Examine individual changes

'[[File:Femaleurinal.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|A row of female urinals, separated by privacy screens]] A '''female urinal''' is designed for the anatomy of women and intended to be used by women and girls. Different models enable [[urination]] in standing, [[semi-squatting]], or [[squatting position|squatting]] postures, always without direct bodily contact with the [[urinal]]. [[Unisex]] urinals are distributed by various companies and can be used by women and men alike. Female urinals and unisex urinals are still much less common than male urinals. Urinals are more abundant in [[public toilets]] than in the [[Toilet (room)|facilities in private homes]]. ==Background== [[File:Female urinal at school in India.jpg|thumb|Squatting urinals for female students at Government Middle School in [[Perumathur|Peramathur]], [[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore District]], Tamil Nadu, India. The urinals on the right side have privacy screens and are used by older girls.]] ===Construction and use=== [[File:Pee standing.jpg|thumb|Body position taken by women for [[urination]] into many female urinals: floating [[Squatting_position#Partial_squat|half squat or ″skier position″]].]] In the 1970s, Alexander Kira, professor of architecture and [[sanitary engineering]] at [[Cornell University]], conducted studies on [[urination]] behaviour of both genders. He pursued the goal of developing sanitary [[Plumbing fixture|fixtures]] that are adapted to the human body and its needs, breaking with conventional design specifications.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://placesjournal.org/article/designed-in-safety/ |title= Designed-In Safety: The radical reformers who sought to redesign the American bathroom |last= Penner |first= Barbara |date= October 2013 |website= Places Journal |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.treehugger.com/bathroom-design/the-history-of-the-bathroom-part-5-alexander-kira-and-designing-for-people-not-plumbing.html |title= The History of the Bathroom Part 5: Alexander Kira and Designing For People, Not Plumbing |last= Alter |first= Lloyd |date= 15 July 2011 |website= Treehugger |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref> [[File:Gladstone Pottery - two designs of female urinal (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|Two different designs of wall-mounted, female urinals (at an exhibition)]] [[File:Instructions manual - how to use the waterless urinal (5879835749).jpg|thumb|Advice for the use of a female urinal in a public restroom (in [[Frankfurt]], Germany)]] On a conventional [[Flush toilet|toilet bowl]], the "correct" use is determined by the shape of the sanitary fixture. Amongst other things, Kira investigated the body positions that men and women prefer to use when no external guidelines are given, for example while urinating in nature. He examined the [[trajectories]] of the urine stream and its controllability, as well as comfort and health aspects of different body positions. While men usually urinate in a standing posture and direct the stream forward by hand, women prefer to take a squatting position. The stream is controlled by the posture of the entire body and is directed vertically downwards to slightly oblique backwards. This position is generally the most comfortable for women and is associated with the lowest spray dispersion.<ref name="Moellring">Möllring, B. (2003): ''Toiletten und Urinale für Frauen und Männer: die Gestaltung von Sanitärobjekten und ihre Verwendung in öffentlichen und privaten Bereichen.'' Dissertation at the Universität der Künste Berlin, Faculty of Design [https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-udk/files/8/moellring_bettina.pdf (PDF-document)]</ref><ref>Kira, A. K. (1976): ''The bathroom''. Penguin Books {{ISBN|0-14-004371-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://thesocietypages.org/graphicsociology/2010/12/10/1263/ |title= Urine Trajectories by Sex: Alexander Kira |last= Noren |first= Laura |date= 10 December 2010 |website= The Society Pages |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref><ref name="Gershenson">Gershenson, O., & Penner, B. (Eds.)(2009):'' Ladies and gents: Public toilets and gender.'' Temple University Press, {{ISBN|159213940X}}</ref> The female urinal models offered today are conceptually similar to each other and follow the shape and design of men's urinals, but are more closely tailored to the [[female anatomy]]. One difference is that the woman stands with her back toward the urinal and adopts a [[Partial squat|half-squatting position]], which is also sometimes called the "skier's posture" or "hovering stance". This is based on the posture that women generally adopt in conventional [[public toilets]] if they are dirty or physical contact is not desired.<ref name="Moellring"/><ref name="Gershenson"/> In countries where [[squat toilets]] are the norm, female urinals can also be found as a ceramic pan at floor level. This kind of urinal would be used in a full squat position to avoid splashing back of urine. In the past, models that were used in a full squat (similar to [[Asia]]n squat-style toilets) have been developed to the prototype stage<ref>Demiriz, M. (2010). Female urinals. In Proceedings of the CIB W062 2010–36th International Symposium of Water Supply and Drainage for Buildings. [http://www.irbnet.de/daten/iconda/CIB20413.pdf pdf-file]</ref> or brought to the market, like the "Peeandgo" by ''Chen-Karlsson'', but those could not establish themselves.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://gizmodo.com/394183/peeandgo-the-lady-urinal-with-a-splash-of-gold |title= Peeandgo, The Lady Urinal with a Splash of Gold |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website= Gizmodo |publisher= |access-date= }}</ref> At present, all women's urinals available on the western market are wall-mounted and used in a half-squat, "skiing" position.<ref>[https://www.thecut.com/2017/08/german-engineers-working-on-the-female-urinal.html German Engineers Want to Bring Gender Equality to Public Toilets.] Katie Van Syckle, ''The Cut'', 12 August 2017. Retrieved 10 March 2018.</ref> ===Advantages compared to toilets for urination=== Urinals for female users could potentially have some of the same advantages as [[Urinal|urinals]] for male users compared to [[toilets]] (with regards to urination):<ref name="Kyriakou" /><ref name="Moellring" /> * lower costs, * simpler maintenance, * smaller space requirements (several urinals may be installed on the floor space of a single toilet cubicle), * reduced water consumption for flushing compared to [[Flush toilet|flush toilets]] ([[Urinal#Waterless urinals|waterless urinals]] can even function without any flushing water), * more hygienic, contact-free urination process (and no risk of soiling with [[Human feces|feces]] from previous users). * faster use, and * easier [[recycling]] of [[Nutrient|nutrients]] as [[fertilizer]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ecosanres.org/pdf_files/ESR_Publications_2004/ESR2web.pdf|title=Guidelines on the Use of Urine and Faeces in Crop Production. 35p.|last=Jönsson et al.|first=|date=2004|website=Ecological Sanitation Research of the Stockholm Environment Institute|archive-url=http://www.ecosanres.org/pdf_files/ESR_Publications_2004/ESR2web.pdf|archive-date=2004|dead-url=|access-date=20 May 2018}}</ref> [[File:Purpose public toilet.jpg|thumb|left|Public toilets are mainly used for the purpose of urination<ref name="Kyriakou">Kyriakou, D., & Jackson, J. (2011): ''We Know Squat About Female Urinals.'' Plumbing Connection, (Autumn 2011), 54 ([http://www.map-testing.com/assets/files/female%20urinals.pdf PDF-document])</ref>]] Approximately 90% of public toilet use is exclusively for urination (as compared to [[defecation]]).<ref name="Kyriakou" /> Due to the increased number of units in the same amount of floor space, there is a faster process with shorter queue in front of public toilets. By installing urinals, up to 30% more people can use the toilet facilities at the same time.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://phys.org/news/2017-07-lengths-restroom.html |title= Researchers study lengths of restroom queues |author= Ghent University |date= 17 July 2017 |website= Phys,org |publisher= |access-date= }}</ref> Women's urinals could be possibly suitable for use in public toilets, which are highly frequented during peak hours and which are likely to attract large numbers of visitors, especially places like schools, universities, discotheques, shopping centers, and bus stations. In addition, mobile female urinals have been developed for use at open-air events, festivals, as well as free-standing units for public spaces.<ref name="dezeen">{{cite web |url= https://www.dezeen.com/2011/07/15/pollee-by-uiwe/ |title= Pollee by UiWE |last= Etherington |first= Rose |date= 15 July 2011 |website= dezeen |publisher= |access-date= }}</ref> A study conducted in Australia in 2011 showed that more than half of the women interviewed would use a urinal if it were available.<ref name="Kyriakou"/> In the meantime, demand is increasingly being made for "urination equality" ([[potty parity]]) &nbsp;– equal rights for men and women. A [[grassroots]] urination equality campaign in the [[Netherlands]] caused a sensation in 2017, with women using urinals in men's toilets.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.ad.nl/binnenland/weinig-animo-onder-vrouwen-voor-actie-zeikwijf-toch-succes~af3acf49/ |title= Weinig animo onder vrouwen voor Actie Zeikwijf, toch succes |last= Baars |first= Renske |date= 23 September 2017 |website= AD |publisher= |access-date= }}</ref> ==History== [[File:Amerikanisches Frauenpissoir der Firma J.L. Mott Iron Works.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|Lady urinal of the company'' J. L. Mott Iron Works'', 1897]] Recent developments in creating urinals for women and for use by both sexes are not a revolution in [[sanitation]], as some manufacturers suggest. Rather, it is the renaissance of a concept whose roots lie in the 19th century. At that time, during the early days of [[public toilets|public toilet]] development, women's urinals were already being installed and urinals were not thought of as being exclusively for men. For example, the 1897 German ''Handbuch der Architektur'' (handbook of architecture) shows "women's urinals with automatic rinsing", although at that time the advantages were also seen in the less costly installation and water savings:<ref name="Moellring"/> {{quote|text=Pissoirs for the female sex have even been successfully used in recent years. These consist of so-called "urinettes" or porcelain sitting basins with automatic flushing and are set up especially in the waiting halls of railway stations, in shops where many girls are employed, in theatres where there is a large choir or ballet.&nbsp;... Such "urinettes" have the great fortune of being able to be placed where a 2-inch drainpipe is present, while the rinsing lavatories usually used by women for urination require a 4-inch waste pipe.<ref name="hda1897">''Handbuch der Architektur'', Ergänzungsheft zum 3. Teil, "Entwässerungsanlagen amerikanischer Gebäude", Stuttgart : Bergsträsser, 1897. – Getr. Zählung</ref>|author=''Handbuch der Architektur'': "Entwässerungsanlagen amerikanischer Gebäude", 1897}} At that time, the women's urinal was unable to establish itself in Germany, as they were installed only occasionally. In 1902, on the initiative of the City Building Office, a decision was taken in [[Munich]] to install women's urinals throughout the city in public convenience stores.<ref name="Moellring"/> A letter to the Kirchmair Board of Directors, for example, explains the plenary decision of the Baumagistrat on 13 February 1902: [[File:Entwurf Damenurinal 1906.jpg|thumb|Sketch of the [[Munich]] building city council of a women's urinal, planned for a comprehensive introduction to the public toilets of the city, 1906]] [[File:Deutsche Frauenpissoire.jpg|thumb||German women's urinals (by [[Villeroy and Boch]]), 1908]] {{quote|text=It was suggested by several parties that the various classes of toilets should be abolished, that the establishment should be uniform and that a fee of 5 Pfennig should be charged for all toilets, with the exception of the free toilets, (this corresponds to the II. class), and that free toilets should be set up in all existing sanitary facilities. The construction of women's urinals, such as those found in other cities, was also mentioned.<ref name="Moellring"/>|author=Munich City Archive 1902}} This idea was pursued further, so that the documents of January 13, 1906 contained plans for concrete implementation: {{quote|text=The basins should be made of cast iron with enamel coating. A seat board is not to be provided. On the other hand, it might be advisable to mount brass rods above the basin, which extend from one wall to another and are fixed there. Older and weaker people could gain support at this pole. An intermittent rinse may be required for both pools every 10 minutes.&nbsp;... For the first attempts to set up "women's urinals", it may be advisable to choose the locations of such urinals near playgrounds so that nannies or other female supervisors can use the same ones.<ref name="Moellring"/>|author=Munich City Archive 1906}} [[File:Female urinals.jpg|thumb|left|Women's urinals of the ''Manstone company'' from the 1940s]] In the architectural guide "München und seine Bauten" (Munich and its buildings) from 1912, the women's urinals in three public toilets (Lerchenfeldstraße, Ottostraße and Max-Weber-Platz) were mentioned in the chapter on "Nursing homes". In contrast to the actual toilets, these were intended as "freehold toilets", i.e. for free use. They enjoyed great popularity and were highly frequented. In the course of the 1910s, there was no further expansion, probably because the free use did not generate profits to the city's treasury funds. Finally, the "Freiaborte" (free public lavatories) for women were converted into institutions with costs. A later proposal by the first female city councillor of Munich in 1922 for the reintroduction of those free urinals were already fended off in the first place by the purely male directorate of the "Bade- und Bedürfnisanstalten" establishments.<ref name="Moellring"/> The development at the turn of the century was not followed up in Germany and these first approaches were increasingly forgotten.<ref name="Moellring"/> ===Developments since the 1970s=== Until the 1970s, few female urinals were available in the US from different manufacturers, such as the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TnKiP3SoNLQ Sanistand] of [[American Standard Companies]]. In the 1980s and 1990s, various concepts and prototypes were developed, although most of them were not developed beyond the design stage. Women's urinals have only been used again since the turn of the millennium and are marketed commercially, primarily in Europe.<ref name="Moellring"/> From 1950 to 1974, the [[American Standard Companies|American Standard]] company offered the mass-produced "Ladies' Home Urinal".{{citation needed|date=May 2015}} It did not provide significant advantages over conventional toilets, because it used just as much floor space and water for flushing. Its main selling point was that it was specifically designed for women to use without touching. Several other designs have been tried since then, but they required the user either to hover awkwardly or to bring her genitals into close contact with the fixture. Most have not caught on. Current clothes fashions, such as [[panty hose]] and [[slacks]], inhibit women from using them because they do not want their garments to touch the urinal or the floor. Often, women have little experience with urinals and do not know whether to approach them forward or backward.{{Citation needed|date=June 2008}} Standard trough models intended for use with a specialized [[female urination device|funnel]] have been introduced with some success, at outdoor festivals such as [[Glastonbury Festival|Glastonbury]], to reduce dwell times and to alleviate long queues. In 2011, a portable female urinal—the [[Pollee]]—was introduced at the [[Roskilde Festival]] in Denmark and was received enthusiastically by female festival visitors.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}} ==Current situation== [[File:Advertisement for waterless urinals in front of ladies entrance (5880397908).jpg|thumb|Advertisement for women's urinals in front of a public toilet in Frankfurt/Main, Germany]] Urinals are being developed that can be used by all sexes (men, women and [[Third gender|third sex]]es). While urinals for men can be found almost everywhere in public toilets, unisex and female urinals are still niche products.<ref name="Gershenson"/> According to Mete Demiriz, professor of sanitary technology at the ''Westphalian University of Applied Sciences'' in [[Gelsenkirchen]], economic considerations and social conventions prevent the wider installation of women's urinals:<ref name="jetzt"/> {{quote|text=It is not profitable for the manufacturers, as they would sell less normal toilets with every female urinal. The selection and production of public toilets is also a male domain. If the women don't get involved, it won't work. Once upon a time there was a large German company in my laboratory that wanted to produce my development. There were also secretaries who tried them out. Then the wife of the CEO said, "What nonsense, I always sit on it at home." That's when it died again. But of course it's not meant for home!|author=Mete Demiriz<ref name="jetzt"/>}} A study in 1999 surveyed 600 women to discover how interested they were in having female urinals which would be used in a standing position. The majority of respondents indicated a desire to have such facilities.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=THKq9mT-7toC&printsec=frontcover&dq=0615240240&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjxj4S168XcAhXR62EKHTskCGIQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=female%20urinal&f=false|title=Bathrooms Make Me Nervous: A Guidebook for Women with Urination Anxiety|author=Carol Olmert|first=|publisher=CJOB Publications|year=2008|isbn=0615240240|location=|page=146|pages=}}</ref> ===Urinals for women or both sexes=== ==== Female and unisex urinals in public toilets==== [[File:Female Urinal.jpg|thumb|upright|Women's urinal "Lady P" at the [[Dortmund airport]], Germany]] In the 1990s, a number of prototypes were developed for women's urinals, of which only three were finally ready for the market and are now used: the "Lady P" by ''Sphinx Sanitair'',<ref name="sonasbathrooms">{{cite web |url= https://www.sonasbathrooms.com/en/blog/check-out-our-lady-p-urinals-exclusively-at-lillies-bordello/ |title= Check out our Lady P urinals exclusively at Lillies Bordello |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= 30 March 2017 |website= Sonas Bathrooms |publisher= |access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.msmagazine.com/aug99/what.asp |title= TheLadyP |last= Edut |first= Ophira |date= August 1999 |website= Ms. |publisher= |access-date= }}</ref> the "Lady Loo" by ''GBH''<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.gbhgroup.com.my/bathroom.html |title= Lady Loo |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= 2014 |website= gbhgroup |publisher= |access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.gbhgroup.com.my/images/product/bathroom/latest-products/lady-loo/lady-loo.pdf |title= Lady Loo 2 |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website= gbhgroup |publisher= |access-date= }}</ref> and the "Girly" by ''Ceramica Catalano''<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.stylepark.com/de/catalano/girly-urinal |title= Girly Urinal |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website= Stylepark |publisher= |access-date= }}</ref>, which has won several design awards. Since the 2000s, female urinals have been introduced in a few European public toilets.<ref name="Moellring"/><ref name="jetzt"/><ref name="sonasbathrooms"/> In the course of the development towards [[unisex toilet]]s, designers and developers are increasingly faced with the challenge of creating gender-appropriate solutions. Models have now been developed that can be used comfortably by women and men alike.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.yankodesign.com/2010/09/24/men-women-%E2%80%93-we-p-together-in-the-same-bucket/ |title= Men & Women – We Pee Together |last= Seth |first= Radhika |date= 24 September 2010 |website= Yanko Design |publisher= |access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.uridan.com/en/designs/captain/ |title= Captain |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website= Uridan |publisher= |access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.mopo.de/hamburg/-gender-wahnsinn---erste-unisex-toiletten-fuer-die-schanze-29438430 |title= „Gender-Wahnsinn“? Erste Unisex-Toiletten für die Schanze |last= Schäfer |first= Sandra von |last2= Koltermann |first2= Maik |date= 6 January 2018 |website= Mopo |publisher= |access-date= }}</ref> In the future, Berlin will have unisex toilets and unisex urinals, to be used by both sexes.<ref name="bento">{{cite web |url= http://www.bento.de/today/toilettenkonzept-fuer-berlin-oeffentliche-toiletten-bekommen-urinale-auch-fuer-frauen-1576079/ |title= Toilettenkonzept für Berlin: Öffentliche Toiletten bekommen Urinale auch für Frauen |last= Wadhawan |first= Julia |date= 7 August 2017 |website= bento |publisher= |access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://energy.ch/entertainment/article/in-berlin-gibt-es-bald-pissoirs-fuer-frauen |title= Revolution im Stehen: Berlin führt Pissoirs für Frauen ein |last= Wirch |first= Mirko |date= 9 August 2017 |website= Energy |publisher= |access-date= }}</ref> With the expiration of the operation contract for public toilets with Wall GmbH in Berlin, a new toilet concept for public spaces in Berlin is being developed. Urinals that can be used by both sexes are an essential part of the future unisex toilet facilities. <ref>{{cite web |url= https://tegernseerstimme.de/pinkeln-frauen-in-wiessee-bald-im-stehen/847530.html |title= Im Stehen auf Matteo Thuns Designerstück pinkeln |last= |first= |date= |website= Tegernseer Stimme |publisher= |access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.wuv.de/marketing/vertrag_mit_wall_laeuft_aus_neues_toilettenkonzept_fuer_berlin |title= Vertrag mit Wall läuft aus: Neues Toilettenkonzept für Berlin |last= Weber |first= Markus |date= 8 August 2017 |website= V&W |publisher= |access-date= }}</ref> {{quote|text=There are a number of public restrooms in the city that offer exclusively men's urinals and completely exclude women and their toilet needs. According to the Senate, this is unacceptable in terms of equality. Because you don't want a crowd of pissing men in the city, the facilities are cleverly not closed down, but converted into unisex toilets that can be used by all genders[...] Berlin has now taken up the problem heroically and is planning urinals for women and men in all public toilets. This is part of the toilet concept for Berlin, which was presented last week by the Senate Department for Environment, Transport and Climate Protection, together with the company Zebralog and the Technical University of Berlin. The advantage of the unisex urinal is that it catches women's and men's urine stream earlier and thus avoids the otherwise unavoidable splashing and is thus simply more hygienic. Therefore, the urinal can be conveniently used by both sexes. For gender justice[...]!<ref>{{cite web |url= http://wienerin.at/home/jetzt/5267350/Im-Stehen-Pinkeln_Berlin-plant-oeffentliche-Urinale-fuer-Frauen |title= In Berlin dürfen Frauen künftig im Stehen pinkeln |last= red |first= |date= 11 August 2017 |website= Weinerin |publisher= |access-date= }}</ref>|author=Wienerin}} ====Mobile unisex urinals for outdoor use==== {{Main article|Pollee}} [[File:Pollee female urinal.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|''Pollee'' - a mobile female urinal for outdoor use]] The world's first mobile urinal for women was presented at the [[Roskilde Festival]] 2011 under the name of [[Pollee]] and proved to be a great success. The Pollee-Urinal is primarily intended for open-air events, especially [[music festival]]s and is distributed as a women's urinal, but can also be used as a unisex urinal in principle.<ref name="dezeen"/><ref>{{cite web |url= https://vimeo.com/27540864 |title= Pollee - the female urinal at Roskilde Festival|author= Urgent Agency |date= 2012 |website= Vimeo |publisher= |access-date= }}</ref> ===Problems in implementation=== At present, two different arrangements are currently being implemented in practice: in a row arrangement (usually with a screen as a separating element), comparable to men's urinals, and in cabins or booths, as in classic toilets. The main advantage compared to the classic toilet, the compact space requirements, is lost. With a row arrangement, the number of facilities increases noticeably and thus a faster use becomes possible. However, this is not the case with the booth arrangement, in which a classic toilet bowl is simply replaced by a urinal. The booth solution is often put forward with the argument that women's use of urinals is socially unacceptable and associated with embarrassment. However, urinating in the company of others is a problem for many men as well, yet there is always the possibility to switch to a classical seat toilet, provided that the use of urinals is associated with shame (''e.g.'', in the case of [[paruresis]]).<ref name="Moellring"/><ref name="jetzt"/><ref name="Deutschlandfunk"/> [[File:Urinal_sketch.svg|thumb|Unisex-Urinals (2) which could be used by both men and women, combine features of a female (1) and male (3) only urinal]] This problem arises all the more in the context of the increasing development towards unisex toilets for men and women. A pooling of toilets raises the question of how urinals should be arranged for both sexes in the room. While toilets are usually housed in booths with lockable doors, urinals are usually installed freely in a row in gender-separated toilets. This construction method requires less space and thus allows more people to urinate at the same time, which is one of the main advantages of urinals, in addition to hygiene and economics. One possibility would be to continue offering urinals in rows. These could, whether separated into male and female urinals or as unisex urinals, be separated by so-called pubic walls.{{citation needed|date = March 2018}} However, it is questionable whether the lower level of privacy compared to conventional toilets would be accepted. Due to socio-cultural conventions, the open use of urinals by men and women may currently seem strange and contrary to common morals and etiquette for many users. There are also practical issues, such as women tending to their [[Menstruation#Menstrual management|menstrual hygiene]] needs while going to the toilet for urination.{{citation needed|date = March 2018}} An alternative would be to accommodate urinals for both sexes in cabins or to continue offering urinals for men only.<ref name="jetzt">{{cite web |url= https://www.jetzt.de/gender/berliner-senat-will-urinale-fuer-frauen-einfuehren |title= Der Name 'Frauenpissoir' kann abschrecken |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= 9 August 2017 |website= jetzt |publisher= |access-date= }}</ref> However, this would at least limit the above-mentioned advantages of the urinals for women. Accordingly, the German lawyer and author Marcus Werner sees a significant disadvantage in unisex toilets if these would lead to the elimination of urinals in classic row order:<ref name="Wirtschaftswoche" /> {{quote|text=Therefore, it would be very, very sad if the unisex toilet trend would end up causing men to have to queue up because every urinal would be housed in a cabin, which would dramatically reduce the number of facilities. That would be a total waste of time, calculated in terms of gender. Men lose time without women winning. There can be unisex urinals here. But please use the ergonomically wall-mounted urinals in a row. That would take the pressure off everyone.<ref name="Wirtschaftswoche">{{cite web |url= https://www.wiwo.de/politik/deutschland/werner-knallhart-berlins-pissoire-fuer-frauen-ein-gutes-geschaefts-modell/20162304.html |title= Berlins Pissoire für Frauen: ein gutes 'Geschäfts-Modell'? |last= Werner |first= Marcus |date= 9 August 2017 |website= WirtschaftsWoche |publisher= |access-date= }}</ref><br/>|author=Marcus Werner}} Urinals arranged in cabins have not been popular, since the advantages compared to conventional toilets were not obvious, given the unchanged space requirement.<ref name="Deutschlandfunk">{{cite web |url= http://www.deutschlandfunk.de/tolle-idee-was-wurde-daraus-urinal-fuer-frauen.676.de.html?dram:article_id=380096 |title= Urinal für Frauen |last= Stang |first= Michael von |date= 28 February 2017 |website= Deutschlandfunk |publisher= |access-date= }}</ref> After 13 years, the four ladies' urinals in the [[Salzburg]] Congress Center were removed in August 2015 due to a lack of interest. They have been replaced by conventional toilets.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://salzburg.orf.at/news/stories/2726034/ |title= Kongresshaus: Damen-Urinale werden entfernt |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= 12 August 2015 |website= Orf.at |publisher= |access-date= }}</ref> [[File:Urinals Women.jpg|thumb|Wall mounted urinals that are usable by men and women in open row arrangement]] In the unisex toilets planned for the [[Alamo Drafthouse]] in [[Austin (Texas)]] in 2017<!--this is out of date now; did it happen?-->,<ref name="austin">{{cite web |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2016/05/26/a-texas-businessmans-solution-to-the-transgender-bathroom-debate-standing-toilets-and-all-gender-urinals/ |title= One Texan’s solution to the transgender bathroom battle: ‘All-gender urinals’ |last= Holley |first= Peter |date= 26 May 2016 |website= The Washington Post |publisher= |access-date= }}</ref> the urinals are to be located in an area separated from the entrance area by a door. These are designed as unisex urinals and are arranged in open rows within this range.<ref name="austin" /><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.fox4news.com/news/alamo-drafthouse-founder-proposes-gender-neutral-bathroom-design |title= Alamo Drafthouse founder proposes gender-neutral bathroom design |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= 25 May 2016 |website=Fox News |publisher= |access-date= }}</ref> This would allow men and women to use side-by-side urinals in this room, while those who prefer to not see persons of the opposite sex peeing may use traditional toilet cabins nearby. According to Richard Weiss, the architect who is planning this restroom, this would create the greatest possible freedom of choice for all genders: {{quote|text=The ultimate goal is that everyone should be able to do what they want to do, where they want to do it.<br/><ref name="austin" />|author=Alamo Drafthouse architect Richard Weiss}} == See also == *[[Chamber pot]] *[[Female urination device]] *[[Pollee]] *[[Sanitation]] *[[Squat toilet]] ==References== {{reflist}} == External links== {{Commonscat|Female urinals}} === Publications === *Gershenson, O., & Penner, B. (Eds.)(2009):'' Ladies and gents: Public toilets and gender.'' Temple University Press, {{ISBN|159213940X}} *Möllring, B. (2003): ''Toiletten und Urinale für Frauen und Männer: die Gestaltung von Sanitärobjekten und ihre Verwendung in öffentlichen und privaten Bereichen.'' Dissertation at the [[Universität der Künste Berlin]], Faculty of Industrial Design, [https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-udk/files/8/moellring_bettina.pdf (PDF)] *Kyriakou, D., & Jackson, J. (2011): ''We Know Squat About Female Urinals.'' Plumbing Connection, (Autumn 2011), 54 [http://www.map-testing.com/assets/files/female%20urinals.pdf (PDF)] === Media covering female and unisex urinals === *[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-40899902 Berlin's new toilets: Would you use a women's urinal?] - BBC *[http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/922222/berlin-addresses-need-for-female-urinals-in-public-restrooms Berlin addresses need for female urinals in public restrooms] - Inquirer *[http://www.germanpulse.com/2017/08/22/gender-neutral-toilets-germany-women-pee-standing/ Gender-Neutral Toilets in Germany Give Women the Right to Pee Standing] - German Pulse *[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/08/11/berlin-announces-scheme-urinals-women/ Berlin announces scheme for urinals for women] - The Telegraph *[https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2016/05/26/a-texas-businessmans-solution-to-the-transgender-bathroom-debate-standing-toilets-and-all-gender-urinals/ One Texan’s solution to the transgender bathroom battle: ‘All-gender urinals’] – The Washington Post === Criticism of the concept === *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DQHYp7p1SIg&feature=youtu.be Germany to Introduce Gender-Neutral Urinals For Men & Women] - The Alex Jones Show [[Category:Urinals]] [[Category:Urine]] [[Category:Sanitation]] [[Category:Toilets]]'