</ref> In October 2012, the European Commission proposed a new Fund to replace the ''Most deprived persons programme''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-12-800_en.htm|title=Poverty: Commission proposes new Fund for European Aid to the Most Deprived - frequently asked questions (European Commission press release)|publisher=Europa.eu|date=|accessdate=2013-10-25}}</ref> ===United Kingdom=== {{Further|Hunger in the United Kingdom}} There are at least 2,000 food banks in the United Kingdom and demand is growing. Prof Jon May, of [[Queen Mary University of London]] and the Independent Food Aid Network, said statistics showed rapid rise in numbers of food banks during the last five years. “There are now food banks in almost every community, from the East End of London to the Cotswolds. The spread of food banks maps growing problems of poverty across the UK, but also the growing drive among many thousands of people across the country to try and do something about those problems”.<ref name="Guardian29/5/2017">[https://www.theguardian.com/society/2017/may/29/report-reveals-scale-of-food-bank-use-in-the-uk-ifan Report reveals scale of food bank use in the UK] ''[[The Guardian]]''</ref> Though Foodbanks were rarely seen in the UK in the second half of the 20th century, their use has started to grow, especially in the 2000s, and have since dramatically expanded. The increase in the dependency on food banks has been blamed on the growing unemployment in the UK, the 2008 recession and the government's [[United Kingdom government austerity programme|austerity]] policies. These policies have included cuts to the welfare state and caps on the total amount of welfare support that a family can claim. The OECD found that people answering yes to the question ‘Have there been times in the past 12 months when you did not have enough money to buy food that you or your family needed?’ decreased from 9.8% in 2007 to 8.1% in 2012,<ref name=oecd>{{cite web |url=http://www.oecd.org/unitedkingdom/OECD-SocietyAtaGlance2014-Highlights-UnitedKingdom.pdf|title=Society at a Glance 2014 Highlights: UK OECD Social Indicators}}</ref> leading some to say that the rise was due to both more awareness of food banks, and Jobcentres referring people to food banks when they were hungry.<ref name=spec22042015>{{cite news|url=http://blogs.spectator.co.uk/coffeehouse/2015/04/was-food-poverty-actually-higher-under-the-last-labour-government/|title=Was food poverty actually higher under the last Labour government?|author=Toby Young|work=The Spectator|date=22 April 2015|accessdate=2 October 2015}}</ref> Rachel Loopstra, lecturer on [[nutrition]] at [[King’s College London]] and food insecurity expert, said: “Recent national survey data suggests that 8% of adults experienced not having enough money for food over 2016 – this figure is likely to be many times more than the number helped by food banks. We need ongoing national survey monitoring to understand the scale of food insecurity, who is at risk, and the implications for child and adult health and wellbeing.”<ref name="Guardian29/5/2017"/> Those who are short of food are frequently also short of other products they need like shampoo and basic hygiene products. Some people must choose between buying food and buying hygiene products.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/society/2017/jul/27/poverty-driving-people-to-choose-between-eating-or-keeping-clean-in-kind-direct Poverty 'driving people to choose between eating or keeping clean'] ''[[The Guardian]]''</ref> As of January 2014 there were close to 1,000 UK food banks. The largest group co-ordinating UK foodbanks was [[The Trussell Trust]], a Christian charity based in Salisbury. About 43% of the UK's foodbanks were run by Trussell, about 20% by smaller church networks such as Besom and Basics, about 31% were independent, and about 4% were run by secular food bank networks such as ''Fare Share'' and ''Food Cycle''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greenbenchesuk.com/2014/01/food-bank-britain-report-by-eoin-clarke.html|title=Food Bank Britain - A Clearer Picture|publisher=The Green Benches|author=Dr Éoin Clarke|date=2014-01-24|accessdate=2014-12-23}}</ref> Before the financial crisis, food banks were "almost unheard of" in the UK.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://uk.news.yahoo.com/one-food-bank-opening-uk-every-four-days-012533480.html|title=One Food Bank Opening In UK Every Four Days|publisher= [[Yahoo!]]|author=Frazer Maude, Sky News|date=2012-04-21|accessdate=2012-08-23}}</ref> In 2004, Trussell only ran two food banks,<ref name = "Trussell"/><ref name="Hannah">{{cite web|url=http://www.shef.ac.uk/geography/about/2012/0502|title=On the breadline: Foodbanks|publisher=[[University of Sheffield]]|date=2012-02-05 |accessdate= 2012-08-23}}</ref> but by 2007–2008, there were 22 food banks in the Trussell Trust Foodbank Network and by early 2011, The Trussell Trust supported 100. As of May 2012, they had 201. By August, 252. The rate of increase had been rising rapidly. In 2011, about one new food bank was being opened per week. In early 2012, about two were being opened each week. By July, The Trussell Trust had reported that the rate of new openings had increased to three per week. In August, the rate of new openings spiked at four per week, with three new food banks being opened in that month for Nottingham alone. By October 2012, the rate of increase had fallen back to about two or three per week.<ref name = "rise"/><ref name = "childrenFirst"/><ref name = "Amy"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.itv.com/news/central/2012-08-22/food-banks-quadruple-in-nottingham/|title=Food banks quadruple in Nottingham|publisher=[[ITV plc|ITV]]|author=|date=2012-08-22|accessdate=2012-08-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Demand from emergency food banks is 'still rising'|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/19412001|publisher=BBC|author=Declan Harvey|date=2012-08-30|accessdate=2012-08-30}}</ref><ref name = "modell">{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01nqcbm|title=Britain's hidden hunger|publisher=BBC|author=[[David Model (journalist)|David Model]]|date=2012-10-30|accessdate=2012-11-04}}</ref> \ Most UK food banks are hosted by churches in partnership with the wider community. They operate on the "frontline" model, giving out food directly to the hungry. Over 90% of the food given out is donated by the public, including schools, churches, businesses and individuals. The Trussell Trust had aimed to provide short-term support for people whose needs have not yet been addressed by official state welfare provision; those who had been "falling into the cracks in the system". The Trussell franchise has procedures which aim to prevent long-term dependency on their services, and to ensure that those in need are referred to qualified outside agencies. The charity suggests that the ''credit crunch'' caused an upsurge in the number of people needing emergency food. Since 2010, demand for foodbanks continued to increase, and at a more rapid rate, partly as [[United Kingdom government austerity programme|austerity]] began to take effect, and partly as those on low incomes began to draw down savings and run out of friends of whom they were willing to ask for help. Unlike ''soup kitchens'',<ref>Soup kitchens will typically feed anyone if they have food available, but they can often only provide a single meal. A food bank on the other hand will typically give a package of food sufficient to last for several days.</ref> most but not all UK food banks are unable to help people who come in off the street without a referral - instead they operate with a referral system. Vouchers are handed out to those in need by various sorts of frontline care professionals, such as [[social workers]], health visitors, [[Citizens Advice Bureau]], [[Jobcentre]]s and housing officials. The voucher can typically be exchanged at the food bank for a package of food sufficient to last three days. The year to April 2013 saw close to 350,000 referrals to Trussel foodbanks, more than double the amount from the previous year.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/aa02aeee-ab53-11e2-ac71-00144feabdc0.html#slide0|title=More hard-up Britons turn to food banks|publisher=[[The Financial Times]]|author=Esther Bintliff|date=2013-04-24|accessdate=2013-04-24|registration=yes}}</ref> A number of food banks have been set up outside of the Trussell system, some faith based others secular,<ref name="Guardian29/5/2017"/> in part as they don't like having to turn away people without referrals, although Trussell Trust foodbanks do help clients in need without vouchers to get one as quickly as possible. There is also [[FareShare]], a London-based charity which operates some 19 depots on the US-style warehouse model. Rather than giving out food directly to individuals, FareShare distributes food to over 700 smaller agencies, mainly smaller independent operations like soup kitchens and breakfast clubs.<ref name = "Trussell"/><ref name = "rise">{{cite web|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/blogs/society/2012/05/rise-and-rise-food-bank|title=The rise and rise of the food bank|publisher=[[New Statesman]]|author=[[Rowenna Davis]] |date=2012-05-12|accessdate=2012-06-18}}</ref><ref name = "childrenFirst">{{cite news|title=Food banks: 'People would rather go without and feed their children first'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2012/jun/25/breadline-britain-food-bank-merseyside|publisher=The Guardian|author=Helen Carter|date=2012-06-25|accessdate=2012-06-29}}</ref><ref name = "Amy">{{cite news|title=Food banks: a life on handouts|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2012/jul/18/food-banks-on-hand-outs|publisher=The Guardian|author=Amelia Gentleman|date=2012-07-18|accessdate=2012-08-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/voluntary-sector-network/community-action-blog/2012/jun/20/community-food-banks?newsfeed=true|title= How to set up a food bank in your local community|publisher=The Guardian|author=Caspar van Vark|date=2012-06-20|accessdate=2012-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/datablog/2012/jun/25/food-banks-listed-crowdsource-map?newsfeed=true|title=Food banks across the UK: help us create a directory|publisher=The Guardian|date=2012-06-25|accessdate=2012-06-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/9572177/Food-bank-We-need-more-food-to-feed-UKs-hungry.html|title=Food bank: We need more food to feed UK's hungry|publisher=The Daily Telegraph|author=Greg Morgan|date=2012-09-27|accessdate=2012-10-01}}</ref> Great emphasis is placed on reducing food waste as well as relieving food poverty. Fareshare operates on a business basis, employing a number of managers to oversee operations alongside their army of volunteers. Employee costs constituted over 50% of their expenditure in both 2011 and 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fareshare.org.uk/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/FareShare-accounts-11-12.pdf |title=Report and Financial Statements for the Year Ended 31 March 2012 |publisher=[[Fareshare]] |year=2012 |accessdate=April 22, 2013 |format=PDF}}</ref> Additionally, charities receiving food do incur a charge for deliveries. Another charity which operates on the US-style warehouse model and with a similar emphasis placed on reducing food waste as well as relieving food poverty is the Oxford Food Bank, which has a single base delivering to around 30 charities in the [[Oxford]] area. Although a much smaller enterprise than FareShare, it has a significantly lower pro-rata cost base as it employs no staff, with the whole operation up to director level run entirely by volunteers. This allows it to provide food at no cost to the recipient charities with all operating costs covered by grants and donations, supplying an estimated £25 of food at retail value for each £1 received in donations.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/9435839.Work_never_ends_at_Oxford_Foodbank/ |title=Work never ends at Oxford Foodbank |author=Liam Sloan |publisher=[[Oxford Mail]] |date=December 23, 2011 |accessdate=April 22, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/10084472.Food_Bank_expands_to_tackle_hunger_battle/ |title=Food Bank expands to tackle hunger battle |author=Pete Hughes |publisher=[[Oxford Mail]] |date=December 3, 2012 |accessdate=April 22, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oxfordfoodbank.co.uk/article/food-bank-prepared-christmas-rush |title=Food bank prepared for Christmas rush |author=Dan Hearn |publisher=[[Oxford Times]] |date=March 20, 2012 |accessdate=April 22, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/4708297.Oxford_food_bank_tackles_throwaway_society/ |title= Oxford food bank tackles throwaway society |author=Dan Hearn |publisher=[[Oxford Mail]] |date=October 28, 2009 |accessdate=April 22, 2013}}</ref> In December 2012, it also started distributing food to needy families direct with the aid of local community centres and social services.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/10130063.Food_bank_handouts_go_direct_to_families/ |title=Food bank handouts go direct to families |author=Katriona Ormiston |publisher=[[Oxford Mail]] |date=December 28, 2012 |accessdate=April 22, 2013}}</ref> People who turn to food banks are typically grateful both for the food and for the warmth and kindness they receive from the volunteers. However, sometimes food banks have run out of supplies by the time they arrive. Some find it humiliating to have to ask for food, and that the packages they receive don't always seem nutritious. Some food banks have tried to respond with innovative programmes; ''London Street Foodbank'' for example has begun asking donors to send in supermarket vouchers so that those they serve will be able to choose food that best meets their nutritional needs.<ref name="Hannah"/><ref name="Amy"/><ref name = "turn">{{cite news|title=More people turning to food banks|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-17867328|publisher=BBC|date=2012-04-28|accessdate=2012-08-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=London Street Foodbank|url=http://www.londonfoodbank.co.uk |publisher=Londonfoodbank.co.uk|date=|accessdate=2013-10-25}}</ref> The Trussell Trust revealed a 47% increase in number of three-day emergency supplies provided by their foodbanks in December 2016 compared to the monthly average for 2016/17 financial year.<ref>https://www.trusselltrust.org/2017/11/29/foodbanks-expecting-busiest-christmas-ever-backdrop-growing-need/</ref> Public donations in December 2016 meant foodbanks met the increased need in that month, but donations in January, February and March 2017 all fell below the monthly average of 931 tonnes for the 2016-17 financial year. Although going for a few years by various small charities around the world, 2017 saw a significant increase in media coverage and take up of the reverse advent calendar. The Uk Money bloggers campaign<ref>https://ukmoneybloggers.com/hungry-xmas-foodbankadvent/</ref> encouraging the public to give something to a food bank every day for 25 days was covered by The Mirror<ref>http://www.mirror.co.uk/lifestyle/family/reverse-advent-calendar-best-thing-11455809</ref> The Guardian <ref>https://www.theguardian.com/voluntary-sector-network/2017/dec/01/countdown-christmas-with-a-reverse-advent-calendar-food-banks</ref> and Inews <ref>https://inews.co.uk/essentials/news/uk/advent-calendar-positive-effect-food-banks-christmas-start-today/</ref> and others. ====Comparison to other countries==== Food bank use in Germany and France is allegedly much higher than in Britain. In 2014, 1.5 million people a week used food banks in Germany<ref name="bbc.co.uk"/><ref>http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/german-food-banks-and-soup-kitchens-struggle-with-demand-a-941661.html</ref> and, according to [[Toby Young]], there are twice as many food banks in France as there are in Britain.<ref name=spec22042015/> ====UK food bank users==== According to a May 2013 report by [[Oxfam]] and [[Church Action on Poverty]], about half a million Britons had used food banks. The Trussel Trust reports that their food banks alone helped feed 346,992 people in 2012-13.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.church-poverty.org.uk/foodfuelfinance/walkingthebreadline/report/walkingthebreadlinefile |title='&#39;Walking the breadline : the scandal of food poverty in 21st century Britain'&#39; - May 2013 report by Oxfam and Church Action on Poverty |date= |accessdate=2013-10-25 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023025337/http://www.church-poverty.org.uk/foodfuelfinance/walkingthebreadline/report/walkingthebreadlinefile |archivedate=2013-10-23 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/may/30/food-banks-half-million|title= Half a million Britons using food banks. What kind of country is this becoming?|publisher=The Guardian|author=[[John Harris (critic)]]|date=2013-05-30|access-date=2013-06-09}}</ref> Close to half of those needing to use food banks have had issues with their benefits. [[Jobseeker's Allowance#Sanctioning|Sanctioning benefits]] was the single most frequent reason for food bank referrals and there has been criticism over sanctions being imposed for allegedly [[Jobseeker's Allowance#Criticism of sanctions|spurious reasons]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2014/dec/08/900000-claiming-job-seekers-allowance-subjected-benefit-sanctions|title=Benefit sanctions hit over 900,000 claiming jobseeker’s allowance|first1=Patrick|last1=Wintour|first2=political|last2=editor|date=8 December 2014|publisher=|access-date=11 March 2017|via=The Guardian}}</ref> A joint report from the Trussell Trust, the Church of England, and the charities Oxfam and Child Poverty Action Group found that food bank users were more likely to live in rented accommodation, be single adults or lone parents, be unemployed, and have experienced a “[[Jobseeker's Allowance#Criticism of sanctions|sanction]]”, where their unemployment benefits were cut for at least one month<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Loopstra |first1=Rachel|title=Austerity, sanctions, and the rise of food banks in the UK|journal=BMJ |date=2015 |pages=2|url=http://press.psprings.co.uk/bmj/april/foodbanks.pdf |access-date=25 June 2015 |doi=10.1136/bmj.h1775 |volume=350|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626113008/http://press.psprings.co.uk/bmj/april/foodbanks.pdf |archivedate=June 26, 2015}}</ref> Delay in paying [[housing benefit]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-22715458|title=What it is like to rely on food banks?|first=Mark|last=Sedgwick|date=30 May 2013|publisher=|access-date=11 March 2017|via=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> [[disability benefit]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-32738655|title=Disability payments delay 'forced claimants to use food banks'|author=|date=14 May 2015|publisher=|access-date=11 March 2017|via=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> and other benefits <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/welfare-delays-cause-soaring-numbers-using-food-banks-9871354.html|title=Welfare delays cause soaring numbers using food banks|author=|date=19 November 2014|work=Independent.co.uk|access-date=11 March 2017}}</ref> and general [[Bureaucracy|bureaucratic]] issues with benefits<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-11427207|title=The 'hidden hunger' in British families|first=Mario|last=Cacciottolo|date=7 October 2010|publisher=|access-date=11 March 2017|via=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> can force people to use food banks. Many further people who need food banks have low-income jobs, but struggle to buy food after making debt repayments and all expenses. Low-paid workers, [[part-time worker]]s and those with [[zero-hour contract]]s are particularly vulnerable to financial crisis and sometimes need food banks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/apr/22/food-bank-users-uk-low-paid-workers-poverty|title=Food bank use tops million mark over the past year|first=Patrick Butler Social policy|last=editor|date=21 April 2015|publisher=|access-date=11 March 2017|via=The Guardian}}</ref> As had been predicted, demand for food banks further increased after cuts to welfare came into effect in April 2013, which included the abolishment of Crisis loans.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-25402221|title=Christmas dinner on a food parcel|author=|date=18 December 2013|publisher=|access-date=11 March 2017|via=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> In April 2014 Trussell reported that they had handed out 913,000 food parcels in the last year, up from 347,000 the year before. Several councils have begun looking at funding food banks to increase their capability, as cuts to their budgets mean they will be less able to help vulnerable people directly.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2012/aug/21/councils-invest-food-banks-welfare-cuts|title=Breadline Britain: councils fund food banks to plug holes in welfare state|publisher=The Guardian|author=Patrick Butler|date=2012-08-21|access-date=2012-08-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19468697|title=The growing demand for food banks in breadline Britain|publisher=BBC|author=[[Paul Mason (journalist)|Paul Mason]]|date=2012-09-04|access-date=2012-09-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-27032642|title=Food banks see 'shocking' rise in number of users|publisher=[[BBC]]|author=Brian Milligan|date=2014-04-16|access-date=2014-04-16}}</ref> Sabine Goodwin, Independent Food Aid Network researcher, said most food bank workers reported increasing demand for food aid. “Many feel they are firefighting, finding a way to deal with the logistics of feeding more and more people, with no time to advocate for changes that would eradicate the need for food banks in the first place.”<ref name="Guardian29/5/2017"/> ====UK government==== According to an all-party parliamentary report released in December 2014, key reasons for the increased demand for UK foodbanks are delays in paying benefits, [[Jobseeker's Allowance#Sanctioning|welfare sanctions]], and the recent reversal of the post-WWII trend for poor people's incomes to rise above or in line with increased costs for housing, utility bills and food.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-30346060|title='Pay benefits faster' to reduce hunger, MPs urge|first=Hannah|last=Richardson|date=8 December 2014|publisher=|access-date=11 March 2017|via=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Food Bank Britain - A Clearer Picture|url=https://foodpovertyinquiry.files.wordpress.com/2014/12/food-poverty-feeding-britain-final.pdf|publisher=The All-Party Parliamentary Inquiry into Hunger and Food Poverty in Britain|date=2014-12-08|access-date=2014-12-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=‘Confront simple fact hunger stalks Britain’ urges church-funded report|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2014/dec/08/welfare-confront-simple-fact-hunger-stalks-britain-church-report|publisher=The Guardian|author=Patrick Butler|date=2014-12-08|access-date=2014-12-23}}</ref> However, the government has responded by saying that the extra usage is likely due to more awareness of food banks as the proportion of benefits paid on time has risen from 88–89% under Labour, to 96–97% in 2014.<ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-30470120|title=Food bank use tiny compared with Germany, says minister|author=|date=14 December 2014|publisher=|access-date=11 March 2017|via=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> In 2013 the British government blocked a £22 million [[European Union]] fund to help finance food banks in the UK. This disappointed [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] [[Member of the European Parliament|MEP]], [[Richard Howitt (politician)|Richard Howitt]], who assisted in negotiating the fund. Howitt stated: {{quote|It is very sad that our government is opposing this much-needed help for foodbanks on the basis that it is a national responsibility, when in reality it has no intention of providing the help itself. The only conclusion is that Conservative anti-European ideology is being put before the needs of the most destitute and deprived in our society.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2013/dec/17/government-under-fire-eu-funding-food-banks|title=Government under fire for rejecting European Union food bank funding|first1=Nicholas|last1=Watt|first2=chief political|last2=correspondent|date=17 December 2013|publisher=|access-date=11 March 2017|via=The Guardian}}</ref>}} Britain's prime Minister [[David Cameron]] said in the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] in 2012 that he welcomed the efforts of food banks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201213/cmhansrd/cm120523/debtext/120523-0001.htm|title=House of Commons Hansard Debates for 23 May 2012 (pt 0001)|first=Department of the Official Report (Hansard), House of Commons,|last=Westminster|date=|work=Parliament.uk|access-date=11 March 2017}}</ref> [[Caroline Spelman]], his [[Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs]], has described food banks as an "excellent example" of active citizenship.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2012/jul/18/food-banks-on-hand-outs|title=Food banks: a life on handouts|first=Amelia|last=Gentleman|date=18 July 2012|publisher=|access-date=11 March 2017|via=The Guardian}}</ref> Labour MP [[Kate Green]] has a different view, feeling that the rise of food banks reflects people being let down by the [[Welfare State|state welfare system]], saying "I feel a real burning anger about them ... People are very distressed at having to ask for food; it's humiliating and distressing."<ref name = "Amy"/> [[Cooking|Cookery]] [[writer]] and poverty campaigner [[Jack Monroe]] wrote that those referred to food banks or given vouchers were "the lucky ones with a good doctor or health visitor who knows us well enough to recognise that something has gone seriously wrong" and expressed concern for those who lack this support.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/apr/22/crisis-what-crisis-politicians-ignore-food-banks|title=Crisis? What crisis? How politicians ignore the existence of food banks|author=|date=22 April 2015|publisher=|access-date=11 March 2017|via=The Guardian}}</ref> ===Germany=== There are over 900 food banks in Germany, up from just 1 in 1993.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2013/07/11/germany-foodbanks/|title=The rise of foodbanks in Germany is increasing the commodification of poverty without addressing its structural causes|author=|date=11 July 2013|work=LSE.ac.uk|access-date=11 March 2017}}</ref> In 2014, 1.5 million people a week used food banks in Germany.<ref name="bbc.co.uk"/> ===France=== In total, around 3.5 million people rely on food banks in France.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edd.ac-versailles.fr/IMG/pdf/DWOF_Dossier_Gaspillage_Alimentaire.pdf |title=Dossier "Gaspillage Alimentaire, enjeux et pistes d'actions" |page=15}}</ref> One provider, the Banque Alimentaire has over 100 branches in France, serving 200 million meals a year to 1.85 million people.<ref>https://www.standard.co.uk/news/foodforlondon/food-for-london-how-french-law-requires-supermarkets-to-hand-over-food-a3356136.html</ref> ==Asia== Several Asian places have begun to use food banks; these include [[South Korea]], [[Japan]] and [[Taiwan, ROC]].<ref name="focusTaiwan"/> ===Singapore=== In [[Singapore]] the food bank concept is being pioneered by the [[Food Bank Singapore]]. ===India=== Delhi Food Bank is an organization that feeds, empowers and transforms lives in the New Delhi–NCR Region. They hold that their shared capabilities can make the basic aspiration of universal access to food a reality. They attempt to pursue this vision through high quality and standards for processes leveraged by technology to get the right aid to the right people at the right time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.delhifoodbanking.org |title=Delhi FoodBanking Network|publisher=Delhifoodbanking.org|access-date=2013-10-25}}</ref> ===Hong Kong=== The first food bank in Hong Kong is [[Feeding Hong Kong]]. It was founded in 2009.<ref>Lee, Danny. http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1301375/beating-waste-and-putting-food-plates-needy "Beating waste and putting food on plates for needy", ''South China Morning Post article'', 2 September 2013</ref> Food Angel is also a food bank in Hong Kong.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foodangel.org.hk/en/about.php|title=Food Angel - About|author=|date=|work=FoodAngel.org.hk|access-date=11 March 2017}}</ref> ==Africa== The Egyptian Food Bank was established in Cairo in 2006, and less than ten years later, food banks run on similar principles spread to other Arab countries in [[North Africa]] and the [[Middle East]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/region/egypt/food-banks-follow-cairo-recipe-1.1083254|title=Food banks follow Cairo recipe|work=GulfNews.com|author=Jumana Al Tamimi|date=2012-10-01|access-date=2012-10-11}}</ref> In [[Sub-Saharan Africa]], there are charity-run food banks that operate on a semi-commercial system that differs from both the more common "warehouse" and "frontline" models. In some rural [[Least developed country|LDCs]] such as Malawi, food is often relatively cheap and plentiful for the first few months after the harvest, but then becomes more and more expensive. Food banks in those areas can buy large amounts of food shortly after the harvest, and then as food prices start to rise, they sell it back to local people throughout the year at well below market prices. Such food banks will sometimes also act as centres to provide small holders and subsistence farmers with various forms of support.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thp.org/where_we_work/africa/malawi/overview |title='&#39;The hunger project'&#39;, overview for Malawi |publisher=Thp.org |date= |access-date=2013-10-25}}</ref> Formed in 2009, FoodBank South Africa (FoodBank SA) is South Africa's national foodbanking network and a member of ''The Global FoodBanking Network''. FoodBank SA's vision is "A South Africa without hunger and malnutrition".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foodbank.org.za |title=FoodBank South Africa |publisher=Foodbank.org.za |date= |access-date=2013-10-25}}</ref> ==Worldwide== Since the 1980s foodbanking has spread around the world. There are over 25 countries with active food bank groups under the umbrella of The Global FoodBanking Network.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foodbanking.org|title=Home - The Global FoodBanking Network|author=|date=|work=FoodBanking.org|access-date=11 March 2017}}</ref> Countries in the international network include Australia, Israel, Turkey, Russia, India, Taiwan, Colombia, Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Hong Kong, [[Foodbank Singapore|Singapore]], South Korea and the UK. There are also several countries with foodbanks but which have not yet joined the network, either as they don't yet meet the required criteria or as they have not applied.<ref name="focusTaiwan">{{cite news|url=http://focustaiwan.tw/ShowNews/WebNews_Detail.aspx?Type=aALL&ID=201209300017 |title=Taiwan to enjoy support from international food banking network |publisher=[[Focus Taiwan]] |author=Elaine How |date=2012-09-30 |access-date=2012-10-01 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130113094443/http://focustaiwan.tw/ShowNews/WebNews_Detail.aspx?Type=aALL&ID=201209300017 |archivedate=January 13, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foodbanking.org/site/PageServer?pagename=work_where |title=The Global Foodbanking Network |publisher=Foodbanking.org |date= |access-date=2013-10-25}}</ref> An alternative facility offering food to the hungry can be found worldwide wherever there are sizable Sikh communities. Long before foodbanks were invented, [[Langar (Sikhism)|Langar]] has been making free vegetarian food available to Sikhs and non-Sikhs alike. ==Reactions== [[File:Flickr - boellstiftung - Olivier de Schutter auf der EcoFair Konferenz.jpg|thumb|[[Olivier De Schutter]], a senior [[United Nations]] official, has cautioned Europe against allowing food banks to become a permanent partial replacement for welfare provision, as is the case in the U.S. and Canada.]] The rise of food banks has been broadly welcomed. Not only do they provide a solution to the problem of hunger that doesn't require resources from the state, but they can be viewed as evidence of increasing community spirit and of active, caring citizenship. In the UK for example, Patrick Butler, society editor for ''[[The Guardian]]'', has written that the rise of foodbanks has been most enthusiastically welcomed by the right, but also by many on the left of the political spectrum, who were often "nervously excited" about them.<ref name = "Lambeth ">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2012/aug/21/food-banks-lambeth-council|title=Food banks: Lambeth holds its breath, and its nose|publisher=The Guardian|author=Patrick Butler|date=2012-08-21|access-date=2012-08-23}}</ref> However, there has been considerable concern expressed by some researchers and politicians. Drawing on the United States's experience after the rapid rise of food banks in the 1980s, American sociology professor Janet Poppendieck warned that the rise of food banks can contribute to a long-term erosion of human rights and support for entitlements. Once food banks become well established, it can be politically impossible to return responsibility for meeting the needs of hungry people to the state. Poppendieck says that the logistics of running food banks can be so demanding that they prevent kind-hearted people from having time to participate in public policy advocacy; yet she also says if they can be encouraged to lobby politicians for long-term changes that would help those on low income, they often have considerable credibility with legislators. As of 2012, senior US food banks workers have expressed a preference to remain politically neutral, which political activists have suggested may relate to their sources of funding.<ref name = "WarwickConf"/><ref name = "Lambeth "/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/09/giving/food-banks-mission-expands-to-nutrition-and-education.html?_r=0|title=Food Banks Expand Beyond Hunger|publisher=The New York Times|author=Phyllis Korrki|date=2012-11-08|access-date=2012-11-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/rowenna-davis/2012/12/truth-about-food-banks-new-reality-working-poor|title=How food banks became mainstream: the new reality of the working poor|publisher=[[New Statesman]]|author=[[Rowenna Davis]]|date=2012-12-17|access-date=2013-02-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2013/dec/18/food-banks-parliamentary-debate-scandal|title=Let's debate our need for food banks – a national disgrace|publisher=[[The Guardian]]|author=[[Jack Monroe]]|date=2013-12-18|access-date= 2014-01-17}}</ref> Rachel Loopstra from [[University of Toronto]] has said foodbanks are often inefficient, unreliable and unable to supply nutritional food. She said a survey in Toronto found that only 1 in 5 families suffering from food insecurity would turn to food banks, in part as there is a stigma associated with having to do so.<ref name = "Lambeth "/> Elizabeth Dowler, Professor of Food & Social Policy at [[Warwick University]], said that most British people prefer the state to take responsibility for helping the hungry. Hannah Lambie-Mumford, from [[Sheffield University]], echoed the view that some users of food banks find having to ask for food humiliating, and also that food banks volunteers should be encouraged to advocate for long-term solutions to the underlying causes of poverty and hunger.<ref name = "WarwickConf"/><ref name="Trussell">{{cite web|url=http://www.trusselltrust.org/resources/documents/Our%20work/Lambie-%282011%29-The-Trussell-Trust-Foodbank-Network---Exploring-the-Growth-of-Foodbanks-Across-the-UK.pdf |title=The Trussell Trust Foodbank Network: Exploring the Growth of Foodbanks Across the UK |work=[[Coventry University]] |publisher=[[The Trussell Trust]] |author=Hannah Lambie-Mumford |date=2011-11-11 |access-date=2012-08-23 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112223915/http://www.trusselltrust.org/resources/documents/Our%20work/Lambie-%282011%29-The-Trussell-Trust-Foodbank-Network---Exploring-the-Growth-of-Foodbanks-Across-the-UK.pdf |archivedate=January 12, 2013 }}</ref><ref name = "turn"/> [[Olivier De Schutter]], a senior United Nations official charged with ensuring governments honour their obligation to safeguard their citizen's [[right to food]], has expressed alarm at the rise of food banks. He has reminded the governments of the advanced economies in Europe, Britain and Canada that they have a "duty to protect" their citizens from hunger, and suggested that leaving such an obligation to food banks may be an abuse of human rights.<ref name = "UNofficial"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2013/02/19/food-poverty-un-special-rapporteur-olivier-de-schutter-banks-austerity_n_2714969.html|title=Food Poverty: UN Special Rapporteur Finds Austerity, Food Banks And Working Poor In UK 'Extremely Worrying'|publisher=Huffington Post|author=Jessica Elgot|date=2013-02-19|access-date=2013-02-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://gulfnews.com/business/opinion/food-banks-can-only-plug-the-holes-in-social-safety-nets-1.1152524|title= Food banks can only plug the holes in social safety nets|publisher=[[Gulf News]]|author=Patrick Butler (Guardian society editor) and [[Olivier De Schutter]]|date=2013-03-02|access-date=2013-03-03}}</ref> ==See also== {{portal|Hunger relief|Food}} * [[Ag Against Hunger]] * [[BALMEVG]] * [[Canstruction]] * [[Emerson Good Samaritan Food Donation Act]] * [[Food Not Bombs]] * [[Gleaners]] * [[Good Shepherd Food Bank]] * [[Hopelink]] * [[National Association of Letter Carriers#Annual food drive]] * [[Northwest Harvest]] ==Notes and references== {{reflist|32em}} ==External links== * [http://www.foodbanking.org/site/PageServer?pagename=foodbanking_find The Global Food bank network - includes resources to find food banks throughout the world.] <!--Please do not add lists of local food banks and the like. Instead, follow the "Hunger relief" link and ensure the organization is listed; if it is not listed then add it by clicking "suggest URL". ---> * {{dmoz|/Society/Philanthropy/Organizations/Hunger_Relief/|Hunger relief}} [[Category:Food banks| ]]'