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'{{short description|Iraqi Scholar}} {{about|an Iraqi [[ayatollah]]|his [[Marja' (Islamic law)|Grand Ayatollah]] brother|Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi}} {{refimprove|date=December 2009}} [[Ayatollah]] [[Sayyid|Sayed]] '''Hadi Almodarresi''' or '''al-Modarresi''' ({{lang-ar|'''هادي المدرسي'''}}; '''Hādī al-Mudarrisī''') (1957– ) is an Iraqi Shi'a scholar and leader. Much of his career was marked by opposition to the government of [[Saddam Hussein]], and he spent many years in exile, particularly in Bahrain. Almodarresi returned to Iraq following the 2003 collapse of the Hussein government, and administers humanitarian projects in Iraq. == Early life == Almodarresi was born in 1957 to a family with a long line of top-ranking scholars that dominated the ''hawza'' (Islamic seminaries) for many years in [[Karbala]], Iraq. His family includes supreme religious jurists ([[Marja'|marja’a]]) such as Grand Ayatollah [[Mirza Mahdi Al Shirazi]] (grandfather), Grand Ayatollah [[Mohammad Shirazi]] (uncle) and Grand Ayatollah [[Sadiq Shirazi]] (uncle), Grand Ayatollah Ali Al-Sabzowari (cousin), Grand Ayatollah Sayed Abdul Hadi Al-Shirazi (great uncle), as well as Grand Ayatollah [[Mohammad Taqi Al Modarresi]] (brother). Almodarresi started his religious education in the Islamic seminary of Karbala at the age of three and actively sought his religious studies under the auspices of many high ranking scholars. He completed the secondary part of the curriculum by the age of nine. Due to his distinguished abilities Almodarresi received the recognition of several maraje’ who appointed him as their special representative. While engaged in preaching Islam in Bahrain and at the young age of 26 Grand Ayatollah Sabzewari and Grand Ayatollah [[Shahab al-Din Mar'ashi Najafi|Mar’ashi Najafi]] also awarded Almodarresi power of representation in which they praised him and labeled him as “scholar worthy of taking a leadership position” and urging Muslims to follow his lead.{{cn|date=March 2018}} == Opposition to Saddam Hussein== Almodarresi's advocacy of political freedom and strong stance against terrorism started from an early age when Saddam Hussein came to power in Iraq. Seventeen members of his wife’s family were executed by Saddam's regime or simply disappeared in the notorious [[Baathist]] penitentiaries. Almodarresi wrote the first book openly attacking the Iraqi regime ever to be published by a religious scholar. Published under a pseudonym in Beirut, the book was titled ''No To Rulers of Iraq'' and sparked a massive political crisis in Baghdad and caused the Baathist regime to issue an ultimatum for the removal of all Lebanese nationals from Iraq within 72 hours.{{citation needed|date=November 2011}} Almodarresi eluded execution by moving from house to house, often living in cellars for months and traveling in disguise. His uncle Ayatollah Sayed Hassan Al Shirazi was gunned down by Iraqi government assassins in Beirut for his role as a key opposition figure to Saddam's regime.{{citation needed|date=November 2011}} ==Bahraini coup d'état== With the escalation of the Ba’athist repression, Hadi fled Iraq and found sanctuary in [[Bahrain]], where he gained citizenship in 1974,<ref name="EhteshamiQuilliam2016">{{cite book|author1=Anoushiravan Ehteshami|author2=Neil Quilliam|author3=Gawdat Bahgat|title=Security and Bilateral Issues between Iran and its Arab Neighbours|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NpLJDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA67|date=21 December 2016|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-43289-2|pages=67–}}</ref> and rose to international prominence. In 1979, Hadi Almodarresi left Bahrain for Iran, either because his passport expired, or because he was deported.<ref name="RamazaniKechichian1988">{{cite book|author1=Rouhollah K. Ramazani|author2=Joseph A. Kechichian|title=The Gulf Cooperation Council: Record and Analysis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hyXcVOV4G6YC&pg=PA33|year=1988|publisher=University of Virginia Press|isbn=978-0-8139-1148-9|pages=33–}}</ref> In 1981, Hadi's brother Taqi formed the [[Islamic Front for the Liberation of Bahrain]], and appointed Hadi as leader of the organization. The professed aim of the Front was the ‘uprising of all Muslims under Imam Khomeini’.<ref>Iran’s Persian Gulf Policy: From Khomeini to Khatami by Christin Marschall, Routledge, 2003, p32</ref> It came to international prominence as the front organization for the [[1981 Bahraini coup d'état attempt|1981 failed coup in Bahrain]], which attempted to install Hadi Almodarresi as the spiritual leader of a theocratic Shia state.<ref>Low Intensity Conflict in the Third World Stephen Blank, et al, Inc NetLibrary, Press, Air University (U.S.), 1988, p8</ref> Almodarresi in addition to heading the IFLB served as Khomeini’s “personal representative” in Bahrain.<ref>Iran’s Persian Gulf Policy: From Khomeini to Khatami by Christin Marschall, Routledge, 2003, p32</ref> ==Exile in Iran== As a founding member of the Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq ([[SCIRI]]) and senior director of the [[Islamic Action Organization]], Almodarresi was one of the most active figures of the Iraqi opposition in exile. While continuing his religious activities and writing over 250 published books, Almodarresi was closely involved in efforts to expose and bring down the regime in Baghdad. He was also able to escape a number of assassination attempts abroad, including one in Brazil in 1991 as well as two more attempts against his life in Syria by Ba'athist{{clarification needed|The Iraqi ones, not the Syrian ones?|date=March 2018}} intelligence operatives in 2001.{{citation needed|date=November 2011}} == Return to Iraq == Upon returning to Iraq after the fall of Saddam’s regime, he was greeted by over 30,000 people in Baghdad and 50,000 in [[Sadr City]] and a similar crowd in his native city of Karbala.{{cn|date=March 2018}} Almodarresi established a television station upon his return to his hometown. He is also involved in several large-scale humanitarian projects in Iraq and has been involved in the building of mosques, schools, medical clinics, orphanages, and has been a stanch advocate of women's rights and consistently speaks out against the oppression of women in his lectures and books. He also facilitates marriage by providing financial help to people who wish to get married and has organized several large mass marriage ceremonies. Almodarresi also founded and currently heads the [[League of Religious Scholars]] which brings together many high ranking Shi’ite scholars or their representatives in Iraq.{{cn|date=March 2018}} ==References== {{reflist}} == External links == *{{official|http://www.modarresi.org}} * [http://www.modarresi.org/biography/index.html Arabic biography], excerpts from a biography of Ayatollah Almodarresi, by Mansour Al Sheikh, "Allamah Sayed Hadi Almodarresi; His Positions, His Thoughts", Beirut, Lebanon 1991. Reprinted in Baghdad, Iraq 2004.] {{DEFAULTSORT:Modarresi, Hadi}} [[Category:1957 births]] [[Category:Iraqi Shia clerics]] [[Category:Politics of Bahrain]] [[Category:Politics of Iraq]] [[Category:Iraqi Shia Muslims]] [[Category:People from Karbala]] [[Category:Iraqi people of Iranian descent]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:People of the Bahraini uprising of 2011]]'