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'{{distinguish|Siphonophorida}} {{More footnotes|article|date=September 2014}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Portuguese Man-O-War (Physalia physalis).jpg | image_caption = [[Portuguese man o' war]]<br> (''Physalia physalis'') | taxon = Siphonophorae | authority = [[Johann Friedrich von Eschscholtz|Eschscholtz]], 1829 | subdivision_ranks = [[Suborder]]s | subdivision = | synonyms = * Siphonophora <small>Eschscholtz, 1829</small> }} {{multiple image | align = right | direction = vertical | width = 205 | image1 = Marrus orthocanna crop.jpg | alt1 = | caption1 = {{center|The [[Pelagic zone|pelagic]] siphonophore ''[[Marrus orthocanna]]''}} | image2 = Apolemia uvaria.jpg | alt2 = | caption2 = {{center|''[[Apolemia uvaria]]''<ref>[http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/corals-anemones-and-jellyfish/page-1 Cnidaria – the nettle animals] ''Te Ara, The Encyclopedia of New Zealand''. Updated: 13 July 2012. Accessed 31 March 2015.</ref>}} }} The '''Siphonophorae''' or '''Siphonophora''', the '''siphonophores''', are an [[order (biology)|order]] of the [[hydrozoans]], a class of marine [[animal]]s belonging to the phylum [[Cnidaria]]. NOT A OCTIPUS! According to the [[World Register of Marine Species]], the order contains 188 species.<ref name="WoRMS">Siphonophorae (2018): [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1371 Siphonophorae] ''World Register of Marine Species''. Retrieved 8 January 2018.</ref> Although a siphonophore may appear to be a single [[organism]], each specimen is in fact a [[Colony (biology)|colonial organism]] composed of small individual animals called [[zooid]]s that have their own special function for survival. Most colonies are long, thin, transparent [[Pelagic zone|pelagic]] floaters. Some siphonophores, such as the venomous [[Portuguese man o' war]] and the [[Physalia utriculus|Indo-Pacific man o' war]], superficially resemble [[jellyfish]]. Another species of siphonophore, ''[[Praya dubia]]'', is one of the longest animals in the world, with a body length of {{convert|40|–|50|m|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Dunn">Dunn, Casey (2005): [http://siphonophores.org/SiphOrganization.php Siphonophores]. Retrieved 2008-JUL-08.</ref> The term originates from the Greek ''siphōn'' "tube" + ''pherein'' "to bear".<ref>[http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Siphonophora Siphonophora] ''Oxford dictionary''. Retrieved 31 March 2015.</ref> ==Description== Siphonophores are of special scientific interest because they are composed of [[medusa (biology)|medusoid]] and [[polyp]]oid [[zooids]] that are [[Morphology (biology)|morphologically]] and functionally specialized. Each zooid is an individual organism, but its integration with others is so strong that the colony attains the function of a larger organism. Indeed, most of the zooids are so specialized, they lack the ability to survive on their own. This is somewhat analogous to the construction and function of multicellular organisms; because multicellular organisms have organs which, like zooids, are specialized and interdependent, siphonophores may provide clues regarding the [[evolution]] of more complex bodies.<ref name="Dunn" /> Like other [[hydrozoa]]ns, certain siphonophores can emit light. A siphonophore of the genus ''[[Erenna]]'' has been discovered at a depth of around {{convert|1600|m|abbr=on}} off the coast of [[Monterey, California]]. The individuals from these colonies are strung together like a [[feather boa]]. They prey on small animals using stinging cells. Among the stinging cells are stalks with red glowing ends. The tips twitch back and forth, creating a twinkling effect. Twinkling red lights are thought to attract the small fish eaten by these siphonophores. While many sea animals produce blue and green [[bioluminescence]], this siphonophore was only the second lifeform found to produce a red light (the first being the scaleless dragonfish ''[[Chirostomias pliopterus]]'').<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Haddock SH, Dunn CW, Pugh PR, Schnitzler CE |title=Bioluminescent and red-fluorescent lures in a deep-sea siphonophore |journal=Science |volume=309 |issue=5732 |pages=263 | date=July 2005 |pmid=16002609 |doi=10.1126/science.1110441}}</ref><!-- it is made up of many organisms. --> ==Systematics== Due to their highly specialized colonies, siphonophores have long misled scientists. They were for a long time believed to be a highly distinct group, but now are known to have [[evolved]] from simpler colonial hydrozoans similar to those in the orders [[Anthoathecata]] and [[Leptothecata]].<ref name="Phylogeny">{{cite journal|last1=Collins|first1=Allen G.|title=Phylogeny of Medusozoa and the evolution of cnidarian life cycles|journal=Journal of Evolutionary Biology|date=30 April 2002|volume=15|issue=3|pages=432|doi=10.1046/j.1420-9101.2002.00403.x|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1420-9101.2002.00403.x/full|accessdate=9 January 2018}}</ref> Consequently, they are now united with these in the [[Class (biology)|subclass]] [[Hydroidolina]]. The Siphonophorae have long fascinated scientists due to their dramatic appearance, as well as the large size and dangerous sting of several species. Compared to their relatives, their [[systematics]] are relatively straightforward:<ref>MarineSpecies.org (2008): [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=13551 Anthomedusae]. Retrieved 2008-JUL-08.</ref> *Suborder Calycophorae **[[Abylidae]] <small>Agassiz, 1862</small> **[[Clausophyidae]] <small>Totton, 1965</small> **[[Diphyidae]] <small>Quoy & Gaimard, 1827</small> **[[Hippopodiidae]] <small>Kölliker, 1853</small> **[[Prayidae]] <small>Kölliker, 1853</small> **[[Sphaeronectidae]] <small>Huxley, 1859</small> **[[Tottonophyidae]] <small>Pugh, Dunn & Haddock, 2018</small> *Suborder Cystonectae **[[Physaliidae]] <small>Brandt, 1835</small> **[[Rhizophysidae]] <small>Brandt, 1835</small> *Suborder Physonectae **[[Agalmatidae]] <small>Brandt, 1834</small> **[[Apolemiidae]] <small>Huxley, 1859</small> **[[Cordagalmatidae]] <small>Pugh, 2016</small> **[[Erennidae]] <small>Pugh, 2001</small> **[[Forskaliidae]] <small>Haeckel, 1888</small> **[[Physophoridae]] <small>Eschscholtz, 1829</small> **[[Pyrostephidae]] <small>Moser, 1925</small> **[[Resomiidae]] <small>Pugh, 2006</small> **[[Rhodaliidae]] <small>Haeckel, 1888</small> **[[Stephanomiidae]] <small>Huxley, 1859</small> ==Haeckel's siphonophores== [[File:Differential-Gene-Expression-in-the-Siphonophore-Nanomia-bijuga-(Cnidaria)-Assessed-with-Multiple-pone.0022953.s013.ogv|thumb|right|{{center|Video taken at a depth of 612 metres of the siphonophore<br />''[[Nanomia bijuga]]''}}]] [[Ernst Haeckel]] described a number of siphonophores, and several plates from his ''[[Kunstformen der Natur]]'' (1904) depict members of the [[taxon]]: <gallery mode="packed" heights="200" style="float:left;"> File:Haeckel Siphonophorae 7.jpg|Plate 7 File:Haeckel Siphonophorae 37.jpg|Plate 37 File:Haeckel Siphonophorae 59.jpg|Plate 59 File:Haeckel Siphonophorae 77.jpg|Plate 77 </gallery> {{clear}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Further reading== *{{cite book |last=Mapstone |first=Gillian M. |year=2009 |title=Siphonophora (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) of Canadian Pacific waters |publisher=NRC Research Press |location=Ottawa |isbn=978-0-660-19843-9}} * PinkTentacle.com (2008): [http://www.pinktentacle.com/2008/12/siphonophore-deep-sea-superorganism-video/ Siphonophore: Deep-sea superorganism (video)]. Retrieved 2009-MAY-23. ==External links== *{{cite web | url = http://siphonophores.org | title = Siphonophores | last = Dunn | first = Casey | date = n.d. | website = Siphonophores | publisher = n/a | accessdate = 19 September 2014 }} *{{cite web | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1IEWuQTEwhk&t=6m2s | title = Tauchen in Norwegen - Kvasefjord | last = scubamedia.de | date = 30 August 2013 | website = YouTube | publisher = scubamedia.de | accessdate = 19 September 2014 }} *{{cite web | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KT1TSbarW1U | title = Siphonophore | last = pinktentacle3 | date = 22 December 2008 | website = YouTube | accessdate = 19 September 2014 }} *{{cite web | url = http://www.nautiluslive.org/video/2014/06/27/stunning-siphonophore-sighting | title = Stunning Siphonophore Sighting | date = 27 June 2014 | website = Nautilus Live: Explore the ocean LIVE with Dr. Robert Ballard and the Corps of Exploration | publisher = Ocean Exploration Trust | accessdate = 18 September 2014 }} *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U5itEz44WZ8 <nowiki>''Deep sea siphonophore''</nowiki>] (10 April 2017) YouTube. Imaged by the NOAA Okeanos Explorer on March 14, 2017 at 1,560 meters west of Winslow Reef complex. Retrieved 28 January 2018. {{Taxonbar|from=Q1134438}} [[Category:Siphonophorae| ]] [[Category:Articles containing video clips]]'