Examine individual changes

'{{US Constitution article series}} The '''Nineteenth Amendment''' ('''Amendment XIX''') to the [[United States Constitution]] prohibits each [[U.S. state|state]] and the [[federal government of the United States|federal government]] from denying any citizen the [[Suffrage|right to vote]] because of that citizen's sex. It was ratified on August 18, 1920. ==Text== {{cquote|The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.}} ==History== On January 9, 1918, President [[Woodrow Wilson]] announced his support of the amendment. The next day, the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] narrowly passed the amendment, but the [[United States Senate|Senate]] refused to debate it until October. When the Senate voted on the amendment in October, it failed by three votes.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hakim|first=Joy|title=War, Peace, and All That Jazz|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|location=New York, New York|pages=29–33|isbn=0-19-509514-6}}</ref> In response, the [[National Woman's Party]] urged citizens to vote against anti-suffrage Senators up for reelection in the 1918 [[United States midterm election|midterm elections]]. Following those elections, most members of [[United States Congress|Congress]] were pro-suffrage. On May 21, 1919, the House of Representatives passed the amendment by a vote of 304 to 89 and the Senate followed suit on June 4, by a vote of 56 to 25.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1920womensvote.html|title=Modern History Sourcebook|accessdate=July 28 2007}}</ref> On August 18, 1920, the [[Tennessee General Assembly]], by a [[Harry T. Burn#19th Amendment|one-vote margin]] became the thirty-sixth [[State legislature (United States)|state legislature]] to ratify the Nineteenth Amendment, making it a part of the U.S. Constitution. On August 26, 1920, [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] [[Bainbridge Colby]] certified the amendment's adoption. In ''[[Leser v. Garnett]]'', {{ussc|258|130|1922}}, the [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] ruled that the Nineteenth Amendment had been properly adopted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tulsaworld.com/site/printerfriendlystory.aspx?articleID=20080227_1_A2_57754|title=Way back when: Today in history|last=Curtis|first=Gene|date=February 27, 2008|publisher=[[Tulsa World]]|accessdate=2009-07-03}}</ref> ==Proposal and ratification== [[Image:19th Amendment Pg1of1 AC.jpg|190px|thumb|Amendment XIX in the [[National Archives and Records Administration|National Archives]]]] The Congress proposed the Nineteenth Amendment on June 4, 1919 and the following states ratified the amendment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usconstitution.net/constamrat.html|title=Ratification of Constitutional Amendments|dateformat=mdy|accessdate=February 24 2007|last=Mount|first=Steve|year=2007|month=January}}</ref> # Illinois (June 10, 1919, reaffirmed on June 17, 1919) # Michigan (June 10, 1919) # Wisconsin (June 10, 1919) # Kansas (June 16, 1919) # New York (June 16, 1919) # Ohio (June 16, 1919) # Pennsylvania (June 24, 1919) # Massachusetts (June 25, 1919) # Texas (June 28, 1919) # Iowa (July 2, 1919)<ref name="governor">date on which approved by governor</ref> # Missouri (July 3, 1919) # Arkansas (July 28, 1919) # Montana (August 2, 1919)<ref name="governor"/> # Nebraska (August 2, 1919) # Minnesota (September 8, 1919) # New Hampshire (September 10, 1919)<ref name="governor"/> # Utah (October 2, 1919) # California (November 1, 1919) # Maine (November 5, 1919) # North Dakota (December 1, 1919) # South Dakota (December 4, 1919) # Colorado (December 15, 1919)<ref name="governor"/> # Kentucky (January 6, 1920) # Rhode Island (January 6, 1920) # Oregon (January 13, 1920) # Indiana (January 16, 1920) # Wyoming (January 27, 1920) # Nevada (February 7, 1920) # New Jersey (February 9, 1920) # Idaho (February 11, 1920) # Arizona (February 12, 1920) # New Mexico (February 21, 1920) # Oklahoma (February 28, 1920) # West Virginia (March 10, 1920, confirmed on September 21, 1920) # Washington (March 22, 1920) # Tennessee (August 18, 1920) Ratification was completed on August 18, 1920. The amendment was subsequently ratified by the following states: <ol start="37"> <li>Connecticut (September 14, 1920, reaffirmed on September 21, 1920)</li> <li>Vermont (February 8, 1921)</li> <li>Delaware (March 6, 1923, after being rejected on June 2, 1920)</li> <li>Maryland (March 29, 1941 after being rejected on February 24, 1920; not certified until February 25, 1958)</li> <li>Virginia (February 21, 1952, after being rejected on February 12, 1920)</li> <li>Alabama (September 8, 1953, after being rejected on September 22, 1919)</li> <li>Florida (May 13, 1969)<ref>[http://www.floridamemory.com/FloridaHighlights/19th_Amendment/19th_Amendment.cfm For more on Florida's ratification]</ref></li> <li>South Carolina (July 1, 1969, after being rejected on January 28, 1920; not certified until August 22, 1973)</li> <li>Georgia (February 20, 1970, after being rejected on July 24, 1919)</li> <li>Louisiana (June 11, 1970, after being rejected on July 1, 1920)</li> <li>North Carolina (May 6, 1971)</li> <li>Mississippi (March 22, 1984, after being rejected on March 29, 1920)</li> </ol> ==See also== *[[Women's suffrage in the United States]] *[[History of feminism]] *[[Women's rights]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== *[http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_amendments_11-27.html#19 National Archives: Nineteenth Amendment] *[http://www.gpoaccess.gov/constitution/pdf2002/007.pdf Amendments to the Constitution], with ratification information *[http://www.law.cornell.edu/anncon/html/amdt19toc_user.html CRS Annotated Constitution: Nineteenth Amendment] {{US Constitution}} {{DEFAULTSORT:19}} [[Category:1920 in law]] [[Category:1920 in the United States]] [[Category:Amendments to the United States Constitution|19]] [[Category:History of voting rights in the United States]] [[Category:History of the United States (1918–1945)]] [[de:19. Zusatzartikel zur Verfassung der Vereinigten Staaten]] [[es:Decimonovena Enmienda a la Constitución de los Estados Unidos]] [[fr:XIXe amendement de la Constitution des États-Unis]] [[he:התיקון ה-19 לחוקת ארצות הברית]] [[ja:アメリカ合衆国憲法修正第19条]] [[ru:Девятнадцатая поправка к Конституции США]] [[sq:Amendamenti i 19 i Kushtetutës amerikane]] [[zh:美國憲法第十九修正案]]'