Examine individual changes

'{{Redirect| I play fortnite...}} {{See also|List of enclaves and exclaves}} An '''enclave''' is a territory, or a part of a territory, that is entirely surrounded by the territory of one other state.<ref name="Raton">{{cite web |last=Raton |first=Pierre |title=Les enclaves |work= Annuaire français de droit international |year=1958 |volume= 4 |page= 186 |url=http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/afdi_0066-3085_1958_num_4_1_1373}}</ref> Territorial waters have the same sovereign attributes as land, and enclaves may therefore exist within territorial waters.<ref name="Melamid"/>{{rp|60}} An '''exclave''' is a portion of a state or territory geographically separated from the main part by surrounding alien territory (of one or more states).<ref>'''Exclave'''. Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, 1989, p. 497</ref> Many exclaves are also enclaves. ''Enclave'' is sometimes used improperly to denote a territory that is only partly surrounded by another state.<ref name="Raton"/> [[Vatican City]] and [[San Marino]], enclaved by [[Italy]], and [[Lesotho]], enclaved by [[South Africa]], are the only completely enclaved states. Unlike an enclave, an exclave can be surrounded by several states.<ref name="YRY"/> The Azeri exclave of [[Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic|Nakhchivan]] is an example of an exclave. '''Semi-enclaves''' and '''semi-exclaves''' are areas that, except for possessing an unsurrounded sea border, would otherwise be enclaves or exclaves.<ref name="YRY"/>{{rp|116}}<ref name="EV"/>{{rp|12–14}} Enclaves and semi-enclaves can exist as independent states ([[Monaco]], [[Gambia]] and [[Brunei]] are semi-enclaves), while exclaves always constitute just a part of a sovereign state (like the [[Kaliningrad Oblast]]).<ref name="YRY">{{cite journal|title=The concepts of enclave and exclave and their use in the political and geographical characteristic of the Kaliningrad region|journal=Baltic Region|year=2013|first=Yuri| last= Rozhkov-Yuryevsky|doi= 10.5922/2079-8555-2013-2-11 |number= 2|pages=113–123|url= https://dx.doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2013-2-11}}</ref> A '''pene-enclave''' is a part of the territory of one country that can be approached conveniently — in particular by wheeled traffic — only through the territory of another country.<ref name="Robinson">{{cite journal|last=Robinson|first=G. W. S.|title=Exclaves|journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers|volume=49|issue=3, [Part 1]|date=September 1959|pages=283–295|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.1959.tb01614.x|jstor=2561461}}</ref>{{rp|283}} Pene-enclaves are also called functional enclaves or practical enclaves.<ref name="EV"/>{{rp|31}} Many pene-exclaves partially border their own territorial waters (i.e., they are not surrounded by other nations' territorial waters) as for instance [[Point Roberts, Washington]]. A pene-enclave can also exist entirely on land, such as when intervening mountains render a territory inaccessible from other parts of a country except through alien territory. A commonly cited example is the [[Kleinwalsertal]], a valley part of [[Vorarlberg]], Austria, that is only accessible from Germany to the north. ==Origin and usage== The word ''enclave'' is French and first appeared in the mid-15th century as a derivative of the verb ''enclaver'' (1283), from the colloquial Latin ''inclavare'' (to close with a key).<ref name="LGR">Le Grand Robert, Dictionnaire de la langue française, 2001, vol.III, p. 946.</ref> Originally, it was a term of property law that denoted the situation of a land or parcel of land surrounded by land owned by a different owner, and that could not be reached for its exploitation in a practical and sufficient manner without crossing the surrounding land.<ref name="LGR"/> In law, this created a ''servitude''<ref>''Servitude: '''Law'''. A right possessed by one person with respect to another's property, consisting either of a right to use the other's property, or a power to prevent certain uses of it''. Webster's, p. 1304.</ref> of passage for the benefit of the owner of the surrounded land. The first diplomatic document to contain the word ''enclave'' was the [[Treaty of Madrid (1526)|Treaty of Madrid]], signed in 1526.<ref name="Melamid">{{cite news|first=Alexander|last= Melamid|title=Enclaves and Exclaves|work=International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences|volume=5|year= 1968|editor-first= David| editor-last= Sills| publisher=The Macmillan Company & Free Press}}</ref>{{rp|61}} Later, the term enclave began to be used also to refer to parcels of countries, counties, fiefs, communes, towns, parishes, etc. that were surrounded by alien territory. This French word eventually entered the English and other languages to denote the same concept although local terms have continued to be used. In India, the word "pocket" is often used as a synonym for enclave (such as "the pockets of Puducherry district").<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jobresultsnic.in/2014/12/bsnl-recruitment-2014-2015-apply-for.html |title=Government Jobs in BSNL : 01 Jobs Opening |publisher=jobresultsnic.in |date= |accessdate=2014-02-24 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224165814/http://www.jobresultsnic.in/2014/12/bsnl-recruitment-2014-2015-apply-for.html |archivedate=2014-12-24 |df= }}</ref> In British administrative history, subnational enclaves were usually called '''detachments''' or '''detached parts''', and national enclaves as '''detached districts''' or '''detached dominions'''.<ref>As can be seen on 18th. century maps of Germany and other European countries by British cartographers and publishers such as R. Wilkinson.</ref> In English [[ecclesiology|ecclesiastic]] history, subnational enclaves were known as '''peculiars''' (see also [[Royal Peculiar]]). The word ''exclave'', modeled on enclave,<ref>'''Exclave'''. Webster's, p. 497.</ref> is a logical extension of the concept of enclave. ==Characteristics== <!--PNG images containing transparencies do not display properly for some users. Please consider this fact before replacing the already tiny GIF file.--> {{multiple image <!-- Essential parameters --> | align = right<!-- left/right/center --> | direction = vertical<!-- horizontal/vertical --> | width = 300<!-- Digits only; no "px" suffix, please --> <!-- Image 1 --> | image1 = Diagrama enclave exclave.svg<!-- Filename only; no "File:" or "Image:" prefix, please --> | width1 = | alt1 = | caption1 = Different territories (countries, states, counties, municipalities, etc.) are represented by different colours and letters; separated parts of the same territory are represented by the same colour and letter, with a different number added to each smaller part of that territory (the main part is identified by the letter only). * {{colorbox|#b32715}} A: ** possesses 3 '''exclaves''' (A1, A2 and A3): it is impossible to go from the main part of A to any of these parts going only through territory of A; however: *** A1 and A2 are not '''enclaves''': neither of them is surrounded by a single "foreign" territory; *** A3 is an '''enclave''': it is totally surrounded by ''B''; ** contains 1 '''enclave''' (E): "foreign" territory totally surrounded by territory of A; ** possesses 2 '''counter-enclaves''', or '''second-order enclaves''' (A4 and A5): territories belonging to A which are encroached inside the enclave E; ** contains 1 '''counter-counter-enclave''', or '''third-order enclave''' (E1). * {{colorbox|#fed720}} B: ** contains 2 '''enclaves''' (A3 and D). * {{colorbox|#75be3b}} C: ** continuous territory. * {{colorbox|#e87c2d}} D: ** is an '''enclaved territory''': it is territorially continuous, but its territory is totally surrounded by a single "foreign" territory (B). * {{colorbox|#8855ec}} E: ** is an '''enclaved territory''': it is encroached inside A; ** contains 2 '''enclaves''' (A4 and A5), which are '''counter-enclaves''' of A; ** possesses 1 '''counter-enclave''' (E1), which is a '''counter-counter-enclave''' as viewed by A and contained within A5. In [[Topology|topological]] terms, A and E are '''non-connected surfaces''', and B, C and D are '''[[Connected space|connected surfaces]]'''. However, C and D are also '''[[Simply connected space|simply connected surfaces]]''', while B is not (it has '''[[Genus (mathematics)|genus]] 2''', the number of "holes" in B). <!-- Image 2 --> | image2 = | width2 = | alt2 = | caption2 = <!-- up to |image10 is accepted --> <!-- Extra parameters --> | header = Explicative diagram of territorial discontinuities: '''Enclaves''' and '''exclaves''' | header_align = <!-- left/right/center --> | header_background = | footer = | footer_align = <!-- left/right/center --> | footer_background = | background color = }} Enclaves exist for a variety of [[historical]], [[political]] and [[geographical]] reasons. For example, in the [[feudal system]] in Europe, the ownership of feudal domains was often transferred or partitioned, either through purchase and sale or through inheritance, and often such domains were or came to be surrounded by other domains. In particular, this state of affairs persisted into the 19th century in the [[Holy Roman Empire]], and these domains (principalities, etc.) exhibited many of the characteristics of sovereign states. Prior to 1866 Prussia alone consisted of more than 270 discontiguous pieces of territory.<ref name="Melamid"/>{{rp|61}} Residing in an enclave within another country has often involved difficulties in such areas as passage rights, importing goods, currency, provision of utilities and health services, and host nation cooperation. Thus, over time enclaves have tended to be eliminated. For example, two-thirds of the then-existing national-level enclaves were extinguished on August 1, 2015, when the governments of [[India]] and [[Bangladesh]] implemented a Land Boundary Agreement that exchanged 162 first-order enclaves (111 Indian and 51 Bangladeshi). This exchange thus effectively de-enclaved another two dozen second-order enclaves and one third-order enclave, eliminating 197 of the [[Indo-Bangladesh enclaves]] in all. The residents in these enclaves had complained of being effectively stateless. Only Bangladesh's Dahagram–Angarpota enclave remained. ===Enclave versus exclave=== For illustration, in the figure (above), A1 is a '''semi-enclave''' (attached to C and also bounded by water that only touches C's territorial water). Although A2 is an exclave of A, it cannot be classed as an enclave because it shares borders with B and C. The territory A3 is both an exclave of A and an enclave from the viewpoint of B. The singular territory D, although an enclave, is not an exclave. ==True enclaves== {{Further information|List of enclaves and exclaves}} An enclave is a part of the territory of a state that is enclosed within the territory of another state. To distinguish the parts of a state entirely enclosed in a single other state, they are called '''true enclaves'''.<ref name="EV"/>{{rp|10}} A true enclave cannot be reached without passing through the territory of a single other state that surrounds it. ''Vinokurov (2007)'' calls this the restrictive definition of "enclave" given by international law, which thus "comprises only so-called 'true enclaves'".<ref name="EV">{{cite book|first=Evgeny| last=Vinokurov| title = The Theory of Enclaves | year = 2007| publisher = Lexington Books, Lanham, MD}}</ref>{{rp|10}} Two examples are [[Büsingen]], a true enclave of Germany, and [[Campione d'Italia]], a true enclave of Italy, both surrounded by Switzerland. The definition of a territory comprises both land territory and territorial waters. In the case of enclaves in territorial waters, they are called maritime (those surrounded by territorial sea) or lacustrine (if in a lake) enclaves.<ref name="EV"/>{{rp|10}} Most of the true national-level enclaves now existing are in Asia and Europe. While subnational enclaves are numerous the world over, there are only a few national-level true enclaves in Africa, Australia and the Americas (each such enclave being surrounded by the territorial waters of another country). A historical example was [[West Berlin]] before the reunification of [[Germany]]. Since 1945, all of Berlin was ruled ''de jure'' by the four Allied powers. However, the East German government and the [[Soviet Union]] treated East Berlin as an integral part of East Germany, so West Berlin was a ''de facto'' enclave within [[East Germany]]. Also, 12 small West Berlin enclaves, such as [[Steinstücken]], were separated from the city, some by only a few meters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://berlin.enclaves.org/|title=Berlin Exclaves|accessdate=2013-05-02}}</ref> ===Enclaved countries=== [[File:LocationLesotho.png|frame|Position of Lesotho within South Africa]] {{see also|List of countries that border only one other country}} Three nations are completely surrounded by another country: * The Republic of [[San Marino]], enclaved within [[Italy]] * [[Vatican City]], enclaved within the city of [[Rome]], Italy * The Kingdom of [[Lesotho]], enclaved within [[South Africa]] The Principality of [[Monaco]] is not an enclave, although it only borders [[France]], because it possesses a coastline and territorial waters. For the same reason, [[Canada]], [[The Gambia]], [[Portugal]], and [[South Korea]] are also not enclaves. Historically, four of the [[Bantustans]] (or "Black homelands") of South Africa were granted nominal independence, unrecognized internationally, by the Nationalist government from 1976 until their reabsorption in 1994. Others remained under government rule from 1948 to 1994. Being heavily partitioned, various parts of these Bantustans were true enclaves. The United States' constitutional principle of [[tribal sovereignty]] treats federally-recognized [[Indian reservation]]s as quasi-independent enclaves. ===Temporary enclaves=== To establish jurisdiction, the [[Scottish Court in the Netherlands]], at Camp Zeist near [[Utrecht (city)|Utrecht]], was temporarily declared as sovereign territory of the [[United Kingdom]] under [[Scots law]] for the duration of the trial of those accused in the [[Lockerbie bombing]], and was therefore an exclave of the United Kingdom and of [[Scotland]], and an enclave within the Netherlands. This was also so during the appeal against the conviction. The court was first convened in 1999, and the land returned to the Netherlands in 2002.<ref name="BBC">{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/1870685.stm | agency=[[BBC News]] | date=2002-03-14 | accessdate=2011-01-30 | title=Uncertain future for Camp Zeist| quote=The former military base at Camp Zeist in Holland has been under Scottish jurisdiction for more than three years. The base was converted into a prison and a courtroom to provide the venue for the Lockerbie trial – the largest and most expensive ever conducted under Scots law.}}</ref><ref name="Order">{{UK SI| number=2251| year=1998| url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si1998/19982251.htm| title=The High Court of Justiciary (Proceedings in the Netherlands) (United Nations) Order 1998| isbn=0-11-079584-9 | accessdate=2009-09-03}}</ref> ==True exclaves== [[File:Nakhichevan03.png|thumb|Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic]] ''True exclave'' is an extension of the concept of ''true enclave.'' Examples include: * [[Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic|Nakhchivan]], which borders [[Turkey]], [[Armenia]] and [[Iran]], is an exclave of [[Azerbaijan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ataa.org/reference/occupation_az.html |title=Assembly of Turkish American Associations |publisher=Ataa.org |date= |accessdate=2014-02-24}}</ref> * In the [[United Arab Emirates]], four emirates have five true exclaves: [[Emirate of Dubai|Dubai]] ([[Hatta, United Arab Emirates|Hatta]]), [[Emirate of Ajman|Ajmān]] ([[Masfut]] and [[Manama, Ajman|Manama]]), [[Ras al-Khaimah]] (the southerly of the emirate's two non-contiguous sections), and [[Emirate of Sharjah|Sharjah]] ([[Nahwa]], also both a true national-level enclave and a counter-enclave). * [[Llívia]] is an enclave and exclave of [[Spain]] surrounded by [[France]]. * [[Campione d'Italia]] is an enclave and exclave of [[Italy]] surrounded by [[Switzerland]]. * [[Büsingen am Hochrhein]] is an enclave and exclave of [[Germany]] surrounded by Switzerland. The shortest distance from Büsingen's borders to the main portion of German territory is only about 700 metres (about 2,300&nbsp;ft). * [[Likoma Island|Likoma]] and [[Chizumulu Island]]s in [[Lake Malawi]] are lacustrine enclaves and exclaves of [[Malawi]], surrounded by [[Mozambique]] territorial waters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malawitourism.com/pages/attractions/the_attraction.asp?AttractionsID=8|title= Malawi Tourism Guide|publisher=MalawiTMC|accessdate=2017-05-08}}</ref> ==Related constructs and terms== === Semi-enclaves/exclaves=== '''Semi-enclaves''' and '''semi-exclaves''' are areas that, except for possessing an unsurrounded sea border, would otherwise be enclaves or exclaves.<ref name="YRY"/>{{rp|116}}<ref name="EV"/>{{rp|12–14}} Semi-enclaves can exist as independent states that border only one other state, such as [[Monaco]], [[the Gambia]] and [[Brunei]]. ''Vinokurov (2007)'' declares, "Technically, [[Portugal]], [[Denmark]], and [[Canada]] also border only one foreign state, but they are not enclosed in the geographical, political, or economic sense. They have vast access to international waters. At the same time, there are states that, although in possession of sea access, are still enclosed by the territories of a foreign state."<ref name="EV"/>{{rp|14}} Therefore, a quantitative principle applies: ''the land boundary must be longer than the coastline.'' Thus a state is classified as a ''sovereign semi-enclave'' if it borders on just one state, and its land boundary is longer than its sea coastline.<ref name="EV"/>{{rp|14, 20–22}} Vinokurov affirms that "no similar quantitative criterion is needed to define the scope of non-sovereign semi-enclaves/exclaves."<ref name="EV"/>{{rp|14, 26}}<ref>''Vinokurov (2007)'', p. 29, also refers to semi-exclaves as a type of "mere exclave with sea connection to the mainland."</ref> Examples include: * [[Alaska]], one of the states in the [[United States|United States of America]], is the largest semi-enclave in the world, separated from the US by Canada. * [[Oecusse]], a district on the northwestern side of the island of Timor, is a semi-enclave of [[East Timor]]. * [[Ceuta]] and [[Melilla]] are Spanish semi-enclaves on the Mediterranean coast of [[Morocco]]. * [[Temburong]] is a Bruneian semi-enclave surrounded by [[Malaysia]]. * [[Kaliningrad Oblast]] is a federal subject of [[Russia]] (an oblast), a semi-exclave situated on the Baltic coast. * [[Cabinda Province|Cabinda]] (also spelled '''Kabinda''', formerly '''Portuguese Congo''') is a semi-exclave and a [[Provinces of Angola|province]] of [[Angola]] on the Atlantic coast of southwestern [[Africa]], separated by the only sea access port of the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. * [[French Guiana]] (a [[French overseas department|French Overseas Department]]), in [[South America]], is a semi-exclave that is bounded by [[Suriname]], [[Brazil]], and the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. ===Subnational enclaves and exclaves=== Sometimes, administrative divisions of a country, for historical or practical reasons, caused some areas to belong to one division while being attached to another. * [[Dadra DNH|Dadra]], enclaved within the state of [[Gujarat]], is part of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] in [[India]] * [[Pondicherry district]], of the Union Territory of [[Puducherry]], is made of 12 non-contiguous parts,<ref>{{cite web|url= http://police.pondicherry.gov.in/Map%20all%20region%20ok/Puducherry%20Map%2025.05.11.htm| title = Map showing the existing police station limits|accessdate=2013-09-30}}</ref> many of them true enclaves entirely surrounded by the state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Before Pondicherry, along with the other territories of [[French India]], was absorbed into India in 1954, they were enclaved within the Union of India, and before that the [[British Raj]]. Also a legacy of the French colonial period, the [[Mahe district]] is made of 3 non-contiguous parts enclaved within the state of [[Kerala]]. * From 1947 to 1971, [[Bangladesh]] was a part of [[Pakistan]] as its [[East Pakistan]] exclave, separated from [[West Pakistan]] by 1,760 kilometers (1,100 miles) of [[India]]. In 1971 it eventually gained independence during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]]. * Before 1974, and especially before 1844, there were many [[List of county exclaves in England and Wales 1844–1974|exclaves of counties in England and Wales]]. * The [[Counties of scotland#Counties until 1890|counties of Scotland]] before reorganisation in 1889 included dozens of exclaves. This was especially notable in the case of [[Cromartyshire]], which was split into at least nine parts spread across [[Ross-shire]]. * The [[France|French]] [[Departments of France|department]] of [[Pyrénées-Atlantiques]], in the southwest of France, surrounds two enclaves of the neighbouring department of [[Hautes-Pyrénées]]. * The French department of [[Vaucluse]] has a rather large exclave to its southeast within the [[Drôme]] department — the [[Canton in France|canton]] of [[Valréas]] (historically known as [[Enclave des Papes]]). * [[San Colombano al Lambro]] is an exclave of the province of [[Milan]] at the junction between the [[Pavia]] and [[Lodi Province|Lodi]] provinces. The exclave arose when the province of Lodi was carved out of the province of Milan, but a [[referendum]] in San Colombano indicated the locals' wish to stay in Milan. As a result, the commune is the only wine-producing area in the mostly urbanized province of Milan. [[File:Kentucky Bend map.png|thumb|[[Kentucky Bend]] and surrounding area {{legend|#bfffff|[[Missouri]] (MO)|border=thin solid #999933}} {{legend|#febffe|[[Tennessee]] (TN)|border=thin solid #999933}} {{legend|#ffffef|[[Kentucky]] (KY)|border=thin solid #999933}} ]] * In the United States: **A portion of [[Ellis Island]] is an exclave of [[New York City]] within the boundaries of [[Jersey City]], and therefore of [[New York (state)|New York]] State within the boundaries of [[New Jersey]]. ** The [[Kentucky Bend]] exists because of a [[meander]] of the [[Mississippi River]]. ** [[West Hollywood, California|West Hollywood]] and [[Beverly Hills, California]], adjoin one another, but are entirely surrounded by the city of [[Los Angeles]]. ** [[Jeddito, Arizona]] lies within a {{convert|121|km2|adj=on}} exclave of the [[Navajo Nation]]. This exclave is surrounded by territory of the [[Hopi Reservation]], which is itself surrounded by the Navajo Nation. ==={{anchor|Practical enclave|Practical exclave|Inaccessible district}}"Practical" enclaves, exclaves and inaccessible districts=== The term '''[[Wiktionary:pene-|pene]]-exclave''' was defined in ''Robinson (1959)'' as "parts of the territory of one country that can be approached conveniently — in particular by wheeled traffic — only through the territory of another country."<ref name="Robinson"/>{{rp|283}} Thus, a ''pene-exclave'', although having land borders, is not completely surrounded by the other's land or territorial waters.<ref>''Melamid (1968)'' states, "Contiguous territories of states which for all regular commercial and administrative purposes can be reached only through the territory of other states are called pene-enclaves (pene-exclaves). These have virtually the same characteristics as complete enclaves (exclaves)."</ref>{{rp|60}} ''Catudal (1974)''<ref name="HMC">{{cite journal|first=Honoré M. |last=Catudal|title=Exclaves|journal= Cahiers de géographie du Québec|volume=18|number=43|year= 1974|pages=107–136|url= http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/021178ar| doi=10.7202/021178ar}}</ref>{{rp|113}} and ''Vinokurov (2007)''<ref name="EV"/>{{rp|31–33}} further elaborate upon examples, including [[Point Roberts]]. "Although physical connections by water with Point Roberts are entirely within the sovereignty of the United States, land access is only possible through Canada."<ref name="HMC"/> Pene-enclaves are also called functional enclaves or practical enclaves.<ref name="EV"/>{{rp|31}} They can exhibit continuity of state territory across territorial waters but, nevertheless, a discontinuity on land, such as in the case of Point Roberts.<ref name="EV"/>{{rp|47}} Along rivers that change course, pene-enclaves can be observed as complexes comprising many small pene-enclaves.<ref name="EV"/>{{rp|50}} A pene-enclave can also exist entirely on land, such as when intervening mountains render a territory, although geographically attached, inaccessible from other parts of a country except through alien territory. A commonly cited example is the [[Kleinwalsertal]], a valley part of [[Vorarlberg]], Austria, that is only accessible from Germany to the north, being separated from the rest of Austria by high mountains traversed by no roads. Another example is the Spanish village of [[Os de Civís]] accessible from Andorra. Hence, such areas are enclaves or exclaves ''for practical purposes,'' without meeting the strict definition. Many pene-exclaves partially border the sea or another body of water, which comprises their own territorial waters (i.e., they are not surrounded by other nations' territorial waters). Because they border their own territorial waters in addition to a land border with another country, they are not true exclaves. Still, one cannot travel to them on land without going through another country. Attribution of a pene-enclave status to a territory can sometimes be disputed, depending on whether the territory is considered to be practically inaccessible from the mainland or not.<ref name="EV"/>{{rp|33}} * [[Northern Ireland]], an area of the [[United Kingdom]], is bounded by the [[Republic of Ireland]], the [[Irish Sea]] and the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. * [[Equatorial Guinea]]'s continental portion, [[Rio Muni]], is a semi-exclave surrounded by [[Gabon]], [[Cameroon]] and the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. * The [[Northwest Angle]] in Minnesota is geographically separated from the rest of the state (and United States) by [[Lake of the Woods]] and is only accessible on land through [[Canada]], via [[Manitoba]]. * [[Point Roberts]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], is an unincorporated community in [[Whatcom County]]—located on the southernmost tip of the Tsawwassen Peninsula, south of Delta, British Columbia, Canada—that can be reached by land from the rest of the United States only by traveling through Canada. * [[Vermont]] has two pene-enclaves with Canada. Province Point, a few kilometres to the northeast of the town of [[East Alburgh, Vermont]], is the southernmost tip of a small promontory approximately 2 acres (1 ha) in size ({{coord|45|0|48.07|N|73|11|35.72|W}}). The promontory is cut through by the US-Canada border; as such the area is a practical enclave of the United States contiguous with Canada. Similarly, the southern point of [[Province Island]] ({{coord|45|0|15|N|72|13|52|W}}), a small island mostly in the Canadian province of Quebec, crosses into the American state of Vermont. It is situated in Lake Memphremagog, near [[Newport, Vermont]]. * [[Walvis Bay]], now part of [[Namibia]], was a pene-exclave of the [[Cape Colony]] in [[German South-West Africa]], created in 1878. It became part of the [[Cape Province]] of the [[Union of South Africa]] in 1910, but from 1922, it was administered as a ''de facto'' part of [[South-West Africa]], a [[League of Nations]] [[League of Nations Mandate|Mandate]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=h1GU1KXstegC&lpg=PA214&ots=l9xeWFz_oy&dq=%22South%20West%20Africa%20Affairs%20Act%20%22%201922&pg=PA213#v=onepage&q=%22South%20West%20Africa%20Affairs%20Act%20%22%201922&f=true Succession of States and Namibian territories], Y. Makonnen in ''Recueil Des Cours, 1986: Collected Courses of the Hague Academy of International Law'', Academie de Droit International de la Haye, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1987, page 213</ref> In 1977, it was separated from that territory and re-integrated into the Cape Province.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=tj8vAAAAYAAJ&dq=In+1971%2C+Walvis+Bay+back+to+Cape+Province&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Walvis+Bay++ ''The Green and the dry wood: The Roman Catholic Church (Vicariate of Windhoek) and the Namibian socio-political situation, 1971-1981''], Oblates of Mary Immaculate, 1983, page 6</ref> [[South Africa]] did not relinquish sovereignty over Walvis Bay until 1994, nearly four years after Namibia's independence.<ref>[http://www.parliament.gov.za/live/commonrepository/Processed/20140414/87758_1.pdf No. 203 of 1993: Transfer of Walvis Bay to Namibia Act, 1993.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223230143/http://www.parliament.gov.za/live/commonrepository/Processed/20140414/87758_1.pdf |date=2016-02-23 }}</ref> ====Subnational "practical" enclaves, exclaves and inaccessible districts==== * Although the [[Jervis Bay Territory]], which occupies a coastal peninsula in Australia, is not part of the [[Australian Capital Territory]], the laws of the ACT apply to it.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jervis Bay Territory Governance and Administration| url= http://www.regional.gov.au/territories/jervis_bay/governanceadministration.aspx|work=Although the Jervis Bay Territory is not part of the Australian Capital Territory, the laws of the ACT apply, in so far as they are applicable and, providing they are not inconsistent with an Ordinance, in the Territory by virtue of the Jervis Bay Acceptance Act 1915.|publisher=The Department of Regional Australia, Local Government, Arts and Sport|accessdate=17 January 2013}}</ref> * The Romanian village of [[Nămoloasa]] ([[Galați county]]) can be accessed only through [[Vrancea County|Vrancea county]] (where there is a bridge over the [[Siret river]]) because it is separated by the [[Siret|Siret River]] from the rest of [[Galați county]]. * The southern part of the [[Province of Venice]], Veneto, can be reached directly from the rest of the province only by boat. By land it can be reached only traveling through the [[Province of Padua]] because territorial continuity with the main part of the province exists only through some unconnected islands and islets. * It is not possible to drive from the northern half of [[County Leitrim]] in the [[Republic of Ireland]] to the southern half without leaving the county; [[Lough Allen]] and the [[River Shannon]] present a water barrier requiring one to drive through [[County Cavan]] to the east or [[County Roscommon]] to the west.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://maps.google.ie/maps?q=leitrim&hl=en&ll=54.19619,-8.002853&spn=0.248649,0.676346&sll=54.185343,-8.030663&sspn=0.124357,0.338173&hnear=Leitrim,+County+Leitrim&t=m&z=11 |title=Google Maps route out of the county from one point on the county border to the other here}}</ref> * The community of [[East Kemptville, Nova Scotia]], Canada, is part of the [[Argyle, Nova Scotia|Municipality of Argyle]], but it can only be reached by road from the rest of the municipality by travelling through the [[Yarmouth, Nova Scotia (municipal district)|Municipality of Yarmouth]] or the [[Shelburne, Nova Scotia (municipal district)|Municipality of Shelburne]]. The latter route also requires travelling through the [[Barrington, Nova Scotia|Municipality of Barrington]]. * In the United States: ** Several portions of land on the [[New Jersey]] side of the [[Delaware River]] belong to [[Delaware]]. Within the [[Twelve-Mile Circle]], Delaware's border extends to the low-water mark across the river. South of the Circle, the Delaware-New Jersey border follows the middle of the river and bay. ** The [[Eastern Shore of Virginia]] on the southern portion of the [[Delmarva Peninsula]] shares a border with [[Maryland]] but is only connected to the rest of [[Virginia]] by the [[Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel]], which is part of [[U.S. Route 13]]. ** The city of [[Carter Lake, Iowa]] is separated from the rest of the state of [[Iowa]] by the [[Missouri River]], which changed course during a flood in 1877, cutting the city off from the rest of the state. It is now only accessible through [[Omaha]], [[Nebraska]]. ** The village of [[Kaskaskia, Illinois]], the state's first capital, is separated from the rest of Illinois by the [[Mississippi River]] due to a flood in 1881, which shifted the river to flow east of the town, rather than west. This resulted in the only access to the town being from [[Missouri]]. ** The [[Upper Peninsula]] of [[Michigan]] is separated from the [[Lower Peninsula]] by the [[Straits of Mackinac]], so until construction of the [[Mackinac Bridge]], the only land routes between them were through the states of [[Wisconsin]], [[Illinois]], and [[Indiana]], or through the Canadian province of [[Ontario]], ** The [[Marble Hill, Manhattan|Marble Hill]] neighborhood of [[Manhattan]] is separated from the rest of the borough by the [[Harlem River]]. ===Enclaves within enclaves=== [[File:Baarle-Nassau - Baarle-Hertog-en.svg|thumb|Map showing the non-contiguous [[Belgium|Belgian]] exclaves of [[Baarle-Hertog]] in the [[Netherlands]] which, in turn, has Dutch enclaves within it.]] [[File:Cooch-behar-enclaves-schematisch.png|thumb|[[Indo-Bangladesh enclaves]] created by the 1947 [[Partition of India]]]] It is possible for an enclave of one country to be completely surrounded by a part of another country that is itself an enclave of the first country. These enclaves are sometimes called ''counter-enclaves''. *The Dutch municipality of [[Baarle-Nassau]] has seven exclaves in two exclaves of the Belgian municipality of [[Baarle-Hertog]]. *The former complex of enclaves at [[Cooch Behar district]] included 24 second-order enclaves and one small '''third-order enclave''' called ''[[Dahala Khagrabari|Dahala Khagrabari #51]]'': a piece of India within Bangladesh, within India, within Bangladesh. The [[Indo-Bangladesh enclaves]] were exchanged on 31 July 2015 by the ratified Land Boundary Agreement, and Dahala Khagrabari was ceded to Bangladesh. * [[Nahwa]] of the [[United Arab Emirates]] is surrounded by [[Madha]], an exclave of Oman within the U.A.E. *The Portuguese town of [[Estremoz]] is made up of two civil parishes (''freguesias''): the small ''Santo André'' and the big ''Santa Maria''. Santo André corresponds to the old town (located inside the medieval walls), but excludes the citadel, which is an enclave inside the old town; the citadel belongs to Santa Maria, which also includes the entire new town (outside the walls) and the vast rural area around it. Thus, Santa Maria has an enclave (Santo André, the old town) with a second-order enclave inside it (the citadel).<ref>Instituto Geográfico do Exército: [http://www.igeoe.pt/igeoearcweb/igeoesig/ExecCmd.asp?cmd=SelArea&distrito=%C9VORA&concelho=ESTREMOZ&freguesia=ESTREMOZ%20%28SANTA%20MARIA%29 Territory of Santa Maria (Estremoz)]</ref> ===Ethnic enclaves=== An [[ethnic enclave]] is a community of an ethnic group inside an area in which another ethnic group predominates. [[Ghetto]]s, [[Little Italy]]s, [[barrio]]s and [[Chinatown]]s are examples. These areas may have a separate language, culture and economic system. * [[Székely Land]] is a [[Hungarian people|Hungarian]] ethnic enclave within [[Romania]], with its people calling themselves [[Székely]]. Originally, the name ''Székely Land'' denoted an autonomous region within [[Transylvania]]. It existed as a legal entity from medieval times until the [[Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867]], when the Székely and [[Transylvanian Saxons|Saxon]] seats were dissolved and replaced by the [[Comitatus (Kingdom of Hungary)#Modernised counties (1867–1918)|county system]]. Along with Transylvania, it became a part of Romania in 1920, according with the [[Treaty of Trianon]] signed on 4 June 1920 at the Grand Trianon Palace in Versailles, France. In 1938–1940, during World War II, post-Trianon Hungary temporarily expanded its territory and included some additional territories that were formerly part of pre-war Kingdom of Hungary, under [[Third Reich]] auspices, the [[Second Vienna Award]]. It was later reduced to boundaries approximating those of 1920 by the peace treaties signed after World War II at Paris, in 1947. The area was called [[Magyar Autonomous Region]] between September 8, 1952 and February 16, 1968 a Hungarian autonomous region within Romania, and today there are [[Székely autonomy initiatives|territorial autonomy initiatives]] to reach a higher level of self-governance for this region within Romania.{{citation needed|date=May 2017}} * The 2008 film ''[[Silent Light]]'' depicts a [[Mennonite]] Flemish sect living within the Mexican state of [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]], who speak a dialect called [[Plautdietsch]].{{citation needed|date=May 2017}} * There are several [[Kosovo Serb enclaves|Serb enclaves in Kosovo]] where the institutions of [[Kosovo]] are not fully operational due to disputes.{{citation needed|date=May 2017}} ===Extraterritoriality=== Diplomatic missions, such as embassies and consulates, as well as military bases, are usually exempted from the jurisdiction of the host country, i.e., the laws of the host nation in which an embassy is located do not typically apply to the land of the embassy or base itself. This exemption from the jurisdiction of the host country is defined as [[extraterritoriality]]. Areas and buildings enjoying some forms of extraterritoriality are not true enclaves since, in all cases, the host country retains full sovereignty. In addition to embassies, some other areas enjoy a limited form of extraterritoriality. Examples of this include: * [[Pavillon de Breteuil]] in [[France]], used by the [[General Conference on Weights and Measures]]. * [[United Nations headquarters]] in the [[United States]], used by the [[United Nations]]. * [[United Nations Office at Geneva]] in [[Switzerland]], used by the [[United Nations]]. * [[INTERPOL]] headquarters in [[Lyon]], [[France]], used by [[INTERPOL]] * [[NATO]] (political) headquarters near [[Evere]] in [[Haren, Belgium|Haren]], a part of the [[City of Brussels]], [[Belgium]]. * Headquarters [[Allied Command Operations]] ([[NATO]]) at the area designated as [[Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe]] (SHAPE), North of [[Mons]], [[Belgium]] * [[Palazzo Malta]] and the [[Villa del Priorato di Malta]], the headquarters of [[Sovereign Military Order of Malta]] in Rome. In addition to extraterritoriality, Italy recognizes the exercise by SMOM of all the prerogatives of sovereignty in its headquarters. Therefore, Italian sovereignty and SMOM sovereignty uniquely coexist without overlapping.<ref>{{cite web| url= https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B9LDb9lFYjVPUnFkaUVjVVdVUnM/view?usp=sharing| publisher=Analítica.com| location=Caracas, Distrito Capital, Venezuela| accessdate=October 1, 2012| last=Arocha|first=Magaly | title= La Orden de Malta y su Naturaleza Jurídica (The Order of Malta and Its Legal Nature) | date=May 1999}}</ref> * [[Properties of the Holy See|Extraterritorial properties of the Holy See]] in Rome and surroundings. * By treaty of 2 November 1929, [[Czechoslovakia]] obtained the lease for 99 years of two plots of land (in the [[Moldauhafen]] and in the [[Saalehafen]]), both within the perimeter of the free port of [[Hamburg]]. Another plot, in the [[Peutehafen]], was purchased by the Czechoslovak government in 1929; this plot lies just outside the free-port perimeter.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.lode.cz/re/clanek.php?rub=5&ID=419| title= Notification of the Ministry of Transport and Communications of the Czech Republic | date= 20 August 2001| accessdate=2013-10-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.radio.cz/de/rubrik/wirtschaft/-liegt-boehmen-doch-am-meer- | title= Is Bohemia the sea? | date = 23 October 2002| first= Jürgen| last= Siebeck | accessdate=2013-10-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.radio.cz/cz/rubrika/ekonomika/cesky-pristav-v-hamburku-ceka-na-zmrtvychvstani |date= 28 April 2005 | first = Zdeněk| last = Vališ | title= Czech harbor in Hamburg, waiting for resurrection | accessdate=2013-10-26}}</ref> ** Saalehafen – approximately 2 ha of land on Hallesches Ufer, on the southeastern bank of the Saalehafen ** Moldauhafen – approximately 0.5 ha of land on Dresdener Ufer, on the southeastern bank of the Moldauhafen ** Peutehafen – the narrow peninsula between the Peutekanal and the Peutehafen dock, comprising 8.054 ha of land and 0.5 ha of water surface * In [[Szczecin]], Poland, a similar provision existed following the [[Treaty of Versailles]] for [[Czechoslovakia]] to have access to the harbor, which until the end of [[World War II]] was located in Germany. From 1945, when Szczecin became part of Poland, Czechoslovakia possessed no extraterritorial rights there.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://groups.yahoo.com/group/borderpoint/message/123| title= Czech leased areas in Hamburg and Stettin |accessdate=2013-10-26}}</ref> It appears that the German concession ceased at the end of the war and that no successor paid attention to the pre-war rights that Czechoslovakia had under the Versailles Treaty. Neither the Polish nor the occupying Russians appear to have assumed any of Germany's pre-war liabilities. Czechoslovakia gave up the rights to its territory in Szczecin under an agreement signed on 13 January 1956.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Transport Agreement between the Czechoslovak Republic and the Polish People's Republic of 13 January 1956 |url=http://www.mdcr.cz/NR/rdonlyres/8D519E7F-42FF-4A41-A6AD-6753634A5F73/0/v741956.rtf |accessdate=2013-10-26 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192133/http://www.mdcr.cz/NR/rdonlyres/8D519E7F-42FF-4A41-A6AD-6753634A5F73/0/v741956.rtf |archivedate=2013-10-29 |df= }}</ref> * [[Saimaa Canal]]: the longitudinal half of the canal in Russia is leased by Finland until 2063. Russian law is in principle valid, but in reality Finland maintains the area. ===Land owned by a foreign country=== Some areas of land in a country are owned by another country and in some cases it has special privileges, such as being exempt from taxes. These lands are not enclaves and do not have extraterritoriality since, in all cases, there is no transfer of sovereignty. Examples of this include: * [[Napoleon]]'s original grave in [[Longwood, Saint Helena]], owned by [[France]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.domfrance.helanta.sh/ |title=domaines français de Sainte-Hélène |publisher=Domfrance.helanta.sh |date= |accessdate=2012-09-02 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110325102630/http://www.domfrance.helanta.sh/ |archivedate=2011-03-25 |df= }}</ref> * The Brest memorial, in [[Brest, France]], has been owned by the United States since the aftermath of World War I. * [[Victor Hugo]]'s house in [[St Peter Port]], [[Guernsey]], owned by the city of [[Paris]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/loisirs/Portal.lut?page_id=5852&document_type_id=5&document_id=77553&portlet_id=12988 |title=Guernesey : Hauteville House |publisher=Paris.fr |date=2012-08-28 |accessdate=2012-09-02 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626002054/http://www.paris.fr/portail/loisirs/Portal.lut?page_id=5852&document_type_id=5&document_id=77553&portlet_id=12988 |archivedate=2010-06-26 |df= }}</ref> * The [[Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial]] in Normandy, [[France]], which contains the graves of 9,386 American military dead, most of whom died during the landings and ensuing operations of World War II, owned by the [[United States of America]].<ref name=ABMC>Source:[http://www.abmc.gov/cemeteries/cemeteries/no.php American Battle Monument Commission] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051126030757/http://www.abmc.gov/cemeteries/cemeteries/no.php |date=2005-11-26 }}</ref> * [[Pointe du Hoc]], 13-hectare site of a memorial and museum dedicated to the World War II [[Normandy landing]] at [[Omaha Beach]], transferred by France to American control on 11 January 1979.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.150th.com/letters/btl_monu.htm | title=The American Battle Monuments Commission | accessdate=October 29, 2012|publisher= "The site, preserved since the war by the French Committee of the Pointe du Hoc, which erected an impressive granite monument at the edge of the cliff, was transferred to American control by formal agreement between the two governments on 11 January 1979 in Paris, with Ambassador Arthur A. Hartman signing for the United States and Secretary of State for Veterans Affairs Maurice Plantier signing for France"}}<!-- See also http://www.abmc.gov/publications/VisitorBrochures/PointeduHoc_Brochure.pdf, http://www.150th.com/letters/btl_monu.htm --></ref> * The {{ill|Suvorov Memorial|de|Suworow-Denkmal}}, near [[Göschenen]] in central [[Switzerland]], was erected in 1899 by the Russian Empire.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.andermatt.ch/en/erlebnisse/schoellenen/Suworow-Denkmal|title=Suworow monument|accessdate=2017-02-17|publisher=Andermatt-Urserntal Tourism}}</ref> The 563 m² area (449 m² rock and 114 m² access road) is Parcel No. 725 of the land register of Andermatt, owned by the Russian Embassy in Berne. The parcel is Swiss territory and fully subject to Swiss law. [[File:Cook Monument Kealakekua.jpg|thumb|Land for the [[Kealakekua Bay|Captain Cook Monument]] was deeded outright to the British Government by the independent nation of Hawaii in 1877.]] * The [[Vimy Memorial]] in [[France]], which commemorates the [[Battle of Vimy Ridge]]. The French government permanently granted a land area of about {{convert|91|ha|acre|abbr=on|lk=on}} to Canada as a war memorial in 1922 in recognition of Canada's military contributions in [[World War I]] in general and at Vimy Ridge in particular.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/memorials/tomb/thetomb/vimyback |title=Canada And Vimy Ridge – Background Information – Veterans Affairs Canada |work= |accessdate=2012-04-09 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130418232451/http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/memorials/tomb/thetomb/vimyback |archivedate=2013-04-18 |df= }}</ref> * Two cemeteries on the [[Outer Banks]] of [[North Carolina]], [[United States of America|United States]], one on [[Ocracoke, North Carolina|Ocracoke Island]] and one on [[Hatteras Island]] in the town of [[Buxton, North Carolina|Buxton]], are owned by the [[United Kingdom]]. Both contain the graves of British seamen whose bodies washed ashore after World War II [[U-Boat]] attacks that occurred on 10 April ([[Torpedo Alley#Sunken warships|''San Delfino'']] – one body) and 11 May 1942 ([[HMT Bedfordshire|HMT ''Bedfordshire'']] – 5 bodies).<ref>{{cite book|last=Hickam|first=Homer H.|title=Torpedo Junction: U-Boat War Off America's East Coast, 1942| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=P8GZ0KX1Gh4C&pg=PA205&lpg=PA205&dq=%22HMS+Bedfordshire%22&source=web&ots=8YodrCdrfc&sig=xhclP5kQeqmG6551EV1SfLoTKJg&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=4&ct=result#PPA207,M1|year=1996|publisher=Naval Institute Press|pages=202–207|isbn=1-55750-362-1}}</ref> Four graves are at Ocracoke and two at Buxton; three of the bodies were never identified; one of them could be that of a Canadian seaman.<ref name = "OT">{{cite web|url= http://www.offbeattravel.com/british-cemetery-outerbanks.html | title= British Cemetery at Ocracoke, North Carolina|accessdate=2013-02-24}}</ref> The plot of land at Ocracoke "has been forever ceded to England" and is maintained by the U.S. Coast Guard.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ocracokeisland.com/walking_tour.htm |title= Historic Ocracoke Village – A Walking Tour| accessdate=2013-02-24}}</ref> The plot was leased to the [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]] for as long as the land remained a cemetery.<ref name="OT"/> The graves on Hatteras Island are maintained by the U.S. National Park Service.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/caha/historyculture/british-cemetery.htm| accessdate=2013-02-24 |title= British Cemeteries}}</ref> * The Captain Cook Monument at [[Kealakekua Bay]] and about {{convert|25|sqft|m2}} of land around it in [[Hawaii (island)|Hawaii]], [[United States of America|United States]], the place where [[James Cook]] was killed in 1779, is owned by the [[United Kingdom]].<ref>[[Tony Horwitz|Horwitz, Tony]]. Oct. 2003, ''Blue Latitudes: Boldly Going Where Captain Cook Has Gone Before'', Bloomsbury, {{ISBN|0-7475-6455-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | first = Lt Clayton, RCN | last = Erickson | title = Captain Cook Monument at Kealakekua Cleaned and Repaired |work= Cook's Log |p= 38 | volume=35| number= 4|year=2012|url= http://www.captaincooksociety.com/home/detail/articleid/1041/captain-cook-monument-at-kealakekua-cleaned-and-repaired |accessdate=2013-02-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Canadian Crew Cleans Cook Monument |url= http://westhawaiitoday.com/sections/news/local-features/canadian-crew-cleans-cook-monument.html |date = 30 August 2012| accessdate=2013-02-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1524554/Dont-mention-the-murder-how-Hawaii-forgot-Capt-Cook.html |date=22 Jul 2006| title=Don't mention the murder – how Hawaii forgot Capt. Cook |last = Harris |first=Francis | accessdate=2013-02-23 | location=London | work=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref> An historian on the occasion of the monument's 50th anniversary recorded in 1928 that the white stone "obelisk monument [was] erected to the memory of Captain Cook, about 1876, and on land deeded outright to the British Government by [[Princess Likelike]], sister of [[King Kalakaua]], about the same year, so that that square is absolute British Territory."<ref>{{cite news | url=http://journals.lib.washington.edu/index.php/WHQ/article/download/7562/6598 | title=HOW HAWAII HONORED CAPTAIN COOK, R.N., IN 1928| first=Albert P.|last= Taylor| p= 29| accessdate=2013-02-23}}</ref> Hawaii was a sovereign nation at the time. According to a recent writer, "The land under the monument was deeded to the United Kingdom in 1877 and is considered as sovereign non-embassy land owned by the British Embassy in Washington DC. ... the [[Hawai'i Department of Land and Natural Resources|Hawaiian State Parks]] agency maintained that as sovereign British territory it was the responsibility of the UK to maintain the site."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nauticapedia.ca/Articles/Cook_Memorial.php |title=The Captain Cook Memorial at Kealakakua Bay Hawaii|first= John M. |last=MacFarlane| year= 2012| accessdate=2013-02-23}}</ref> * [[Tiwintza detachment|Tiwinza]] in [[Peru]]: In the 1998 peace agreement following the 1995 [[Cenepa War]], Peru ceded to Ecuador the property, but not the sovereignty, of one square kilometer within Tiwinza (where 14 Ecuadorian soldiers were buried). Ecuador had established a frontier military outpost in Tiwinza, an area that was specified in the agreement as belonging to Peru.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://auto.ec/1/historia/republica.php |title = Cronologia de la Historia Resumida del Ecuador |accessdate= 15 Feb 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|work=El País|url=http://elpais.com/diario/1998/10/27/internacional/909442811_850215.html |title=Los presidentes de Perú y Ecuador firman la paz en Brasilia y delimitan su frontera| first=Carmen|last=Jimenez| date=27 Oct 1998|accessdate= 15 Feb 2017 }}</ref> [[File:Runnymede-jfk.jpg|thumb|The John F. Kennedy Memorial at [[Runnymede]], [[United Kingdom]] placed on land given to the [[United States of America]] in 1965.]] * The land under the [[John F. Kennedy]] memorial at [[Runnymede]], [[United Kingdom]] was transferred from the [[Crown Estates]] to the [[United States of America]] by the ''John F. Kennedy Memorial Act 1964''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://docs.google.com/document/d/1eq_XZA2uPnnuZCyW7ClamP9iM8O5JyNUNGirKb19d-g/edit |title=John F. Kennedy Memorial Act |work= |accessdate=2012-06-16 |publisher=Google docs [unofficial copy]}}</ref> (an Act of the [[UK Parliament]]) however it is in the care of the UK-based [[Kennedy Memorial Trust]].<ref>{{cite journal | last = Evans | first = D. M. Emrys | title = John F. Kennedy Memorial Act, 1964 | journal = The Modern Law Review | volume = 28 | issue = 6 | pages = 703–706 | publisher = | year = 1965 |jstor = 1092388 }} (free registration required to read relevant text on page 704)</ref> * The [[Tomb of Suleyman Shah]] (the burial place of [[Suleyman Shah]], the grandfather of [[Osman I]], the founder of the [[Ottoman Empire]]) situated in [[Aleppo Governorate]], [[Syria]], is the property of [[Turkey]]. Article 9 of the [[Treaty of Ankara]] signed between [[France]] and Turkey in 1921, provides that the tomb "shall remain, with its appurtenances, the property of Turkey, who may appoint guardians for it and may hoist the Turkish flag there".<ref>{{cite web |title=Franco-Turkish agreement of Ankara |url=http://www.hri.org/docs/FT1921/Franco-Turkish_Pact_1921.pdf |accessdate=8 August 2014 |language=French, English}}</ref> ==Unusual cross-border transport channels== ===National railway passing through another state's territory=== Changes in borders can make a railway that was previously located solely within a country traverse the new borders. Since diverting a railway is expensive, this arrangement may last a long time. This may mean that doors on passenger trains are locked and guarded to prevent illicit entry and exit while the train is temporarily in another country. Borders can also be in the "wrong" place, forcing railways into difficult terrain. Examples include: * [[Salzburg]] to [[Innsbruck]] (Austria) (passes [[Rosenheim]], Germany). A railway line within Austria exists as well, but trains take about 1.5 hours longer than across German territory. * Trains on the [[Birsig Valley Line]] from [[Basel]] to [[Rodersdorf]], Switzerland, which passes through [[Leymen]], France. It is operated by [[Baselland Transport]] and serviced by [[10 line (BLT)|line no. 10]], which continues into the [[Trams in Basel|Basel tram network]]. * Trains from [[Neugersdorf]], [[Saxony]] to [[Zittau]] pass Czech territory at [[Varnsdorf]], while Czech trains from Varnsdorf to [[Chrastava]] pass through German territory at Zittau, and then a small part of Polish territory near the village of [[Porajów]]. * Trains from [[Görlitz]] to [[Zittau]], Germany, pass the border river [[Neisse]] several times (see [[Oder–Neisse line]]); the railway station for [[Ostritz]], Germany, lies in Krzewina Zgorzelecka, Poland. * [[Belgrade–Bar railway]] crosses into [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] for {{convert|9|km}}, between stations Zlatibor and Priboj (both in [[Serbia]]). There is one station, [[Štrpci]], but there are no border crossing facilities and trains do not call at the station. * The Knin – Bihać railway between Croatia and Bosnia is split by the Croatian–Bosnian border several times. Similarly, the Savski Marof – Imeno railway was split by the Slovenian–Croatian border several times. * The local trains on the [[Burgenlandbahn]] in Austria cross the area of Hungary at [[Sopron]]. During the era of the Iron Curtain, the trains had their doors locked as they traversed Hungarian territory. * The line from [[Ventimiglia]] to [[Limone Piemonte]], Italy, via [[Breil-sur-Roya]], France. * The [[Hochrheinbahn]] ([[Upper Rhine Railway]]) from [[Basel]] via [[Waldshut-Tiengen|Waldshut]] to [[Schaffhausen]] is part of the [[Deutsche Bahn]] network, and is mostly in Germany, but the two ends are in Switzerland and it is only connected with the rest of the German railway network via Switzerland. At both Basel and Schaffhausen the railway has [[extraterritorial]] status: one can travel by train to and from the rest of Germany without going through Swiss customs. See [[Basel Badischer Bahnhof]]. * Similarly, during the [[Cold War]], underground lines in [[West Berlin]] ran under parts of [[East Berlin]]. [[Ghost station]]s ({{lang-de|Geisterbahnhöfe}}) were stations on Berlin's [[Berlin U-Bahn|U-Bahn]] and [[Berlin S-Bahn|S-Bahn]] metro networks that were closed during this period of Berlin's division. * The Belgian [[Vennbahn]] (now closed) lies on a narrow strip of Belgian territory running through Germany, creating five German exclaves. * The railway between France and [[Italy]] briefly leaves France to enter [[Monaco]] in a 150-metre tunnel before entering France once more. [[File:Map Mauritania Railway.png|thumb|The [[Mauritania Railway]]. The inset shows the shorter route cutting through [[Western Sahara]] and the longer route within [[Mauritania]] through difficult terrain.]] * The former Soviet republics have numerous examples:{{clarify|date=April 2014}} ** [[Semikhody]] – [[Chernihiv]] line of [[Ukraine]] passes through [[Belarus]] territory.<ref name="RailwayGazette">[[Railway Gazette International]] April 2008 p 240</ref> ** [[Belarus]]/[[Lithuania]]: [[Adutiškis]] railway station straddles the Lithuania/Belarus border. Trains pass through Lithuanian territory while traveling to and from Belarus, and platforms are in both Belarus and Lithuania. The station is now mainly used for freight. ** [[Druzhba (city)|Druzhba]] – [[Vorozhba]] line of [[Ukraine]] passes through Russian territory.<ref name="RailwayGazette" /> ** In 2009, Russia and Kazakhstan agreed to transfer ownership of a cross-border section of line.{{clarify|date=April 2014}} * [[Lučenec]] – [[Veľký Krtíš]] line in [[Slovakia]] passes through Hungary from [[Ipolytarnóc]] to [[Nógrádszakál]]. * A very short length of the Syrian [[Homs]]–[[Tripoli]] line crosses the border into Lebanon. This happens because the railway was built before this border was defined. * [[Bolivia]] is landlocked and has no access to the sea, but a [[Arica–La Paz railway|rail route]] runs through [[Chile]] from La Paz to the port of Arica on the Pacific Ocean. The rail route was built by Chile under the [[Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1904 between Chile and Bolivia]], with the Bolivian section transferred to Bolivia after 15 years. Bolivia enjoyed duty-free use of the railway and the ports connected. * Due to inability to agree in 1963 on a shorter route through easy terrain, the [[Mauritania Railway|iron ore railway]] in [[Mauritania]] originally had to use a longer route through a tunnel (built through 2&nbsp;km of solid [[granite]]) near [[Choum]] to avoid the territory of [[Spanish Sahara]]. The tunnel is no longer in use and trains now use the shorter route through 5&nbsp;km of [[Western Sahara]]n territory controlled by the [[Polisario Front]]. * The shortest and straightest route for a proposed east–west high-speed railway in Austria through [[Linz]], [[Salzburg]] and [[Innsbruck]] would pass under some mountains belonging to Germany.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}} * In 2012, a [[Rail transport in Angola#Caminho de Ferro do Congo|railway route]] from Angola proper to the enclave of [[Cabinda Province|Cabinda]] has to cross not only the [[Congo River]] but also the territory of the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. * In 2013, the shortest railway route from coal mines at [[Tete]] to a port at [[Nacala]] passes through [[Malawi]]. A route through all-[[Mozambique]] territory is roundabout. * In order to avoid such a trans-border arrangement, the [[United States]] made the [[Gadsden Purchase]] of land from [[Mexico]], on which it was planned to build a southern route for the [[transcontinental railroad]]. Owing to the topography of the area, acquisition of the land was the only feasible way to construct such a railroad through the southern [[New Mexico Territory]]. * In 1928, Congo (Belgium) and Angola (Portugal) exchanged some land to facilitate the new route of the railway to Congo-Kinshasa.<ref>[Railways Africa 2014 issue 5, p29]</ref> ===Highway of one state passing through another state's territory=== This arrangement is less common as highways are more easily re-aligned. Examples include: * Various roads crossing the [[Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border|border]] back and forth between the [[Republic of Ireland]] and [[Northern Ireland]]. The N54 in [[County Monaghan|County Monaghan, Ireland]] twice becomes the A3 in [[County Fermanagh|County Fermanagh, NI]], before continuing as the N54. Similarly, the N53 in Monaghan passes through [[County Armagh|County Armagh, NI]] as the A37, before resuming as the N53 at the border between Monaghan and [[County Louth|County Louth, Ireland]].<ref>2006 Road Atlas Ireland, AA, pp. 36–37</ref> No national or county {{dubious|date=September 2015}} border signs are present. * [[Congo Pedicle road]]: built to provide access for [[Zambia]]'s [[Luapula Province]] to the [[Copperbelt]] through {{convert|70|km}} of territory of the [[DR Congo]], requiring a change in [[driving on the left]] to driving on the right. * Between 1963 and 2002 the N274 road from [[Roermond]] to [[Heerlen]], part of Dutch territory, passed through the German [[Selfkant]], which had been annexed by the [[Netherlands]] after the Second World War but returned to Germany in 1963. * Close to [[Narvik]], a road from [[Norway]] twice enters and leaves [[Sweden|Swedish]] territory, following the southern shore of the [[Kjårdavatnet]] lake. It does not connect with any other Swedish road in either location before it enters Norwegian land once more.<ref>[http://geosite.jankrogh.com/borders/other/soerdalen.htm Jan S. Krogh's Geosite on Sørdalen valley]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.co.uk/maps/dir/68.0965874,17.3893175/68.0972972,17.2465952/@68.0802842,17.2346506,9734m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m2!4m1!3e0|title=Driving directions|website=Google maps|publisher=[[Google]]|access-date=21 May 2015}}</ref> * Road 402 between [[Podsabotin]] and [[Solkan]] in [[Slovenia]], built when Slovenia was a state of [[Yugoslavia]], passes through part of [[Italy]]. The road is confined by high concrete walls topped by fences; as Slovenia and Italy are now both signatories to the [[Schengen agreement]], the barriers are little more than historical curiosities. * The [[Saatse Boot]] Road in [[Estonia]], between the villages of [[Lutepää]] and [[Sesniki]], passes through [[Pechory|Russian territory]]. The stretch of road passing through [[Russia]] is flanked by barbed wire fences and guard towers. Stopping and/or getting out of one's vehicle on the stretch of road is forbidden; the rule is enforced by Russian border guards. * The road from [[Dubai]] to the tourist spot of [[Hatta, United Arab Emirates|Hatta]], an [[exclave]] of the emirate of Dubai, passes through a small stretch of [[Oman]]i territory. * [[East Richford–Glen Sutton Border Crossing|East Richford]] Slide Road in the US state of [[Vermont]] crosses in to the Canadian province of [[Québec]] for a distance of approximately 100 meters (300 feet) before returning to the United States.<ref>[https://www.google.com/maps/place/E+Richford+Slide+Rd,+Richford,+VT+05476/@45.0112337,-72.5815797,18z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x4cb604df404aca4f:0x330ba65efe040f37 Google Maps]</ref> * The [[D8 road (Croatia)|D8]] coastal highway of [[Croatia]] passes through a small section of [[Herzegovina]] territory, at the Herzegovinian town of [[Neum]], as it heads south from [[Split, Croatia|Split]] to [[Dubrovnik]]. * In [[Guinea]], where 20&nbsp;km long tunnel(s) through a hillspur at [[Naigaya]] (elevation {{convert|411|m}}), [[Sicourou]], [[Bokariadi]] and [[Feraya]] might be avoided by crossing the border into [[Sierra Leone]] at [[Yana, Sierra Leone|Yana]] (elevation {{convert|87|m}}).{{citation needed|date=August 2014}} * [[Senegal]] is practically and inconveniently divided in two by the sovereign territory of [[Gambia]]. The easiest way to travel from northern Senegal to the southern [[Casamance]] region is through Gambia via the [[Trans-Gambia Highway]], with a connecting ferry being the only way to cross the [[Gambia River]]. The fare for the ferry crossing is a source of contention between the two countries.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4267846.stm | work=BBC News | title=Senegal may tunnel under Gambia | date=2005-09-21}}</ref><ref>http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/Multinational__The_Gambia-Senegal__-_AR_-_Construction_of_the_Trans-Gambia_Bridge_and_Cross_Border_Improvement_.pdf</ref> In 2015, a road bridge is under construction.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statehouse.gm/50th-independence-golden-jubilee_2015/laying-foundation-stone-trans-gambia-bridge_20022015.htm |title=Office of The Gambian President: State House Online: Yahya A.J.J. Jammeh |work=statehouse.gm |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150808075013/http://statehouse.gm/50th-independence-golden-jubilee_2015/laying-foundation-stone-trans-gambia-bridge_20022015.htm |archivedate=2015-08-08 |df= }}</ref> *The highway between [[Bishkek]] and [[Issyk Kul]], both in [[Kyrgyzstan]], skirts the border with [[Kazakhstan]], with the highway and the border crossing each other for short distances at various points. ===Subnational highway passing through other internal territory=== * [[India]] ** The highway connecting [[Guwahati]] (capital of [[Assam]] state) to [[Silchar]] (a city in [[Barak valley]] of Assam) passes through [[Meghalaya]] state. ** One has to travel through part of [[West Bengal]] while travelling from [[Jamshedpur]] (Tatanagar), [[Jharkhand]] to few other cities of Jharkahand like [[Ranchi]] or [[Dhanbad]]. ** [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]], a city in [[Rajasthan]] surrounded by territory of [[Madhya Pradesh]], is connected to other parts of Rajasthan by roads passing through Madhya Pradesh. ** [[Gwalior]] (Madhya Pradesh) is connected to few other cities of Madhya Pradesh by highways passing through [[Uttar Pradesh]], covering the city of [[Jhansi]]. * [[United States]]: ** [[Interstate 684]], connecting various points in [[New York State]], passes through [[Connecticut]] near [[Kensico Reservoir]] and [[Westchester County Airport]] but is maintained entirely by New York State. Motor vehicles cannot enter from nor exit to Connecticut roads, even though a portion of the highway is owned by Connecticut. ** A portion of [[New York State Route 17]]/[[Interstate 86 (Pennsylvania–New York)|Interstate 86]] passes through South Waverly, [[Pennsylvania]] but is maintained entirely by New York State. This includes the roadway and traffic lights at the interchange with [[US Route 220]] and a short portion of [[Pennsylvania Route 199]]. Nevertheless, Pennsylvania police enforce traffic laws on this short stretch, where there is one overpass built and owned by Pennsylvania. ** A {{convert|2.0|mi}} portion of [[New Hampshire Route 153]] runs along the border with and briefly passes through [[Parsonsfield, Maine]] as it sweeps around the eastern shore of [[Province Lake]]. ** [[Minnesota State Highway 23]] passes through about {{convert|0.57|mi}} of [[Wisconsin]] just west of [[Duluth, Minnesota]].<ref name="WI Hwys 20-29">{{cite web|url=http://www.wisconsinhighways.org/listings/WiscHwys20-29.html#MN-023 |title=Highways 20–29 |author=Bessert, Christopher J |work=Wisconsin Highways |accessdate=July 7, 2011}}</ref><ref name="MN Hwys 1-25">{{cite web |url=http://www.steve-riner.com/mnhighways/r1-25.htm#23 |title=Details of Routes 1–25 |author=Riner, Steve |work=The Unofficial Minnesota Highways Page |accessdate=July 7, 2011}}</ref> Maintained by the [[Minnesota Department of Transportation]], it intersects only a few dead-end local roads while in Wisconsin. No state line signs are present.<ref name="WI Hwys 20-29" /><ref>{{cite web|title = Map of Douglas County, Wisconsin|url = http://www.dot.state.wi.us/travel/maps/docs/counties/douglas.pdf|accessdate = 2014-09-08|deadurl = yes|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140317225052/http://www.dot.state.wi.us/travel/maps/docs/counties/douglas.pdf|archivedate = 2014-03-17|df = }}</ref> ** Hopkins Road north of [[Newark, Delaware]], briefly enters [[Pennsylvania]] where the [[Twelve-Mile Circle]] meets the [[Mason–Dixon Line]]. The road is maintained by [[Delaware]], and it appears that at one time Arc Corner Road in Pennsylvania may have intersected here. Further east, Beaver Dam Road enters [[Chadds Ford Township, Pennsylvania]] at the intersection of Beaver Valley Road and re-enters Delaware about 0.5 miles later. The section of road in Pennsylvania is in rough shape, and it is unclear who is supposed to maintain this section. *[[Turkey]]: ** The main road for travel to [[Bartın]] via [[Zonguldak]] actually crosses Bartın first, traverses Zonguldak a short distance, then returns to Bartın. ===Border transport infrastructure=== * Several bridges cross the rivers [[Oder]] and [[Neisse]] between Germany and Poland. To avoid needing to coordinate their efforts on a single bridge, the two [[riparian]] states assign each bridge to one or the other; thus Poland is responsible for ''all'' maintenance on some of the bridges, including the German side, and vice versa.<ref>[http://www.railwaygazette.com/ur_single/article/2008/03/8286/border_bridges_rebuilt.html Railway Gazette: Border bridges rebuilt] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080503201143/http://www.railwaygazette.com/ur_single/article/2008/03/8286/border_bridges_rebuilt.html |date=May 3, 2008 }}</ref> * The [[Hallein Salt Mine]] crosses from [[Austria]] into [[Germany]]. Under an 1829 treaty Austria can dig under the then-Kingdom of [[Bavaria]]. In return some salt has to be given to Bavaria, and up to 99 of its citizens can be hired to work in the Austrian mine.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rVwBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA84&lpg=PA84&dq=hallein%2Btreaty%2B1829&source=bl&ots=0TGqi_CRLH&sig=frjYjGM2bZDIAsnMICsAEl_n1Qg&hl=en&ei=qtMyS_-SBoH7nAeM2KD8CA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CA0Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=hallein%2Btreaty%2B1829&f=false |title=The log of the Water Lily, p. 84 |publisher=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=2014-02-24}}</ref> * The twin town of TornioHaparanda or HaparandaTornio lies at the mouth of river Tornio, [[Tornio]] on the [[Finland|Finnish]] side and [[Haparanda]] on the [[Sweden|Swedish]] side. The two towns have a common public transportation, as well as cultural services, fire brigade, sports facilities etc. * The [[Basel Badischer Bahnhof]] is a railway station in the Swiss city of Basel. Although situated on Swiss soil, because of the 1852 treaty between the Swiss Confederation and the state of Baden (one of the predecessors of today's Germany), the largest part of the station (the platforms and the parts of the passenger tunnel that lead to the German/Swiss checkpoint) is treated administratively as an inner-German railway station operated by the [[Deutsche Bahn]]. The shops in the station hall, however, are Swiss, and the Swiss franc is used as the official currency there (although the euro is universally accepted). The Swiss post office, car rental office, restaurant and a cluster of shops are each separately located wholly within a surrounding station area that is administered by the German railway.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bahn.de/extrahtml/pdf/bahnhofsplaene/basel.pdf | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930022326/http://www.bahn.de/extrahtml/pdf/bahnhofsplaene/basel.pdf | archivedate=2007-09-30 |title= Ihr Bahnhof Basel Bad Bf |accessdate = 2013-02-26 }}</ref> The customs controls are located in a tunnel between the platforms and the station hall; international trains which continue to [[Basel SBB]] usually have on-board border controls. * As a legacy of the British colonial period, the [[Malaysia]]n rail network had its southern terminus at [[Tanjong Pagar railway station]] in central [[Singapore]]. The land on which the station and the rail tracks stood was leased to [[Keretapi Tanah Melayu]], the Malaysian state railway operator. Consequently, Malaysia had partial sovereignty over the railway land.<ref name="SingaporeKTM">{{cite news |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/news/singapore/transport/story/the-straits-times-archives-points-agreement-malayan-railway-land-sing |title=From The Straits Times Archives: Malayan Railway land in Singapore |date=31 October 2014 |newspaper=The Straits Times |accessdate=26 February 2015}}</ref> Passengers had to clear Malaysian customs and immigration checks at Tanjong Pagar before boarding the train to Malaysia, even after Singapore shifted its border control facility to the actual border in 1998 and objected to the continued presence of Malaysian officials at the station. After a [[Malaysia–Singapore Points of Agreement of 1990|20-year long dispute]], the station was closed in 2011 and the railway land reverted to Singapore.<ref name="SingaporeKTM" /> A remnant of the rail corridor is still in use; KTM trains now terminate at [[Woodlands Train Checkpoint]] in northern Singapore near the border, which houses Malaysian and Singaporean border controls for rail passengers.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/story/?file=%2F2010%2F5%2F24%2Fnation%2F20100524150610 |title=KTM Tg Pagar station will move to Woodlands in S'pore July 1, 2011 (Update) |date=24 May 2010 |newspaper=The Star (Malaysia) |accessdate=26 February 2015}}</ref> * The [[Hong Kong–Shenzhen Western Corridor]] on the [[Hong Kong]]–[[mainland China]] border: the [[Port of entry|immigration control point]]s for Hong Kong ([[Shenzhen Bay Control Point]]) and mainland China ([[Shenzhen Bay Port]]) are co-located in the same building on the [[Shenzhen]] side of the bridge. The Hong Kong portion of the service building and the adjoining bridge are leased to Hong Kong, and are under Hong Kong's jurisdiction for an initial period until 30 June 2047. ==See also== * [[Flagpole annexation]] * [[Landlocked]] * [[Salient (geography)|Panhandle]] * [[Precinct]] * [[Polynesian outlier]] '''Lists''': * [[List of enclaves and exclaves]] * [[List of countries that border only one other country]] * [[List of former foreign enclaves in China]] * [[List of ethnic enclaves in North American cities]] ==Notes== {{Reflist|30em}} ==References== *{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=G. W. S. |title=Exclaves |journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers |volume=49 |issue=3, [Part 1] |date=September 1959 |pages=283–295 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.1959.tb01614.x |jstor=2561461 |ref=harv }} ==External links== {{Wiktionary|enclave}} {{Wikisource1911Enc|Enclave}} {{commons category|Exclaves and enclaves}} * [http://www.ibrg.info/palmberg/enclaves.htm Rolf Palmberg's Enclaves of the world] * [http://geosite.jankrogh.com Jan S. Krogh's Geosite] * [http://www.hiddeneurope.co.uk/tangled-territories-european-exclaves-and-enclaves 'Tangled Territories' 2005 review article on exclaves and enclaves in Europe published in hidden europe magazine] * [http://ontology.buffalo.edu/smith/baarle.htm Barry Smith's Baarle Site] {{Terms for types of country subdivisions}} [[Category:Enclaves and exclaves| ]] [[Category:Border-related lists]]'