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'{{Infobox philosopher | name = Michel Onfray | image = Michel Onfray no Fronteiras do Pensamento Santa Catarina 2012 (8212742449).jpg | region = [[Western philosophy]] | era = [[Contemporary philosophy]] | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1959|01|01|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Chambois, Orne|Chambois]], [[Orne]], France | alma_mater = [[University of Caen Lower Normandy]] | school_tradition = [[Atheism]]<br>[[Hedonism]]<br>[[Postanarchism]] | main_interests = [[Atheism]], [[religion]], [[ethics]], [[Cyrenaic school]], [[hedonism]], [[Epicureanism]], [[pleasure]], [[history of philosophy]], [[materialism]], [[aesthetics]], [[bioethics]] | notable_ideas = The principle of Gulliver (''le principe de Gulliver''), existential hapax (''hapax existentiel'') | influences = [[Epicurus]], [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], [[individualist anarchism]], [[Pierre Joseph Proudhon]], [[Georges Bataille]], [[Gilles Deleuze]], [[Michel Foucault]], [[Georges Palante]], [[Albert Camus]]<ref>Michel Onfray. ''L'ordre Libertaire: La vie philosophique de Albert Camus.'' Flammarion. 2012.</ref> | influenced = }} '''Michel Onfray''' ({{IPA-fr|miʃɛl ɔ̃fʁɛ|lang}}; born 1 January 1959) is a contemporary French writer and [[philosopher]] who promotes [[hedonism]], [[atheism]],<ref name='Ireland'>{{cite journal | title = Introductory Note to Onfray | journal = [[New Politics (magazine)|New Politics]] | date = Winter 2006 | first = Doug | last = Ireland | authorlink=Doug Ireland| volume = X | issue = 4| id = | url = http://newpol.org/content/introductory-note-onfray | accessdate = 2014-04-06}}</ref> and [[anarchism]].<ref name=HAA>"He is a self-described hedonist, atheist, libertarian, and left-wing anarchist".[http://www.ainfos.ca/06/dec/ainfos00234.html (en) France, Media, Michel Onfray, A self labeled Anarchist Philosopher]</ref> He is a highly prolific author on philosophy, having written more than 100 books.<ref name='Irelandquote'>{{cite journal | title = Introductory Note to Onfray | journal = [[New Politics (magazine)|New Politics]] | date = Winter 2006 | first = Doug | last = Ireland | authorlink=Doug Ireland| volume = X | issue = 4| id = | url = http://newpol.org/content/introductory-note-onfray | quote = a gifted and prolific author who, at the age of only 46, has already written 30 books | accessdate = 2014-04-06}}</ref><ref>[[:fr:Michel Onfray#Œuvres|Complete list of works on the French Wikipedia page]]</ref> He has gained notoriety for writing such works as ''Traité d'athéologie: Physique de la métaphysique'' (translated into English as ''[[Atheist Manifesto: The Case Against Christianity, Judaism, and Islam]]''), ''Politique du rebelle: traité de résistance et d'insoumission'', ''Physiologie de [[Georges Palante]], portrait d'un nietzchéen de gauche'', ''La puissance d'exister'' and ''La sculpture de soi'' for which he won the annual [[Prix Médicis]] in 1993. His philosophy is mainly influenced by such thinkers as [[Nietzsche]], [[Epicurus]], the [[Cynicism (philosophy)|cynic]] and [[cyrenaic]] schools, and [[French materialism]]. == Life == [[File:Michel Onfray 2009 2.jpg|thumb|Onfray in Spain in 2009]] Born to a family of [[Normans|Norman]] [[farmer]]s, Onfray was abandoned by his parents to a Catholic boarding from age 10 to 14 (his mother had been placed into the same boarding in her own youth). Overcoming these early hardships, Onfray graduated with a [[bachelor's degree]] in philosophy. He taught this subject to senior students at a technical high school in [[Caen]] between 1983 and 2002, before establishing what he and his supporters call the ''[[Université populaire de Caen]]'', proclaiming its foundation on a free-of-charge basis and on the manifesto written by Onfray in 2004 (''La communauté philosophique''). Onfray is an atheist<ref name="Ireland"/> and author of ''Traité d'Athéologie'' (''[[Atheist Manifesto: The Case Against Christianity, Judaism, and Islam|Atheist Manifesto]]''), which "became the number one best-selling nonfiction book in France for months when it was published in the Spring of 2005 (the word 'atheologie' Onfray borrowed from [[Georges Bataille]]). This book repeated its popular French success in Italy, where it was published in September 2005 and quickly soared to number one on Italy's bestseller lists."<ref name='Ireland'/> In the 2002 election, Onfray endorsed the French [[Revolutionary Communist League (France)|Revolutionary Communist League]] and its candidate for the [[President of the French Republic|French presidency]], [[Olivier Besancenot]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Michel Onfray votepour Olivier Besancenot |work=L'Obs |date=2007-04-04 |url=http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/politique/elections-2007/20070404.OBS0537/michel-onfray-vote-pour-olivier-besancenot.html |accessdate=2017-06-15 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> In 2007, he endorsed [[José Bové]], but eventually voted for Olivier Besancenot, and conducted an interview with the future French president [[Nicolas Sarkozy]], whom he declared was an "ideological enemy" for ''Philosophie Magazine''.<ref>Nicolas Sarkozy et Michel Onfray - CONFIDENCES ENTRE ENNEMIS http://www.philomag.com/article,dialogue,nicolas-sarkozy-et-michel-onfray-confidences-entre-ennemis,288.php</ref> Onfray himself attributes the birth of philosophic communities such as the ''[[Popular Education#France|université populaire]]'' to the results of the [[French presidential election, 2002]]. His book ''Le crépuscule d'une idole : L'affabulation freudienne'' (''The Twilight of an Idol: The Freudian Confabulation''), published in 2010, has been the subject of considerable controversy in France because of its criticism of Freud. He recognizes Freud as a philosopher, but he brings attention to the considerable cost of Freud's treatments and casts doubts on the effectiveness of his methods.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lexpress.fr/culture/livre/un-psychanalyste-reagit-au-crepuscule-d-une-idole-de-michel-onfray_886463.html|title=Un psychanalyste réagit au "Crépuscule d'une idole" de Michel Onfray|date=26 April 2010|publisher=}}</ref> In 2015, he published ''Cosmos'', the first book of a trilogy. Onfray considers ironically that it constitutes his "very first book".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.philomag.com/les-livres/lessai-du-mois/cosmos-une-ontologie-materialiste-11291|title=Cosmos. Une ontologie matérialiste (pour pour tout le monde) • FLAMMARION • L'essai du mois, Michel Onfray, Cosmos, Nature, Catherine Portevin, Deuil, Pensée magique • Philosophie magazine|website=www.philomag.com}}</ref> == Philosophy == Onfray writes that there is no philosophy without self-[[psychoanalysis]]. He describes himself as an [[atheist]]<ref name=HAA>"He is a self-described hedonist, atheist, libertarian, and left-wing anarchist".[http://www.ainfos.ca/06/dec/ainfos00234.html (en) France, Media, Michel Onfray, A self labeled Anarchist Philosopher]</ref> and considers [[Theism|theist]] [[religion]] to be indefensible. === View on the history of Western philosophy and philosophical project === Onfray has published 9 books under a project of [[history of philosophy]] called ''Counter-history of Philosophy''. In each of these books Onfray deals with a particular historical period in western philosophy. The series of books are composed by the titles I. ''Les Sagesses Antiques'' (2006) (on western antiquity), II. ''Le Christianisme hédoniste'' (2006) (on [[Christian hedonism]] from the Renaissance period), III. ''Les libertins baroques'' (2007) (on [[libertine]] thought from the [[Baroque era]]), IV. ''Les Ultras des Lumières'' (2007) (on radical enlightenment thought), V. ''L'Eudémonisme social'' (2008) (on radical [[Utilitarianism|utilitarian]] and [[Eudomonia|eudomonistic]] thought), VI. ''Les Radicalités existentielles'' (2009) (on 19th and 20th century radical [[existentialist]] thinkers) and VII.''La construction du surhomme: [[Jean-Marie Guyau]], [[Friedrich Nietzsche]]'' (on Guyau´s and Nietzsche´s philosophy in relation to the concept of the ''[[Übermensch]]''). VIII ''Les Freudiens hérétiques'' (2013). IX ''Les Consciences réfractaires'' (2013). In an interview he establishes his view on the history of philosophy. For him: <blockquote> There is in fact a multitude of ways to practice philosophy, but out of this multitude, the dominant historiography picks one tradition among others and makes it the truth of philosophy: that is to say the [[idealist]], spiritualist lineage compatible with the [[Judeo-Christian]] world view. From that point on, anything that crosses this partial – in both senses of the word – view of things finds itself dismissed. This applies to nearly all non-Western philosophies, Oriental wisdom in particular, but also sensualist, empirical, [[materialist]], [[nominalist]], [[hedonistic]] currents and everything that can be put under the heading of "anti-[[Plato]]nic philosophy". Philosophy that comes down from the heavens is the kind that – from Plato to [[Emmanuel Levinas|Levinas]] by way of [[Immanuel Kant|Kant]] and [[Christianity]] – needs a world behind the scenes to understand, explain and justify this world. The other line of force rises from the earth because it is satisfied with the given world, which is already so much.<ref name="portal.unesco.org">{{cite web|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0019/001921/192178e.pdf|title=Michel Onfray: A philosopher of the Enlightenment|publisher=}}</ref> </blockquote> "His mission is to rehabilitate materialist and sensualist thinking and use it to re-examine our relationship to the world. Approaching philosophy as a reflection of each individual's personal experience, Onfray inquires into the capabilities of the body and its senses and calls on us to celebrate them through music, painting, and [[fine cuisine]]."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/a/a_03/a_03_s/a_03_s_que/a_03_s_que.html|title=THE BRAIN FROM TOP TO BOTTOM|website=thebrain.mcgill.ca}}</ref> === Hedonism === {{Hedonism| Thinkers}} He defines hedonism "as an introspective attitude to life based on taking pleasure yourself and pleasuring others, without harming yourself or anyone else."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newhumanist.org.uk/1421|title=Atheism à la mode - New Humanist|website=newhumanist.org.uk}}</ref> "Onfray's philosophical project is to define an ethical hedonism, a joyous [[utilitarianism]], and a generalized [[aesthetic]] of sensual [[materialism]] that explores how to use the brain's and the body's capacities to their fullest extent &ndash; while restoring philosophy to a useful role in art, politics, and everyday life and decisions."<ref name='Ireland'/> Onfray's works "have explored the philosophical resonances and components of (and challenges to) science, painting, gastronomy, sex and sensuality, bioethics, wine, and writing. His most ambitious project is his projected six-volume ''Counter-history of Philosophy''",<ref name='Ireland'/> of which three have been published. For Onfray: <blockquote>In opposition to the ascetic ideal advocated by the dominant school of thought, hedonism suggests identifying the highest good with your own pleasure and that of others; the one must never be indulged at the expense of sacrificing the other. Obtaining this balance – my pleasure at the same time as the pleasure of others – presumes that we approach the subject from different angles – political, ethical, aesthetic, erotic, bioethical, pedagogical, historiographical....<ref name="portal.unesco.org"/></blockquote> His philosophy aims for "micro-revolutions", or "revolutions of the individual and small groups of like-minded people who live by his hedonistic, libertarian values."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ainfos.ca/06/dec/ainfos00234.html|title=France, Media, Michel Onfray, A self labeled Anarchist Philosoph|website=www.ainfos.ca}}</ref> ==== Relation to hedonism ==== In ''La puissance d'exister: Manifeste hédoniste'', Onfray claims that the political dimension of hedonism runs from [[Epicurus]] to [[John Stuart Mill]] through [[Jeremy Bentham]] and [[Claude Adrien Helvétius]]. What political hedonism aims for is to create ''the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers''. === Atheism === {{Criticism of Christianity sidebar| Critics}} Blogger J. M. Cornwell praised Onfray's ''Atheist Manifesto: The Case Against Christianity, Judaism, and Islam'', claiming it "is a religious and historical time capsule" containing what he sees as "the true deceptions of theological philosophy".<ref name='TheCelebrityCafe'>{{cite web | url = http://thecelebritycafe.com/books/full_review/785.html | title = Atheist Manifesto: The Case Against Christianity, Judaism and Islam | accessdate = 2010-06-01 | last = Cornwell | first = J. M. | date = 2007-01-24 | work = [[The Celebrity Cafe]] | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090930084726/http://thecelebritycafe.com/books/full_review/785.html | archivedate = 2009-09-30 | df = }}</ref> Recently he has been involved in promoting the work of [[Jean Meslier]],<ref name='Ireland'/><ref name="Gentle Inclination">[http://www.wpunj.edu/newpol/issue40/Onfray40.htm Michel Onfray, ''"Jean Meslier and 'The Gentle Inclination of Nature"'' (translated into English by Marvin Mandel), ''[[New Politics (magazine)|New Politics]]'', Winter 2006] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060908093940/http://www.wpunj.edu/newpol/issue40/Onfray40.htm |date=2006-09-08 }}</ref> an 18th-century French Catholic priest who was discovered, upon his death, to have written a book-length philosophical essay promoting atheism.<ref name="Gentle Inclination"/> In the atheist manifesto, Onfray has said that among the "incalculable number of contradictions and improbabilities in the body of the text of the synoptic Gospels"<ref>[Atheist Manifesto, 127]</ref> two claims are made: crucifixion victims were not laid to rest in tombs, and in any case Jews were not crucified in this period. Ancient Historian [[John Dickson (author)|John Dickson]], of Macquarie University, has said that [[Philo|Philo of Alexandria]], writing about the time of Jesus, says that sometimes the Romans handed the bodies of crucifixion victims over to family members for proper burial. The Roman Jewish historian [[Josephus|Flavius Josephus]] even remarks: "the Jews are so careful about funeral rites that even malefactors who have been sentenced to crucifixion are taken down and buried before sunset".<ref>[Josephus, Jewish War 4.317]</ref> Regarding the second claim, Dickson calls this a "clear historical blunder".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anchist.mq.edu.au/doccentre/SSEC/newslettersforms/Newsletter61.pdf |title=Page not found - Macquarie University |website=www.anchist.mq.edu.au |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090914113247/http://www.anchist.mq.edu.au/doccentre/SSEC/newslettersforms/Newsletter61.pdf |archivedate=2009-09-14 |df= }}</ref> In his latest book, ''Décadence'' he argued for [[Christ myth theory]], which is a hypotheses that [[Jesus]] was not a historical person, Onfrey based on the fact that, other than in the New Testament, Jesus is barely mentioned in accounts of the period.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Metro.co.uk|first1=Rob Waugh for|title=‘Jesus never actually existed at all,’ controversial French author argues|url=http://metro.co.uk/2017/04/12/jesus-never-actually-existed-at-all-controversial-french-author-argues-6571007/|website=Metro|date=12 April 2017}}</ref> == The ''Université Populaire'' == Onfray was a high school philosophy teacher for two decades until he resigned in 2002 to establish a tuition-free [[Université populaire de Caen|Université Populaire (People's University) at Caen]], at which he and several colleagues teach philosophy and other subjects.<ref name='Ireland'/> <blockquote>"The Université Populaire, which is open to all who cannot access the state university system, and on principle does not accept any money from the State -- Onfray uses the profits from his books to help finance it -- has had enormous success. Based on Onfray's book ''La Communauté Philosophique: Manifeste pour l'Université Populaire'' (2004), the original UP now has imitators in [[Picardy]], [[Arras]], [[Lyon]], [[Narbonne]], and [[Le Mans]], with five more in preparation."<ref name='Ireland'/></blockquote> "The national public radio network France Culture annually broadcasts his course of lectures to the Université Populaire on philosophical themes."<ref name='Ireland'/> == Works == {{div col|2}} * ''Le Ventre des philosophes. Critique de la raison diététique'', Grasset, 1989 * ''Cynismes. Portrait du philosophe en chien'', Grasset, 1990 * ''L’Art de jouir. Pour un matérialisme hédoniste'', Grasset, 1991 * ''La Sculpture de soi. La Morale esthétique'', Grasset, 1993 * ''Ars Moriendi. Cent petits tableaux sur les avantages et les inconvénients de la mort'', Folle Avoine, 1994 * ''La Raison gourmande. Philosophie du goût'', Grasset, 1995 * ''Les Formes du temps. Théorie du sauternes'', Mollat, 1996 * ''Politique du rebelle. Traité de résistance et d’insoumission'', Grasset, 1997 * ''Théorie du corps amoureux. Pour une érotique solaire'', Grasset, 2000 * ''Antimanuel de philosophie. Leçons socratiques et alternatives'', Bréal, 2001 * ''Physiologie de Georges Palante. Pour un nietzschéisme de gauche'', Grasset, 2002 * ''L’Invention du plaisir. Fragments cyrénaïques'', <small>LGF</small>, 2002 * ''Célébration du génie colérique. Tombeau de Pierre Bourdieu'', Galilée, 2002 * ''Archéologie du présent. Manifeste pour une esthétique cynique'', Adam Biro/Grasset, 2003 * ''Féeries anatomiques. Généalogie du corps faustien'', Grasset, 2003 * ''La Communauté philosophique. Manifeste pour l’Université populaire'', Galilée, 2004 * ''Traité d’athéologie. Physique de la métaphysique'', Grasset, 2005 * ''La Sagesse tragique. Du bon usage de Nietzsche'', <small>LGF</small>, 2006 * ''Suite à La Communauté philosophique. Une machine à porter la voix'', Galilée, 2006 * ''La Puissance d’exister. Manifeste hédoniste'', Grasset, 2006 * ''La Pensée de midi. Archéologie d’une gauche libertaire'', Galilée, 2007 * ''L’Innocence du devenir. La Vie de Frédéric Nietzsche'', Galilée, 2008 * ''Le Songe d’Eichmann. Précédé de : Un kantien chez les nazis'', Galilée, 2008 * ''Le Souci des plaisirs. Construction d’une érotique solaire'', Flammarion, 2008 * ''Les Bûchers de Bénarès. Cosmos, Éros et Thanatos'', Galilée, 2008 * ''La Religion du poignard. Éloge de Charlotte Corday'', Galilée, 2009 * ''Le Crépuscule d'une idole. L’Affabulation freudienne'', Grasset, 2010 * ''Apostille au Crépuscule. Pour une psychanalyse non freudienne'', Grasset, 2010 * ''Manifeste hédoniste'', Autrement, 2011 * ''L'Ordre libertaire. La Vie philosophique d’Albert Camus'', Flammarion, 2012 * ''Vies et mort d’un dandy. Construction d’un mythe'', Galilée, 2012 * ''Rendre la raison populaire. Université populaire, mode d’emploi'', Autrement, 2012 * ''Le Postanarchisme expliqué à ma grand-mère. Le Principe de Gulliver'', Galilée, 2012 * ''Le Canari du nazi. Essais sur la monstruosité'', Collectif, Autrement, 2013 * ''La Raison des sortilèges. Entretiens sur la musique'', Autrement, 2013 * ''Un requiem athée'', Galilée, 2013 * ''Avant le silence. Haïkus d’une année'', Galilée, 2014 * ''Bestiaire nietzschéen. Les Animaux philosophiques'', Galilée, 2014 * ''Les Petits serpents. Avant le silence, II'', Galilée, 2015 * ''Haute école. Brève histoire du cheval philosophique'', Flammarion, 2015 * ''Penser l'Islam'', Grasset, 2016 * ''Le Miroir aux alouettes. Principes d'athéisme social'', Plon, 2016 * ''La Force du sexe faible. Contre-histoire de la Révolution française'', Autrement, 2016 * ''L'Éclipse de l'éclipse. Avant le silence, III'', Galilée, 2016 * ''Décoloniser les provinces. Contribution aux présidentielles'', L'Observatoire, 2017 * ''La Cour des Miracles: carnets de province'', 2017 * ''Tocqueville et les Apaches'', Autrement, 2017 * ''Vivre une vie philosophique. Thoreau le sauvage'', Le Passeur, 2017 * ''Miroir du nihilisme. Houellebecq éducateur'', Galilée, 2017 * Brève encyclopédie du monde ** ''Cosmos. Une ontologie matérialiste'', Flammarion, 2015 ** ''Décadence. Vie et mort du judéo-christianisme'', Flammarion, 2017 * Contre-histoire de la littérature ** ''Le réel n'a pas eu lieu. Le Principe de Don Quichotte'', Autrement, 2014 ** ''La Passion de la méchanceté. Sur un prétendu divin marquis'', Autrement, 2014 * Contre-histoire de la philosophie ** ''Les Sagesses antiques'', Grasset, 2006 ** ''Le Christianisme hédoniste'', Grasset, 2006 ** ''Les Libertins baroques'', Grasset, 2007 ** ''Les Ultras des Lumières'', Grasset, 2007 ** ''L’Eudémonisme social'', Grasset, 2008 ** ''Les Radicalités existentielles'', Grasset, 2009 ** ''La Construction du surhomme'', Grasset, 2011 ** ''Les Freudiens hérétiques'', Grasset, 2013 ** ''Les Consciences réfractaires'', Grasset, 2013 *Esthétique ** ''L’Œil nomade. La Peinture de Jacques Pasquier'', Folle Avoine, 1993 ** ''Métaphysique des ruines. La Peinture de Monsù Desiderio'', Mollat, 1995 ** ''Splendeur de la catastrophe. La Peinture de Vladimir Vélikovic'', Galilée, 2002 ** ''Les Icônes païennes. Variations sur Ernest Pignon-Ernest'', Galilée, 2003 ** ''Épiphanies de la séparation. La Peinture de Gilles Aillaud'', Galilée, 2004 ** ''Oxymoriques. Les Photographies de Bettina Rheims'', Jannink, 2005 ** ''Fixer des vertiges : Les Photographies de Willy Ronis'', Galilée, 2007 ** ''Le Chiffre de la peinture. L’Œuvre de Valerio Adami'', Galilée, 2008 ** ''La Vitesse des simulacres. Les Sculptures de Pollès'', Galilée, 2008 ** ''L'Apiculteur et les Indiens. La Peinture de Gérard Garouste'', Galilée, 2009 ** ''Transe est connaissance. Un chamane nommé Combas'', Flammarion, 2014 * Journal hédoniste ** ''Le Désir d’être un volcan'', Grasset, 1996 ** ''Les Vertus de la foudre'', Grasset, 1998 ** ''L’Archipel des comètes'', Grasset, 2001 ** ''La Lueur des orages désirés'', Grasset, 2007 ** ''Le Magnétisme des solstices'', Flammarion, 2013 * La Philosophie féroce ** ''Exercices anarchistes'', Galilée, 2004 ** ''Traces de feux furieux'', Galilée, 2006 ** ''Philosopher comme un chien'', Galilée, 2010 *Tétralogie des éléments ** ''Le Recours aux forêts. La Tentation de Démocrite'', Galilée, 2009 ** ''La Sagesse des abeilles. Première leçon de Démocrite'', Galilée, 2012 ** ''La Constellation de la baleine. Le Songe de Démocrite'', Galilée, 2013 *Voyages ** ''À côté du désir d’éternité. Fragments d’Égypte'', Mollat, 1998 ** ''Esthétique du pôle Nord. Stèles hyperboréennes'', Grasset, 2002 ** ''Théorie du voyage. Poétique de la géographie'', <small>LGF</small>, 2007 ** ''Nager avec les piranhas. Carnet guyanais'', Gallimard, 2017 ** ''Le Désir ultramarin. Les Marquises après les Marquises'', Gallimard, 2017 {{div col end}} == References == {{reflist|2}} == Further reading == * {{citation |last=Kovacevic |first=Filip |authorlink=Filip Kovacevic |title=Onfre u Podgorici: Ciklus predavanja o Mišelu Onfreu |year=2013 |publisher=Centar za građansko obrazovanje |location=Podgorica, Montenegro |isbn=978-86-85591-22-8}} == External links == * {{Official website|http://mo.michelonfray.fr/}} {{fr icon}} * [http://michel-onfray.over-blog.com/ Blog about Onfray] {{fr icon}} *[http://newhumanist.org.uk/1421 Profile of Michel Onfray] in ''[[New Humanist]]'' magazine, July/August 2007 {{Criticism of religion}} {{Christ myth theory}} {{Portal bar|Philosophy|Atheism|France|Biography}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Onfray, Michel}} [[Category:1959 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Anti-natalists]] [[Category:People from Argentan]] [[Category:French essayists]] [[Category:French historians of philosophy]] [[Category:French atheists]] [[Category:French people of Norman descent]] [[Category:Atheist philosophers]] [[Category:French atheism activists]] [[Category:Consequentialists]] [[Category:Utilitarians]] [[Category:French socialists]] [[Category:French materialists]] [[Category:Libertarian socialists]] [[Category:Hedonism]] [[Category:20th-century French philosophers]] [[Category:21st-century philosophers]] [[Category:21st-century French writers]] [[Category:Prix Médicis essai winners]] [[Category:Critics of religions]] [[Category:21st-century French philosophers]] [[Category:French male writers]] [[Category:Male essayists]] [[Category:20th-century essayists]] [[Category:21st-century essayists]] [[Category:Atheist writers]] [[Category:Christ myth theory proponents]] [[Category:20th-century atheists]] [[Category:21st-century atheists]]'