Examine individual changes

'{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2018}} {{Infobox settlement |name = Portland, Oregon |official_name = City of Portland |settlement_type = [[List of cities in Oregon|City]] |nickname = <!-- do not add nicknames without reviewing discussion on talk page first --> "Rose City"; "Stumptown"; "[[PDX (disambiguation)|PDX]]"; see [[Nicknames of Portland, Oregon]] for a complete list. |image_skyline = Portland, OR and Mount Hood from Pittock Mansion.jpg |imagesize = 275px |image_caption = View of Portland from [[Pittock Mansion]], with [[Mount Hood]] pictured in the background |image_flag = Flag of Portland, Oregon.svg |image_seal = Seal of Portland, Oregon.svg |image_map = Multnomah County Oregon Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Portland Highlighted.svg |map_caption = Location of Portland in [[Multnomah County, Oregon|Multnomah County]] and the state of [[Oregon]] |pushpin_map = USA |pushpin_map_caption = Location in the United States |subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]] |subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]] |subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Oregon|Counties]] |subdivision_name = United States |subdivision_name1 = [[Oregon]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Multnomah County, Oregon|Multnomah]], [[Washington County, Oregon|Washington]], [[Clackamas County, Oregon|Clackamas]] |government_type = [[City commission government|Commission]] |leader_title = Mayor |leader_name = [[Ted Wheeler]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.portlandoregon.gov/|title=City Home|accessdate=January 2, 2017|year=2017|publisher=City of Portland, Oregon}}</ref> ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) |leader_title1 = Commissioners |leader_name1 = {{ublist|[[Chloe Eudaly]]|[[Nick Fish]]|[[Amanda Fritz]]|[[Dan Saltzman]]}} |leader_title2 = Auditor |leader_name2 = Mary Hull Caballero |established_title = [[Municipal corporation|Founded]] |established_title2 = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporated]] |established_date = 1845 |established_date2 = February 8, 1851 |named_for = [[Portland, Maine]]<ref name="naosum.org"/> <!-- Area --> |unit_pref = Imperial |area_footnotes =<ref name="Gazetteer files"/> |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = 376 |area_land_km2 = 346 |area_water_km2 = 30 |area_total_sq_mi = 145 |area_land_sq_mi = 133 |area_water_sq_mi = 12 <!-- Population --> |population_as_of = [[2010 United States Census|2010]] |population_est = 647805 |pop_est_as_of = 2017 |pop_est_footnotes = <ref name="U.S. Census">{{cite web |url= https://www.census.gov/data/datasets/2017/demo/popest/total-cities-and-towns.html|title=U.S. Census}}</ref> |population_footnotes = <ref name="FactFinder">{{cite web|title=American FactFinder|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=January 4, 2013}}</ref> |population_total = 583776 |population_rank = US: [[List of United States cities by population|26th]] |population_density_km2 = 1689.2 |population_density_sq_mi = 4375.1 |population_urban = 1,849,898 (US: [[List of United States urban areas|24th]]) |population_metro = 2,389,228 (US: [[List of Metropolitan Statistical Areas|25th]]) |population_blank2_title = [[Combined Statistical Area|CSA]] |population_blank2 = 3,110,906 (US: [[Combined Statistical Area|18th]]) |population_demonym = Portlander |timezone = [[Pacific Standard Time Zone|PST]] |utc_offset = −8 |timezone_DST = [[Pacific Daylight Time|PDT]] |utc_offset_DST = −7 |postal_code_type = [[ZIP code|ZIP codes]] |postal_code = 97086-97299 |area_code_type = [[North American Numbering Plan|Area codes]] |area_code = [[Area codes 503 and 971|503 and 971]] |coordinates = {{coord|45|31|12|N|122|40|55|W|type:city(568380)_region:US-OR_source:gnis-1136645|display=inline,title}} |elevation_ft = 50 |elevation_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> |elevation_m = 15.2 |elevation_point = <!-- for denoting the measurement point --> |elevation_max_footnotes = <ref>The highest elevation is at 9936 NW Wind Ridge Dr., {{coord|45.55873|-122.77854|type:landmark_region:US-OR_elevation:390|name=Portland highest elevation}}. {{cite web|url=http://www.portlandoregon.gov/bps/article/51672|title=City of Portland Urban Services Area|work=Bureau of Planning and Sustainability|accessdate=October 30, 2015}}</ref> |elevation_max_m = |elevation_max_ft = 1188 |elevation_max_point = |elevation_max_rank = |elevation_min_footnotes = <ref>The lowest elevation historically occurred at low water on January 17, 1937 at the confluence of the Columbia and Willamette Rivers {{coord|45.65096|-122.76289|type:landmark_region:US-OR_elevation:-0.3|name=Portland lowest elevation}}. {{cite web |url = http://water.weather.gov/ahps2/hydrograph.php?wfo=pqr&gage=vapw1&hydro_type=0 |title = Advanced Hydrologic Prediction Service: Portland: Columbia River at Vancouver |website = Water.weather.gov |accessdate = September 6, 2013 }}</ref> |elevation_min_m = |elevation_min_ft = 0.62 |elevation_min_point = [[Columbia River]] |blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standards|FIPS code]] |blank_info = 41-59000 |blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID |blank1_info = 1136645<ref name="GR3">{{cite web|url=http://geonames.usgs.gov|accessdate=January 31, 2008|title=US Board on Geographic Names|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|date=October 25, 2007}}</ref> |blank2_name = [[Interstate Highway System|Interstate(s)]] |blank2_info = [[File:I-5.svg|32px|link=Interstate 5 in Oregon]] [[File:I-84.svg|32px|link=Interstate 84 (Oregon–Utah)]] [[File:I-205.svg|40px]] [[File:I-405.svg|40px]] |blank3_name = [[U.S. Route|U.S. Route(s)]] |blank3_info = [[File:US 26.svg|32px|link = U.S. Route 26 in Oregon]] [[File:US 30.svg|32px|link = U.S. Highway 30 in Oregon]] |blank4_name = [[State Highway|State Highway(s)]] |blank4_info = [[File:OR 8.svg|32px|link = Oregon Route 8]] [[File:OR 10.svg|32px]] [[File:OR 43.svg|32px]] [[File:OR 99E.svg|40px]] [[File:OR 99W.svg|40px]] [[File:OR 210.svg|40px]] [[File:OR 212.svg|40px]] [[File:OR 213.svg|40px]] [[File:OR 217.svg|40px]] [[File:OR 219.svg|40px]] [[File:OR 224.svg|40px]] |website = [http://www.PortlandOregon.gov/ PortlandOregon.gov] |footnotes = }} '''Portland''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|ɔːr|t|l|ə|n|d}}) is the [[list of cities in Oregon|largest city]] in the [[U.S. state]] of [[Oregon]] and the [[county seat|seat]] of [[Multnomah County, Oregon|Multnomah County]]. It is a major [[port]] in the [[Willamette Valley]] region of the [[Pacific Northwest]], at the [[confluence]] of the [[Willamette River|Willamette]] and [[Columbia River|Columbia]] rivers. The city covers {{convert|145|sqmi|km2|abbr=off|sp=us}} and had an estimated population of 647,805 in 2017,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/data/datasets/2017/demo/popest/total-cities-and-towns.html|title=2017 Census population estimates for every U.S. city, county, state (database)|publisher=}}</ref> making it the [[List of United States cities by population|26th most populous]] city in the United States, and the second-most populous in the [[Pacific Northwest]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Politics of the American West|editor=Danver, Steven L.|pages=533–4|year=2013|publisher=CQ Press|isbn= 978-1-506-35491-0}}</ref> Approximately 2,424,955 people live in the [[Portland metropolitan area|Portland metropolitan statistical area]] ([[Metropolitan statistical area|MSA]]), making it the [[List of Metropolitan Statistical Areas|25th most populous]] MSA in the United States. Its [[Combined Statistical Area]] (CSA) ranks 18th with a population of 3,160,488. Roughly 60% of Oregon's population resides within the [[Portland metropolitan area]].{{efn|According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Oregon's population as of 2015 was 4,028,977; with the MSA being 2,424,955, this leaves 65% of Oregon's population residing within the metro.}} Named after [[Portland, Maine]], which in turn was named after the [[Isle of Portland]] in [[Dorset]],<ref>{{cite book|last1=Baker|first1=Emerson W.|authorlink1=Emerson Baker|editor1-last=Conforti|editor1-first=Joseph A.|title=Creating Portland: History and Place in Northern New England|date=2005|publisher=University of New Hampshire Press|location=Lebanon, NH|isbn=9781584654490 |page=16|url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=4WjGkuhZyaoC&pg=PA16|accessdate=21 April 2018|chapter=Portland as a Contested Frontier in the Seventeenth Century}}</ref> the Oregon settlement began to be populated in the 1830s near the end of the [[Oregon Trail]]. Its water access provided convenient transportation of goods, and the timber industry was a major force in the city's early economy. At the turn of the 19th century, the city had a reputation as one of the most dangerous [[port city|port cities]] in the world, a hub for organized crime and [[racketeering]]. After the city's economy experienced an industrial boom during World War II, its hard-edged reputation began to dissipate. Beginning in the 1960s,<ref name="1960s"/> Portland became noted for its growing [[Progressivism|progressive]] political values, earning it a reputation as a bastion of [[counterculture]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theweek.com/articles/451788/dont-let-portlandia-ruin-portland|work=The Week|title=Don't let Portlandia ruin Portland|author=Weber, Peter|date=January 13, 2014|accessdate=October 30, 2015}}</ref> The city operates with a [[City commission government|commission-based government]] guided by a mayor and four commissioners as well as [[Metro (Oregon regional government)|Metro]], the only directly elected [[metropolitan planning organization]] in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citylab.com/politics/2012/03/only-elected-regional-government-us/1371/|title=The Only Elected Regional Government in the U.S.|accessdate=February 25, 2015 |author=Nate Berg |date=March 1, 2012 |publisher=City Lab}}</ref> The city government is notable for its land-use planning and investment in public transportation.<ref name="smartplan">{{cite web| title = The "Smart Growth" Debate Continues | publisher=Urban Mobility Corporation | date = May–June 2003 | url = http://www.innobriefs.com/editor/20030423smartgrowth.html | accessdate = November 7, 2006 }}</ref> Portland is frequently recognized as one of the world's most [[environmentally friendly|environmentally conscious]] cities because of its high [[walkability]], large community of bicyclists, [[farm-to-table]] dining, expansive network of public transportation options, and over {{convert|10000|acre|ha|abbr=off|sp=us}} of public parks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.grist.org/article/cities3|title=15 Green Cities |accessdate=June 23, 2010 |author=Kate Sheppard |date=July 19, 2007 |publisher=Environmental News and Commentary}}</ref> Its climate is marked by warm, dry summers and cool, rainy winters. This climate is ideal for growing [[rose]]s, and Portland has been called the "City of Roses" for over a century.<ref>{{cite web|last=Haru Fisher|first=Robert|url=http://www.frommers.com/articles/1721.html |title=Portland, Oregon: Green City of Roses &#124; Frommers.com |date=February 13, 2004|publisher=[[Frommer's]] |accessdate=July 11, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761561539/portland.html |title=Portland&nbsp;– MSN Encarta |publisher=Encarta.msn.com |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029125320/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761561539/Portland.html |archivedate=October 29, 2009 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> "[[Keep Portland Weird]]" is an unofficial slogan for the city.<ref>{{cite book |title=Craft Beers of the Pacific Northwest: A Beer Lover's Guide to Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia |isbn= 1-60469-089-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Washington, Oregon & the Pacific Northwest |isbn= 1-74059-534-3 |page=158}}</ref> ==History== {{Main article|History of Portland, Oregon|Timeline of Portland, Oregon}} ===Pre-history and natives=== During the [[prehistoric period]], the land that would become Portland was flooded after the collapse of glacial dams from [[Lake Missoula]], in what would later become [[Montana]]. These massive floods occurred during the last [[ice age]] and filled the [[Willamette Valley]] with {{convert|300|to|400|ft|m}} of water.{{Sfn|Allen|Burns|Sargent|2009|pages=175–189}} Before American pioneers began arriving in the 1800s, the land that eventually became Portland and surrounding [[Multnomah County]] was inhabited for many centuries by two bands of indigenous [[Chinook people]]— the [[Multnomah people|Multnomah]] and the [[Clackamas people|Clackamas]] peoples.{{sfn|Marschner|2008|p=187}} The Chinook people occupying the land which would become Portland were first documented by [[Meriwether Lewis]] and [[William Clark]] [[Lewis and Clark Expedition|in 1805]].<ref name="anderson"/> Before its European settlement, the Portland Basin of the lower [[Columbia River]] and [[Willamette River]] valleys had been one of the most densely populated regions on the Pacific Coast.<ref name="anderson">{{cite web|url=https://www.portlandoregon.gov/bps/article/214638|work=City of Portland Bureau of Planning and Sustainability|author=Anderson, Susan|date=2009|title=East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study|accessdate=October 30, 2015}}</ref> ===Establishment=== [[File:1886 Pioneer Post Office.jpeg|thumb|left|upright=.9|[[Pioneer Courthouse]], 1886]] [[File:Portland Oregon in 1890.gif|thumb|left|upright=.9|1890 map of Portland]] [[File:Portland Oregon waterfront 1898.tif|thumb|left|upright=.9|Portland waterfront in 1898]] Large numbers of pioneer settlers began arriving in the [[Willamette Valley]] in the 1830s via the [[Oregon Trail]], though life was originally centered in nearby [[Oregon City, Oregon|Oregon City]]. In the early 1840s a new settlement emerged ten miles from the mouth of the [[Willamette River]],{{sfn|Scott|1890|p=61}} roughly halfway between Oregon City and [[Fort Vancouver]]. This community was initially referred to as "Stumptown" and "The Clearing" because of the many trees cut down to allow for its growth.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Orloff |first=Chet |year=2004 |title=Maintaining Eden: John Charles Olmsted and the Portland Park System |journal=Yearbook of the Association of Pacific Coast Geographers |volume=66 |pages=114–119 |doi=10.1353/pcg.2004.0006 }}</ref> In 1843 [[William Overton (Portland founder)|William Overton]] saw potential in the new settlement but lacked the funds to file an official land claim. For 25 cents Overton agreed to share half of the {{convert|640|acre|km2|adj=on}} site with [[Asa Lovejoy]] of [[Boston]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohs.org/education/oregonhistory/historical_records/dspDocument.cfm?doc_ID=000128AC-3AC7-1E8B-891B80B0527200A7 |work=Oregon History Project |title=Overton Cabin |accessdate=October 29, 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117015811/http://www.ohs.org/education/oregonhistory/historical_records/dspDocument.cfm?doc_ID=000128AC-3AC7-1E8B-891B80B0527200A7 |archivedate=November 17, 2015 }}</ref> In 1845 Overton sold his remaining half of the claim to [[Francis W. Pettygrove]] of [[Portland, Maine]]. Both Pettygrove and Lovejoy wished to rename "The Clearing" after their respective hometowns (Lovejoy's being Boston, and Pettygrove's, Portland). This controversy was settled with a [[coin toss]] which Pettygrove won in a series of two out of three tosses, thereby providing Portland with its namesake.<ref name="naosum.org">{{cite web| title = Portland: The Town that was Almost Boston | publisher=National Association of Scientific Materials Managers | url = http://www.naosmm.org/confer/port-or/history.html | accessdate = March 7, 2013}}</ref> The coin used for this decision, now known as the [[Portland Penny]], is on display in the headquarters of the [[Oregon Historical Society]]. At the time of its incorporation on February 8, 1851, Portland had over 800 inhabitants,<ref name="Gibson">Gibson, Campbell (June 1998). [https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0027/twps0027.html Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 to 1990]. ''U.S. Bureau of the Census&nbsp;– Population Division''.</ref> a steam sawmill, a [[log cabin]] hotel, and a newspaper, the ''[[The Oregonian|Weekly Oregonian]]''. [[Great Fire of 1873|A major fire swept through downtown in August 1873]], destroying twenty blocks on the west side of the Willamette along Yamhill and Morrison Streets, and causing $1.3&nbsp;million in damage.{{sfn|Scott|1890|p=160}} By 1879, the population had grown to 17,500 and by 1890 it had grown to 46,385.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Loy |first=William G. |author2=Stuart Allan |author3=Aileen R. Buckley |author4=James E. Meacham |title=Atlas of Oregon |publisher=[[University of Oregon Press]] |year=2001 |pages=32–33 |isbn=0-87114-101-9}}</ref> In 1888, the city built the first steel bridge built on the West Coast.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.portlandonline.com/auditor/index.cfm?a=284506&c=51811|work=Portland Online|title=Historical Timeline|accessdate=October 30, 2015}}</ref> Portland's access to the Pacific Ocean via the Willamette and the Columbia rivers, as well as its easy access to the agricultural [[Tualatin Valley]] via the "[[Great Plank Road]]" (the route of current-day [[U.S. Route 26 (Oregon)|U.S. Route 26]]), provided the pioneer city with an advantage over other nearby ports, and it grew very quickly.<ref>"City keeps lively pulse". (Spencer Heinz, ''[[The Oregonian]]'', January 23, 2001)</ref> Portland remained the major port in the Pacific Northwest for much of the 19th century, until the 1890s, when [[Seattle]]'s deepwater harbor was connected to the rest of the mainland by rail, affording an inland route without the treacherous navigation of the Columbia River. The [[lumber industry]] also became a prominent economical presence, due to the area's large population of [[Douglas Fir]]s, [[Western Hemlock]]s, [[Thuja plicata|Red Cedars]], and [[Acer macrophyllum|Big Leaf Maple]] trees.<ref name="anderson"/> [[File:White Eagle Portland.jpg|thumb|right|upright=.9|The White Eagle saloon (c. 1910), one of many in Portland that had reputed ties to illegal activities such as gambling rackets and prostitution<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eliotneighborhood.org/2010/01/08/the-white-eagle-saloon/|work=Eliot Neighborhood|title=The White Eagle Saloon|date=January 8, 2010|author=Roos, Roy E.|accessdate=October 30, 2015}}</ref>]] [[File:Burnside in 1937 (8516830500).jpg|thumb|right|upright=.9|[[Burnside Street]], 1937]] Portland developed a reputation early in its history as a hard-edged and gritty [[port town]].{{sfn|John|2012|p=16}} Some historians have described the city's early establishment as being a "[[Lineal descendant|scion]] of [[New England]]; an ends-of-the-earth home for the exiled spawn of the eastern established elite."{{sfn|John|2012|p=10}} In 1889, ''[[The Oregonian]]'' called Portland "the most filthy city in the Northern States", due to the unsanitary sewers and gutters,<ref name="mac1885">{{cite book|last=MacColl|first=E. Kimbark|title=The Shaping of a City: Business and Politics in Portland, Oregon 1885 to 1915|publisher=The Georgian Press Company| location=Portland, Oregon|date=November 1976|oclc=2645815}}</ref> and, at the turn of the 20th century, it was considered one of the most dangerous port cities in the world.<ref name="kennedy">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/fodors/top/features/travel/destinations/unitedstates/oregon/portland/fdrs_feat_121_5.html?n=Top%2FFeatures%2FTravel%2FDestinations%2FUnited+States%2FOregon%2FPortland|work=The New York Times|title=The Shanghai Tunnels|author=Kennedy, Sarah|accessdate=September 26, 2014}}</ref> The city housed a large number of saloons, [[bordello]]s, gambling dens, and boardinghouses which were populated with miners after the [[California Gold Rush]], as well as the multitude of sailors passing through the port.{{sfn|John|2012|p=16}} By the early 20th century, the city had lost its reputation as a "sober frontier city" and garnered a reputation for being violent and dangerous.{{sfn|John|2012|p=16}}{{sfn|Chandler|2013}} ===Postwar development=== Between 1900 and 1930, the city's population tripled from nearly 100,000 to 301,815.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://population.us/or/portland/|title=Population of Portland, OR|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}</ref> During World War II, it housed an "assembly center" from which up to 3,676 people of Japanese descent were dispatched on [[concentration camps]] in the heartland. The [[Pacific International Livestock Exposition]] operated from May through September 10, 1942 processing people from the city, northern Oregon, and [[central Washington]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://encyclopedia.densho.org/Portland%20(detention%20facility)/ |title=Portland (detention facility)|work=[[Densho Encyclopedia]]}}</ref> At the same time, Portland became a notorious hub for underground criminal activity and [[organized crime]] between the 1940s and 1950s.<ref name="ellis">{{cite news|url=http://atomicredhead-media.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/Ellis-Portland-Vice1.pdf|title=Portland's Dirty Little Secret: How Vice and Corruption Held the Rose City In Its Clutches|author=Ellis, Janey|work=Oregon History}}</ref> In 1957, ''[[LIFE Magazine|LIFE]]'' Magazine published an article detailing the city's history of government corruption and crime, specifically its gambling rackets and illegal nightclubs.<ref name="ellis"/> The article, which focused on [[crime boss]] [[Jim Elkins (Oregon criminal)|Jim Elkins]], became the basis of a fictionalized film titled ''[[Portland Exposé]]'' (1957). In spite of the city's seedier undercurrent of criminal activity, Portland enjoyed an economic and industrial surge during World War II. Ship builder [[Henry J. Kaiser]] had been awarded contracts to build [[Liberty ship]]s and aircraft carrier escorts, and chose sites in Portland and [[Vancouver, Washington]], for work yards.<ref name="ohs2003toll">{{cite web|title=Home Front Boom |first=William |last=Toll |year=2003 |url=http://www.ohs.org/education/oregonhistory/narratives/subtopic.cfm?subtopic_ID=213 |publisher=[[Oregon Historical Society]] |accessdate=October 30, 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609021755/http://www.ohs.org/education/oregonhistory/narratives/subtopic.cfm?subtopic_ID=213 |archivedate=June 9, 2011 }}</ref> During this time, Portland's population rose by over 150,000, largely attributed to recruited laborers.<ref name="ohs2003toll"/> During the 1960s, an influx of [[hippie]] subculture began to take root in the city in the wake of San Francisco's burgeoning countercultural scene.<ref name="1960s">{{cite book|title=Portland in the 1960s: Stories from the Counterculture|last1=Olsen |first1=Polina|isbn= 978-1-60949-471-1 |publisher=The History Press |location=Charleston, South Carolina |date=2012}}</ref> The city's [[Crystal Ballroom (Portland, Oregon)|Crystal Ballroom]] became a hub for the city's [[psychedelic culture|psychedelic]] culture, while [[Cooperative|food cooperative]]s and listener-funded media and radio stations were established.<ref name="60s">{{cite web|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/century/1960_index.html|work=Oregon Live|title=The 1960s|series=An Oregon Century|accessdate=October 30, 2015}}</ref> A large [[social activism|social activist]] presence evolved during this time as well, specifically concerning [[Native American rights]], [[environmentalism|environmentalist]] causes, and [[gay rights]].<ref name="60s"/> By the 1970s, Portland had well established itself as a progressive city, and experienced an economic boom for the majority of the decade; however, the slowing of the housing market in 1979 caused demand for the city and state timber industries to drop significantly.<ref name="70s">{{cite web|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/century/1970_index.html|work=Oregon Live|title=The 1970s|series=An Oregon Century|accessdate=October 30, 2015}}</ref> ===1990s to present=== [[File:Portland OR aerial.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of Portland and its bridges across the Willamette River]] In the 1990s, the technology industry began to emerge in Portland, specifically with the establishment of companies like [[Intel]], which brought more than $10&nbsp;billion in investments in 1995 alone.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/century/1990_index.html|title=The 1990s|series=An Oregon Century|accessdate=October 30, 2015}}</ref> After the year 2000, Portland experienced significant growth, with a population rise of over 90,000 between the years 2000 and 2014.<ref name="USCensusEst2014">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2014/SUB-EST2014.html|title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2014|accessdate=June 4, 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523034651/https://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2014/SUB-EST2014.html|archivedate=May 23, 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The city's increased presence within the cultural lexicon has established it as a popular city for young people, and it was second only to [[Louisville, Kentucky]] as one of the cities to attract and retain the highest number of college-educated people in the United States.<ref name="miller">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/21/magazine/will-portland-always-be-a-retirement-community-for-the-young.html?_r=0|work=The New York Times|title=Will Portland Always Be a Retirement Community for the Young?|author=Miller, Clair Cane|date=September 16, 2014|accessdate=November 6, 2015}}</ref> Between 2001 and 2012, Portland's gross domestic product per person grew fifty percent, more than any other city in the country.<ref name="miller"/> The city has acquired a [[Nicknames of Portland, Oregon|diverse range of nicknames]] throughout its history, though it is most often called "Rose City" or "The City of Roses",<ref name="cityrecorder">{{cite web|url=http://www.portlandonline.com/auditor/index.cfm?a=jbgc&c=cheid |title=City Flower |publisher=City of Portland Auditor's Office&nbsp;– City Recorder Division |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090423075247/http://www.portlandonline.com/auditor/index.cfm?a=jbgc&c=cheid |archivedate=April 23, 2009 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> the latter of which has been its unofficial nickname since 1888 and its official nickname since 2003.<ref name="Oreg-June2003">Stern, Henry (June 19, 2003). "Name comes up roses for P-town: City Council sees no thorns in picking 'City of Roses' as Portland's moniker". ''[[The Oregonian]]''</ref> Another widely used nickname by local residents in everyday speech is "PDX", which is also the airport code for [[Portland International Airport]]. Other nicknames include Bridgetown,<ref name="bridgetown">{{cite web|publisher=[[Portland State University]] |title=The Water |url=http://www.pdx.edu/water.html |accessdate=November 7, 2006 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061031090707/http://www.pdx.edu/water.html |archivedate=October 31, 2006 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> Stumptown,<ref name="endoftheoregontrail">{{cite web|publisher=End of the Oregon Trail Interpretive Center |title=From Robin's Nest to Stumptown |url=http://www.historicoregoncity.org/index.php/widgetkit/oregon-trail-history/item/early-towns-and-cities |date=February 1, 2013 |accessdate=March 7, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512161747/http://www.historicoregoncity.org/index.php/widgetkit/oregon-trail-history/item/early-towns-and-cities |archivedate=May 12, 2013 }}</ref> Rip City,<ref>{{Cite news| first = Nena | last = Baker | title = R.I.P. FOR 'Rip City' Ruckus | date = May 21, 1991 | newspaper=The Oregonian | pages = A01 | postscript = <!--None--> }}</ref> Soccer City,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Portland is new Soccer City, USA |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=II4QAAAAIBAJ&sjid=J-ADAAAAIBAJ&pg=5122,3289171&hl=en |agency=United Press International |newspaper=Eugene Register-Guard |location=Eugene, Oregon |date=August 13, 1975 |accessdate=June 22, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Seeking Help to Bring an M.L.S. Team to Portland |first=Richard |last=Sandomir |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/07/sports/soccer/07franchise.html?ref=soccer |newspaper=The New York Times |date=November 6, 2008 |accessdate=June 22, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Portland Timbers show bark, bite as they prepare to join MLS |first=Beau |last=Dure |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/soccer/2009-08-25-portland-timbers_N.htm |newspaper=USA Today |location=McLean, Virginia |date=August 26, 2009 |accessdate=June 22, 2010 }}</ref> P-Town,<ref name="Oreg-June2003" /><ref>{{Cite news | last = Hagestedt | first = Andre | title = The Missing Oregon Coast: Waves After Dark | url = http://www.beachconnection.net/news/missin040709_147.php | accessdate = April 30, 2009 | date = April 7, 2009 | quote = I'm used to seeing that hint of dawn back in P-town, with my wretched habit of playing video games until 6 a.m }}</ref> Portlandia, and the more antiquated Little Beirut.<ref name="STAP">{{cite news|last=McCall|first=William|title='Little Beirut' nickname has stuck|url=http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20030819&slug=protests19e|agency=Associated Press|date=August 19, 2003|accessdate=September 16, 2013}}</ref> ==Geography== ===Geology=== Portland lies on top of an extinct volcanic field known as the [[Boring Lava Field]], named after the nearby [[commuter town|bedroom community]] of [[Boring, Oregon|Boring]].<ref name="volcano">{{cite web| title = The Boring Lava Field, Portland, Oregon | publisher=[[USGS]] Cascades Volcano Observatory | url = http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Oregon/BoringLavaField/description_boring_lava.html | accessdate = November 7, 2006 }}</ref> The Boring Lava Field has at least 32 cinder cones such as [[Mount Tabor, Portland, Oregon|Mount Tabor]],<ref>{{cite web| title = Mount Tabor Cinder Cone, Portland, Oregon | publisher=[[USGS]] Cascades Volcano Observatory | url = http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Oregon/BoringLavaField/VisitVolcano/mount_tabor.html | accessdate = April 20, 2007}}</ref> and its center lies in southeast Portland. [[Mount St. Helens]], a highly active volcano {{convert|50|mi|km}} northeast of the city in Washington state, is easily visible on clear days and is close enough to have dusted the city with volcanic ash after its [[1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens|eruption on May 18, 1980.]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=History, relived saved from St. Helens by a six-pack of Fresca|last=Nokes|first=R. Gregory|date=December 4, 2000|work=The Oregonian|page=17}}</ref> The rocks of the Portland area range in age from late [[Eocene]] to more recent eras.<ref>{{cite book|author=Trimble, Donald|title= Geology of Portland, Oregon and Adjacent Areas|pages=1–2|publisher=Geological Survey Bulletin|year=1963|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1119/report.pdf}}</ref> ====Earthquakes==== {{see also|East Bank Fault|Portland Hills Fault|Geology of the Pacific Northwest}} Multiple shallow, active [[Fault (geology)|fault lines]] traverse the Portland metropolitan area.<ref name=banse>{{cite web|work=Oregon Public Broadcasting|url=https://www.opb.org/news/series/unprepared/pacific-northwest-oregon-washington-earthquakes-faults-cascadia/|author=Banse, Tom|title=Geologists Keep Finding More Northwest Earthquake Faults|date=November 21, 2017|accessdate=May 10, 2018}}</ref> Among them are the [[Portland Hills Fault]] on the city's west side,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oregonlive.com/environment/index.ssf/2011/02/comparing_portlands_quake_risk.html |title=Comparing Portland's quake risk to that of devastated Christchurch, New Zealand |newspaper=[[The Oregonian]]|date=February 23, 2011|author=Rojas-Burke, Joe|accessdate=May 9, 2018}}</ref> and the [[East Bank Fault]] on the east side.<ref>{{cite web|work=Willamette Week|url=http://www.wweek.com/news/2010/01/26/quake-up-call/|date=January 26, 2010|accessdate=May 9, 2018|title=Quake-Up Call|author=Mesh, Aaron}}</ref> According to a 2017 survey, several of these faults were characterized as "probably more of a hazard" than the [[Cascadia subduction zone]] due to their proximities to population centers, with the potential of producing [[Richter magnitude scale|magnitude]] 7 [[earthquake]]s.<ref name=banse/> Notable earthquakes that have impacted the Portland area in recent history include the 6.8-magnitude [[2001 Nisqually earthquake|Nisqually earthquake]] in 2001, and a 5.6-magnitude earthquake that struck on March 25, 1993.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Bott, Jacqueline D.J.|author2=Wong, Ivan G.|title=Historical Earthquakes in and around Portland, Oregon|date=September 1993|work=Oregon Geology|volume=55|issue=5|p=116}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Nisqually, Washington, Earthquake of February 28, 2001|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W5-B40vrljIC&pg=PA29|editor-first=P. W.|editor-last=McDonough|date=2002|series=Open-File Report 2002-346|publisher=[[American Society of Civil Engineers]]|pages=28, 29|isbn=978-0-7844-7516-4}}</ref> Per a 2014 report, over 7,000 locations within the Portland area are at high-risk for landslides and [[soil liquefaction]] in the event of a major earthquake, including much of the city's west side (such as [[Washington Park, Portland, Oregon|Washington Park]]) and sections of [[Clackamas County]].<ref name=seventh>{{cite web|work=KATU|url=http://katu.com/news/local/7000-high-risk-landslide-zones-in-portland-area-check-if-you-live-in-one|title=7,000 high-risk landslide zones in Portland area; check if you live in one|date=March 24, 2014|author=Cassuto, Dan|accessdate=May 9, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207113202/http://katu.com/news/local/7000-high-risk-landslide-zones-in-portland-area-check-if-you-live-in-one|archivedate=February 7, 2017}}</ref> ===Topography=== {{multiple image | align = right | direction = vertical | width = 200 | header = | image1= Mt. St. Helens, Mt Rainier, Seen from Mount Calvary Cemetery (Portland, Oregon).jpg | caption1=[[Mt. Rainier]] (left) and [[Mt. St. Helens]] (right) photographed from [[Mount Calvary Cemetery (Portland, Oregon)|Mount Calvary Cemetery]] in Portland }} Portland is {{convert|60|mi|km}} east of the Pacific Ocean at the northern end of [[Oregon]]'s most populated region, the [[Willamette Valley]]. Downtown Portland straddles the banks of the [[Willamette River]], which flows north through the city center and separates the city's east and west neighborhoods. Less than {{convert|10|mi|km}} from downtown, the Willamette River flows into the [[Columbia River]], the fourth-largest river in the United States, which divides Oregon from Washington state. Portland is approximately {{convert|100|mi|km}} upriver from the Pacific Ocean on the Columbia. Though much of downtown Portland is relatively flat, the foothills of the [[Tualatin Mountains]], more commonly referred to locally as the "West Hills", pierce through the northwest and southwest reaches of the city. [[Council Crest Park]], commonly thought of as the highest point within city limits, is in the West Hills and rises to an elevation of {{convert|1073|ft|m}} The city's actual high point is a little-known and infrequently accessed point (1,180 feet) near Forest Park.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=17039|title=Portland High Point - Peakbagger.com|website=www.peakbagger.com}}</ref> The highest point east of the river is [[Mount Tabor, Portland, Oregon|Mt. Tabor]], an extinct volcanic cinder cone, which rises to {{convert|636|ft|m}}. Nearby [[Powell Butte]] and [[Rocky Butte]] rise to {{convert|614|ft|m}} and {{convert|612|ft|m}}, respectively. To the west of the Tualatin Mountains lies the [[Oregon Coast Range]], and to the east lies the actively volcanic [[Cascade Range]]. On clear days, [[Mount Hood|Mt. Hood]] and [[Mount St. Helens|Mt. St. Helens]] dominate the horizon, while [[Mount Adams (Washington)|Mt. Adams]] and [[Mount Rainier|Mt. Rainier]] can also be seen in the distance. According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has an area of {{convert|145.09|sqmi|sqkm|2}}, of which {{convert|133.43|sqmi|sqkm|2}} is land and {{convert|11.66|sqmi|sqkm|2}} is water.<ref name="Gazetteer files">{{cite web|title=US Gazetteer files 2010|url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=December 21, 2012|archivedate= July 14, 2012 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/699nOulzi?url=http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt }}</ref> Although almost all of Portland is within [[Multnomah County, Oregon|Multnomah County]], small portions of the city are within Clackamas and [[Washington County, Oregon|Washington]] Counties, with populations estimated at 785 and 1,455, respectively.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}} ===Cityscape=== {{See also|Architecture of Portland, Oregon|List of tallest buildings in Portland, Oregon|Downtown Portland}} Portland's cityscape derives much of its character from the many bridges that span the [[Willamette River]] downtown, several of which are historic landmarks, and Portland has been nicknamed "Bridgetown" for many decades as a result.<ref name="bridgetown"/> Three of downtown's most heavily used bridges are more than 100 years old and are designated historic landmarks: [[Hawthorne Bridge]] (1910), [[Steel Bridge]] (1912), and [[Broadway Bridge (Portland)|Broadway Bridge]] (1913). Portland's newest bridge in the downtown area, [[Tilikum Crossing]], opened in 2015 and is the first new bridge to span the Willamette in Portland since the 1973 opening of the double-decker [[Fremont Bridge (Portland)|Fremont Bridge]]. Other bridges that span the Willamette river in the downtown area include the [[Burnside Bridge]], the [[Ross Island Bridge]] (both built 1926), and the double-decker [[Marquam Bridge]] (built 1966). Other bridges outside the downtown area include the [[Sellwood Bridge]] (built 2016) to the south; and the [[St. Johns Bridge]], a [[Gothic revival]] suspension bridge built in 1931, to the north. The [[Glenn L. Jackson Memorial Bridge]] and the [[Interstate Bridge]] provide access from Portland across the Columbia River into Washington state. {{multiple image | align = center | direction = vertical | header = | header_align = center | header_background = | footer = | footer_align = center | footer_background = | width = | image1 = HawthorneBridge-Pano.jpg | width1 = 900 | alt1 = | caption1 = Panorama of downtown Portland in the day. [[Hawthorne Bridge]] viewed from a dock on the [[Willamette River]] near the [[Oregon Museum of Science and Industry]]. | image2 = Portland Skyline glow July 2017 pan - Oregon.jpg | width2 = 900 | alt2 = | caption2 = Panorama of downtown Portland at night. View from SE Portland across the [[Willamette River]]. }} {{wide image|WillametteRvrPano edit.jpg|1600px|align-cap=center|The [[Willamette River]] runs through the center of the city, while [[Mount Tabor, Portland, Oregon|Mount Tabor]] (center<!--Please scroll the picture (or your page) horizontally and look at the entire image, before you attempt to edit this.-->) rises on the city's east side. [[Mount St. Helens]] (left) and [[Mount Hood]] (right center) are visible from many places in the city.}} ====Neighborhoods==== {{See also|Neighborhoods of Portland, Oregon}} [[File:Portland.png|thumb|left|upright=1|The five "quadrants" of Portland]] The Willamette River, which flows north through downtown, serves as the natural boundary between east and west Portland. The denser and earlier-developed west side extends into the lap of the [[Tualatin Mountains|West Hills]], while the flatter east side fans out for roughly 180 blocks until it meets the suburb of [[Gresham, Oregon|Gresham]]. In 1891 the cities of Portland, [[Albina, Oregon|Albina]], and [[East Portland, Oregon|East Portland]] were consolidated, creating inconsistent patterns of street names and addresses. The "great renumbering" on September 2, 1931 standardized street naming patterns, divided Portland into five official quadrants, and changed house numbers from 20 per block to 100 per block.<ref>{{Citation|title=Ordinance 61325: Street re-numbering report. Providing for renumbering of buildings and renaming of streets.|date=February 28, 1933|publisher=Auditor of the City of Portland|url=http://efiles.portlandoregon.gov/Record/2685610/|accessdate=August 9, 2017}}</ref> [[File:Ladd Carriage House in 2014.jpg|thumb|upright=.9|right|[[Ladd Carriage House]], downtown Portland]] [[File:U.S. National Bank Building - Portland, Oregon.jpg|thumb|upright=.9|right|The [[United States National Bank Building]], downtown Portland]] The five quadrants of Portland have developed distinctive identities, with mild cultural differences and friendly rivalries between their residents, especially between those who live east of the Willamette River versus west of the river.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://djcoregon.com/news/2012/07/16/perceptions-of-central-eastside-industrial-district-changing/ |title=Perceptions of Portland's east side changing |publisher=DJCOregon.com |accessdate=March 2, 2015|date=July 16, 2012|author=Reed, Jackson}}</ref> The official quadrants of Portland are: North, Northwest, Northeast, Southwest, and Southeast, with [[downtown Portland]] in the SW quadrant. The Willamette River divides the east and west quadrants while [[Burnside Street]], which traverses the entire city lengthwise, divides the north and south quadrants. All addresses within the city are denoted as belonging to one of these specific quadrants with the prefixes: N, NW, NE, SW or SE. [[File:Pearl District and Broadway Bridge.jpg|thumb|upright=.9|left|Pearl District (left) from the Steel Bridge]] [[File:Steam tug PORTLAND - Portland Oregon.jpg|thumb|upright=.9|left|Lloyd District from downtown Portland]] Though officially in SW Portland, the RiverPlace, John's Landing [[South Waterfront]], Collins View and Riverdale neighborhoods lie in a so-called (but unofficial) "sixth sextant" called South Portland, where addresses rise higher from west to east toward the river. This "sixth sextant" is roughly bounded by Naito Parkway and Barbur Boulevard to the west, Montgomery Street to the north and Nevada Street to the south. East-West addresses in this area are denoted with a leading zero (instead of a minus sign). This means 0246 SW California St. is not the same as 246 SW California St. Many mapping programs cannot distinguish between them. In 2018, the city's Bureau of Transportation finalized a plan to transition this part of Portland into a new "sixth sextant" South Portland, beginning in May 2020 and by May 2025, to reduce confusions by 9-1-1 dispatchers and delivery services.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koin.com/news/local/multnomah-county/portlands-6th-sextant-s-to-replace-some-sw-addresses/1001029081 |title='South Portland' may be newest city destination |publisher=KOIN |accessdate=March 1, 2018 |date=March 1, 2018 |author=Amy Frazier and KOIN staff}}</ref> Using the aforementioned example, 0246 SW California St. will become 246 S. California St. effective May 2020. The change was approved by the City Council on June 6, 2018.<ref><ref></ref></ref> [[Pearl District, Portland, Oregon|The Pearl District]] in [[Northwest District, Portland, Oregon|Northwest Portland]], which was largely occupied by warehouses, light industry and railroad classification yards in the early to mid-20th century, now houses upscale [[art gallery|art galleries]], restaurants, and retail stores, and is one of the wealthiest neighborhoods in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2013/05/new_pearl_district_affordable.html|work=Oregon Live|title=New Pearl District affordable apartment highlights misperception of neighborhood's wealth|author=Hottman, Sara|date=May 17, 2013|accessdate=September 10, 2015}}</ref> Areas further west of the Pearl District include neighborhoods known as Uptown and Nob Hill, as well as the Alphabet District and NW 23rd Ave., a major shopping street lined with clothing boutiques and other upscale retail, mixed with cafes and restaurants.<ref>[http://www.portlandneighborhood.com/nobhill.html Nob Hill Neighborhood Guide] Portlandneighborhood.com. Retrieved April 5, 2013.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/mix/index.ssf/neighborhood-guide/nw-23rd-portland-dining-shopping.html|work=Oregon Live|title=Rediscover the north end of NW 23rd Avenue, where the vibe is more quirky than trendy |author=Butler, Grant|date=September 1, 2011|accessdate=September 13, 2015}}</ref> Northeast Portland is home to the [[Lloyd District, Portland, Oregon|Lloyd District]], [[Alberta Arts District]], and the [[Hollywood District (Portland, Oregon)|Hollywood District]]. The northernmost point of the city, known simply as North Portland, is also largely residential; it contains the [[St. Johns, Portland, Oregon|St. Johns]] neighborhood, which is historically one of the most ethnically diverse and poorest neighborhoods in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kgw.com/story/news/investigations/2015/09/01/changing-face-st-johns/71536812/|work=KGW|title=The Changing Face of St. Johns|author=Roth, Sara|accessdate=September 12, 2015}}</ref> [[Old Town Chinatown, Portland, Oregon|Old Town Chinatown]] is next to the Pearl District in Northwest Portland, while Southwest Portland consists largely of the [[Downtown Portland, Oregon|downtown district]], made up of commercial businesses, museums, [[skyscraper]]s, and public landmarks. Southeast Portland is largely residential, and consists of the [[Hawthorne, Portland, Oregon|Hawthorne District]], [[Belmont, Portland, Oregon|Belmont]], [[Brooklyn, Portland, Oregon|Brooklyn]], and [[Mount Tabor, Portland, Oregon|Mount Tabor]]. Portland's South Waterfront area has developed into a dense neighborhood of shops, condominiums, and apartments. The area is served by the [[Portland Streetcar]], the [[MAX Orange Line]] and four [[TriMet]] bus lines. ===Climate=== {{climate chart | Portland |35.8|47.0|4.88 |36.3|51.3|3.66 |39.6|56.7|3.68 |43.1|61.4|2.73 |48.6|68.0|2.47 |53.6|73.5|1.70 |57.8|80.6|0.65 |58.0|81.1|0.67 |53.1|75.8|1.47 |46.0|63.8|3.00 |40.5|52.8|5.63 |35.2|45.6|5.49 |units = imperial |float = right |clear = both }} Portland experiences a temperate climate with both oceanic and Mediterranean features.{{sfn|Anderson|2014|p=138}} This climate is characterized by warm, dry summers and cool, rainy winters.<ref name="fao.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/ad652e/ad652e07.htm |title=Global Ecological Zoning for the Global Forest Resources Assessment 2000 |year=2001|publisher=Forestry Department of the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|accessdate=September 12, 2012}}</ref> The precipitation pattern is distinctly Mediterranean, with little to no rainfall occurring during the summer months and more than half of annual precipitation falling between November and February. Of the three most populated cities within the Pacific Northwest ([[Seattle]], [[Vancouver, British Columbia]] and Portland) Portland has the warmest average temperature, the highest number of sunshine hours, and the fewest inches of rainfall and snowfall.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.currentresults.com/Weather/US/average-annual-temperatures-large-cities.php|title=Average Annual Temperatures for Large US Cities – Current Results|website=www.currentresults.com}}</ref> According to the [[Köppen climate classification]], Portland falls within the dry-summer mild temperate zone (''Csb''), also referred to as a warm-summer [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean]] climate<ref name="fao.org" /><ref>{{Cite journal| last = Kottek | first = M. |author2=J. Grieser |author3=C. Beck |author4=B. Rudolf |author5=F. Rubel | title = World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated | journal=Meteorol. Z. | volume = 15 | pages = 259–263 | url = http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pics/kottek_et_al_2006.gif | doi = 10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130 | accessdate = February 15, 2007 | year = 2006| issue = 3 }}</ref> with a [[Hardiness zone|USDA Plant Hardiness Zone]]s between 8b and 9a.<ref>{{cite web|title=USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map|url=http://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/PHZMWeb/|publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |accessdate=June 1, 2014}}</ref> Other climate systems, such as the [[Trewartha climate classification]], places it within the oceanic zone (''Do''), like much of the Pacific Northwest and Western Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/ad652e/ad652e07.htm|title= Global ecological zoning for the global forest resources assessment 2000|publisher=Food And Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations|accessdate=January 30, 2016}}</ref> Summers in Portland are warm to hot, dry, and sunny.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://travel.usnews.com/Portland_OR/When_To_Visit/|work=[[U.S. News & World Report]]|title=Best Times to Visit Portland, OR|accessdate=November 11, 2015}}</ref> The months of June, July, August and September account for a combined {{convert|4.49|in|mm|0}} of total rainfall{{spaced ndash}} only 12% of the {{convert|36.03|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} of the precipitation that falls throughout the year. The warmest month is August, with an average high temperature of {{convert|81.1|°F|1}}. Because of its inland location {{convert|70|mi}} from the coast, as well as the protective nature of the [[Oregon Coast Range]] to its west, Portland summers are less susceptible to the moderating influence of the nearby Pacific Ocean. Consequently, Portland experiences [[heat wave]]s with temperatures rising well above {{convert|90|°F|0}} for days at a time, and sometimes above {{convert|100|°F|0}}. On average, temperatures reach or exceed {{convert|80|°F|0}} 56 days per year, of which 12 days will reach {{convert|90|°F|0}} and 1.4 days will reach {{convert|100|°F|0}}. The most 90-degree days ever recorded in one year is 29, which happened in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2015/09/portland_breaks_record_for_90-_1.html |title=Portland breaks record for 90-degree days; Oregonlive.com |publisher=The Oregonian |accessdate=September 19, 2015}}</ref> The highest temperature ever recorded was {{convert|107|°F|0}},<ref name="Portland OR Extremes" /> on July 30, 1965, as well as August 8 and 10, 1981.<ref name=NOWData /> The warmest recorded overnight low was {{convert|74|°F|0}} on July 28, 2009.<ref name = NOWData/> A temperature of {{convert|100|°F|0}} has been recorded in all five months from May through September. [[File:RoseTestGardenPortland.jpg|thumb|upright=.9|left|Portland's climate is conducive to the growth of [[rose]]s. ''(Pictured: [[International Rose Test Garden]])'']] Spring and fall can bring variable weather including warm fronts that send temperatures surging above {{convert|80|°F|0}} and cold snaps that plunge daytime temperatures into the 40s °F (4–9&nbsp;°C). However, consistently mild temperatures in the 50s and 60s °F (12–19&nbsp;°C) are the norm {{spaced ndash}}with lengthy stretches of cloudy or partly cloudy days beginning in mid fall and continuing into mid spring. Rain often falls as a light drizzle for several consecutive days at a time, contributing to 155 days on average with measurable (≥{{convert|0.01|in|abbr=on|disp=or}}) precipitation annually. Temperatures have reached {{convert|90|°F|0}} as early as May 3 and as late as October 5, while {{convert|80|°F|0}} has been reached as early as April 1 and as late as October 21. Severe weather, such as [[thunder]] and [[lightning]], is uncommon and [[1972 Portland-Vancouver tornado|tornadoes]] are exceptionally rare.{{sfn|Mass|2008|p=138}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thevane.gawker.com/why-doesnt-the-west-coast-see-thunderstorms-1606295419 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=April 19, 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427024642/https://thevane.gawker.com/why-doesnt-the-west-coast-see-thunderstorms-1606295419 |archivedate=April 27, 2016 |df= }}</ref> Winters are cool, cloudy, and rainy. The coldest month is December with an average daily high of {{convert|45.6|°F|1}}, although overnight lows usually remain above freezing. Evening temperatures fall to or below freezing 33 nights per year on average, but very rarely to or below {{convert|20|°F|0}}. There are only 2.1 days per year where the daytime high temperature fails to rise above freezing. The lowest overnight temperature ever recorded was {{convert|−3|°F|0}},<ref name="Portland OR Extremes">{{cite web |url=http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/pqr/climate/pdx_clisummary.php |title = Portland Airport (Oregon): Normals, means, and extremes |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |accessdate=September 12, 2012 }}</ref> on February 2, 1950,<ref name=NOWData /> while the coldest daytime high temperature ever recorded was {{convert|14|°F|0}} on December 30, 1968.<ref name = NOWData/> The average window for freezing temperatures to potentially occur is between November 15 and March 19, allowing a growing season of 240&nbsp;days.<ref name = NOWData/> Snowfall is uncommon with a normal yearly accumulation of {{convert|4.3|in|cm|1}}, which usually falls during only two or three days per year. Portland has one of the warmest and least snowy winters of any non-[[Sun Belt]] city in the United States, with more than 25 percent of its winters receiving no snow whatsoever.<ref name="fivethirtyeight.com">{{cite web|url=http://fivethirtyeight.com/datalab/has-the-snow-finally-stopped/|title=Has The Snow Finally Stopped?|date=March 10, 2015|work=fivethirtyeight.com}}</ref> The city of Portland avoids snow more frequently than its suburbs, due in part to its low elevation and [[urban heat island]] effect. Neighborhoods outside of the downtown core, especially in slightly higher elevations near the [[Tualatin Mountains|West Hills]] and [[Mount Tabor (Oregon)|Mount Tabor]], can experience a dusting of snow while downtown receives no accumulation at all. The city has experienced a few major snow and ice storms in its past with extreme totals having reached {{convert|44.5|in|cm|abbr=on}} at the airport in 1949–50 and {{convert|60.9|in|cm|abbr=on}} at downtown in 1892–93.<ref name = "PDX monthly+seasonal snow"/><ref name = "downtown monthly+seasonal snow">{{cite web|title=DOWNTOWN Portland: Monthly and Seasonal Snowfall (inches)|url=http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/pqr/pdxclimate/pg100.pdf|publisher=NWS Portland, Oregon|accessdate=June 22, 2014}}</ref> {{Portland, Oregon weatherbox}} ==Demographics== {{US Census population |1860= 2874 |1870= 8293 |1880= 17577 |1890= 46385 |1900= 90426 |1910= 207214 |1920= 258288 |1930= 301815 |1940= 305394 |1950= 373628 |1960= 372676 |1970= 382619 |1980= 366383 |1990= 437319 |2000= 529121 |2010= 583776 |estyear=2017 |estimate=647805 |estref=<ref name="USCensusEst2017">{{cite web|url=https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/community_facts.xhtml#|title=American FactFinder|accessdate=May 25, 2018}}</ref> |footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="DecennialCensus">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|publisher=Census.gov|accessdate=June 4, 2016}}</ref> |align-fn=center }} The 2010 census reported the city as 76.1% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]] (444,254 people), 7.1% [[Asian American|Asian]] (41,448), 6.3% Black or African American (36,778), 1.0% Native American (5,838), 0.5% Pacific Islander (2,919), 4.7% belonging to two or more racial groups (24,437) and 5.0% from other races (28,987).<ref name="quickfacts.census.gov">{{cite web|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/41/4159000.html |title=Portland (city) QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau |publisher=Quickfacts.census.gov |accessdate=October 17, 2012}}</ref> 9.4% were [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic]] or Latino, of any race (54,840). Whites not of Hispanic origin made up 72.2% of the total population.<ref name="quickfacts.census.gov" /> In 1940, Portland's African-American population was approximately 2,000 and largely consisted of railroad employees and their families.<ref name="maccoll">{{Cite book | last = MacColl | first = E. Kimbark | title = The Growth of a City: Power and Politics in Portland, Oregon 1915–1950 | origyear = 1979 | edition = | year = 1979 | publisher=The Georgian Press | location = Portland, [[Oregon]] | isbn = 0-9603408-1-5 }}</ref> During the war-time [[Liberty Ship]] construction boom, the need for workers drew many blacks to the city. The new influx of blacks settled in specific neighborhoods, such as the [[Albina, Oregon|Albina]] district and [[Vanport, Oregon|Vanport]]. The May 1948 flood which destroyed Vanport eliminated the only integrated neighborhood, and an influx of blacks into the northeast quadrant of the city continued.<ref name="maccoll" /> Portland's [[longshoremen]] racial mix was described as being "lily-white" in the 1960s, when the local [[International Longshore and Warehouse Union]] declined to represent grain handlers since some were black.<ref>{{cite book|last=Levinson|first=Marc|title=[[The Box: How the Shipping Container Made the World Smaller and the World Economy Bigger]]|date=January 7, 2008|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-13640-8}} Related sources noted by Levinson: Journal of Negro History 65, no. 1 (1980): 27; Clyde W. Summers, "Admission Policies of Labor Unions", Quarterly Journal of Economics 61, no. 1 (1946): 98; Wilson, Dockers, p. 29. The Portland grain workers' case is mentioned in Charles P. Larrowe, Harry Bridges: The Rise and Fall of Radical Labor in the United States (New York, 1972), p. 368. 16. On Portland, see Pilcher, The Portland Longshoremen, p. 17;</ref> At 6.3%, Portland's African American population is three times the state average. Over two thirds of Oregon's African-American residents live in Portland.<ref name="maccoll" /> As of the 2000 census, three of its high schools (Cleveland, Lincoln and Wilson) were over 70% white, reflecting the overall population, while [[Jefferson High School (Portland, Oregon)|Jefferson High School]] was 87% non-white. The remaining six schools have a higher number of non-whites, including blacks and Asians. Hispanic students average from 3.3% at Wilson to 31% at [[Roosevelt High School (Portland, Oregon)|Roosevelt]].<ref>{{cite web|title = Abernethy Elementary School: Recent Enrollment Trends, 1995–96 through 2002–03 | publisher=[[Portland Public Schools (Oregon)|Portland Public Schools]]|author=Management Information Services| url = http://www.pps.k12.or.us/depts/mis/enroll/current/EnrollxSchl95-03.pdf |year = 2002 |accessdate=September 1, 2010}}</ref> [[File:Portland population growth.png|left|thumb|upright=.9|Graph showing the city's population growth from 1850 to 2010<ref>{{cite web| title = State & County QuickFacts | publisher=U.S. Census Bureau | url = http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/41/4159000.html | accessdate = November 7, 2006 }}</ref>]] Portland residents identifying solely as Asian Americans account for 7.1% of the population; an additional 1.8% is partially of Asian heritage. [[Vietnamese American]]s make up 2.2% of Portland's population, and make up the largest Asian ethnic group in the city, followed by [[Chinese American|Chinese]] (1.7%), [[Filipino American|Filipino]]s (0.6%), [[Japanese American|Japanese]] (0.5%), [[Korean American|Korean]]s (0.4%), [[Laotian American|Laotian]]s (0.4%), [[Hmong American|Hmong]] (0.2%), and [[Cambodian American|Cambodian]]s (0.1%).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/community_facts.xhtml|work=American FactFinder|title=Community Facts: Portland, Oregon|accessdate=November 10, 2015}}</ref> A small population of [[Yao people]] live in Portland. Portland has two Chinatowns, with New Chinatown along SE 82nd Avenue with Chinese supermarkets, Hong Kong style noodle houses, [[dim sum]], and Vietnamese [[phở]] restaurants.<ref>{{cite web|last=Swart |first=Cornelius |url=http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2012/01/the_asian_american_community_i.html |title=Asian American community in east Portland's New Chinatown ponders the future |publisher=OregonLive.com |accessdate=July 8, 2013}}</ref> With about 12,000 Vietnamese residing in the city proper, Portland has one of the largest Vietnamese populations in America per capita.<ref>[http://www.vatv.org/VAP.html "Vietnamese population by region: top metropolitan areas"]. Vietnamese American Population. Retrieved January 7, 2011.</ref> According to statistics there are 21,000 Pacific Islanders in Portland, making up 4% of the population.<ref>[http://www.pps.k12.or.us/files/esl/Pacific_Islander_Profile.pdf "Pacific Islander"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719021729/http://www.pps.k12.or.us/files/esl/Pacific_Islander_Profile.pdf |date=July 19, 2011 }} (PDF), February 12, 2009. Retrieved January 5, 2011.</ref> [[File:Race and ethnicity Portland (2010).png|left|thumb|upright=.9|Map of racial distribution in Portland, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot represents 25 people, according to the following color code: <span style="color:#ff0000">'''White'''</span>, <span style="color:#0000ff">'''Black'''</span>, <span style="color:#00ff80">'''Asian'''</span>, <span style="color:#ff8000">'''Hispanic'''</span> or '''Other''' (yellow).]] Portland's population has been and remains predominantly [[white people|white]]. In 1940, whites were over 98% of the city's population.<ref>{{cite web|title=Oregon&nbsp;– Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |accessdate=April 20, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/69hd5KAIE?url=http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |archivedate=August 6, 2012 |df= }}</ref> In 2009, Portland had the fifth-highest percentage of white residents among the 40 largest U.S. metropolitan areas. A 2007 survey of the 40 largest cities in the U.S. concluded Portland's urban core has the highest percentage of white residents.<ref name="bh" /> Some scholars have noted the Pacific Northwest as a whole is "one of the last Caucasian bastions of the United States".{{sfn|Wilson III|2004|p=55}} While Portland's diversity was historically comparable to metro Seattle and Salt Lake City, those areas grew more diverse in the late 1990s and 2000s. Portland not only remains white, but migration to Portland is disproportionately white.<ref name="bh">{{cite news|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/news/index.ssf/2009/01/in_a_changing_world_portland_r.html|title=In a changing world, Portland remains overwhelmingly white|last=Hammond|first=Betsy|date=September 30, 2009|work=[[The Oregonian]]|accessdate=March 11, 2011}}</ref><ref name="npr">{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2011/02/16/133748144/history-hinders-diversification-of-portland-ore|title=History Hinders Diversification of Portland, Oregon : NPR|last=Templeton|first=Amelia|publisher=[[NPR]]|accessdate=March 11, 2011}}</ref> The Oregon Territory banned African American settlement in 1849. In the 19th century, certain laws allowed the immigration of Chinese laborers but prohibited them from owning property or bringing their families.<ref name="bh" /><ref name="insiders" /><ref name="frazier" /> The early 1920s saw the rapid growth of the [[Ku Klux Klan]], which became very influential in Oregon politics, culminating in the election of [[Walter M. Pierce]] as governor.<ref name="insiders">{{cite book|last=Dresbeck|first=Rachel|title=Insiders' Guide to Portland, Oregon|edition=7th|isbn=978-0-7627-6475-4|page=36}}</ref><ref name="frazier">{{cite book|last1=Frazier|first1=John W.|last2=Tettey-Fio|first2=Eugene L.|title=Race, Ethnicity, and Place in a Changing America|publisher=Global Academic Publishing|isbn=1-58684-264-1}}</ref><ref name="Levitas2002">{{cite book|last=Levitas|first=Daniel|title=The Terrorist Next Door: The Militia Movement and the Radical Right|year=2002|publisher=Thomas Dunne Books/St. Martin's Press|location=New York|isbn=0-312-29105-1}}</ref> The largest influxes of minority populations occurred during World War II, as the African American population grew by a factor of 10 for wartime work.<ref name="bh" /> After World War II, the [[Vanport City, Oregon|Vanport flood]] in 1948 displaced many African Americans. As they resettled, [[redlining]] directed the displaced workers from the wartime settlement to neighboring [[Albina, Oregon|Albina]].{{sfn|Wilson III|2004|p=55}}<ref name="frazier" /><ref>{{cite book|last=Foster|first=Laura O.|title=Portland Hill Walks: Twenty Explorations in Parks and Neighborhoods|publisher=Timber Press, Incorporated|isbn=0-88192-692-2|page=239}}</ref> There and elsewhere in Portland, they experienced police hostility, lack of employment, and [[mortgage discrimination]], leading to half the black population leaving after the war.<ref name="bh" /> In the 1980s and 1990s, radical skinhead groups flourished in Portland.<ref name="frazier" /> In 1988, [[Mulugeta Seraw]], an Ethiopian immigrant, was killed by three skinheads. The response to his murder involved a community-driven series of rallies, campaigns, nonprofits and events designed to address Portland's racial history, leading to a city considered significantly more tolerant than in 1988 at Seraw's death.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.culteducation.com/reference/hate_groups/hategroups363.html|title=Our Homegrown Hitlers|last=Baker|first=Jeff|date=August 31, 2003|work=[[The Oregonian]]|accessdate=April 22, 2012}}</ref> During the early 2000s, displacement of minorities occurred at a drastic rate. Out of 29 census tracts in north and northeast Portland, ten were majority nonwhite in 2000. By 2010, none of these tracts were majority nonwhite as [[gentrification]] drove the cost of living up.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/pacific-northwest-news/index.ssf/2011/04/lessons_learned_what_portland_leaders_did_--_and_didnt_do_--_as_people_of_color_were_forced_to_the_f_1.html|title=Lessons learned? What Portland leaders did&nbsp;– and didn't do&nbsp;– as people of color were forced to the fringes|last=Hannah-Jones|first=Nikole|date=April 30, 2011|work=[[The Oregonian]]|accessdate=May 3, 2011}}</ref> Today, Portland's African-American community is concentrated in the north and northeast section of the city, mainly in the [[King, Portland, Oregon|King]] neighborhood. In 2017, the [[Gentrification of Portland, Oregon|gentrification of Portland]] was named by [[Realtor.com]] to be among the fastest [[gentrification]] of cities in the United States.<ref name="Realtor">{{cite news|title=Portland is 4th fastest gentrifying U.S. city, says Realtor.com|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/hg/index.ssf/2017/02/portland_gentrification_4_real.html|accessdate=May 31, 2017|work=[[The Oregonian]]|date=June 6, 2017}}</ref> ===Households=== As of the [[2010 United States Census|2010 census]], there are 583,776 people residing in the city, organized into 235,508 households. The population density is 4,375.2 people per square mile. There are 265,439 housing units at an average density of 1989.4 per square mile (1,236.3/km²). Population growth in Portland increased 10.3% between 2000 and 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/41/4159000.html |title=US Census Bureau State & County |publisher=Quickfacts.census.gov |accessdate=September 15, 2013}}</ref> Population growth in the [[Portland metropolitan area]] has outpaced the national average during the last decade, and this is expected to continue over the next 50 years.<ref name="pt_growth">{{cite news| title = Metro takes long view of growth | url=http://www.portlandtribune.com/news/story.php?story_id=121200846357363500| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206074247/http://www.portlandtribune.com/news/story.php?story_id=121200846357363500 | archivedate=December 6, 2008 | last = Law | first = Steve | newspaper=Portland Tribune | date = May 29, 2008 | accessdate = April 17, 2016 }}</ref> Out of 223,737 households, 24.5% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.1% are married couples living together, 10.8% have a female householder with no husband present, and 47.1% are non-families. 34.6% of all households are made up of individuals and 9% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.3 and the average family size is 3. The age distribution was 21.1% under the age of 18, 10.3% from 18 to 24, 34.7% from 25 to 44, 22.4% from 45 to 64, and 11.6% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 35 years. For every 100 females, there are 97.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 95.9 males. The median income for a household in the city is $40,146, and the median income for a family is $50,271. Males have a reported median income of $35,279 versus $29,344 reported for females. The per capita income for the city is $22,643. 13.1% of the population and 8.5% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 15.7% of those under the age of 18 and 10.4% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. Figures delineating the income levels based on race are not available at this time. According to the [[Modern Language Association]], in 2010 80.92% (539,885) percent of Multnomah County residents ages 5 and over spoke English as their [[primary language]] at home.<ref name="mod">{{Cite news|work=Modern Language Association|title=Data Center Results: Multnomah County, Oregon|accessdate=September 25, 2015|date=2010}}</ref> 8.10% of the population spoke Spanish (54,036), with Vietnamese speakers making up 1.94%, and Russian 1.46%.<ref name="mod"/> ===Social=== [[File:St Michael the Archangel Church front - Portland, Oregon.JPG|thumb|right|upright=.9|St. Michael the Archangel Church; of the 35% of religiously affiliated Portland residents, [[Roman Catholics]] make up the largest group.<ref name="spbest"/>]] The Portland metropolitan area has historically had a significant [[LGBT]] population throughout the late 20th and 21st century.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.travelportland.com/article/lgbt-history-in-portland/|work=Travel Portland|title=LGBT history in Portland|accessdate=September 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glapn.org/6020timeline.html|work=GLAPN|title=Oregon Gay History Timeline|accessdate=September 25, 2015}}</ref> In 2015, the city metro had the second highest percentage of LGBT residents in the United States with 5.4% of residents identifying as gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender, second only to San Francisco.<ref name="nylgbt">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/21/upshot/the-metro-areas-with-the-largest-and-smallest-gay-population.html?_r=0|work=The New York Times|title=The Metro Areas With the Largest, and Smallest, Gay Populations|date=March 20, 2015|accessdate=September 25, 2015|author1=Leonhardt, David |author2=Cain Miller, Claire }}</ref> In 2006, it was reported to have the seventh highest LGBT population in the country, with 8.8% of residents identifying as gay, lesbian, or bisexual, and the metro ranking fourth in the nation at 6.1%.<ref name="ACSGates">Gary J. Gates {{cite web|url= http://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/Gates-Same-Sex-Couples-GLB-Pop-ACS-Oct-2006.pdf |title=Same-sex Couples and the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual Population: New Estimates from the American Community Survey }}&nbsp;{{small|(2.07&nbsp;MB)}}. The Williams Institute on Sexual Orientation Law and Public Policy, [[UCLA School of Law]], October 2006. Retrieved April 20, 2007.</ref> The city held its first [[pride festival]] in 1975 on the [[Portland State University]] campus.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pdxmonthly.com/articles/2015/5/26/40-years-of-portland-pride-june-2015|work=PDX Monthly|title=Looking Back on 40 Years of Portland Pride|date=May 26, 2015|author=Ritchie, Rachel|accessdate=September 29, 2015}}</ref> Portland has been cited as the least [[religious]] city in the United States,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/05/18/most-and-least-religious-cities_n_1522644.html|work=The Huffington Post|title=The Most and Least Religious Cities in America|date=May 18, 2012|accessdate=October 30, 2015|author=Barooah, Jahnabi}}</ref> with over 42% of residents identifying as religiously "unaffiliated,"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/faith/2015/03/portland_unaffiliated.html|work=Oregon Live|title=Yes, Portland is America's most religiously unaffiliated metro. But who exactly are the 'nones'?|author=Binder, Melissa|date=March 18, 2015|accessdate=October 30, 2015}}</ref> according to the nonpartisan and nonprofit [[Public Religion Research Institute]]'s American Values Atlas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/this-is-the-most-godless-city-in-america-2015-03-24|work=Market Watch|title=This is the most godless city in America|author=Fottrell, Quentin|date=March 28, 2015|accessdate=October 30, 2015}}</ref> Of the 35.89% of the city's residents who do identify as religious, [[Roman Catholics]] make up the largest group, at 15.8%.<ref name="spbest">{{cite web|url=http://www.bestplaces.net/religion/city/oregon/portland|work=Sperling's Best Places|title=Portland, Oregon Religion|accessdate=October 30, 2015}}</ref> The second highest religious group in the city are [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical]] Christians at 6.04%, with [[Baptists]] following behind at 2.5%. [[Latter Day Saints]] make up 2.3% of the city's religiously affiliated population, with [[Lutheran]] and [[Pentecostal]] following behind.<ref name="spbest"/> 1.48% of religiously affiliated persons identified themselves as following [[Eastern religion]]s, while 0.86% of the religiously affiliated population identified as Jewish, and 0.29% as Muslim.<ref name="spbest"/> ==Economy== {{See also|Category:Companies based in Portland, Oregon|l1=Companies based in Portland, Oregon}} Portland's location is beneficial for several industries. Relatively low energy cost, accessible resources, north–south and east–west Interstates, international air terminals, large marine shipping facilities, and both west coast intercontinental railroads are all economic advantages.<ref name="citydata_economy" /> The [[Mercer (consulting firm)|U.S. consulting firm Mercer]], in a 2009 assessment "conducted to help governments and major companies place employees on international assignments", ranked Portland 42nd [[World's Most Livable Cities|worldwide in quality of living]]; the survey factored in [[political system|political stability]], [[personal freedom]], sanitation, crime, housing, the natural environment, recreation, banking facilities, availability of [[consumer goods]], education, and public services including transportation.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.mercer.com/referencecontent.htm?idContent=1173105 | title = Quality of Living global city rankings 2009&nbsp;– Mercer survey | publisher=[[Mercer (consulting firm)|Mercer]]| date=April 28, 2009| accessdate=May 8, 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502132638/http://www.mercer.com/referencecontent.htm?idContent=1173105|archivedate=May 2, 2014 }}</ref> In 2012, the city was listed among the 10 best places to retire in the U.S. by [[CBS MoneyWatch]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Smith|first=Nancy F.|title=The 10 Best Places to Retire|date=March 8, 2012|publisher=[[CBS MoneyWatch]] via [[Yahoo! Finance]]|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/the-10-best-places-to-retire.html |accessdate=December 23, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The 10 Best Places to Retire: Portland, Ore.|date=February 22, 2012|publisher=[[CBS MoneyWatch]]|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8334-505146_162-57382790/the-10-best-places-to-retire/?pageNum=7 |accessdate=December 23, 2012}}</ref> [[File:Adidas Village Giant Shoes.jpg|thumb|left|upright=.9|[[Adidas]] has its North American headquarters in the [[Overlook, Portland, Oregon|Overlook neighborhood]]]] The city's marine terminals alone handle over 13 million tons of cargo per year, and the port is home to one of the largest commercial dry docks in the country.<ref name="answers_cg">{{cite web| title = Cascade General, Inc | url=http://www.answers.com/topic/cascade-general-inc?cat=biz-fin | accessdate = June 4, 2008 }}</ref><ref name="portofportland_report">{{cite web| title=Portfolio | url=http://www.portofportland.com/PDFPOP/Portfolio_06_07.pdf |format=PDF| accessdate = June 4, 2008 }}</ref> The [[Port of Portland (Oregon)|Port of Portland]] is the third-largest export tonnage port on the west coast of the U.S., and being about {{convert|80|mi|km}} upriver, it is the largest fresh-water port.<ref name="citydata_economy" /> The city of Portland is largest shipper of wheat in the United States,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://learfieldcreative.typepad.com/brownfield/2009/01/next-stop-port-of-portland-.html | title = Next stop: Port of Portland | date = January 7, 2009 | accessdate = February 6, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ccrh.org/comm/slough/primary/stmntofnd.htm | title = Port of Portland's Statement of Need | publisher=Center for Columbia River History | accessdate = February 6, 2009 }}</ref> and is the second-largest port for wheat in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2004/08/20040813-1.html |title=White House press release: The Columbia River Channel Deepening Project, August 13, 2004 |publisher=Georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov |date=August 13, 2004 |accessdate=October 16, 2010}}</ref> The steel industry's history in Portland predates World War II. By the 1950s, the steel industry became the city's number one industry for employment. The steel industry thrives in the region, with [[Schnitzer Steel Industries]], a prominent steel company, shipping a record 1.15&nbsp;billion tons of scrap metal to Asia during 2003. Other heavy industry companies include [[ESCO Corporation]] and [[Oregon Steel Mills]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.schnitzersteel.com/company_profile.aspx|title=Profile|publisher=Schnitzer Steel Industries|accessdate=March 9, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.escocorp.com/EN/company/about/Pages/default.aspx|title=About Us|publisher=ESCO Corporation|accessdate=March 9, 2013}}</ref> Technology is a major component of the city's economy, with more than 1,200 technology companies existing within the metro.<ref name="citydata_economy" /> This high density of technology companies has led to the nickname [[Silicon Forest]] being used to describe the Portland area, a reference to the abundance of trees in the region and to the [[Silicon Valley]] region in Northern California.<ref name=name>Rogoway, Mike (April 9, 2006). Bizz blog: Silicon Forest. ''[[The Oregonian]]''.</ref> The area also hosts facilities for software companies and online [[startup companies]], some supported by local [[seed funding]] organizations and [[business incubator]]s.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/venturecapital/2012/01/23/portland-makes-bid-to-become-budding-techlandia/ |title=Portland Makes Bid To Become Budding Techlandia |work=Venture Capital Dispatch |date=January 23, 2012 |first=Deborah |last=Gage}}</ref> Computer components manufacturer [[Intel]] is the Portland area's largest employer, providing jobs for more than 15,000 people, with several campuses to the west of central Portland in the city of [[Hillsboro, Oregon|Hillsboro]].<ref name="citydata_economy">{{cite web| title = Portland: Economy&nbsp;– Major Industries and Commercial Activity | url=http://www.city-data.com/us-cities/The-West/Portland-Economy.html | accessdate = June 4, 2008 }}</ref> [[File:Coava Coffee-2.jpg|thumb|upright=.9|Coava Coffee]] The Portland metro area has become a [[business cluster]] for athletic and footwear manufacturers.<ref>{{cite web|last=Korfhage|first=Matthew|title=Everything You Need to Know About the Portland Shoe Industry|url=http://www.wweek.com/arts/2016/01/26/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-portland-shoe-industry/|work=Willamette Week|accessdate=May 3, 2017|date=January 26, 2016}}</ref> The area is home to the global, North American or U.S. headquarters of [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]], [[Adidas]], [[Columbia Sportswear]], [[LaCrosse Footwear]], [[Dr. Martens]], [[Li-Ning]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Gregory|first=Roger|title=Top Chinese shoemaker opens U.S. headquarters in Portland|url=http://blog.oregonlive.com/washingtoncounty/2008/01/top_chinese_shoemaker_opens_us.html|work=The Oregonian|accessdate=September 14, 2013|format=January 21, 2008}}</ref> [[Keen (shoe company)|Keen]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Duxbury|first=Sarah|title=Footwear firm gives Bay Area the boot|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/stories/2005/11/14/story4.html|work=San Francisco Business Times|accessdate=September 14, 2013|date=November 13, 2005}}</ref> and [[Hi-Tec Sports]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Brettman|first=Allan|title=Hi-Tec moving U.S. headquarters to Portland|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/business/index.ssf/2010/10/hi-tec_moving_us_headquarters.html|work=10 October 2010|accessdate=September 14, 2013|date=October 10, 2010}}</ref> While headquartered elsewhere, [[Merrell (company)|Merrell]], [[Amer Sports]] and [[Under Armour]] have design studios and local offices in the Portland area. Portland-based [[Precision Castparts Corp.|Precision Castparts]] is one of two [[Fortune 500]] companies headquartered in Oregon, the other being Nike. Other notable Portland-based companies include film animation studio [[Laika (company)|Laika]]; commercial vehicle manufacturer [[Daimler Trucks North America]]; advertising firm [[Wieden+Kennedy]]; bankers [[Umpqua Holdings Corporation|Umpqua Holdings]]; and retailers [[Fred Meyer]], [[New Seasons Market]] and [[Storables]]. Breweries are another major industry in Portland, which is home to 85 breweries/[[microbreweries]], the most of any city in the world.<ref name="10Best.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.10best.com/destinations/oregon/portland/nightlife/brew-pubs/ |title=Best Local Brewpubs in Beertown (AKA Portland) |publisher=10Best.com |accessdate=February 25, 2015}}</ref><ref name="8 Best Beertowns in the USA">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/05/06/travel/usa-beer-towns/ |title=8 Best Beertowns in the USA |publisher=CNN.com |accessdate=February 25, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Gadling.com">{{cite web|url=http://gadling.com/2010/02/26/best-cities-wold-drinking-beer/ |title=The Best Cities in the World for Drinking Beer |publisher=Gadling.com |accessdate=February 25, 2015}}</ref><ref name="The 10 Best Cities for Beer Lovers">{{cite web|url=http://www.bustle.com/articles/18032-the-10-best-cities-for-beer-lovers-these-towns-know-how-to-brew |title=The 10 Best Cities for Beer Lovers |publisher=Bustle.com |accessdate=February 25, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Beer Drinking in Portland, Oregon">{{cite web|url=http://www.beertutor.com/city_guides/portland.shtml |title=Beer Drinking in Portland, Oregon |publisher=BeerTutor.com |accessdate=February 25, 2015}}</ref> Additionally, the city boasts a robust [[coffee culture]] that now rivals Seattle and hosts over 20 coffee roasters.<ref name="MadeInPortland.org">{{cite web|url=http://madeinportland.org/coffee |title=Coffee made in Portland, Oregon |publisher=MadeInPortland.org |accessdate=September 10, 2017}}</ref> === Housing === In 2016, home prices in Portland grew faster than in any other city in the United States.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/front-porch/index.ssf/2017/01/zillow_portland_area_leads_nat.html|title=Zillow: Portland area leads nation in home-price increases, second in rent hikes|newspaper=OregonLive.com|access-date=February 14, 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> Apartment rental costs in the Portland metro area are now equal to those in other major cities such as San Diego, Boston, Miami, Seattle, and Los Angeles with the average one bedroom costing between $1,300 and $1,950 per month.{{cn|date=March 2018}} New sky rise apartment building and condo complexes have changed the skyline of the city, adding over 16,000 new units since 2010.{{cn|date=March 2018}} ==Culture== ===Music, film, and performing arts=== {{See also|Music of Oregon#Portland{{!}}Music of Oregon|List of films shot in Oregon#Northwest{{!}}List of films shot in Northwestern Oregon}} <!-- * * * * * * * * NOTE * * * * * * * * * This section is ''not'' for listing every single band, bar venue, aspiring author, and filmmaker. * Only bands, and other artists, contributing significantly to music or to Portland should be included. * This section is meant to highlight only those who are extremely well known among the city's cultural contributors. * It's suggested any additions are discussed on the talk page first. * --> [[File:Sagebrush Symphony, Burns, Oregon.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1|The Sagebrush Symphony, an early incarnation of the [[Portland Youth Philharmonic]], performing in [[Burns, Oregon|Burns]] {{circa}} 1916]] Portland is home to a range of classical performing arts institutions, including the [[Portland Opera]], the [[Oregon Symphony]], and the [[Portland Youth Philharmonic]]; the latter, established in 1924, was the first youth orchestra established in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|work=The Oregonian|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/movies/2009/11/latest_oregon_experience_chron.html|title=Latest 'Oregon Experience' chronicles a violin teacher's legacy|date=November 6, 2009|accessdate=March 31, 2018}}</ref> The city is also home to several theaters and performing arts institutions, including the [[Oregon Ballet Theatre]], Northwest Children's Theatre, [[Portland Center Stage]], [[Artists Repertory Theatre]], [[Miracle Theatre]], and [[Tears of Joy Theatre]]. In 2013, the ''[[The Guardian|Guardian]]'' named the city's music scene as one of the "most vibrant" in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2013/may/25/top-10-live-music-venues-portland-oregon|work=The Guardian|date=May 24, 2013|accessdate=November 11, 2015|author1=Rayburn, Aaron |author2=Vickery, Ben |title=Top 10 live music venues in Portland, Oregon}}</ref> Portland is home to famous bands such as the [[The Kingsmen|Kingsmen]] and [[Paul Revere & the Raiders]], both famous for their association with the song "[[Louie Louie]]" (1963).<ref>{{cite web|last=Ely|first=Jack|title=The Kingsmen Homepage|url=http://www.louielouie.org/|publisher=The Kingsmen Online|accessdate=December 6, 2012}}</ref> Other widely known musical groups include<!-- please don't add to this list! See the warning (up a paragraph) and discuss on talk page first --> the [[The Dandy Warhols|Dandy Warhols]], [[Quarterflash]], [[Everclear (band)|Everclear]], [[Pink Martini]], [[The Hugs]], [[Sleater-Kinney]], the [[The Shins|Shins]], [[Blitzen Trapper]], the [[The Decemberists|Decemberists]], and the late [[Elliott Smith]]. In the 1980s, the city was home to a burgeoning punk scene, which included bands such as the [[Wipers]] and [[Dead Moon]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2015/jan/22/cult-heroes-wipers-greg-sage-punk-portland|work=The Guardian|title=Cult heroes: Wipers – the sound of emptiness and dread|author=Hann, Michael|date=January 20, 2015|accessdate=September 12, 2015}}</ref> The city's now-demolished [[Satyricon nightclub]] was a punk venue notorious for being the place where [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]] frontman [[Kurt Cobain]] first encountered future wife and [[Hole (band)|Hole]] frontwoman [[Courtney Love]] in 1990.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biography.com/print/profile/kurt-cobain-9542179|work=Biography.com|title=Kurt Cobain|accessdate=May 17, 2010}}</ref> Love was then a resident of Portland and started several bands there with [[Kat Bjelland]], later of [[Babes in Toyland (band)|Babes in Toyland]].<ref name="e_weeklykennedy">{{cite web|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,303306,00.html|work=Entertainment Weekly|title=The Power of Love|first= Dana|last= Kennedy|date=August 12, 1994|accessdate=October 20, 2010}}</ref><ref name="e_true">"Courtney Love". The E! True Hollywood Story. October 5, 2003. E!.</ref> Multi-[[Grammy]] award-winning jazz artist [[Esperanza Spalding]] is from Portland and performed with the Chamber Music Society of Oregon at a young age.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/music/index.ssf/2011/02/esperanza_spalding_didnt_come_out_of_the_blue.html|work=Oregon Live|title=Esperanza Spalding didn't come out of the blue to beat Justin Bieber at the Grammys – she came from Portland's jazz community|date=February 11, 2011|accessdate=November 3, 2015|author=Hughley, Marty}}</ref> A wide range of films have been shot in Portland, from various independent features to major big-budget productions (see ''[[List of films shot in Oregon]]'' for a complete list). Director [[Gus Van Sant]] has notably set and shot many of his films in the city.{{sfn|Falsetto|2015|pages=1–29}} The city has also been featured in various television programs, notably the [[IFC (U.S. TV channel)|IFC]] [[sketch comedy]] series ''[[Portlandia (TV series)|Portlandia]]''. The series, which ran for eight seasons from 2011 to 2018,<ref>{{cite web|work=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/01/18/578887753/portlandia-is-ending-and-portlanders-are-ok-with-that|title='Portlandia' Is Ending, And Portlanders Are OK With That|author=Scott, Aaron|date=January 18, 2018|accessdate=March 30, 2018}}</ref> was shot on location in Portland, and satirized the city as a hub of liberal politics, organic food, alternative lifestyles, and anti-establishment attitudes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.waaf.com/Talking-Portlandia-With-Fred-Armisen/11304434?pid=268536|title=Talking Portlandia With Fred Armisen|author=Mike Hsu|date=September 28, 2012|publisher=WAAF Radio|accessdate=March 6, 2013|archivedate=September 21, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921124433/http://www.waaf.com/Talking-Portlandia-With-Fred-Armisen/11304434?pid=268536}}</ref> [[MTV]]'s long-time running reality show ''[[The Real World]]'' was also shot in Portland for the show's 29th season: ''[[The Real World: Portland]]'' premiered on MTV in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/movies/2013/03/mtv_goes_real_world_retro_in_r.html|work=The Oregonian|title=MTV goes 'Real World' retro in run-up to 'The Real World: Portland'|date=March 21, 2013|accessdate=March 31, 2018|author=Turnquist, Kristi}}</ref> Other television series shot in the city include ''[[Leverage (TV series)|Leverage]]'', [[The Librarians (2014 TV series)|''The Librarians'']],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/tv/2018/03/tnt_cancels_portland-filmed_se.html|work=The Oregonian|date=March 8, 2018|title=TNT cancels Portland-filmed series, 'The Librarians'|accessdate=March 31, 2018}}</ref> ''[[Under Suspicion (TV series)|Under Suspicion]]'', ''[[Grimm (TV series)|Grimm]]'', and ''[[Nowhere Man (TV series)|Nowhere Man]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/tv/2017/11/22_tv_series_set_in_oregon_ran.html|work=The Oregonian|date=November 22, 2017|title=23 TV series set in Oregon, ranked: Most memorable to totally forgettable|author=Turnquist, Kristi}}</ref> An unusual feature of Portland entertainment is the large number of movie theaters serving beer, often with second-run or revival films.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.travelportland.com/article/portland-brew-n-view-theaters/|work=Travel Portland|title=Portland brew 'n' view theaters|date=July 26, 2013|accessdate=September 29, 2015}}</ref> Notable examples of these "brew and view" theaters include the [[The Bagdad Theater and Pub|Bagdad Theater and Pub]], a former [[vaudeville]] theater built in 1927 by [[Universal Studios]];{{sfn|Palahniuk|2003|pages=63–64}} [[Cinema 21]]; and the [[Laurelhurst Theater]], in operation since 1923. Portland hosts the world's longest-running [[H. P. Lovecraft|H. P. Lovecraft Film Festival]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Haunted Hotels: Eerie Inns, Ghoulish Guests, and Creepy Caretakers|page=10|author=Ogden, Tom|isbn= 978-0762756599|date=2010|publisher=Globe Pequot Press}}</ref> at the [[Hollywood Theatre (Portland, Oregon)|Hollywood Theatre]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hplfilmfestival.com/|title=Lovecraft Film Festival Official site |accessdate=November 25, 2007 }}</ref> {{multiple image | align = center | direction = horizontal | header = | header_align = right | header_background = | footer = | footer_align = right | footer_background = | width = | image1 = Arlene Schnitzer Concert Hall.jpg | width1 = 150 | alt1 = | caption1 = The [[Oregon Symphony]] performs at the [[Arlene Schnitzer Concert Hall]]. | image2 = Hollywood Theatre (Portland, Oregon) at night, 2011.jpg | width2 = 156 | alt2 = | caption2 = The [[Hollywood Theatre (Portland, Oregon)|Hollywood Theatre]] is a [[non-profit organization]]. | image3 = Laurelhurst Theater neon sign - side view at night.jpg | width3 = 168 | alt3 = | caption3 = The [[Art Deco]]-styled [[Laurelhurst Theater]] in the [[Kerns, Portland, Oregon|Kerns neighborhood]] was opened in 1923. | image4 = Avalon Theatre, Belmont, Portland, OR 2012.JPG | width4 = 170 | alt4 = | caption4 = [[Avalon Theatre (Portland, Oregon)|Avalon Theatre]] in the [[Belmont, Portland, Oregon|Belmont neighborhood]] plays second-run films. | image5 = Moreland Theater.jpg | width5 = 182 | alt5 = | caption5 = The Moreland Theater in the Westmoreland neighborhood | image6 = Bagdad Theater.jpg | width6 = 152 | alt6 = | caption6 = ''[[One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)|One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest]]'' premiered at the Bagdad Theater in 1975. }} ===Museums and recreation=== {{See also|List of museums in Portland, Oregon|Tourism in Portland, Oregon|List of artists and art institutions in Portland, Oregon}} [[File:OMSI entrance outside - Portland, Oregon.JPG|thumb|left|upright=.9|[[Oregon Museum of Science and Industry]] (OMSI)]] Portland is home to numerous museums and educational institutions, ranging from art museums to institutions devoted to science and wildlife. Among the science-oriented institutions are the [[Oregon Museum of Science and Industry]] (OMSI), which consists of five main halls and other ticketed attractions, such as the {{USS|Blueback|SS-581|6}} submarine,<ref>{{cite web|work=KGW|url=http://www.kgw.com/article/news/local/fond-memories-aboard-uss-blueback-submarine-featured-at-omsi/500853963|title=Fond memories aboard USS Blueback submarine featured at OMSI|archivedate=April 2, 2018|archiveurl=https://archive.is/jyxE2#selection-1227.1-2331.60|author=Pitawanich, Christine|date=December 19, 2017}}</ref> the ultra-large-screen Empirical Theater (which replaced an OMNIMAX theater in 2013),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/movies/2013/09/change_projected_at_three_port.html|work=The Oregonian|title=Omnimax says goodbye; Bagdad goes first-run: Indie theater news|date=September 5, 2013|author=Mohan, Marc|accessdate=April 1, 2018}}</ref> and the Kendall [[Planetarium]].<ref>{{cite web|work=The Bulletin|location=Bend, Oregon|title=Observatories and planetariums within a day’s drive of Bend|author=Anderson, John Gottberg|date=August 20, 2017|url=http://www.bendbulletin.com/lifestyle/5520489-151/observatories-and-planetariums-within-a-days-drive-of|accessdate=April 1, 2018}}</ref> The [[World Forestry Center|World Forestry Center Discovery Museum]], located in the city's [[Washington Park (Portland, Oregon)|Washington Park]] area, offers educational exhibits on forests and forest-related subjects. Also located in Washington Park are the [[Hoyt Arboretum]], the [[International Rose Test Garden]], the [[Portland Japanese Garden|Japanese Garden]], and the [[Oregon Zoo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/travel/index.ssf/2016/05/portland_hiking_guide.html|work=The Oregonian|title=Portland hiking guide: The 20 best places to hike in the city|date=May 11, 2016|accessdate=March 30, 2018|author=Hale, Jamie}}</ref> [[File:Portland Art Museum.jpg|thumb|right|upright=.9|[[Portland Art Museum]]]] The [[Portland Art Museum]] owns the city's largest art collection and presents a variety of touring exhibitions each year and, with the recent addition of the Modern and Contemporary Art wing, it became one of the United States' 25 largest museums. Other museums include the [[Portland Children's Museum]], a museum specifically geared for early childhood development; and the [[Oregon Historical Society Museum]], founded in 1898, which has a variety of books, film, pictures, artifacts, and maps dating back throughout Oregon's history. It houses permanent and temporary exhibits about Oregon history, and hosts traveling exhibits about the history of the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/museumday/venues/museum/oregon-history-museum/|work=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]]|title=Oregon Historical Society Museum|accessdate=March 31, 2018}}</ref> [[Oaks Amusement Park]], in the Sellwood district of Southeast Portland, is the city's only [[amusement park]] and is also one of the country's longest-running amusement parks. It has operated since 1905 and was known as the "[[Coney Island]] of the Northwest" upon its opening.<ref name="beck">{{cite web|url=http://portlandtribune.com/sb/75-features/125058-oaks-amusement-park-and-its-beginnings-|work=The Bee|publisher=[[Pamplin Media Group]]|title=Oaks Amusement Park, and its beginnings|date=December 20, 2012|accessdate=July 3, 2017|author=Beck, Dana}}</ref> ===Cuisine and breweries=== Portland has been named the best city in the world for street food by several publications and news outlets, including the ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' and [[CNN]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Weiner|first=Miriam B.|title=World's Best Street Food|url=http://travel.usnews.com/features/Worlds_Best_Street_Food/|work=[[U.S. News & World Report|U.S. News]]|date=January 11, 2011|accessdate=July 11, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Robertson-Textor|first=Marisa|title=World's Best Street Food|url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/TRAVEL/07/19/worlds.best.street.food/|publisher=CNN Travel | date=July 19, 2010|accessdate=July 11, 2017}}</ref> Food carts are extremely popular within the city, with over 600 licensed carts, making Portland one of the most robust street food scenes in North America.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.denverpost.com/travel/ci_15975669 |title=A Few Favorite Portland Food Carts |work=Denver Post |accessdate=September 14, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Food carts for dessert|url=http://www.portlandpulp.com/food-wine/126032579.html|author=Brett Burmeister|publisher=PortlandPulp|date=August 25, 2011|accessdate=March 6, 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911000422/http://www.portlandpulp.com/food-wine/126032579.html|archivedate=September 11, 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref> In 2014, the ''[[The Washington Post|Washington Post]]'' called Portland the fourth best city for food in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/style/2015/06/30/the-search-for-americas-best-food-cities-portland-ore/|work=The Washington Post|title=The search for America's best food cities: Portland, Ore.|author=Mara, Melina|date=June 30, 2015|accessdate=November 11, 2015}}</ref> ''[[Travel + Leisure]]'' ranked Portland's food and bar scene No. 5 in the nation in 2012.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/26/dining/26port.html?pagewanted=3&_r=1 |title=In Portland, a Golden Age of Dining and Drinking&nbsp;– New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=September 26, 2007 |accessdate=October 6, 2008 | first=Eric | last=Asimov}}</ref><ref name="tl">{{cite web|url=http://www.travelandleisure.com/americas-favorite-cities/2012/category/food-drink-restaurants |title=America's Favorite Cities 2012, Food/Drink/Restaurants |work=[[Travel + Leisure]] |accessdate=July 3, 2017}}</ref> Portland is also known as a leader in [[Third wave coffee|specialty coffee]].<ref>See Andrew Jones, [http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/08/0808_oregonbrewing.html Craft Brewing Defines Oregon as U.S. "Beer Capital"] (August 10, 2001), ''[[National Geographic News]]''; Christian DeBenedetti and Seth Fletcher, [http://archive.mensjournal.com/top-five-beer-towns The Top Five Beer Towns in the U.S.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115174439/https://archive.mensjournal.com/top-five-beer-towns |date=January 15, 2013 }} (October 2009), ''[[Men's Journal]]''; Matt Hannafin, [http://www.frommers.com/articles/6039.html Cruising for a Brew-sing: Sailing from America's Beer Capital] (May 14, 2009), [[Frommer's]].</ref><ref>Oliver Strand, [http://travel.nytimes.com/2012/02/12/travel/portlands-purist-coffee-scene.html In Portland, Ore., a D.I.Y. Coffee Culture] (February 10, 2012). ''New York Times''</ref><ref>[http://www2.kuow.org/program.php?id=19480 A Tale Of Two Cities: Portland's Coffee Culture Swipes Seattle's Crown] (February 19, 2010), KUOW.</ref> The city is home to [[Stumptown Coffee Roasters]] as well as dozens of other micro-roasteries and cafes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/16/dining/reviews/16brief-001.html |title=A Seductive Cup |work=The New York Times |date=September 16, 2009|accessdate=October 15, 2009 | first=Oliver | last=Strand}}</ref> [[File:Widmer Brewing Company headquarters - Portland, Oregon.JPG|thumb|right|upright=.9|Widmer Brewing Company headquarters]] Portland has the most breweries and independent [[microbreweries]] of any city in the world,<ref name="10Best.com"/><ref name="8 Best Beertowns in the USA"/><ref name="Gadling.com"/><ref name="The 10 Best Cities for Beer Lovers"/><ref name="Beer Drinking in Portland, Oregon"/> with 58 active breweries within city limits<ref name="Facts – Oregon Craft Beer">{{cite web|url=http://oregoncraftbeer.org/facts/ |title=Facts – Oregon Craft Beer |publisher=OregonCraftBeer.org |accessdate=February 26, 2015}}</ref> and 70+ within the surrounding metro area.<ref name="Facts – Oregon Craft Beer"/> The city receives frequent acclaim as the best beer city in the United States and is consistently ranked as one of the top-five beer destinations in the world.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ransom|first=Diana|title=Why Portland's Beer Economy is 'Hoppy'|url=http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/220319|publisher=Entrepreneur|accessdate=September 28, 2011|date=September 16, 2011}}</ref> Portland has played a prominent role in the microbrewery revolution in the U.S. and is nicknamed "Beertown" and "Beervana" as a result.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.opb.org/programs/oregonexperiencearchive/beervana/player.php |title=Oregon Experience: Beervana | format=video |accessdate=September 29, 2010}}</ref><ref name="Beer">{{cite web|title=Portland: The center of the beer universe |publisher=Travel Portland |url=http://www.travelportland.com/media/mbmedkit/mb_beer.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513060912/http://www.travelportland.com/media/mbmedkit/mb_beer.html |archivedate=May 13, 2008 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Portland lifts a glass to its new name |publisher=KOIN6 News |date=January 12, 2006 |url=http://www.koin.com/Global/story.asp?S=5932394 |accessdate=January 26, 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070213215818/http://koin.com/Global/story.asp?S=5932394 |archivedate=February 13, 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> The [[McMenamins|McMenamin brothers]] alone have over thirty brewpubs, distilleries, and wineries scattered throughout the metropolitan area, several in renovated cinemas and other historically significant buildings otherwise destined for demolition. Other notable Portland brewers include [[Widmer Brothers Brewing Company|Widmer Brothers]], [[BridgePort Brewing Company|BridgePort]], [[Portland Brewing Company|Portland Brewing]], [[Hair of the Dog Brewing Company|Hair of the Dog]], and Hopworks Urban Brewery. Portland hosts a number of festivals throughout the year that celebrate beer and brewing, including the [[Oregon Brewers Festival]], held in [[Tom McCall Waterfront Park]]. Held each summer during the last full weekend of July, it is the largest outdoor craft beer festival in North America, with over 70,000 attendees in 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://blog.oregonlive.com/thebeerhere/2008/07/2008_obf_biggest_ever_say_orga.html|title=2008 OBF biggest ever|last=Foyston|first=John|work=The Oregonian|date=July 29, 2008|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922011706/http://blog.oregonlive.com/thebeerhere/2008/07/2008_obf_biggest_ever_say_orga.html|archivedate=September 22, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Other major beer festivals throughout the calendar year include the Spring Beer and Wine Festival in April, the North American Organic Brewers Festival in June, the [[Portland International Beerfest]] in July,<ref>{{Cite news | title = Brewers, beer lovers get many reasons to raise a glass | first = Anne Marie | last = Distefano | newspaper=Portland Tribune | date = July 8, 2005 | url =http://www.portlandtribune.com/features/story.php?story_id=30717 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206074237/http://www.portlandtribune.com/features/story.php?story_id=30717 | archivedate=December 6, 2008 | accessdate=April 17, 2016 }}</ref> and the Holiday Ale Festival in December. ==Sustainability== Portland is often awarded "Greenest City in America" and similar designations. ''[[Popular Science]]'' awarded Portland the title of the Greenest City in America in 2008,<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.popsci.com/environment/article/2008-02/americas-50-greenest-cities?page=1|title=America's 50 Greenest Cities |date=February 8, 2008|magazine=[[Popular Science]]|accessdate=December 23, 2012 }}</ref> and ''[[Grist (magazine)|Grist]]'' magazine listed it in 2007 as the second greenest city in the world.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.grist.org/article/cities3/|title=15 Green Cities |date=July 20, 2007|magazine=[[Grist (magazine)|Grist]]|accessdate=December 23, 2012 }}</ref> The city became a pioneer of state-directed metropolitan planning, a program which was instituted statewide in 1969 to compact the [[urban growth boundary|urban growth boundaries]] of the city.{{sfn|Freilich|Sitkowski|Mennilo|2010|p=134}} ==Sports== {{Main article|Sports in Portland, Oregon}} [[File:Jeld-Wen Field 2013.jpg|thumb|upright=.9|[[Providence Park]], home of the [[Portland Timbers]] and the [[Portland Thorns FC|Portland Thorns]]]] Portland is home to two major league sports franchises: the [[Portland Trail Blazers]] of the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] and the [[Portland Timbers]] of [[Major League Soccer]]. The [[Portland Thorns]] of the [[National Women's Soccer League]] also play in Portland. In 2015, the Timbers won the [[MLS Cup 2015|MLS Cup]], which was the first male professional sports championship for a team from Portland since the Trail Blazers won the [[1977 NBA Finals|NBA championship in 1977]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://matchcenter.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2015-12-06-columbus-crew-sc-vs-portland-timbers/recap/ |title=Columbus Crew SC 1, Portland Timbers 2 MLS Cup Match Recap |publisher=mlssoccer.com |accessdate=December 12, 2015}}</ref> Despite being the 19th most populated [[United States metropolitan area|metro area]] in the United States, Portland contains only one franchise from the NFL, NBA, NHL, or MLB, making it America's most populated metro area with that distinction. The city has been often rumored to receive an additional franchise, although efforts to acquire a team have failed due to stadium funding issues.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/columns/story?columnist=neyer_rob&id=1600284 | title=Though not perfect, Portland is a viable city for baseball | last=Neyer | first=Rob | date=August 21, 2003 |publisher=ESPN | quote=Portland is the largest metropolitan area with just one major professional sports team (the Trail Blazers). | accessdate=January 6, 2009}}</ref> Portland sports fans are characterized by their passionate support. The Trail Blazers sold out every home game between 1977 and 1995, a span of 814 consecutive games, the second-longest streak in American sports history.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/portland-trail-blazers-history/ |title=History of Portland Trail Blazers|publisher=fundinguniverse.com |accessdate=March 6, 2015}}</ref> The Timbers joined MLS in 2011 and have sold out every home match since joining the league, a streak that has now reached 70+ matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.si.com/soccer/planet-futbol/2014/03/14/2014-mls-ambition-rankings-toronto-fc-leiweke-bradley-defoe-dempsey | title=2014 MLS Ambition Rankings | date=March 14, 2014 |publisher=SI.com | accessdate=March 11, 2015}}</ref> The Timbers season ticket waiting list has reached 10,000+, the longest waiting list in MLS.<ref>{{cite web|title=For the Portland Timbers, home field is a real advantage|date=November 5, 2013|accessdate=November 10, 2015|work=The Oregonion|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/timbers/index.ssf/2013/11/the_home_field_is_a_real_advan.html}}</ref> In 2015, they became the first team in the Northwest to win the MLS Cup. Player Diego Valeri marked a new record for fastest goal in MLS Cup history at 27 seconds into the game.<ref>{{cite web|last=Merz|first=Craig|url = http://koin.com/2015/12/06/portland-timbers-columbus-crew-mls-title-game-12062015/|title = Champs! Timbers beat Columbus, win first-ever MLS Cup|date = December 6, 2015|publisher = [[KOIN]]|agency=Associated Press}}</ref> [[File:Portland Trail Blazers, Dec. 26, 2013.jpg|thumb|left|upright=.9|The [[Moda Center]], home of the Portland Trail Blazers]] Two rival universities exist within Portland city limits: the [[Portland Pilots|University of Portland Pilots]] and the [[Portland State Vikings|Portland State University Vikings]], both of whom field teams in popular spectator sports including soccer, baseball, and basketball. Portland State also has a football team. Additionally, the [[Oregon Ducks|University of Oregon Ducks]] and the [[Oregon State Beavers|Oregon State University Beavers]] both receive substantial attention and support from many Portland residents, despite their campuses being 110 and 84 miles from the city, respectively.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dome backers saddened but note idea gaining|accessdate=February 14, 2014|newspaper=The Oregonian|date=November 5, 1964|page=1}}</ref> [[File:2015 Shamrock Run.jpg|upright=.9|thumb|The Shamrock Run, held annually on [[Saint Patrick's Day|St. Patrick's Day]]]] Running is a popular activity in Portland and every year the city hosts the [[Portland Marathon]] as well as parts of the [[Hood to Coast|Hood to Coast Relay]], the world's largest long-distance relay race (by number of participants). Portland serves as the center to an elite running group, the [[Nike Oregon Project]], and is the residence of several elite runners including British 2012 Olympic 10,000m and 5,000m champion [[Mo Farah]], American record holder at 10,000m [[Galen Rupp]], and 2008 American Olympic bronze medalist at 10,000m [[Shalane Flanagan]].{{cn|date=March 2018}} Portland also hosts numerous cycling events and has become an elite bicycle racing destination.{{cn|date=March 2018}} The [[Oregon Bicycle Racing Association]] supports hundreds of official bicycling events every year. Weekly events at [[Alpenrose Velodrome]] and [[Portland International Raceway]] allow for racing nearly every night of the week from March through September. [[Cyclocross]] races, such as the [[Cross Crusade]], can attract over 1,000 riders and spectators.{{cn|date=March 2018}} <center>{{List of Portland, Oregon sports teams}} </center> ==Parks and gardens== {{Main article|List of parks in Portland, Oregon}} [[File:Forest park wildwood trail in early summer P2860.jpeg|thumb|right|upright=.9|[[Forest Park (Portland)|Forest Park]] is the largest wilderness park in the United States that is within city limits]] Parks and greenspace planning date back to [[John Charles Olmsted]]'s 1903 ''Report to the Portland Park Board''. In 1995, voters in the Portland metropolitan region passed a regional bond measure to acquire valuable natural areas for fish, wildlife, and people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oregonmetro.gov/public-projects/parks-and-nature-investments/bond-measures|work=OregonMetro.Gov|title=Parks and nature investments|accessdate=October 31, 2015}}</ref> Ten years later, more than {{convert|8100|acre|km2|0}} of ecologically valuable natural areas had been purchased and permanently protected from development.<ref>{{cite web| last = Houck | first = Mike | title = Metropolitan Greenspaces: A Grassroots Perspective | publisher=Audubon Society of Portland | url = http://www.audubonportland.org/conservation_advocacy/urbanconservation/metro_greenspaces | accessdate = November 7, 2006 |archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20070928071519/http://www.audubonportland.org/conservation_advocacy/urbanconservation/metro_greenspaces|archivedate = September 28, 2007}}</ref> Portland is one of only four cities in the U.S. with extinct volcanoes within its boundaries (along with [[Pilot Butte (Oregon)|Pilot Butte]] in [[Bend, Oregon]], [[Jackson Volcano]] in [[Jackson, Mississippi]], and [[Diamond Head, Hawaii|Diamond Head]] in [[Honolulu]], Hawaii). [[Mount Tabor, Portland, Oregon|Mount Tabor Park]] is known for its scenic views and historic reservoirs.<ref>{{cite web| title = Mount Tabor Park | publisher=Portland Parks & Recreation | url = http://www.portlandonline.com/parks/finder/index.cfm?action=ViewPark&PropertyID=275 | accessdate = November 7, 2006}}</ref> [[Forest Park (Portland)|Forest Park]] is the largest wilderness park within city limits in the United States, covering more than {{convert|5000|acres|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite news|author = Korn, Peter |title = Forest Park Fallacy: Boosters' Claim of 'Largest Forested City Park' Is Long Outdated | work = Portland Tribune |publisher = Pamplin Media Group |date = July 18, 2006|accessdate=October 30, 2015}}</ref> Portland is also home to [[Mill Ends Park]], the world's smallest park (a two-foot-diameter circle, the park's area is only about 0.3 m²). [[Washington Park (Portland, Oregon)|Washington Park]] is just west of downtown and is home to the [[Oregon Zoo]], [[Hoyt Arboretum]], the [[Portland Japanese Garden]], and the [[International Rose Test Garden]]. Portland is also home to [[Lan Su Chinese Garden]] (formerly the Portland Classical Chinese Garden), an authentic representation of a [[Suzhou]]-style walled garden. Portland's east side has several formal public gardens: the historic [[Peninsula Park]] Rose Garden, the rose gardens of [[Ladd's Addition]], the [[Crystal Springs Rhododendron Garden]], the [[Leach Botanical Garden]], and [[The Grotto]]. Portland's downtown features two groups of contiguous city blocks dedicated for park space: the [[North Park Blocks|North]] and [[South Park Blocks]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.portlandoregon.gov/parks/finder/index.cfm?action=ViewPark&PropertyID=447&searchtext=park%20blocks|title=North Park Blocks|date=|website=The City of Portland, Oregon|publisher=|access-date=May 11, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.portlandoregon.gov/parks/finder/index.cfm?action=ViewPark&PropertyID=674&searchtext=park%20blocks|title=South Park Blocks|date=|website=The City of Portland, Oregon|publisher=|access-date=May 11, 2016}}</ref> The {{convert|37|acre|0|adj=on}} [[Tom McCall Waterfront Park]] was built in 1974 along the length of the downtown waterfront after [[Harbor Drive]] was removed; it now hosts large events throughout the year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.portlandoregon.gov/parks/finder/index.cfm?action=ViewFile&PolPdfsID=328&/Waterfront%20Park%20Master%20Plan.pdf|title=Waterfront Park Master Plan|date=|website=Portland, Oregon|publisher=|page=54|access-date=May 11, 2016}}</ref> The nearby historically significant [[Burnside Skatepark]] and five indoor [[skatepark]]s give Portland a reputation as possibly "the most skateboard-friendly town in America."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204119704574238073660408040 |title=Skateboarding Capital of the World |last=Dougherty |first=Conor |date=July 30, 2009 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |accessdate=July 31, 2009}}</ref> [[Tryon Creek State Natural Area]] is one of three [[Oregon State Parks]] in Portland and the most popular; its creek has a run of [[rainbow trout|steelhead]]. The other two State Parks are [[Willamette Stone State Heritage Site]], in the West Hills, and the [[Government Island State Recreation Area]] in the [[Columbia River]] near [[Portland International Airport]]. Portland's city park system has been proclaimed one of the best in America. In its 2013 ParkScore ranking, the [[Trust for Public Land]] reported Portland had the seventh best park system among the 50 most populous U.S. cities.<ref>Belz, Kristin. [http://www.portlandmonthlymag.com/home-and-garden/at-home/articles/portland-parkscore-7-in-national-tests-june-2013 "New York Parks Rank No. 2 in a Survey of 50 U.S. cities"]. June 12, 2013. ''Portland Monthly Magazine''. Retrieved on July 18, 2013.</ref> ParkScore ranks city park systems by a formula that analyzes the city's median park size, park acres as percent of city area, the percent of city residents within a half-mile of a park, spending of park services per resident, and the number of playgrounds per 10,000 residents. The survey revealed that 80% of Portlanders live within a half-mile to a park, and over 16% of Portland's city area is parkland. {{Clear}} {{multiple image | align = center | direction = horizontal | header = | header_align = right | header_background = | footer = | footer_align = right | footer_background = | width = | image1 = Holly Farm Park (Portland, Oregon).jpg | width1 = 150 | alt1 = | caption1 = [[Holly Farm Park]] is a relatively new park in Portland. After it was acquired in 2003 by [[Portland Parks & Recreation]] the land was developed into a park by 2007. | image2 = Keller Fountain (Multnomah County, Oregon scenic images) (mulDA0050).jpg | width2 = 170 | alt2 = | caption2 = Located in [[Downtown Portland]], [[Keller Fountain Park]] is named for [[Portland Development Commission]] chairwoman Ira Keller. | image3 = Portland Japanese garden creek.jpg | width3 = 150 | alt3 = | caption3 = The [[Portland Japanese Garden]] is a traditional [[Japanese garden]] that opened in 1967. | image4 = Cathedral Park St Johns Bridge - Portland Oregon.jpg | width4 = 150 | alt4 = | caption4 = [[Cathedral Park, Portland, Oregon|Cathedral Park]], under the [[St. Johns Bridge]], hosts an annual [[jazz music]] festival. | image5 = TomMcCallWaterfrontPark.jpg | width5 = 170 | alt5 = | caption5 = Named in honor of [[List of governors of Oregon|Oregon's governor]] [[Tom McCall]] in 1984, the park opened in 1978. It hosts several annual events, including the [[Waterfront Blues Festival]] and the [[Oregon Brewers Festival]]. | image6 = PittockBack-2.jpg | width6 = 200 | alt6 = | caption6 = Originally built as the private residence of ''[[The Oregonian]]'' publisher [[Henry Pittock]], the grounds of [[Pittock Mansion]] are a public park. }} ==Law and government== {{See also|Government of Portland, Oregon}} [[File:PortlandCityHall.jpg|left|thumb|upright=.9|[[Portland City Hall (Oregon)|Portland City Hall]]]] The city of Portland is governed by the Portland City Council, which includes the Mayor, four Commissioners, and an [[auditor]]. Each is elected citywide to serve a four-year term. The auditor provides checks and balances in the commission form of government and accountability for the use of public resources. In addition, the auditor provides access to information and reports on various matters of city government. [[File:Pioneer Courthouse, Portland, Oregon, 2013.jpeg|thumb|right|upright=1|Built in 1869, [[Pioneer Courthouse]] ''(pictured)'' is the oldest federal building in the [[Pacific Northwest]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Pioneer courthouse's bare earth will soon sprout native plants |url=http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/oregonian/index.ssf?/base/portland_news/1160432721261470.xml&coll=7 |work=[[The Oregonian]] |date=October 12, 2006 |accessdate=January 21, 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061110032321/http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/oregonian/index.ssf?%2Fbase%2Fportland_news%2F1160432721261470.xml&coll=7 |archivedate=November 10, 2006 |df= }}</ref>]] The city's Office of Neighborhood Involvement serves as a conduit between city government and Portland's [[Neighborhoods of Portland, Oregon|95 officially recognized neighborhoods]]. Each neighborhood is represented by a volunteer-based [[neighborhood association]] which serves as a liaison between residents of the neighborhood and the city government. The city provides funding to neighborhood associations through seven district coalitions, each of which is a geographical grouping of several neighborhood associations. Most (but not all) neighborhood associations belong to one of these district coalitions. Portland and its surrounding metropolitan area are served by [[Metro (Oregon regional government)|Metro]], the United States' only directly elected [[metropolitan planning organization]]. Metro's charter gives it responsibility for [[land use]] and [[transportation planning]], [[solid waste management]], and map development. Metro also owns and operates the [[Oregon Convention Center]], [[Oregon Zoo]], [[Portland Center for the Performing Arts]], and [[Portland Metropolitan Exposition Center]]. The [[Multnomah County, Oregon|Multnomah County]] government provides many services to the Portland area, as do [[Washington County, Oregon|Washington]] and [[Clackamas County, Oregon|Clackamas]] counties to the west and south. Law enforcement is provided by the [[Portland Police Bureau]]. Fire and emergency services are provided by [[Portland Fire & Rescue]]. ===Politics=== Portland is a territorial [[charter city]], and strongly favors the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]]. All city offices are technically [[non-partisan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.portlandonline.com/Auditor/Index.cfm?a=9178&c=27481|work=Portland Online|title=City Government Structure|author=Caballero, Mary Hull|accessdate=October 30, 2015}}</ref> Portland's delegation to the [[Oregon Legislative Assembly]] is entirely Democratic. In the current [[76th Oregon Legislative Assembly]], which first convened in 2011, four state Senators represent Portland in the [[Oregon State Senate|state Senate]]: [[Diane Rosenbaum]] (District 21), [[Chip Shields]] (District 22), [[Jackie Dingfelder]] (District 23), and [[Rod Monroe]] (District 24). Portland sends six Representatives to the [[Oregon House of Representatives|state House of Representatives]]: [[Jules Bailey]] (District 42), [[Lew Frederick]] (District 43), [[Tina Kotek]] (District 44), [[Michael Dembrow]] (District 45), [[Alissa Keny-Guyer]] (District 46), and [[Jefferson Smith (Oregon politician)|Jefferson Smith]] (District 47). Portland is split among three U.S. [[congressional districts]]. Most of the city is in the [[Oregon's 3rd congressional district|3rd District]], represented by [[Earl Blumenauer]], who served on the city council from 1986 until his election to Congress in 1996. Most of the city west of the Willamette River is part of the [[Oregon's 1st congressional district|1st District]], represented by [[Suzanne Bonamici]]. A small portion of southwestern Portland is in the [[Oregon's 5th congressional district|5th District]], represented by [[Kurt Schrader]]. All three are Democrats; a [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] has not represented a significant portion of Portland in the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] since 1975. Both of Oregon's senators, [[Ron Wyden]] and [[Jeff Merkley]], are from Portland and are also both Democrats. In the [[United States presidential election in Oregon, 2008|2008 presidential election]], Democratic candidate [[Barack Obama]] easily carried Portland, winning 245,464 votes from city residents to 50,614 for his [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] rival, [[John McCain]]. In the [[United States presidential election in Oregon, 2012|2012 presidential election]], Democratic candidate [[Barack Obama]] again easily carried Portland, winning 256,925 votes from Multnomah county residents to 70,958 for his [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] rival, [[Mitt Romney]].<ref>{{cite web|work=The Oregonian|title=Oregon 2012 Election Results for Multnomah County|accessdate=April 1, 2018|url=http://gov.oregonlive.com/election/2012/Multnomah/|archivedate=December 29, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131229022748/https://gov.oregonlive.com/election/2012/Multnomah/}}</ref> [[Sam Adams (Oregon politician)|Sam Adams]], the former mayor of Portland, became the city's first openly gay mayor in 2009.<ref>Mary Judetz, "[http://seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2008581877_portlandmayor02m.html Portland: Largest U.S. city with openly gay mayor] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117051513/http://seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2008581877_portlandmayor02m.html |date=January 17, 2013 }}" (January 2, 2009). Associated Press. ''The Seattle Times''. Retrieved January 11, 2013.</ref> In 2004, 59.7 percent of Multnomah County voters cast ballots against [[Oregon Ballot Measure 36 (2004)|Oregon Ballot Measure 36]], which amended the [[Oregon Constitution]] to prohibit recognition of [[same-sex marriage]]s. The measure passed with 56.6% of the statewide vote. Multnomah County is one of two counties where a majority voted against the initiative; the other is [[Benton County, Oregon|Benton County]], which includes [[Corvallis, Oregon|Corvallis]], home of [[Oregon State University]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/state.php?year=2004&off=60&elect=0&fips=41&f=0 |title=Oregon Measure 36 Results by County |publisher=Uselectionatlas.org |accessdate=October 16, 2010}}</ref> On April 28, 2005, Portland became the only city in the nation to withdraw from a [[Joint Terrorism Task Force]].<ref name="ACLU20050428">{{cite web|url=http://www.aclu-or.org/content/fbis-joint-terrorism-task-force |title=FBI's Joint Terrorism Task Force |publisher=ACLU Oregon |date=April 28, 2005 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101025081430/http://aclu-or.org/content/fbis-joint-terrorism-task-force |archivedate=October 25, 2010 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref><ref name="WashExam20101128BY">{{cite news | url=http://www.sfexaminer.com/blogs/beltway-confidential/2010/11/politically-correct-portland-rejected-feds-who-saved-city-terrori | title=Politically correct Portland rejected feds who saved city from terrorist attack | work=San Francisco Examiner | date=November 28, 2010|archivedate=May 22, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522114907/http://www.sfexaminer.com/blogs/beltway-confidential/2010/11/politically-correct-portland-rejected-feds-who-saved-city-terrori}}</ref> As of February 19, 2015, the Portland city council approved permanently staffing the JTTF with two of its city's police officers.<ref>{{cite web|title = After 10-year hiatus, Portland OKs cops for FBI's Joint Terrorism Task Force|url = http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2015/02/after_10-year_hiatus_portland.html|work=The Oregonian|author=Schmidt, Brad|date=February 19, 2015|accessdate = September 7, 2015}}</ref> {| class=wikitable ! colspan = 6 | Voter registration and party enrollment {{as of|December 2015}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://multco.us/file/35875/download|title=District Voter Counts|work=Multnomah County|date=December 21, 2015|accessdate=January 17, 2016}}</ref> |- ! colspan = 2 | Party ! Number of voters ! Percentage |- {{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}} | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | style="text-align:center;"| 197,133 | style="text-align:center;"| 54.03% |- {{party color|Republican Party (United States)}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] | style="text-align:center;"| 40,374 | style="text-align:center;"| 11.07% |- {{party color|Independent Party (United States)}} | Unaffiliated | style="text-align:center;"| 95,561 | style="text-align:center;"| 26.19% |- {{party color|Libertarian Party (United States)}} | Libertarian | style="text-align:center;"| 2,752 | style="text-align:center;"| 0.75% |- {{party color|Other parties (United States)}} | Other | style="text-align:center;"| 31,804 | style="text-align:center;"| 8.72% |- ! colspan = 2 | Total ! style="text-align:center;"| 364,872 ! style="text-align:center;"| 100% |} ===Planning and development=== [[File:Urban Growth Portland Oregon.ogv|thumb|Video of Portland's urban growth boundary. The red dots indicate areas of growth between 1986 and 1996. ([[:File:Urban Growth Portland Oregon.ogv|larger size]])]] The city consulted with urban planners as far back as 1904, resulting in the development of [[Washington Park (Portland, Oregon)|Washington Park]] and the [[40-Mile Loop]] greenway, which interconnects many of the city's parks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/outdoors/index.ssf/2009/09/the_40-mile_loop_more_than_a_b_1.html|work=The Oregonian|title=The 40-Mile Loop: More than a bike trail, and more than 40 miles|accessdate=April 1, 2018|date=September 30, 2009}}</ref> Portland is often cited as an example of a city with strong [[land use planning]] controls.<ref name="smartplan" /> This is largely the result of statewide land conservation policies adopted in 1973 under Governor [[Tom McCall]], in particular the requirement for an [[urban growth boundary]] (UGB) for every city and metropolitan area. The opposite extreme, a city with few or no controls, is typically illustrated by [[Houston]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/the_thread/hotproperty/archives/2007/10/how_houston_get.html |title=How Houston gets along without zoning&nbsp;– BusinessWeek |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |accessdate=October 20, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/travel/destinations/cityguides/houston/2003-10-07-spotlight-zoning_x.htm |title=Houston: A city without zoning |work=USA Today |first=Sherry |last=Thomas |date=October 30, 2003 |accessdate=January 11, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.planetizen.com/node/109 |title=Zoning Without Zoning &#124; Planetizen |publisher=Planetizen.com |author= Lewyn, Michael |accessdate=October 20, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0DEFDB103FF934A2575BC0A960948260 |title=FOCUS: Houston; A Fresh Approach To Zoning&nbsp;|work=The New York Times |author=Reinhold, Robert |date=August 17, 1986 |accessdate=October 20, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/houston/stories/2006/04/10/editorial1.html |title='The only major U.S. city without zoning'|work=Houston Business Journal |date=April 9, 2006|accessdate=October 20, 2008 |first=Bill |last=Schadewald}}</ref> [[File:PDX1966PGEplant.jpg|thumb|left|upright=.9|1966 photo shows sawdust-fired power plant on the edge of downtown that was removed to make way for dense residential development. High rises to left in background were early projects of the Portland Development Commission]] Portland's urban growth boundary, adopted in 1979, separates urban areas (where high-density development is encouraged and focused) from traditional farm land (where restrictions on non-agricultural development are very strict).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oregon.gov/LCD/Pages/goals.aspx|title=Statewide Planning Goals|work=Oregon Department of Land Conservation and Development|accessdate=April 1, 2018}}</ref> This was atypical in an era when automobile use led many areas to neglect their core cities in favor of development along [[interstate highway]]s, in suburbs, and [[satellite city|satellite cities]]. The original state rules included a provision for expanding urban growth boundaries, but critics felt this wasn't being accomplished. In 1995, the State passed a law requiring cities to expand UGBs to provide enough undeveloped land for a 20-year supply of future housing at projected growth levels.<ref>{{cite web| title = Comprehensive Land Use Planning Coordination | work=Legislative Counsel Committee of the Oregon Legislative Assembly | url = http://www.leg.state.or.us/ors/197.html | accessdate = November 7, 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028035146/http://www.leg.state.or.us/ors/197.html|archivedate=October 28, 2012}}</ref> Oregon's 1973 "[[urban growth boundary]]" law limits the boundaries for large-scale development in each metropolitan area in Oregon.<ref name="metro_ugb">{{cite web| title = Urban growth boundary | url=http://www.oregonmetro.gov/index.cfm/go/by.web/id/277 | publisher = Metro | accessdate = February 26, 2013 }}</ref> This limits access to utilities such as sewage, water and telecommunications, as well as coverage by fire, police and schools.<ref name="metro_ugb" /> Originally this law mandated the city must maintain enough land within the boundary to provide an estimated 20 years of growth; however, in 2007 the legislature changed the law to require the maintenance of an estimated 50 years of growth within the boundary, as well as the protection of accompanying farm and rural lands.<ref name="pt_growth" /> The growth boundary, along with efforts of the PDC to create economic development zones, has led to the development of a large portion of downtown, a large number of mid- and high-rise developments, and an overall increase in housing and business density.<ref name="ssp_portland">{{cite web| title = Portland&nbsp;– SkyscraperPage | url=http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?cityID=29 | accessdate = June 4, 2008}}</ref> The [[Portland Development Commission]] is a semi-public agency that plays a major role in downtown development; city voters created it in 1958 to serve as the city's [[urban renewal]] agency. It provides housing and economic development programs within the city, and works behind the scenes with major local developers to create large projects. In the early 1960s, the PDC led the razing of a large Italian-Jewish neighborhood downtown, bounded roughly by I-405, the Willamette River, 4th Avenue and Market street.<ref>{{cite web|work=Willamette Week|url=http://www.wweek.com/restaurants/2017/08/22/portland-once-had-a-thriving-little-italy-what-the-hell-happened/|title=Portland Once Had a Thriving Little Italy—What the Hell Happened? |accessdate=April 1, 2018|author=Korfhage, Matthew|date=August 22, 2017}}</ref> Mayor [[Neil Goldschmidt]] took office in 1972 as a proponent of bringing housing and the associated vitality back to the downtown area, which was seen as emptying out after 5&nbsp;pm. The effort has had dramatic effects in the 30 years since, with many thousands of new housing units clustered in three areas: north of Portland State University (between I-405, SW Broadway, and SW Taylor St.); the RiverPlace development along the waterfront under the Marquam (I-5) bridge; and most notably in the Pearl District (between I-405, Burnside St., NW Northrup St., and NW 9th Ave.). [[File:Tilikum Crossing with streetcar and MAX train in 2016.jpg|thumb|right|upright=.9|The 2015-opened [[Tilikum Crossing]] attracted national attention for being a major bridge open only to transit vehicles, cyclists and pedestrians, and not private motor vehicles<ref name=Atlantic-Tilikum-2015>{{Cite journal |last=Libby |first=Brian |date=October 2015 |title=Bridge to the Future (The Bridge that Bans Cars) |journal=[[The Atlantic]] |publisher= |volume=316 |issue=3 |pages=42–43 |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2015/10/the-bridge-that-bans-cars/403234/ |accessdate=July 4, 2016}}</ref><ref name=popular-mechanics-tilikum>{{cite news|last=Newcomb|first=Tim|title=Portland Is Set To Open a Beautiful $135 Million Bridge You Can't Drive Across|url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/infrastructure/g2136/portland-tillikum-crossing-bridge-no-cars/|accessdate=September 18, 2015|issue=August 20, 2015|magazine=[[Popular Mechanics]]}}</ref>]] Historically, [[Environmentalism|environmental consciousness]] has weighed significantly in the city's planning and development efforts.<ref name=topgreen/> Portland was one of the first cities in the United States to promote and integrate alternative forms of transportation, such as the [[MAX Light Rail]] and extensive bike paths.<ref name=topgreen/ The Urban Greenspaces Institute, housed in [[Portland State University]] Geography Department's Center for Mapping Research, promotes better integration of the built and natural environments. The institute works on urban park, trail, and natural areas planning issues, both at the local and regional levels.{{sfn|Platt|2006|p=43}} In October 2009, the Portland City Council unanimously adopted a climate action plan that will cut the city's greenhouse gas emissions to 80% below 1990 levels by 2050.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://portlandtribune.com/component/content/article?id=57411|title=Council adopts aggressive Climate Action Plan|author=Law, Steve|newspaper=[[Portland Tribune]]|date=October 27, 2009|accessdate=July 6, 2013}}</ref> The city's longstanding efforts were recognized in a 2010 [[Reuters]] report, which named Portland the second-most environmentally conscious or "green" city in the world after [[Reykjavik]], Iceland.<ref name=topgreen>{{cite web|work=Reuters|title=Top 5 greenest cities in the world|date=March 1, 2010|via=GlobalPost|url=http://blogs.reuters.com/environment/2010/03/01/top-5-greenest-cities-in-the-world/|accessdate=March 31, 2018|author=Hogdson, Beth}}</ref> As of 2012, Portland was the largest city in the United States that did not add [[fluoride]] to its public water supply,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nation/nationnow/la-na-nn-portland-fluoridation-protests-20120912,0,619554.story|title=Portland joins fluoride bandwagon, will add it to water supply|work=Los Angeles Times|author=Muskal, Michael|date=September 12, 2012|accessdate=April 1, 2018}}</ref> and [[water fluoridation|fluoridation]] has historically been a subject of [[Water fluoridation controversy|controversy]] in the city.<ref>{{cite web|author=Williams, Heidi|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2012/09/portlands_fluoride_debate_hist.html|title=Portland's fluoride debate: History, timeline and official positions|date=September 12, 2012|work=The Oregonian|accessdate=April 1, 2018}}</ref> Portland voters have four times voted against fluoridation, in 1956, 1962, 1980 (repealing a 1978 vote in favor), and 2013.<ref>{{cite web|author=Blumgart, Jake|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/medical_examiner/2013/05/portland_fluoride_vote_will_medical_science_trump_fear_and_doubt.html |title=What's the Matter With Portland? The city has been fighting fluoridation for 50 years. Will facts trump fear this month?|work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|date=May 17, 2013|accessdate=April 1, 2018}}</ref> In 2012 the city council, responding to advocacy from public health organizations and others, voted unanimously to begin fluoridation by 2014. Fluoridation opponents forced a public vote on the issue,<ref>{{cite web|author=Slovic, Beth|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2012/09/portland_votes_to_add_fluoride.html|title=Portland votes to add fluoride to its drinking water as opponents vow to stop the effort|work=The Oregonian|accessdate=April 1, 2018|date=September 12, 2012}}</ref> and on May 21, 2013, city voters again rejected fluoridation.<ref>{{cite web|author=Kost, Ryan|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2013/05/portland_fluoride_for_the_four.html|title=Portland fluoride: For the fourth time since 1956, Portland voters reject fluoridation|work=The Oregonian|date=May 21, 2013|accessdate=April 1, 2018}}</ref> ===Free speech=== [[File:no war pdx.jpg|thumb|upright=.9|[[Protests against the Iraq War]] on March 19, 2006]] Strong free speech protections of the [[Oregon Constitution]] upheld by the [[Oregon Supreme Court]] in ''[[State v. Henry]]'',<ref>{{cite court |litigants=State v. Henry |vol=732 |reporter=P.2d |opinion=9 |pinpoint= |court=Or. |date=1987 |url=https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/1154439/state-v-henry/ |accessdate=January 2, 2017 |quote=}}</ref> specifically found that full nudity and [[lap dance]]s in strip clubs are protected speech.<ref>{{cite web | last = Busse | first = Phil | work=[[The Portland Mercury]] | title = Cover Yourself! | date = November 7, 2002 | url = http://www.portlandmercury.com/portland/Content?oid=27886&category=22101 | accessdate = February 1, 2007 }}</ref> Portland has the highest number of strip clubs per-capita in a city in the United States, and Oregon ranks as the highest state for per-capita strip clubs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://priceonomics.com/why-does-portland-have-so-many-strip-clubs/|title=Why Does Portland Have so Many Strip Clubs?|work=Priceonomics|accessdate=April 1, 2018|author=Crockett, Zachary|date=June 17, 2015}}</ref> In addition to its strip clubs and [[erotic massage]] parlors, the city also has a high rate of [[Prostitution of children|child sex trafficking]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.katu.com/news/103648264.html |title=Is Portland 'Pornland?' Nightline highlights city sex trade |date=September 23, 2010 |accessdate=March 29, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501115630/http://www.katu.com/news/103648264.html |archivedate=May 1, 2011|work=KATU|author=KATU News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/dan-rather/pornland-oregon-child-pro_b_580035.html|title=Dan Rather: Pornland, Oregon: Child Prostitution in Portland|last=Rather|first=Dan|date=May 18, 2010|work=The Huffington Post|accessdate=March 29, 2011}}</ref> In November 2008, a Multnomah County judge dismissed charges against a nude bicyclist arrested on June 26, 2008. The judge stated that the city's annual [[World Naked Bike Ride]]{{emdash}}held each year in June since 2004{{emdash}}has created a "well-established tradition" in Portland where cyclists may ride naked as a form of protest against cars and fossil fuel dependence.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.katu.com/news/local/34445764.html |title=Judge: riding in the buff is 'tradition,' man cleared |agency=Associated Press |publisher=KATU |date=November 21, 2008 |accessdate=December 8, 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122082145/http://www.katu.com/news/local/34445764.html |archivedate=January 22, 2009 }}</ref> The defendant was not riding in the official World Naked Bike Ride at the time of his arrest as it had occurred 12 days earlier that year, on June 14.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://shift2bikes.org/cal/viewpp2008.php |title=Pedalpalooza |date=2008 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6hJu42WJX?url=http://shift2bikes.org/cal/viewpp2008.php |archivedate=May 7, 2016 |accessdate=May 7, 2016}}</ref> A state law prohibiting publicly insulting a person in a way likely to provoke a violent response was tested in Portland and struck down unanimously by the State Supreme Court as violating protected free speech and being overly broad.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.seattlepi.com/local/article/Oregon-Court-Racist-insulting-speech-is-1282237.php | title = Oregon Court: Racist, insulting speech is protected | date = August 14, 2008 | agency=Associated Press | work=Seattle Post-Intelligencer | accessdate = December 8, 2008 }}</ref> ===Crime=== According to the [[FBI|Federal Bureau of Investigation]]'s [[Uniform Crime Report]] in 2009, Portland ranked 53rd in violent crime out of the top 75 U.S. cities with a population greater than 250,000.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/2009 |publisher=[[FBI]] |title=Crime in the United States by Metropolitan Statistical Area, 2009 (Table 6) |accessdate=October 12, 2010}}</ref> The murder rate in Portland in 2013 averaged 2.3 murders per 100,000 people per year, which was lower than the national average. In October 2009, [[Forbes|''Forbes'' magazine]] rated Portland as the third safest city in America.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/2009/10/26/safest-cities-ten-lifestyle-real-estate-metros-msa.html |title=America's Safest Cities |work=Forbes |date=October 26, 2009 |last=Greenburg |first=Zack O'Malley |accessdate=October 16, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.cityrating.com/citycrime.asp?city=Portland&state=OR| title = Portland Crime Rate Report (Oregon)| publisher=CityRating.com| accessdate = March 7, 2013}}</ref> Below is a sortable table containing violent crime data from each Portland neighborhood during the calendar year of 2014. {| class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" ! colspan="13" | Violent Crime by Neighborhood in Portland (2014)<ref name="citycensus2010">{{cite web|work=City of Portland|url=https://www.portlandoregon.gov/oni/56897|title=2010 Census Data for Portland Neighborhoods|accessdate=April 1, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170719075511/https://www.portlandoregon.gov/oni/56897|archivedate=July 19, 2017|deadurl=no}}</ref> |- ! colspan="2" | ! colspan="4" | Totals ! colspan="4" | Per 100,000 residents |- ! scope="col" |'''Neighborhood''' ! scope="col" |'''Population''' ! scope="col" |'''Aggravated Assault''' ! scope="col" |'''Homicide''' ! scope="col" |'''Rape''' ! scope="col" |'''Robbery''' ! scope="col" |'''Aggravated Assault''' ! scope="col" |'''Homicide''' ! scope="col" |'''Rape''' ! scope="col" |'''Robbery''' |- | Alameda||5,214||1||0||1||1||19.2||0.0||19.2||19.2 |- | Arbor Lodge||6,153||8||0||0||14||130.0||0.0||0.0||227.5 |- | Ardenwald-Johnson Creek||4,748||0||1||0||0||0.0||21.1||0.0||0.0 |- | Argay||6,006||19||0||2||12||316.4||0.0||33.3||199.8 |- | Arlington Heights||718||1||0||0||1||139.3||0.0||0.0||139.3 |- | Arnold Creek||3,125||0||0||0||0||0.0||0.0||0.0||0.0 |- | Ashcreek||5,719||4||1||0||0||69.9||17.5||0.0||0.0 |- | Beaumont-Wilshire||5,346||1||0||0||0||18.7||0.0||0.0||0.0 |- | Boise||3,311||11||0||1||4||332.2||0.0||30.2||120.8 |- | Brentwood-Darlington||12,994||30||0||5||12||230.9||0.0||38.5||92.4 |- | Bridgeton||725||1||0||0||0||137.9||0.0||0.0||0.0 |- | Bridlemile||5,481||2||0||0||1||36.5||0.0||0.0||18.2 |- | Brooklyn||3,485||6||0||0||4||172.2||0.0||0.0||114.8 |- | Buckman||8,472||46||0||4||19||543.0||0.0||47.2||224.3 |- | Cathedral Park||3,349||8||0||1||1||238.9||0.0||29.9||29.9 |- | Centennial||23,662||94||2||7||28||397.3||8.5||29.6||118.3 |- | Collins View||3,036||1||0||0||0||32.9||0.0||0.0||0.0 |- | Concordia||9,550||8||0||1||6||83.8||0.0||10.5||62.8 |- | Creston-Kenilworth||8,227||0||0||0||1||0.0||0.0||0.0||12.2 |- | Crestwood||1,047||12||0||0||7||1146.1||0.0||0.0||668.6 |- | Cully||13,209||47||2||9||25||355.8||15.1||68.1||189.3 |- | Downtown||12,801||95||1||10||75||742.1||7.8||78.1||585.9 |- | East Columbia||1,748||13||0||0||13||743.7||0.0||0.0||743.7 |- | Eastmoreland||5,007||0||0||1||0||0.0||0.0||20.0||0.0 |- | Eliot||3,611||19||0||3||9||526.2||0.0||83.1||249.2 |- | Far Southwest||1,320||1||0||1||0||75.8||0.0||75.8||0.0 |- | Forest Park||4,129||1||0||0||0||24.2||0.0||0.0||0.0 |- | Foster-Powell||7,335||19||0||2||8||259.0||0.0||27.3||109.1 |- | Glenfair||3,417||18||0||3||14||526.8||0.0||87.8||409.7 |- | Goose Hollow||6,507||14||0||1||9||215.2||0.0||15.4||138.3 |- | Grant Park||3,937||5||0||1||0||127.0||0.0||25.4||0.0 |- | Hayden Island||2,270||8||0||0||10||352.4||0.0||0.0||440.5 |- | Hayhurst||5,382||4||0||1||0||74.3||0.0||18.6||0.0 |- | Hazelwood||23,462||116||3||13||50||494.4||12.8||55.4||213.1 |- | Healy Heights||187||0||0||0||0||0.0||0.0||0.0||0.0 |- | Hillsdale||7,540||1||1||1||0||13.3||13.3||13.3||0.0 |- | Hillside||2,200||1||0||0||0||45.5||0.0||0.0||0.0 |- | Hollywood||1,578||10||0||1||8||633.7||0.0||63.4||507.0 |- | Homestead||2,009||3||0||3||0||149.3||0.0||149.3||0.0 |- | Hosford-Abernethy||7,336||7||0||0||6||95.4||0.0||0.0||81.8 |- | Humboldt||5,110||29||1||0||5||567.5||19.6||0.0||97.8 |- | Irvington||8,501||10||0||3||3||117.6||0.0||35.3||35.3 |- | Kenton||7,272||24||0||0||18||330.0||0.0||0.0||247.5 |- | Kerns||5,340||9||0||2||6||168.5||0.0||37.5||112.4 |- | King||6,149||19||0||1||12||309.0||0.0||16.3||195.2 |- | Laurelhurst||4,633||3||0||0||2||64.8||0.0||0.0||43.2 |- | Lents||20,465||73||2||7||41||356.7||9.8||34.2||200.3 |- | Linnton||941||1||0||3||0||106.3||0.0||318.8||0.0 |- | Lloyd District||1,142||21||1||6||42||1838.9||87.6||525.4||3677.8 |- | Madison South||7,130||21||0||2||11||294.5||0.0||28.1||154.3 |- | Maplewood||2,557||0||0||0||1||0.0||0.0||0.0||39.1 |- | Markham||2,248||1||0||0||0||44.5||0.0||0.0||0.0 |- | Marshall Park||1,248||0||0||0||0||0.0||0.0||0.0||0.0 |- | Mill Park||8,650||31||0||3||10||358.4||0.0||34.7||115.6 |- | Montavilla||16,287||49||0||2||30||300.9||0.0||12.3||184.2 |- | Mount Scott-Arleta||7,397||18||0||4||7||243.3||0.0||54.1||94.6 |- | Mount Tabor||10,162||4||0||0||2||39.4||0.0||0.0||19.7 |- | Multnomah||7,409||1||0||2||2||13.5||0.0||27.0||27.0 |- | North Tabor||5,163||8||1||1||4||154.9||19.4||19.4||77.5 |- | Northwest District||13,399||25||0||3||19||186.6||0.0||22.4||141.8 |- | Northwest Heights||4,806||0||0||0||0||0.0||0.0||0.0||0.0 |- | Old Town-Chinatown||3,922||106||1||6||47||2702.7||25.5||153.0||1198.4 |- | Overlook||6,093||16||0||5||12||262.6||0.0||82.1||196.9 |- | Parkrose||6,363||52||1||4||6||817.2||15.7||62.9||94.3 |- | Parkrose Heights||6,119||12||0||0||10||196.1||0.0||0.0||163.4 |- | Pearl||5,997||19||0||4||19||316.8||0.0||66.7||316.8 |- | Piedmont||7,025||14||0||2||3||199.3||0.0||28.5||42.7 |- | Pleasant Valley||12,743||9||0||2||0||70.6||0.0||15.7||0.0 |- | Portsmouth||9,789||37||3||6||13||378.0||30.6||61.3||132.8 |- | Powellhurst-Gilbert||30,639||124||2||8||48||404.7||6.5||26.1||156.7 |- | Reed||4,399||5||0||0||0||113.7||0.0||0.0||0.0 |- | Richmond||11,607||13||1||3||7||112.0||8.6||25.8||60.3 |- | Rose City Park||8,982||6||0||0||8||66.8||0.0||0.0||89.1 |- | Roseway||6,323||14||1||0||3||221.4||15.8||0.0||47.4 |- | Russell||3,175||3||0||1||2||94.5||0.0||31.5||63.0 |- | Sabin||4,149||9||0||1||3||216.9||0.0||24.1||72.3 |- | Sellwood-Moreland||11,621||5||0||2||2||43.0||0.0||17.2||17.2 |- | South Burlingame||1,747||4||0||0||0||229.0||0.0||0.0||0.0 |- | South Portland||6,631||4||0||1||4||60.3||0.0||15.1||60.3 |- | South Tabor||5,995||9||0||2||2||150.1||0.0||33.4||33.4 |- | Southwest Hills||8,389||2||0||0||0||23.8||0.0||0.0||0.0 |- | St. Johns||12,207||51||0||5||18||417.8||0.0||41.0||147.5 |- | Sullivan's Gulch||3,139||7||0||1||6||223.0||0.0||31.9||191.1 |- | Sumner||2,137||14||0||1||4||655.1||0.0||46.8||187.2 |- | Sunderland||718||2||0||1||1||278.6||0.0||139.3||139.3 |- | Sunnyside||7,354||9||0||0||5||122.4||0.0||0.0||68.0 |- | Sylvan-Highlands||1,317||1||0||0||2||75.9||0.0||0.0||151.9 |- | University Park||6,035||9||0||0||7||149.1||0.0||0.0||116.0 |- | Vernon||2,585||6||0||0||7||232.1||0.0||0.0||270.8 |- | West Portland Park||3,921||6||0||0||1||153.0||0.0||0.0||25.5 |- | Wilkes||8,775||15||0||4||7||170.9||0.0||45.6||79.8 |- | Woodland Park||176||0||0||1||1||0.0||0.0||568.2||568.2 |- | Woodlawn||4,933||17||0||1||8||344.6||0.0||20.3||162.2 |- | Woodstock||8,942||11||2||1||11||123.0||22.4||11.2||123.0 |} ==Education== {{Main article|Education in Portland, Oregon}} ===Primary and secondary education=== [[File:St. Mary's Academy in Portland (2014).jpg|thumb|right|upright=.9|[[St. Mary's Academy (Portland, Oregon)|St. Mary's Academy]], a private [[Roman Catholic]] girls' school established in 1859]] Six public school districts and many private schools serve Portland. [[Portland Public Schools (Oregon)|Portland Public Schools]] is the largest school district, operating 85 public schools.<ref>Portland Public Schools Enrollment Summary [http://www.mis.pps.k12.or.us/.docs/pg/400/rid/10785/f/FallMembership2007-08_final_.pdf]{{dead link|date=July 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, page 3</ref> [[David Douglas High School]], in the [[Powellhurst-Gilbert, Portland, Oregon|Powellhurst]] neighborhood, has the largest enrollment of any public high school in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?Search=1&InstName=david+douglas&SchoolType=1&SchoolType=2&SchoolType=3&SchoolType=4&SpecificSchlTypes=all&IncGrade=-1&LoGrade=-1&HiGrade=-1&ID=410394001037|title=Search for Public Schools - School Detail for David Douglas High School|website=nces.ed.gov}}</ref> Other high schools include [[Benson Polytechnic High School]], [[Cleveland High School (Portland, Oregon)|Cleveland High School]], [[Grant High School (Portland, Oregon)|Grant High School]], [[Jefferson High School (Portland, Oregon)|Jefferson High School]], [[Madison High School (Portland, Oregon)|Madison High School]] and [[Roosevelt High School (Portland, Oregon)|Roosevelt High School]]. Established in 1869, [[Lincoln High School (Portland, Oregon)|Lincoln High School]] is the city's oldest public education institution, and is one of two of the oldest high schools west of the [[Mississippi River]] (after San Francisco's [[Lowell High School (San Francisco)|Lowell High School]]).<ref name="Oregonian 2005-09-22">{{cite news | last = Geddes | first = Ryan | title = Public school notebook: The Count | work = The Oregonian | pages = A7 | publisher = Oregonian Publishing | location= Portland, Oregon | date = September 22, 2005}}</ref> Former public schools in the city included [[Washington High School (Portland, Oregon)|Washington High School]], which operated from 1906 until 1981, as well as [[Jackson High School (Portland, Oregon)|Jackson High School]], which also closed the same year. The area's private schools include [[The Northwest Academy]], [[Portland Jewish Academy]], [[Rosemary Anderson High School]], [[Portland Adventist Academy]], [[Portland Lutheran School]], the [[Portland Waldorf School]], and [[Trinity Academy (Portland, Oregon)|Trinity Academy]]. The city and surrounding metropolitan area is also home to a large number of [[Roman Catholic]]-affiliated private schools, including [[St. Mary's Academy (Portland, Oregon)|St. Mary's Academy]], an all-girls school; [[De La Salle North Catholic High School]]; the co-educational [[Jesuit High School (Beaverton, Oregon)|Jesuit High School]]; [[La Salle High School (Milwaukie, Oregon)|La Salle High School]]; and [[Central Catholic High School (Portland, Oregon)|Central Catholic High School]], the only archdiocesan high school in the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Portland]]. ===Higher education=== {{multiple image | width = 200 | direction= vertical | align=right | image1 =Winter storm, January 2017, southeast Portland, Oregon - 26.jpg | alt1 = Brick building | caption1= [[List of Reed College buildings|Eliot Hall]], [[Reed College]] | image2 = PSU-URBN.jpg | alt2 = Glass-faced skyscrapers abutting brick-lined urban area | footer = Urban Center, [[Portland State University]] }} [[Portland State University]] has the second-largest enrollment rate of any university in the state (after [[Oregon State University]]), with a student body of nearly 30,000.<ref name="pdx.edu">{{cite web|url=http://www.pdx.edu/profile/snapshot-portland-state|work=Portland State University|title=Profile|accessdate=December 2, 2014}}</ref> It has been named among the top fifteen percentile of American universities by [[The Princeton Review]] for undergraduate education,<ref name="bestreg">{{cite web | url = http://www.princetonreview.com/schoollist.aspx?id=763 | title = The Princeton Review Best Regional Colleges | accessdate = November 3, 2011 }}</ref> and has been internationally recognized for its degrees in [[Masters of Business Administration]] and [[urban planning]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://ir.princetonreview.com/releasedetail.cfm?releaseid=168268| title = Princeton Review Top 100 MBA Rankings| accessdate = November 3, 2011| deadurl = yes| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120425120048/http://ir.princetonreview.com/releasedetail.cfm?releaseid=168268| archivedate = April 25, 2012| df = mdy-all}}</ref> The city is also home to the [[Oregon Health & Science University]], as well as [[Portland Community College]]. Notable private universities include the [[University of Portland]], a Roman Catholic university affiliated with the [[Congregation of Holy Cross]]; [[Reed College]], a rigorous [[liberal arts college]], ranked by ''[[Forbes]]'' as the 52nd best college in the country;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/colleges/reed-college/|work=Forbes|title=Reed College|accessdate=September 11, 2015}}</ref> and [[Lewis & Clark College]].<!-- Please do not add additional colleges here without consulting the talk page. Consensus is that we will not list every single one --> Other institutions of higher learning within the city are: {| | *[[Pacific Northwest College of Art]] *[[Concordia University (Oregon)|Concordia University]] *[[Linfield College]] *[[Multnomah University]] *[[Cascade College]] *[[Warner Pacific College]] |valign="top"| *[[Oregon College of Oriental Medicine]] *[[National University of Natural Medicine]] *[[The Art Institute of Portland]] *[[Northwest Film Center]] *[[Lewis & Clark Law School]] *[[Oregon Culinary Institute]] *[[University of Western States]] |} ==Media== {{Main article|Media in Portland, Oregon}}{{see also|List of radio stations in Oregon|List of television stations in Oregon}} [[File:The Oregonian Building circa 1912.jpg|thumb|upright=.9|[[The Oregonian Building]] of 1892, which no longer stands]] ''[[The Oregonian]]'' is the only daily general-interest newspaper serving Portland. It also circulates throughout the state and in [[Clark County, Washington]]. [[File:KPTV FOX 12 office.JPG|thumb|left|upright=.9|[[KPTV]] is the [[Fox Broadcasting Company]] affiliate]] Smaller local newspapers, distributed free of charge in newspaper boxes and at venues around the city, include the ''[[Portland Tribune]]'' (general-interest paper published on Tuesdays and Thursdays), ''[[Willamette Week]]'' (general-interest [[alternative weekly]] published on Wednesdays), ''[[The Portland Mercury]]'' (another alt-weekly, targeted at younger urban readers published on Thursdays), ''[[The Asian Reporter (newspaper)|The Asian Reporter]]'' (a weekly covering Asian news, both international and local) and [[The Skanner]] (a weekly [[African-American newspapers|African-American newspaper]] covering both local and national news). [[Indymedia|Portland Indymedia]] is one of the oldest and largest Independent Media Centers. The ''[[Portland Alliance]]'', a largely anti-authoritarian progressive monthly, is the largest radical print paper in the city. ''[[Just Out]]'', published in Portland twice monthly until the end of 2011, was the region's foremost [[LGBT]] publication. A biweekly paper, ''[[Street Roots]]'', is also sold within the city by members of the homeless community. ''The Portland [[American City Business Journals|Business Journal]]'', a weekly, covers business-related news, as does ''The [[Daily Journal of Commerce]]''. ''[[Portland Monthly]]'' is a monthly news and culture magazine. ''[[The Bee (Portland)|The Bee]]'', over 105 years old, is another neighborhood newspaper serving the inner southeast neighborhoods. ==Infrastructure== ===Healthcare=== {{Main article|List of hospitals in Portland, Oregon}} [[File:Legacy Good Samaritan Hospital - Portland, Oregon.JPG|thumb|right|upright=.9|[[Legacy Good Samaritan Medical Center]]]] [[Legacy Health]], a non-profit healthcare system in Portland, operates multiple facilities in the city and surrounding suburbs.{{sfn|Human Rights Campaign|2013|p=82}} These include [[Legacy Emanuel Medical Center|Legacy Emanuel]], founded in 1912, in Northeast Portland; and [[Legacy Good Samaritan Medical Center|Legacy Good Samaritan]], founded in 1875, and in Northwest Portland.{{sfn|Human Rights Campaign|2013|p=82}} [[Randall Children's Hospital at Legacy Emanuel|Randall's Children's Hospital]] operates at the Legacy Emanuel Campus. Good Samaritan has centers for breast health, cancer, and stroke, and is home to the [[Legacy Devers Eye Institute]], the Legacy Obesity and Diabetes Institute, the Legacy Diabetes and Endocrinology Center, the Legacy Rehabilitation Clinic of Oregon, and the [[Linfield College|Linfield]]-Good Samaritan School of Nursing.<ref name="Legacy">{{cite web | url = http://www.legacyhealth.org/body.cfm?id=21 | title = Our Hospitals | accessdate = August 26, 2008 | publisher = Legacy Health System | date = August 15, 2007 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080505215603/http://www.legacyhealth.org/body.cfm?id=21 <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = May 5, 2008}}</ref> The Catholic-affiliated [[Providence Health & Services]] operates [[Providence Portland Medical Center]] in the [[North Tabor, Portland, Oregon|North Tabor neighborhood]] of the city. [[Oregon Health & Science University]] is a university hospital formed in 1974. The [[Veterans Affairs Medical Center (Oregon)|Veterans Affairs Medical Center]] operates next to the Oregon Health & Science University main campus. [[Adventist Medical Center]] also serves the city. [[Shriners Hospital for Children (Portland)|Shriners Hospital for Children]] is a small children's hospital established in 1923. ===Transportation=== {{Main article|Transportation in Portland, Oregon}} {{multiple image | align = left | direction = vertical | header = | header_align = left | header_background = | footer = | footer_align =left | footer_background = | width = | image1 = MAX Type 4 cars crossing 185th.JPG | width1 = 200 | alt1 = | caption1 = [[MAX Light Rail]] is the centerpiece of the city's public transportation system. | image2 = PortlandStreetcar5.jpg | alt2 = | width2 = 200 | caption2 = [[Portland Streetcar]] is a three-line system serving [[Downtown Portland|downtown]] and nearby areas. }} The Portland metropolitan area has transportation services common to major U.S. cities, though Oregon's emphasis on proactive [[Land use forecasting|land-use planning]] and [[transit-oriented development]] within the [[urban growth boundary]] means commuters have multiple well-developed options. In 2014, ''Travel + Leisure'' magazine rated Portland as the No. 1 most pedestrian and transit-friendly city in the United States.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.travelandleisure.com/articles/americas-favorite-cities|title=America's Favorite Cities|date=October 7, 2014 |work=Travel + Leisure |accessdate=November 10, 2015}}</ref> A 2011 study by [[Walk Score]] ranked Portland 12th most walkable of fifty largest U.S. cities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.walkscore.com/rankings/cities/|title=2011 City and Neighborhood Rankings |publisher=Walk Score |year=2011 |accessdate=August 28, 2011}}</ref> In 2008, 12.6% of all commutes in Portland were on public transit.<ref>{{cite web |title=Means of Transportation to Work by Selected Characteristics: 2006 American Community Survey |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau|U.S. Census Bureau]] |url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_06_EST_S0802&prodType=table |accessdate=January 11, 2013 }}</ref> [[TriMet]] operates most of the region's buses and the [[MAX Light Rail|MAX]] (short for Metropolitan Area Express) [[light rail]] system, which connects the city and suburbs. The 1986-opened MAX system has expanded to five lines, with the latest being the [[MAX Orange Line|Orange Line]] to [[Milwaukie, Oregon|Milwaukie]], in service as of September 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://trimet.org/alerts/service-change/2015fall/index.htm |title=Fall 2015 Service Improvements |accessdate=September 26, 2015 |website=TriMet |publisher=TriMet |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927203752/http://trimet.org/alerts/service-change/2015fall/index.htm |archivedate=September 27, 2015 |df= }}</ref> [[WES Commuter Rail]] opened in February 2009 in Portland's western suburbs, linking [[Beaverton, Oregon|Beaverton]] and [[Wilsonville, Oregon|Wilsonville]]. The city-owned [[Portland Streetcar]] serves two routes in the Central City – [[Downtown Portland|downtown]] and adjacent districts. The first line, which opened in 2001 and was extended in 2005–2007, operates from the South Waterfront District through Portland State University and north through the West End of downtown, to shopping areas and dense residential districts north and northwest of downtown. The second line that opened in 2012 added {{convert|3.3|mi|km|adj=off}} of tracks on the east side of the Willamette River and across the [[Broadway Bridge (Portland)|Broadway Bridge]] to a connection with the original line.<ref name="oreg-2012sep22">{{cite news|title= Portland Streetcar's eastside loop gets off to hobbled start Saturday |last=Rose|first=Joseph|newspaper=[[The Oregonian]]|page=1|date=September 22, 2012 <!--(online date September 21)-->|url=http://blog.oregonlive.com/commuting/2012/09/portland_streetcars_eastside_l.html |accessdate=November 6, 2012}}</ref> The east-side line completed a loop to the tracks on the west side of the river upon completion of the new [[Tilikum Crossing]] in 2015,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trimet.org/pdfs/pm/Fact-sheets-timelines/PMLR-Bridge-Fact-Sheet-August2011.pdf|title=Portland-Milwaukie Light Rail Bridge to bring new options for transit, cyclists and pedestrians|publisher=Portland-Milwaukie Light Rail Transit Project|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617125637/http://trimet.org/pdfs/pm/Fact-sheets-timelines/PMLR-Bridge-Fact-Sheet-August2011.pdf|archivedate=June 17, 2012 |format=PDF}}</ref> and, in anticipation of that, had been named the Central Loop line in 2012. However, it was renamed the [[Loop Service (Portland Streetcar)|Loop Service]], with an A Loop (clockwise) and B Loop (counterclockwise), when it became a complete loop with the opening of the Tilikum Crossing bridge. Fifth and Sixth avenues within downtown comprise the [[Portland Transit Mall]], two streets devoted primarily to bus and light rail traffic with limited automobile access. Opened in 1977 for buses, the transit mall was renovated and rebuilt in 2007–09, with light rail added. Starting in 1975 and lasting nearly four decades, all transit service within downtown Portland was free, the area being known by TriMet as [[Fareless Square]], but a need for minor budget cuts and funding needed for expansion prompted the agency to limit free rides to rail service only in 2010,<ref name="oreg-2009aug12">{{cite news| last = Rivera| first = Dylan| title = The days of a free bus ride are over| newspaper = [[The Oregonian]]| date = August 12, 2009| url = http://www.oregonlive.com/news/index.ssf/2009/08/no_more_free_bus_rides_in_port.html| accessdate = September 2, 2012}}</ref> and subsequently to discontinue the fare-free zone entirely in 2012.<ref name="oreg-2012aug31">{{cite news|last=Bailey Jr.|first=Everton|title=TriMet boosts most fares starting Saturday; some routes changing |newspaper=The Oregonian|date=August 30, 2012 <!--print edition date August 31, 2012, page 1-->|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/roadreport/index.ssf/2012/08/trimet_boosts_most_fares_start.html |accessdate=September 1, 2012}}</ref> TriMet provides real-time tracking of buses and trains with its TransitTracker, and makes the data available to software developers so they can create customized tools of their own.<ref name="transit apps">{{cite news|last=Rose|first=Joseph|title=TriMet's open source heaven: The 5 best transit-rider apps |date=July 16, 2009 |newspaper=The Oregonian |url=http://blog.oregonlive.com/commuting/2009/07/open_source_heaven_the_5_best.html |accessdate=September 2, 2012}}</ref><ref name="google adds trimet">{{cite news|last=Rogoway|first=Mike|title=Google Maps adds live TriMet arrival and departure times |date=June 8, 2011|newspaper=The Oregonian|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/business/index.ssf/2011/06/google_maps_adds_lives_trimet.html |accessdate=September 2, 2012}}</ref> [[File:UnionStationPortland.jpg|thumb|right|upright=.9|Union Station]] [[Interstate 5 in Oregon|I-5]] connects Portland with the [[Willamette Valley]], [[Southern Oregon]], and California to the south and with [[Washington (state)|Washington]] to the north. [[Interstate 405 (Oregon)|I-405]] forms a loop with I-5 around the central downtown area of the city and [[Interstate 205 (Oregon-Washington)|I-205]] is a loop freeway route on the east side which connects to the [[Portland International Airport]]. [[U.S. Route 26 in Oregon|U.S. 26]] supports commuting within the metro area and continues to the Pacific Ocean westward and [[Mount Hood]] and [[Central Oregon]] eastward. [[U.S. Route 30 in Oregon|U.S. 30]] has a main, bypass, and business route through the city extending to [[Astoria, Oregon|Astoria]] to the west; through [[Gresham, Oregon]], and the eastern [[Commuter town|exurbs]], and connects to [[Interstate 84 in Oregon|I-84]], traveling towards [[Boise, Idaho]]. Portland ranks 13th in traffic congestion of all American cities, and is 16th among all North American cities.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://scorecard.inrix.com/scorecard/default.asp | title=INRIX/ODOT Traffic Scorecard | date=April 28, 2013}}</ref> Portland's main airport is [[Portland International Airport]], about 20 minutes by car (40 minutes by MAX) northeast of downtown. Portland is also home to [[List of airports in Oregon|Oregon's]] only public use heliport, the [[Portland Downtown Heliport]]. [[Amtrak]], the national passenger rail system, provides service to Portland at [[Union Station (Portland)|Union Station]] on three routes. Long-haul train routes include the ''[[Coast Starlight]]'' (with service from Los Angeles to Seattle) and the ''[[Empire Builder]]'' (with service from Seattle/Portland to Chicago.) The ''[[Amtrak Cascades]]'' state-supported trains operate between [[Vancouver]] and [[Eugene, Oregon]], and serve Portland several times daily. The city is also served by [[Greyhound Lines]] intercity bus service which operates [[BoltBus]] an express bus service. The bus depot is about one block from the Portland Union Station. The city's first airport was the [[Swan Island Municipal Airport]] which was closed in the 1940s. [[File:PortlandTramCar3.jpg|thumb|upright=.9|The [[Portland Aerial Tram]] connects the [[South Waterfront]] district with [[Oregon Health and Science University|OHSU]]]] Portland is the only city in the United States that owns operating mainline [[steam locomotive]]s, donated to the city in 1958 by the railroads that ran them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.orhf.org/capital-campaign/|title=Capital Campaign|publisher=Oregon Rail Heritage Foundation|accessdate=December 31, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111230073054/http://www.orhf.org/capital-campaign/|archivedate=December 30, 2011|df=mdy-all}}</ref> [[Spokane, Portland & Seattle 700]] and the world-famous [[Southern Pacific 4449]] can be seen several times a year pulling a special [[excursion train]], either locally or on an extended trip. The "Holiday Express", pulled over the tracks of the [[Oregon Pacific Railroad (1997)|Oregon Pacific Railroad]] on weekends in December, has become a Portland tradition over its several years running.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thebeenews.com/news/story.php?story_id=132423175015250800|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426082537/http://www.thebeenews.com/news/story.php?story_id=132423175015250800|archivedate=April 26, 2012|title="Holiday Express" delights families, benefits new S.E. museum|author=Ashton, David F.|newspaper=The Sellwood Bee|date=December 20, 2011|accessdate=April 17, 2016}}</ref> These trains and others are operated by volunteers of the [[Oregon Rail Heritage Foundation]], an amalgamation of rail preservation groups which collaborated on the finance and construction of the [[Oregon Rail Heritage Center]], a permanent and publicly accessible home for the locomotives, which opened in 2012 adjacent to OMSI.<ref name="oreg-2012sep">{{cite news|last=Tims |first=Dana |title=Oregon Rail Heritage Center ready for grand opening Saturday, Sunday |newspaper=[[The Oregonian]] |date=September 20, 2012 |url=http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2012/09/oregon_rail_center_is_now_arri.html |accessdate=September 28, 2012|page=B1<!--in Sep 21 print edition-->}}</ref> [[Cycling in Portland, Oregon|In Portland, cycling]] is a significant mode of transportation. As the city has been particularly supportive of [[urban bicycling]] it now ranks highly among the most [[bicycle-friendly]] cities in the world.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.virgin-vacations.com/11-most-bike-friendly-cities.aspx | title = 11 Most Bike Friendly Cities in the World&nbsp;– Bicycle friendly cities | work=Virgin Vacations | publisher=Virgin Airlines | accessdate = June 18, 2009 }}</ref> Approximately 8% of commuters bike to work, the highest proportion of any major U.S. city and about 10 times the national average.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124242099361525009 'Youth Magnet' Cities Hit Midlife Crisis] ''The Wall Street Journal''. Retrieved June 14, 2009.</ref> For its achievements in promoting cycling as an everyday means of transportation, Portland has been recognized by the [[League of American Bicyclists]] and other cycling organizations for its network of on-street bicycling facilities and other bicycle-friendly services, being one of only three U.S. cities to have earned a Platinum-level rating.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bikeleague.org/media/press/ | title=League of American Bicyclists * Press Releases | publisher=Bikeleague.org | accessdate=October 6, 2008 |archivedate=May 30, 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530133918/http://www.bikeleague.org/media/press/ }}</ref> A new [[bicycle-sharing system]], [[Biketown]], launched on July 19, 2016,<ref name="biketown launches">{{cite news|last=Njus|first=Elliot|title=Biketown bike-share program launches with inaugural Tilikum Crossing ride|newspaper=The Oregonian|date=July 19, 2016|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/commuting/index.ssf/2016/07/biketown_bike-share_program_la.html|accessdate=July 20, 2016}}</ref> with 100 stations in the city's central and eastside neighborhoods.<ref>{{cite news |last=Njus |first=Elliot |date=June 13, 2016 |title=Biketown bike-share launch date, pricing, station locations announced |url=http://www.oregonlive.com/commuting/index.ssf/2016/06/biketown_bike-share_launch_dat.html |work=The Oregonian |accessdate=July 8, 2016}}</ref> The bikes were provided by Social Bicycles, and the system is operated by [[Motivate (company)|Motivate]]. [[Car sharing]] through [[Zipcar]], [[Car2Go]], [[Getaround]], and [[Uhaul Car Share]] is available to residents of the city and some inner suburbs. Portland has a commuter aerial cableway, the [[Portland Aerial Tram]], which connects the [[South Waterfront]] district on the Willamette River to the [[Oregon Health & Science University]] campus on Marquam Hill above. {{multiple image | align = center | direction = horizontal | header = | header_align = center | header_background = | footer = | footer_align = center | footer_background = | width = | image1 = Under Fremont Bridge in Portland.jpg | width1 = 135 | alt1 = | caption1 = [[Fremont Bridge (Portland)|Fremont Bridge]] | image2 = St. Johns Bridge (Multnomah County, Oregon scenic images) (mulDA0038b).jpg | alt2 = | width2 = 150 | caption2 = [[St. Johns Bridge]] | image3 = Broadway Br with green streetcar - view from south approach viaduct, cropped.jpg | alt3 = | width3 = 160 | caption3 = [[Broadway Bridge (Portland)|Broadway Bridge]] | image4 = Glenn Jackson Bridge aerial.jpg | alt4 = | width4 = 140 | caption4 = [[Glenn Jackson Bridge]] | image5 = Hawthorne Bridge.jpg | alt5 = | width5 = 150 | caption5 = [[Hawthorne Bridge]] | image6 = Morrison Bridge - Portland OR.jpg | alt6 = | width6 = 150 | caption6 = [[Morrison Bridge]] | image7 = I5 Bridge-2.jpg | alt7 = | width7 = 150 | caption7 = [[Interstate Bridge]] }} == Notable people == {{Main list|List of people from Portland, Oregon}} ==Sister cities== [[File:Hokkaido Sapporo Odori Park.jpg|thumb|upright=.9|[[Sapporo]], Japan is Portland's oldest [[sister city]]]] Portland has ten [[sister cities]] and one "friendship city" (Utrecht); each city is required to maintain long-term involvement and participation:<ref name="AuditorsOffice">[http://www.portlandonline.com/auditor/index.cfm?a=5831&&c=26814 ART-1.01 – Exhibit A]. Portlandonline.com (October 31, 2001). Retrieved on September 6, 2013.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sister-cities.org/interactive-map/Portland,%20Oregon |publisher=Sister Cities International |title=Portland, Oregon |accessdate=May 27, 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527135739/http://sister-cities.org/interactive-map/Portland%2C%20Oregon |archivedate=May 27, 2015 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> *{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Sapporo]], Japan <small>''(November 17, 1959)''</small><ref name="PortlandSapporo">{{cite web|url=http://www.portland-sapporo.org |title=portland-sapporo.org |publisher=portland-sapporo.org |accessdate=September 15, 2013}}</ref> *{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Guadalajara]], Mexico <small>''(September 23, 1983)''</small><ref name="PortlandGuadalajara">{{cite web|url=http://www.pgsca.com/ |title=pgsca.com |publisher=pgsca.com |accessdate=September 15, 2013}}</ref><ref name="Guadalajara sisters">{{cite web|url=http://www.guadalajara.gob.mx/dependencias/relacionespublicas/versioningles/sistercities.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302011742/http://www.guadalajara.gob.mx/dependencias/relacionespublicas/versioningles/sistercities.html |archivedate=March 2, 2012 |title=Sister Cities, Public Relations |publisher=Guadalajara municipal government |accessdate=March 12, 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> *{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Ashkelon]], Israel <small>''(October 13, 1987)''</small><ref name="PortlandAshkelon">{{cite web|url=http://portlandashkelon.org |title=portlandashkelon.org |publisher=portlandashkelon.org |date=August 20, 2013 |accessdate=September 15, 2013}}</ref> *{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Ulsan]], South Korea <small>''(November 20, 1987)''</small><ref name="PortlandUlsan">{{cite web|url=http://www.portlandulsan.org/ |title=portlandulsan.org |publisher=portlandulsan.org |accessdate=September 15, 2013}}</ref> *{{flagicon|PRC}} [[Suzhou]], [[Jiangsu]], People's Republic of China <small>''(June 7, 1988)''</small><ref name="PortlandSuzhoe">{{cite web|url=http://www.portlandsuzhou.org/ |title=portlandsuzhou.org |publisher=portlandsuzhou.org |accessdate=September 15, 2013}}</ref> *{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Khabarovsk]], Russia <small>''(June 10, 1988)''</small><ref name="PortlandKhabarovsk">{{cite web|url=http://www.pksca.org/ |title=pksca.org |publisher=pksca.org |date=April 23, 2010 |accessdate=September 15, 2013}}</ref> *{{flagicon|ROC}} [[Kaohsiung]], Taiwan <small>''(October 11, 1988)''</small><ref name="PortlandKaohsiung">{{cite web|url=http://www.pksca.net/home.php|title=Portland-Kaohsiung|accessdate=November 10, 2015|work=Portland-Kaohsiung Sister City Association}}</ref> *{{flagicon|ZIM}} [[Mutare]], Zimbabwe <small>''(December 18, 1991)''</small><ref name="PortlandMutare">{{cite web|url=http://portlandmutare.org/pmsca/|work=Portland-Mutare Sister City Association|title=Portland-Mutare|accessdate=November 9, 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017083100/http://portlandmutare.org/pmsca/|archivedate=October 17, 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref> *{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Bologna]], Italy <small>''(June 5, 2003)''</small><ref name="PortlandBologna">{{cite web|url=http://www.portland-bologna.org/ |title=portland-bologna.org |publisher=portland-bologna.org |date=June 30, 2010 |accessdate=September 15, 2013}}</ref> *{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Kota Kinabalu]], Malaysia <small>''(September 29, 2014)''</small><ref name="PortlandKotaKinabalu">{{cite web|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/metro/community/2016/01/09/partnership-leads-to-growth-culture-of-twin-cities-are-friendly-and-welcoming-to-visitors-says-us-am/ |title=Partnership leads to growth |author=Stephanie Lee |publisher=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]] |date=January 9, 2016 |accessdate=January 9, 2016}}</ref> *{{flagicon|NED}} [[Utrecht]], Netherlands<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sistercities.org/interactive-map/relationship/Portland,%20Oregon/Utrecht,%20Netherlands |title=Sister Cities |website=sistercities.org}}</ref> ==See also== {{portal|Oregon|United States}} * [[1972 Portland–Vancouver tornado]] * [[List of hospitals in Portland, Oregon]] * [[List of sports venues in Portland, Oregon]] * [[Roses in Portland, Oregon]] * [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Portland in Oregon]] * [[Keep Portland Weird]] == Notes == {{Notelist}} == References == {{Reflist}} ==Bibliography== {{refbegin|25em}} *{{cite book|ref={{SfnRef|Allen|Burns|Sargent|2009}}|title=Cataclysms on the Columbia|author1=Allen, John Elliott |author2=Burns, Marjorie |author3=Sargent, Sam C. |year=2009|publisher=Ooligan Press|isbn=978-1-93201-031-2}} *{{cite book|ref={{SfnRef|Anderson|2014}}|title=Portland: A Food Biography|first=Heather Arndt |last=Anderson|year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-1-44222-738-5}} *{{cite book|ref={{SfnRef|Barth|1991}}|title=Roadside Hollywood:The Movie Lover's State-By-State Guide to Film Locations, Celebrity Hangouts, Celluloid Tourist Attractions, and More|author=Barth, Jack|publisher=Contemporary Books|year=1991}} *{{cite book|ref={{SfnRef|Chandler|2013}}|title=Hidden History of Portland, Oregon|author=Chandler, J.D.|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|isbn=978-1-62619-198-3|year=2013}} *{{cite book|ref={{SfnRef|Falsetto|2015}}|title=Conversations with Gus Van Sant|author=Falsetto, Mario|year=2015|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-44224-766-6}} *{{cite book|ref={{SfnRef|Freilich|Sitkowski|Mennilo|2010}}|title=From Sprawl to Sustainability: Smart Growth, New Urbanism, Green Development|author1=Freilich, Robert H |author2=Sitkowski, Robert J. |author3=Mennilo, Seth D. |year=2010|publisher=Amer-Bar-Asso}} *{{cite book|ref={{SfnRef|Human Rights Campaign|2013}}|title=Healthcare Equality Index 2013|publisher=HRC|author=Human Rights Campaign|isbn=978-1-934765-27-2}} *{{cite book|ref={{SfnRef|John|2012}}|title=Wicked Portland: The Wild and Lusty Underworld of a Frontier Seaport Town|year=2012|author=John, Finn|publisher=History Press|isbn=978-1-60949-578-7}} *{{cite book|ref={{SfnRef|Marschner|2008}} |last=Marschner |first=Janice |title=Oregon 1859: A Snapshot in Time|publisher=Timber Press |page=187|isbn=978-0-88192-873-0}} *{{cite book|ref={{SfnRef|Mass|2008}}|title=The Weather of the Pacific Northwest|author=Mass, Clifford|year=2008|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn= 978-0-29598-847-4}} *{{cite book|ref={{SfnRef|Palahniuk|2003}}|title=[[Fugitives and Refugees: A Walk in Portland, Oregon]]|author=[[Chuck Palahniuk|Palahniuk, Chuck]]|year=2003|isbn= 978-1-40004-783-3|publisher=Crown}} *{{cite book|ref={{SfnRef|Platt|2006}}|title=The Humane Metropolis: People and Nature in the 21st-Century City |author=Platt, Rutherford|year=2006|publisher=University of Massachusetts Press |isbn=978-1-55849-554-8}} *{{cite book|ref={{SfnRef|Scott|1890}}|title=History of Portland Oregon with Illustrations and Biographical Sketches of Prominent Citizens and Pioneers|year=1890|publisher=D. Mason & Co.|first=H.W.|last=Scott}} *{{cite book|ref={{SfnRef|Wilson III|2004}}|last1=Wilson III|first1=Ernest J.|last2=Wilson|first2=Ernest J.|title=Diversity and US Foreign Policy: A Reader|year=2004|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=0-415-92884-2|page=55}} {{refend}} ==Further reading== {{refbegin}} *{{Cite book |first=Carl |last=Abbott |title=Greater Portland: Urban Life and Landscape in the Pacific Northwest |location=Philadelphia |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=2001 |isbn=0-8122-1779-9 }} *{{Cite book |first=Carl |last=Abbott |title=Portland in Three Centuries: The Place and the People |year=2011 |publisher=Oregon State University Press |location=Corvallis |isbn=978-0-87071-613-3 }}; scholarly history *{{Cite book |first=Joseph |last=Gaston |title=Portland, Oregon, Its History and Builders: In Connection with the Antecedent Explorations, Discoveries, and Movements of the Pioneers that Selected the Site for the Great City of the Pacific |year=1911 |publisher=S. J. Clarke Publishing Co. |location=Chicago |oclc=1183569 }} In Three Volumes. [https://archive.org/details/portlandoregonit01gast Volume 1] | [https://archive.org/details/portlandoregonit02gast Volume 2] | [https://archive.org/details/portlandoregonit03gast Volume 3] * Hodges, Adam J. ''World War I and Urban Order: The Local Class Politics of National Mobilization.'' New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017. *{{Cite book |authorlink=Stewart Holbrook |first=Stewart |last=Holbrook |title=Far Corner: A Personal View of the Pacific Northwest |origyear=Reprint of 1952 edition |year=1986 |publisher=Comstock Editions |location=Sausalito, California |isbn=978-0-89174-043-8 }} *{{Cite book |first=Jewel |last=Lansing |authorlink=Jewel Lansing |title=Portland: People, Politics, and Power, 1851–2001 |location=Corvallis |publisher=Oregon State University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-87071-559-3 }} *{{Cite book |first=E. Kimbark |last=MacColl |title=The Shaping of a City: Business and Politics in Portland, Oregon 1885 to 1915 |location=Portland, Oregon |publisher=Georgian Press |year=1976 |oclc=2645815 }} *{{Cite book |first=E. Kimbark |last=MacColl |title=The Growth of a City: Power and Politics in Portland, Oregon 1915 to 1950 |location=Portland, Oregon |publisher=Georgian Press |year=1979 |isbn=0-9603408-1-5 }} *{{Cite book |last=MacGibbon |first=Elma |url=http://www.sos.wa.gov/history/publications_detail.aspx?p=63 |accessdate=June 22, 2013 |title=Leaves of knowledge |year=1904 |publisher=Shaw & Borden Co |location=Spokane |oclc=3877939 }} Contents: "Elma MacGibbon reminiscences of her travels in the United States starting in 1898, which were mainly in Oregon and Washington." Includes chapter "Portland, the Western Hub." *{{Cite journal |last=O'Toole |first=Randal |authorlink=Randal O'Toole |url=http://www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/pa-596.pdf |format=PDF |title=Debunking Portland: The City That Doesn't Work |journal=Policy Analysis |volume=596 |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Cato Institute |date=July 9, 2007 |oclc=164599623 |accessdate=June 22, 2013 }} *{{Cite book |editor-first=Connie P. |editor-last=Ozawa |title=The Portland Edge: Challenges and Successes in Growing Communities |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Island Press |year=2004 |isbn=1-55963-695-5 }} {{refend}} ==External links== {{Sister project links|Portland, Oregon|voy=Portland (Oregon)}} <!-- ==============================({{NoMoreLinks}})============================== --> <!-- DO ''not'' ADD MORE LINKS TO THIS ARTICLE. 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Links that have not been verified --> <!-- WILL BE DELETED --> <!-- ============================================================================= --> * [http://www.portlandonline.com/ City of Portland] official website ** [http://www.portlandmaps.com/ Portland Maps] (lot-level GIS) * [http://www.portlandalliance.com/ Portland Business Alliance&nbsp;– Portland Chamber of Commerce] * [http://www.travelportland.com/ Portland's Visitor Association]&nbsp;– official [[visitors' bureau]] website * {{dmoz|Regional/North_America/United_States/Oregon/Localities/P/Portland/}} '''Portland websites that are also [[wiki]]s''' * [http://portlandwiki.org/PortlandWiki PortlandWiki] is Portland, Oregon's civic wiki. * [[WikiWikiWeb:|WikiWikiWeb]] installed by [[Ward Cunningham|Howard Cunningham]] from [[Beaverton, Oregon|Beaverton]]. Since Ward invented the concept of a wiki wiki web, this is the very first wiki in existence. {{Portland, Oregon}} {{Portland neighborhoods}} {{Clackamas County, Oregon}} {{Multnomah County, Oregon}} {{Washington County, Oregon}} {{Oregon}} {{USLargestMetros}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Portland, Oregon| ]] [[Category:1845 establishments in Oregon Country]] [[Category:Populated places established in 1845]] [[Category:Cities in Clackamas County, Oregon]] [[Category:Cities in Multnomah County, Oregon]] [[Category:Cities in Oregon]] [[Category:Cities in Washington County, Oregon]] [[Category:County seats in Oregon]] [[Category:Populated places on the Columbia River]] [[Category:Populated places on the Willamette River]] [[Category:Port cities in Oregon]] [[Category:Port cities and towns of the West Coast of the United States]] [[Category:Railway towns in Oregon]] [[Category:Cities in the Portland metropolitan area]] [[Category:Articles containing video clips]]'