Examine individual changes

'{{redirect|Rasul}} {{Religious text primary|date=June 2015}} {{Islamic prophets|Prophets in the Quran}} {{Islam|beliefs}} '''Prophets in Islam''' ({{lang-ar|الأنبياء في الإسلام}}) include "messengers" (''rasul'', pl. ''rusul''), bringers of a [[Revelation|divine revelation]] via an angel (Arabic: {{lang|ar|ملائكة}}, [[Islamic view of angels|malāʾikah]]);<ref name=campo-2009-559/><ref name="Shaatri, A. I. 2007">Shaatri, A. I. (2007). Nayl al Rajaa' bisharh' Safinat an'najaa'. Dar Al Minhaj.</ref> and "[[Prophet#Islam|prophet]]s" (''nabī'', pl. ''anbiyāʼ''), lawbringers that [[Muslim]]s believe were sent by [[God in Islam|God]] to every person, bringing God's message in a language they can understand.<ref name=campo-2009-559>{{cite book|last1=Campo|first1=Juan Eduardo|title=Encyclopedia of Islam|date=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=9780816054541|pages=559–560|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&pg=PA559&dq=prophethood+in+islam+encyclopedia&hl=en&sa=X&ei=pTKIVduAEobuoAS0-Yi4Ag&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=prophethood%20in%20islam%20encyclopedia&f=false|accessdate=22 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite quran|30|47|s=ns}}</ref> Knowledge of the Islamic prophets is one of the [[Iman (concept)#The Six articles of the Islamic faith|six articles of the Islamic faith]], and specifically mentioned in the [[Quran]].<ref>{{quran-usc|2|285|s=ns}}</ref> Muslims believe that the first prophet was also the first human being, [[Adam]] ([[Adam in Islam|ادم]]), created by Allah (الله). Many of the revelations delivered by the 48 [[prophets in Judaism]] and many [[prophets of Christianity]] are mentioned as such in the Quran but usually in slightly different forms. For example, the Jewish [[Elisha]] is called [[Elisha#In Islam|Alyasa]], [[Job (biblical figure)|Job]] is [[Job in Islam|Ayyub]], [[Jesus]] is [[Jesus in Islam|Isa]], etc. The [[Torah]] given to [[Moses]] ([[Moses in Islam|Musa]]) is called ''[[Torah in Islam|Tawrat]]'', the [[Psalms]] given to [[David]] ([[David in Islam|Dawud]]) is the ''[[Zabur]]'', the [[The gospel|Gospel]] given to Jesus is ''[[Gospel in Islam|Injil]]''.<ref name=campo-2009-559/> In Islam, prophets are commonly exclusively male, thus none of the seven [[Prophets in Judaism#The seven Prophetesses|Jewish Prophetesses]] are mentioned in the Quran as prophets. Unique to Islam is [[Muhammad]] ([[Muhammad in Islam|Muhammad ibn ʿAbdullāh]]), who Muslims believe is the "Seal of the Prophets" (''[[Khatam an-Nabiyyin]]'', i.e. the last prophet); and the [[Quran]], revealed to Muhammad but not written down by him,<ref name=denffer>{{cite book|last=Denffer|first=Ahmad von|title=Ulum al-Qur'an : an introduction to the sciences of the Qur an|year=1985|publisher=Islamic Foundation|isbn=0860371328|pages=37|edition=Repr.}}</ref> which Muslims believe is unique among divine revelations as the only correct one protected by [[God in Islam|God]] from distortion or corruption,<ref>''Understanding the Qurán'' - Page xii, Ahmad Hussein Sakr - 2000</ref> destined to remain in its true form until the [[End time|Last Day]].<ref name="The Qur'an Surah 15:9">{{Cite quran|15|9|s=ns}}</ref> Muslims believe Muhammad to be the last prophet, although after the prophets there will still be [[Wali|saints]].<ref>Neal Robinson ''Christ in Islam and Christianity'' SUNY Press 1990 {{ISBN|978-0-791-40558-1}} page 58</ref> In Muslim belief, every prophet in Islam preached the same main Islamic beliefs, the [[Tawhid|Oneness of God]], worshipping of that one God, avoidance of [[Shirk (Islam)|idolatry]] and [[Islamic views on sin|sin]], and the belief in the [[Islamic eschatology|Day of Resurrection]] or the [[Last Judgment|Day of Judgement]] and life after death. Each came to preach Islam at different times in history and some told of the coming of the final ''Islamic prophet and messenger'' of [[God in Islam|God]], who would be named "[[Ahmad|Ahmed]]" commonly known as Muhammad. == Etymology == In Arabic and [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]],<ref>The Hebrew root [[Nun (letter)|nun]]-[[Bet (letter)|vet]]-[[Aleph|alef]] ("navi") is based on the two-letter root nun-vet which denotes hollowness or openness; to receive transcendental wisdom, one must make oneself "open". Cf. [[Rashbam]]'s comment to {{Bibleverse||Genesis|20:7|105}}</ref> the term ''nabī'' (Arabic plural form:''anbiyāʼ'') means "prophet". Forms of this noun occur 75 times in the Quran. The term ''[[nubuwwah]]'' (meaning "prophethood") occurs five times in the Quran. The terms ''rasūl'' (plural: ''rusul'') and ''mursal'' (plural: ''mursalūn'') denote "messenger" or "apostle" and occur more than 300 times. The term for a prophetic "message", ''risālah'' (plural: ''risālāt''), appears in the Quran in ten instances.<ref name="EoQP">Uri Rubin, "Prophets and Prophethood", ''[[Encyclopedia of the Qur'an]]''</ref> The [[Syriac language|Syriac form]] of ''rasūl Allāh'' (literally: "messenger of God"), ''s̲h̲eliḥeh d-allāhā'', occurs frequently in the [[New Testament apocrypha|apocryphal]] ''[[Acts of Thomas|Acts of St. Thomas]]''. The corresponding verb for ''s̲h̲eliḥeh''—''s̲h̲alaḥ'', occurs in connection with the prophets in the [[Hebrew Bible]].<ref>{{bibleverse||Exodus|3:13-14|1000}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Exodus|4:13|1000}}</ref><ref>{{bibleverse||Isaiah|6:8|1000}}</ref><ref>{{bibleverse||Jeremiah|1:7|1000}}</ref><ref name="EoI">A. J. Wensinck, "Rasul", ''[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]''</ref> The words "prophet" (Arabic: {{lang|ar|نبي}} {{transl|ar|''nabī''}}) and "messenger" (Arabic: {{lang|ar|رسول}} {{transl|ar|''rasūl''}}) appear several times in the [[Old Testament]] and the [[New Testament]]. The following table shows these words in different languages:<ref>''[[Strong's Concordance]]''</ref> {|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Prophet and Messenger in the Bible ! Arabic !! Arabic Pronunciation !! English !! Greek !! Greek pronunciation !! Strong Number !! Hebrew !! Hebrew pronunciation !! Strong Number |- ! {{lang|ar|نبي}} | Nabi || Prophet || {{lang|el|προφήτης}} || prophētēs || [http://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=G4396&t=KJV G4396] || {{lang|he|נביא}} || [[Prophecy#Judaism|navi]] {{IPAc-en|n|ə|v|i}} || [http://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=H5030&t=KJV H5030] |- ! {{lang|ar|رسول}} | Rasul || Messenger, Prophet || {{lang|el|ἄγγελος, ἀπόστολος}} || ä'n-ge-los, ä-po'-sto-los || [http://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=G32&t=KJV G32], [http://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=G652&t=KJV G652] || {{lang|he| מלאך}} (מַלְאָךְ) || [[Angels in Judaism|mal'akh]] || [http://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=H4397&t=KJV H4397],[http://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=H7971&t=KJV H7971] |} In the Hebrew Bible, the word ''[[Nevi'im|navi]]'' ("spokesperson, prophet") occurs more commonly, and the Hebrew word ''mal'akh'' ("messenger") refers to [[Angels in Judaism]]. According to Judaism, [[Haggai]], [[Zechariah (Hebrew prophet)|Zachariah]], and [[Malachi]] were the last prophets, all of whom lived at the end of the 70-year [[Babylonian exile]]. With them, the authentic period of ''[[Prophecy#Judaism|Nevuah]]'' ("prophecy") died,<ref>According to the [[Vilna Gaon]], based on the opinion that [[Nechemyah]] died in Babylon before 9th Tevet 3448 (313 BCE). Nechemya was governor of [[Yehud Medinata|Persian Judea]] under [[Artaxerxes I of Persia]] in the 5th century BCE. The [[Book of Nehemiah]] describes his work in rebuilding Jerusalem during the [[Second Temple period]]. {{Cite journal | title = Babylonian Talmud | first = Vilna |last=Gaon |authorlink=Vilna Gaon| volume = San.11a, Yom.9a/Yuch.1.14/Kuz.3.39,65,67/Yuch.1/Mag.Av.O.C.580.6 | postscript = <!--None-->}}</ref> and nowadays only the "[[Bath Kol]]" (בת קול, lit. ''daughter of a voice'', "voice of God") exists ([[Sanhedrin (tractate)|Sanhedrin]] 11a). In the New Testament, however, the word "messenger" becomes more frequent, sometimes in association with the concept of a prophet.<ref>[[Epistle to the Hebrews|Hebrews]] {{bibleverse-nb||Hebrews|3:1|1000}}; [[Gospel of John|John]] {{bibleverse-nb||John|17:3|1000}}; [[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]] {{bibleverse-nb||Matthew|11:10|1000}}; [[Gospel of Mark|Mark]] {{bibleverse-nb||Mark|1:2|1000}}; [[Epistle to the Ephesians|Ephesians]] {{bibleverse-nb||Ephesians|3:5|1000}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Ephesians|4:11|1000}}; [[First Epistle to the Corinthians]] {{bibleverse-nb||1Corinthians|28:12|1000}}</ref> "Messenger" may refer to Jesus, to his [[Apostle (Christian)|Apostles]] and to John the Baptist. But the last book of the Old Testament, the [[Book of Malachi]], speaks of a messenger that Christian commentators interpret as a reference to the future prophet [[John the Baptist]] (Yahya).<ref>[[Albert Barnes (theologian)|Albert Barnes]] under {{bibleverse||Malachi|2:7|1000}} and {{bibleverse-nb||Malachi|3:1|1000}} </ref> == Characteristics == In Muslim belief, every Islamic prophet preached Islam. The beliefs of charity, prayer, pilgrimage, worship of God and fasting are believed to have been taught by every prophet who has ever lived.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> The Quran itself calls Islam the "religion of [[Abraham]]" ([[Abraham in Islam|Ibrahim]])<ref>{{Cite quran|3|67|s=ns}}</ref> and refers to [[Jacob]] ([[Jacob in Islam|Yaqub]]) and the [[Israelites|Twelve Tribes of Israel]] as being Muslim.<ref>{{Cite quran|2|123|e=133|s=ns}}</ref> The Quran says {{quote|The same religion has He established for you as that which He enjoined on Noah—the which We have sent by inspiration to thee—and that which We enjoined on Abraham, Moses, and Jesus: Namely, that ye should remain steadfast in religion, and make no divisions therein:...|Quran, sura 42 ([[Ash-Shura]]), ayah 13<ref>{{cite quran|42|13|s=ns}}</ref>}} === Status === The Quran speaks of the ''Islamic prophets'' as being the greatest human beings of all time.<ref name="ReferenceA">Wheeler, ''Historical Dictionary of Prophets in Islam and Judaism'', "Prophets"</ref> A prophet, in the Muslim sense of the term, is a person whom God specially chose to teach the faith of Islam.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Some were called to prophesy late in life, in Muhammad's case at the age of 40.<ref>Wheeler, ''Historical Dictionary of Prophets in Islam and Judaism'', "Noah"</ref> Others, such as John the Baptist, were called to prophesy while still at a young age and Jesus prophesied while still in his cradle.<ref>{{Cite quran|19|30|e=33|s=ns}}</ref> [[Ibn Arabi]] regarded the prophets as a ''[[logos]]'', representing a particular aspect of the universal ''[[Logos (Islam)|Logos]]'' united in Muhammad.<ref>Rom Landau ''The Philosophy of Ibn 'Arabi'' Routledge 2013 {{ISBN|978-1-135-02970-8}} page 56</ref> The Quran verse 4:69 lists various virtuous groups of human beings, among whom prophets (including messengers) occupy the highest rank. Verse 4:69 reads:<ref name="EoQP"/> {{quote|All who obey [[Allah]] and the messenger are in the company of those on whom is the Grace of Allah—of the prophets (who teach), the sincere (lovers of Truth), the witnesses (who testify), and the Righteous (who do good): Ah! what a beautiful fellowship!|Quran, sura 4 (An-Nisa), ''[[ayah]]'' 69<ref>{{cite quran|4|69|s=ns}}</ref>}} Biblical stories retold in the Quran in the Arabic language (e.g., Job, Moses, [[Joseph (son of Jacob)|Joseph]] ([[Joseph in Islam|Yusuf]]) etc.) certainly differ from the Jewish [[Hebrew Bible]], the [[Greek Old Testament]] and the Greek [[New Testament]], in that the Quran always demonstrates that it is "God's practice" (''sunnat Allah'') to make faith triumph finally over the forces of evil and adversity. "We have made the [[Shaitan|evil ones]] friends to those without faith."<ref>{{Cite quran|7|27|s=ns}}</ref> "Assuredly God will defend those who believe."<ref>{{Cite quran|22|49|e=133|s=ns}}</ref><ref name=eoi-84>{{cite book|last1=Rosskeen Gibb,|first1=Hamilton Alexander|last2=Pellat|first2=Charles|last3=Schacht|first3=Joseph|last4=Lewis,|first4=Bernard|title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam|date=1973|publisher=Brill|page=84}}</ref> Thus the [[Islamic view of Jesus' death|Islamic Isa]] did not die on the cross like the Christian Jesus, but deceived his enemies and ascended to heaven. According to orthodox Sunni doctrine, prophets are unlike other human beings (including [[Sahabah|"the companions" of the Prophet]], the [[Ahl al-Bayt|members of Muhammad's family]], and [[Sufism|Sufi]] saints) in that they are "protected from major and minor wrongdoing" (''Ma'soom''). However, they also "share no divine attributes", and possess "no knowledge or power" other than that granted to them by God.<ref name=EHHoF>{{cite book|last1=Al-Amriki|first1=Yusuf Talal Ali|last2=Ullah|first2=Qazi Thanaa|title=Essential Hanafi Handbook of Fiqh|date=1985|publisher=Kazi Publications|location=Lahore, Pakistan|pages=23–25}}</ref> === Numbers === Muslims believe that many prophets existed, including many not mentioned in the Quran. The Quran itself refers to at least four other prophets but does not name them.<ref name="Quran 2:247">{{Cite quran|2|247|s=ns}}</ref><ref>{{Cite quran|36|12|s=ns}}</ref> One less-than-sound ''[[hadith]]'' states there have been 124,000 prophets,<ref>{{cite web|title=Evidence of 124,000 Prophets/Messengers (peace be upon them) in Islam|url=http://islam.stackexchange.com/questions/298/evidence-of-124-000-prophets-messengers-peace-be-upon-them-in-islam|website=Islam beta|accessdate=22 June 2015}}{{Unreliable source?|reason=WP:Self-published|date=September 2015}}</ref><ref name="Muṭahharī-2006-vi">{{cite book|last=Muṭahharī|first=Ayatullah Murtadha|title=Islam and Religious Pluralism - Second Edition|date=2006|publisher=World Federation of the KSIMC.|page=vi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xiaGUjphh0cC&pg=PR6&dq=124,000++prophets+islam&hl=en&sa=X&ei=t2CIVaXcIsProAT05YnQDQ&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=124%2C000%20%20prophets%20islam&f=false|accessdate=22 June 2015}}</ref> while another scholarly source states that "their exact numbers are not known with any kind of certainty."<ref name=EHHoF/> === Female prophets === Most mainstream [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] scholars agree that prophets were males only.<ref>{{Cite web|title = There were no female prophets - Islam web - English|url = http://www.islamweb.net/emainpage/index.php?page=showfatwa&Option=FatwaId&Id=31788|website = www.islamweb.net|accessdate = 2015-11-27}}</ref> Still, some like [[Ibn Hazm]], [[Al-Qurtubi|Qartubi]], [[Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani|Ibn Hajir]], and [[Ash'ari|al Ash‘ari]] thought that the verses that mention angels speaking to Mary are proofs of her prophet hood.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Surat 'Ali `Imran [3:42] - The Noble Qur'an - القرآن الكريم|url = http://legacy.quran.com/3/42|website = legacy.quran.com|accessdate = 2015-11-27}}</ref><ref>http://islamqa.info/en/158044<nowiki/>With regard to Prophethood, some of the scholars – such as Abu’l-Hasan al-Ash‘ari, al-Qurtubi and Ibn Hazm – were of the view that there were some female Prophets! including Maryam bint ‘Imraan. Their evidence is the verses in which it says that Allah, may He be exalted, sent revelation to the mother of Moosa, for example, and what it says about the angels speaking to Maryam (peace be upon her), and also what it says about Allah, may He be exalted, having chosen her above the women of the world. </ref> Also, [[Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani|Ibn Hajir]] interprets the Hadith "Many among men attained perfection but among women none attained the perfection except Mary, the daughter of `Imran and Asiya, the wife of Pharaoh." He said perfection is prophet hood in turn his claim that Mary and Asiya were prophets.<ref>http://islamqa.info/en/7181<nowiki/>The scholars differed as to the meaning of the perfection of women. Some said, it refers to Prophethood. Ibn Hajar said in "''al-Fath''": "… it is as if he said: No women attained Prophethood except for So and so and So and so." (''al-Fath'', 6/447). </ref> == Scriptures and other gifts == === Holy books === {{See also|Islamic holy books}} The revealed books are the records which Muslims believe were dictated by God to various Islamic prophets throughout the history of mankind, all these books promulgated the code and laws of Islam. The belief in all the revealed books is an [[Creed#Islamic creed|article of faith]] in Islam and Muslims must believe in all the scriptures to be a Muslim. Muslims believe the Quran, the final holy scripture, was sent because all the previous holy books had been either [[Tahrif|corrupted]] or lost.<ref>''Concise Encyclopedia of Islam'', Cyril Glasse, "Holy Books"</ref> Nonetheless, Islam speaks of respecting all the previous scriptures, even in their current forms.<ref>''Concise Encyclopedia of Islam'', Cyril Glasse{{page needed|date=January 2015}}</ref> The Quran mentions some Islamic scriptures by name, which came before the Quran: * ''[[Torah in Islam|Tawrat]]'' ([[Torah]]): According to the Quran, the Tawrat (Torah) was revealed to Moses,<ref name="Q5336">{{Cite quran|53|36|s=ns}}</ref> but Muslims believe that the current Pentateuch, although it retains the main message,<ref>{{Cite quran|87|18|e=19|s=ns}}</ref> has suffered corruption over the years. Moses and his brother Haroon ([[Aaron]]) used the Torah to preach the message to the Children of Israel. The Quran implies that the Torah is the longest-used scripture, with the [[Jews|Jewish]] people still using the Torah today, and that all the [[Hebrews|Hebrew]] prophets would warn the people of any corruptions that were in the scripture.<ref>{{Cite quran|5|44|s=ns}}</ref> Jesus, in Muslim belief, was the last prophet to be taught the [[Law of Moses|Mosaic Law]] in its true form. * ''[[Zabur]]'' ([[Psalms]]): The Quran mentions the Psalms as being the holy scripture revealed to David. Scholars have often understood the Psalms to have been holy songs of praise.<ref>''Encyclopedia of Islam'', "Psalms"</ref> The current Psalms are still praised by many Muslim scholars,<ref>Abdullah Yusuf Ali, ''Holy Quran: Text, Translation and Commentary''{{page needed|date=January 2015}}; Martin Lings, ''Mecca''{{page needed|date=January 2015}}; Abdul Malik, ''In Thy Seed''{{page needed|date=January 2015}}</ref> but Muslims generally assume that some of the current Psalms were written later and are not divinely revealed. * Book of Enlightenment: The Quran mentions a ''Book of Enlightenment'',<ref>{{Cite quran|3|184|s=ns}} and {{Cite quran|35|25|s=ns|b=n}}</ref> which has alternatively been translated as ''Scripture of Enlightenment'' or the ''Illuminating Book''. It mentions that some prophets, in the past, came with clear signs from God as well as this particular scripture. * Books of Divine Wisdom: The Quran mentions certain ''Books of Divine Wisdom'',<ref>{{Cite quran|3|184|s=ns}}</ref> translated by some scholars as ''Books of Dark Prophecies'', which are a reference to particular books vouchsafed to some prophets, wherein there was wisdom for man. Some scholars have suggested that these may be one and the same as the Psalms as their root Arabic word, ''Zubur'', comes from the same source as the Arabic ''Zabur'' for the Psalms. * ''[[Gospel in Islam|İnjil]]'' ([[Gospel]]): The İnjil (Gospel) was the holy book revealed to Jesus, according to the Quran. Although many lay Muslims believe the ''Injil'' refers to the entire New Testament, scholars have clearly pointed out that it refers not to the New Testament but to an original Gospel, which was sent by God, and was given to Jesus.<ref>Abdullah Yusuf Ali, ''Holy Quran: Text, Translation and Commentary'', Appendix: "On the Injil"</ref> Therefore, according to Muslim belief, the Gospel was the message that Jesus, being divinely inspired, preached to the Children of Israel. The current [[Development of the New Testament canon|canonical Gospels]], in the belief of Muslim scholars, are not divinely revealed but rather are documents of the life of Jesus, as written by various contemporaries, disciples and companions. These Gospels contain portions of Jesus's teachings but do not represent the original Gospel, which was a single book written not by a human but was sent by God.<ref>''Encyclopedia of Islam'', "Injil"</ref> * [[Scrolls of Abraham]]: The Scrolls of Abraham are believed to have been one of the earliest bodies of scripture, which were vouchsafed to Abraham,<ref name="quran8719">{{Cite quran|87|19|s=ns}}</ref> and later used by Ishmael and Isaac. Although usually referred to as 'scrolls', many translators have translated the Arabic ''Suhuf'' as 'Books'.<ref>Marmaduke Pickthall, ''The Meaning of the Glorious Quran''{{page needed|date=January 2015}}; Abdullah Yusuf Ali, ''The Holy Quran: Text, Translation and Commentary''{{page needed|date=January 2015}}</ref> The Scrolls of Abraham are now considered lost rather than corrupted, although some scholars have identified them with the [[Testament of Abraham]], an [[Apocalyptic literature|apocalyptic piece of literature]] available in Arabic at the time of Muhammad. * [[Scrolls of Moses]]: These scrolls, containing the revelations of Moses, which were perhaps written down later by Moses, Aaron and [[Joshua]], are understood by Muslims to refer not to the Torah but to revelations aside from the Torah. Some scholars have stated that they could possibly refer to the [[Book of the Wars of the Lord]],<ref>Abdullah Yusuf Ali, ''The Holy Quran: Text, Translation and Commentary''{{page needed|date=January 2015}}</ref> a lost text spoken of in the Hebrew Bible.<ref>Numbers 21:14</ref> === Holy gifts === {{Religious text primary|section|date=June 2011}} The Quran mentions various divinely-bestowed gifts given to various prophets. These may be interpreted as books or forms of celestial knowledge. Although all prophets are believed by Muslims to have been immensely gifted, special mention of "wisdom" or "knowledge" for a particular prophet is understood to mean that some secret knowledge was revealed to him. The Quran mentions that Abraham prayed for wisdom and later received it.<ref>{{Cite quran|26|83|s=ns}}</ref> It also mentions that Joseph<ref>{{cite quran|10|22}}</ref> and Moses<ref>{{Cite quran|28|14|s=ns}}</ref> both attained wisdom when they reached full age; David received wisdom with kingship, after slaying [[Goliath]];<ref>{{Cite quran|2|251|s=ns}}</ref> [[Lot (biblical person)|Lot]] ([[Lot in Islam|Lut]] received wisdom whilst prophesying in [[Sodom and Gomorrah]];<ref>{{Cite quran|21|74|s=ns}}</ref> John the Baptist received wisdom while still a mere youth;<ref>{{Cite quran|19|14|s=ns}}</ref> and Jesus received wisdom and was vouchsafed the Gospel.<ref>{{Cite quran|3|48|s=ns}}</ref> == Prophets and messengers == All messengers mentioned in the Quran are also prophets, but not all prophets are messengers.<ref name=EICGtBP>{{cite book|last1=Morgan|first1=Diane|title=Essential Islam: A Comprehensive Guide to Belief and Practice|date=2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|page=38|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U94S6N2zECAC&pg=PA38&dq=all+prophet+are+messengers+but+not+all+messengers+are+prophets&hl=en&sa=X&ei=FRmLVdC7FYnNoAT4s7noDA&ved=0CCAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=all%20prophet%20are%20messengers%20but%20not%20all%20messengers%20are%20prophets&f=false|accessdate=24 June 2015}}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" |+Prophets and messengers in the Qur'an ! Name !! Prophet !! Messenger !! Ulul'Azm (Archprophet) !! [[Religious text|Book]] !! Sent to !! Law ([[Sharia]]) !! Judeo-Christian Equivalent !! Chronological Order |- ! [[Aaron#Islam|Harun]] | ✓ <ref>{{Cite quran|19|53|s=ns}}</ref> || || || ||[[Ancient Egypt|Pharaoh and his establishment]] || || [[Aaron]] ||15 |- ! [[Abraham in Islam|Ibrahim]] | ✓ <ref>{{Cite quran|19|41|s=ns}}</ref> || ✓ <ref>{{Cite quran|9|70|s=ns}}</ref> ||✓ <ref name="Quran 2:124">{{Cite quran|2|124|s=ns}}</ref> || [[Scrolls of Abraham]] <ref name="quran8719"/> || The people of Ibrahim <ref>{{Cite quran|22|43|s=ns}}</ref> || ✓ <ref name="42:13">{{Cite quran|42|13|s=ns}}</ref> || [[Abraham]] ||6 |- ! [[Adam in Islam|Adam]] | ✓ <ref>{{Cite quran|2|31|s=ns}}</ref> || || || || || || [[Adam]] ||1 |- ! [[David in Islam|Dawud]] | ✓ <ref name="6:89">{{Cite quran|6|89|s=ns}}</ref> || || || [[Zabur]] ([[Psalms]]) <ref>{{Cite quran|17|55|s=ns}}</ref> || || || [[David]] ||17 |- ! [[Elijah#Elijah in Islam|Ilyas]] | ✓ <ref name="6:89"/> || ✓ <ref>{{Cite quran|37|123|s=ns}}</ref> || || || The people of Elias <ref>{{Cite quran|37|124|s=ns}}</ref> || || [[Elijah]] ||19 |- ! [[Elisha#In Islam|Al-Yasa]] | ✓ <ref name="6:89"/> || || || || || || [[Elisha]] ||20 |- ! [[Idris (prophet)|Idris]] | ✓ <ref>{{Cite quran|19|56|s=ns}}</ref> || || || || || || [[Enoch (ancestor of Noah)|Enoch]] ||2 |- ! [[Dhul-Kifl]] | ✓ <ref>{{Cite quran|21|85|end=86|s=ns}}</ref> || || || || || || [[Ezekiel]] ||16 |- ! [[Hud (prophet)|Hud]] | ✓ <ref name="auto">{{Cite quran|26|125|s=ns}}</ref> || ✓ <ref name="auto"/> || || || [[ʿĀd]] <ref>{{Cite quran|7|65|s=ns}}</ref> || || [[Eber]] ||4 |- ! [[Isaac in Islam|Ishaq]] | ✓ <ref name="19:49">{{Cite quran|19|49|s=ns}}</ref> || || || || || || [[Isaac]] ||9 |- ! [[Ishmael in Islam|Ismail]] | ✓ <ref name="19:54">{{Cite quran|19|54|s=ns}}</ref> || ✓ <ref name="19:54"/> || || || || || [[Ishmael]] ||8 |- ! [[Jacob in Islam|Yaqub]] | ✓ <ref name="19:49"/> || || || || || || [[Jacob]] ||10 |- ! [[Shoaib]] | ✓ <ref name="auto1">{{Cite quran|26|178|s=ns}}</ref> || ✓ <ref name="auto1"/> || || || [[Midian]] <ref>{{Cite quran|7|85|s=ns}}</ref> || || [[Jethro (Bible)|Jethro]] || 13 |- ! [[Jesus in Islam|Isa]] | ✓ <ref>{{Cite quran|19|30|s=ns}}</ref> || ✓ <ref>{{Cite quran|4|171|s=ns}}</ref> || ✓ <ref name="auto2">{{Cite quran|46|35|s=ns}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{Cite quran|33|7|s=ns}}</ref> || [[Gospel in Islam|Injil]] ([[Gospel]]) <ref>{{Cite quran|57|27|s=ns}}</ref> || The [[Children of Israel]] <ref>{{Cite quran|61|6|s=ns}}</ref> || ✓ <ref name="42:13"/> || [[Jesus]] ||24 |- ! [[Job in Islam|Ayub]] | ✓ <ref name="4:89">{{Cite quran|4|89|s=ns}}</ref> || || || || || || [[Job (biblical figure)|Job]] ||12 |- ! [[John the Baptist#Islam|Yahya]] | ✓ <ref>{{Cite quran|3|39|s=ns}}</ref> || || || || || || [[John the Baptist]] ||23 |- ! [[Joseph in Islam|Yusuf]] | ✓ <ref name="4:89"/> || ✓ <ref name="40:34">{{Cite quran|40|34|s=ns}}</ref> || || || || || [[Joseph]] ||11 |- ! [[Jonah#Jonah in Islam|Yunus]] | ✓ <ref name="6:89"/> || ✓ <ref>{{Cite quran|37|139|s=ns}}</ref> || || || The people of Younis <ref>{{Cite quran|10|98|s=ns}}</ref> || || [[Jonah]] ||21 |- ! [[Lot in Islam|Lut]] | ✓ <ref name="6:86">{{Cite quran|6|86|s=ns}}</ref> || ✓ <ref>{{Cite quran|37|133|s=ns}}</ref> || || || The people of Lot <ref>{{Cite quran|7|80|s=ns}}</ref> || || [[Islamic view of Lot|Lot]] ||7 |- ! [[Noah in Islam|Nuh]] | ✓ <ref name="6:89"/> || ✓ <ref>{{Cite quran|26|107|s=ns}}</ref> || ✓ <ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/> || || The people of Noah <ref>{{Cite quran|26|105|s=ns}}</ref> || ✓ <ref name="42:13" /> || [[Noah]] ||3 |- ! [[Muhammad in Islam|Muhammad]] | ✓ <ref>Page 50 "As early as Ibn Ishaq (85-151 AH) the biographer of Muhammad, the Muslims identified the Paraclete - referred to in John's ... "to give his followers another Paraclete that may be with them forever" is none other than Muhammad."</ref><ref>[[Quran]] 33:40</ref>|| ✓ <ref name="33:40">{{Cite quran|33|40|s=ns}}</ref> || ✓ <ref name="Quran 2:124"/> || [[Quran]] <ref>{{Cite quran|42|7|s=ns}}</ref> || Mankind, Jinn and all that exists <ref>{{Cite quran|7|158|s=ns}}</ref> || ✓ <ref name="42:13"/> || ||25 |- ! [[Moses in Islam|Musa]] | ✓ <ref name="19:51">{{Cite quran|19|51|s=ns}}</ref> || ✓ <ref name="19:51"/> || ✓ <ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/> || [[Torah in Islam|Tawrah]] ([[Torah]]) Suhoof Musa (scrolls of Moses)<ref name="Q5336"/> || [[Ancient Egypt|Pharaoh and his establishment]] <ref>{{Cite quran|43|46|s=ns}}</ref> || ✓ <ref name="42:13"/> || [[Moses]] ||14 |- ! [[Saleh]] | ✓ <ref name="auto4">{{Cite quran|26|143|s=ns}}</ref> || ✓ <ref name="auto4"/> || || || [[Thamud]] <ref>{{Cite quran|7|73|s=ns}}</ref> || || [[Salah (biblical figure)|Salah]] ||5 |- ! [[Solomon in Islam|Sulayman]] | ✓ <ref name="6:89"/> || || || || || || [[Solomon]] ||18 |- ! [[Zechariah (priest)#In Islam|Zakariya]] | ✓ <ref name="6:89"/> || || || || || || [[Zechariah (priest)|Zechariah]] ||22 |} To believe in God's messengers (Rusul) means to be convinced that God sent men as guides to fellow human beings and [[jinn]] (khalq) to guide them to the truth. {{reflist|group=lower-alpha|close}} === Prophethood in Ahmadiyya === {{main article|Prophethood (Ahmadiyya)}} The [[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadiyya Muslim Community]] does not believe that messengers and prophets are different individuals. They interpret the Quranic words ''warner'' (''[[nadhir]]''), ''prophet'', and ''messenger'' as referring to different roles that the same divinely appointed individuals perform. Ahmadiyya distinguish only between law-bearing prophets and non-law-bearing ones. They believe that although law-bearing prophethood ended with Muhammad, non-law-bearing prophethood subordinate to Muhammad continues. The Ahmadiyya Community recognizes [[Mirza Ghulam Ahmad]] (1835–1908) as such a prophet of God and the promised [[Messiah]] and [[Imam]] [[Mahdi]] of the latter days.<ref>{{cite journal |url= |title=My Claim to Promised Messiahship |first=Mirzā Ghulām |last=Ahmad |journal=[[Review of Religions]] |ISSN=0034-6721 |volume=3 |number=9 |date=September 1904 |page=}} As reproduced in {{cite journal |url=http://reviewofreligions.org/download/RR200901.pdf#page=16 |title=My Claim to Promised Messiahship |first=Mirzā Ghulām |last=Ahmad |journal=Review of Religions |ISSN=0034-6721 |volume=104 |number=1 |date=January 2009 |page=16}}</ref> == Other persons == The Qur'an mentions 25 prophets by name but also tells that God (Allah) sent many other prophets and messengers, to all the different nations that have existed on Earth. Many verses in the Qur'an discuss this: * "We did aforetime send messengers before thee: of them there are some whose story We have related to thee, and some whose story We have not related to thee...."<ref name="quran4078">{{cite quran|40|78|s=ns}}</ref> * "For We assuredly sent amongst every People a messenger, ..."<ref>{{cite quran|16|36|s=ns}}</ref> === Other special persons in the Qur'an === * [[Caleb#Quranic account|Caleb (Kaleb)]]: In the Quran Caleb is mentioned in the 5th [[surah]] of the Quran (5:20-26). * [[Dhul-Qarnayn]]: Dhul-Qarnayn, often identified with [[Alexander the Great in the Quran|Alexander the Great]] or [[Cyrus the Great in the Quran|Cyrus the Great]], is a revered ruler in Islam. * [[Joachim#In Islam|Joachim (Imran)]]: The [[Al Imran|Family of Imran]] ([[Arabic]]: '''آل عمران''') is the 3rd chapter of the Quran. ''Imran'' is [[Arabic]] for the biblical figure [[Amram]], the father of Moses and Aaron, who is regarded by Muslims as being the ancestor of [[Mary (mother of Jesus)|Mary]] ([[Mary in Islam|Maryām]]) and Jesus through his son Aaron. In Muslim belief, however, the [[Christian]] Joachim has been attributed the name Imran as well. * [[Khidr]]: The Quran also mentions the mysterious Khidr (but does not name him), identified at times with [[Melchizedek]], who is the figure that Moses accompanies on one journey. Although most Muslims regard him as an enigmatic saint or an angel,<ref>Jill Caskey, Adam S. Cohen, Linda Safran ''Confronting the Borders of Medieval Art'' BRILL 2011 {{ISBN|978-9-004-20749-3}} page 124</ref> some see him as a prophet as well.<ref name="ReferenceB">''A-Z of Prophets in Islam'', B. M. Wheeler, "Khidr"</ref> * [[Luqman]]: The Quran mentions the [[Wise old man|sage]] Luqman in [[Luqman (sura)|the chapter]] named after him, but does not clearly identify him as a prophet. The most widespread Islamic belief<ref>''A-Z of Prophets in Islam'', B. M. Wheeler, "Luqman"</ref> views Luqman as a [[saint]], but not as a prophet. The Arabic term ''[[wali]]'' (Arabic ولي, plural Awliyā' أولياء) is commonly translated into English as "Saint". However, the wali should not be confused with the Christian tradition of sainthood. A key difference is that the wali continues what a prophet taught without any change. However, other Muslims regard Luqman as a prophet as well.<ref>''Concise Encyclopaedia of Islam'', Cyril Glasse, "Prophets in Islam"</ref> * [[Mary in Islam|Mary (Maryam)]]: A few scholars (such as [[Ibn Hazm]])<ref>[[Ibn Hazm]] [http://www.globalwebpost.com/farooqm/study_res/islam/gender/women_prophethood.html on women's prophethood] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050312084433/http://www.globalwebpost.com/farooqm/study_res/islam/gender/women_prophethood.html |date=12 March 2005 }}</ref> see Maryam (Mary) as a ''nabi'' and a prophetess, since God sent her a message via an angel. The Quran, however, does not explicitly identify her as a prophet. Islamic belief regards her as one of the holiest of women, but not as a prophet.<ref>''Beyond The Exotic: Women's Histories In Islamic Societies'', p. 402. Ed. Amira El-Azhary Sonbol. [[Syracuse University Press]], 2005. {{ISBN|9780815630555}}</ref> * [[People of Ya-Sin|Three persons of the town]]: These three unnamed person, who were sent to the same town, are referenced in [[Ya Sin|chapter 36]] of the Quran.<ref>{{Cite quran|36|13|e=21|s=ns}}</ref> * [[Saul#In Islam|Saul]] ([[Talut]]): Saul is not considered a prophet, but a divinely appointed king. * [[Jacob#Children of Jacob|Sons of Jacob]]: These men are sometimes not considered to be prophets, although most exegesis scholars consider them to be prophets, citing the hadith of Muhammad and their status as prophets in Judaism. The reason that some do not consider them as prophets is because of their behaviour with Yusuf (Joseph) and that they lied to their father. === Prophets in Islamic literature === Numerous other prophets have been mentioned by scholars in the Hadith, [[exegesis]], [[Tafsir|commentary]] as well as in the famous collections of ''[[Qisas Al-Anbiya]]'' (''Stories of the Prophets''). These prophets include: * [[Cain and Abel in Islam|Qabil and Habil]] ([[Cain and Abel]])<ref name="ReferenceC"/> * [[Daniel in Islam|Danial]] ([[Daniel (biblical figure)|Daniel]])<ref>{{cite book |title=Historical Dictionary of Prophets in Islam and Judaism|first= B. M. |last=Wheeler |chapter=Daniel |ref=harv|quote=Daniel is not mentioned by name in the Qur'an but there are accounts of his prophethood in later Muslim literature...}}</ref> * [[Elizabeth (biblical figure)#In Islam|Elizabeth (Alyassabat)]]<ref name="Oxford University Press">{{Cite book|title=Women in the Qur'ān, Traditions, and Interpretation|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1994|pages=68–69}}</ref> * [[Hosea#Islamic literature|Hosea]]<ref>[[Abdullah Yusuf Ali]] refers to Hosea 8:14 for his notes on Q. 5:60</ref> * [[Isaiah|Isaiah (Ishiya)]]<ref>''Historical Dictionary of Prophets in Islam and Judaism'', B. M. Wheeler, "Appendix II"</ref> * [[Jeremiah|Jeremiah (Irmiya)]]<ref>Tafsir al-Qurtubi, vol 3, p 188; Tafsir al-Qummi, vol 1, p 117.</ref> * [[Seth#Islam|Seth (Sheeth) (Khidir)]]<ref>''Stories of the Prophets'', Ibn Kathir, "Adam"</ref> * [[Shem]]<ref>''A-Z of Prophets in Islam and Judaism'', Appendix: "List of Prophets in Islam"</ref> * [[Zechariah (Hebrew prophet)#Islam|Zechariah, son of Berekiah]]<ref name="ReferenceC">''[[The Holy Qur'an: Text, Translation and Commentary|The Holy Quran: Text, Translation and Commentary]]'', [[Abdullah Yusuf Ali]], Note 364: "Examples of the Prophets slain were: "the righteous blood shed upon the earth, from the blood of righteous Abel unto the blood of Zacharias, son of Barachias, whom ye slew between the temple and the altar" (Matt. 23:35)</ref> == See also == * [[Biblical and Quranic narratives]] * [[False prophet]] * [[Major prophet]]s in the Bible * [[Table of prophets of Abrahamic religions]] * [[Twelve Minor Prophets]] == Notes == {{reflist|30em}} == External links == *[http://lasjan.page.tl/Prophets.htm Prophets in Islam] {{Prophets in the Quran}} {{Muslim saints}} {{Islam topics |collapsed}} {{Characters and names in the Quran}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2011}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Prophets Of Islam}} [[Category:Prophets in Islam| ]] [[Category:Articles about multiple people]]'