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'{{other hurricanes|Hurricane Bob (disambiguation)|the Atlantic hurricane of 1991}} {{good article}} {{Infobox Hurricane | Name=Hurricane Bob | Image location=Bob 1991-08-19 1226Z.png | Type=hurricane | Year=1991 | Basin=Atl | Image name=Hurricane Bob approaching [[New England]] near peak intensity, on August 19 | Formed=August 16, 1991 | Dissipated=August 29, 1991 | Extratropical=August 20 | 1-min winds=100 | Pressure=950 | Damages=1500 | Inflated=1 | Fatalities=15 direct, 2 indirect | Areas=[[North Carolina]], [[Mid-Atlantic states]], [[New England]], and [[Atlantic Canada]] | Hurricane season=[[1991 Atlantic hurricane season]] }} '''Hurricane Bob''' was one of the costliest hurricanes in [[New England]] history. The second [[Tropical cyclone naming|named storm]] and first hurricane of the [[1991 Atlantic hurricane season]], Bob developed from an [[Low-pressure area|area of low pressure]] near [[The Bahamas]] on August 16. The depression steadily intensified, and became Tropical Storm Bob late on August 16. Bob curved north-northwestward as a tropical storm, but re-curved to the north-northeast after becoming a hurricane on August 17. As such, it brushed the [[Outer Banks]] of [[North Carolina]] on August 18 and August 19, and subsequently intensified into a major hurricane (Category 3 or greater on the [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale]]). After peaking in intensity with [[maximum sustained winds]] of 115&nbsp;mph (185&nbsp;km/h), Bob weakened slightly as it approached the coast of New England. Bob made landfall twice in [[Rhode Island]] as a Category 2 hurricane on August 19, first on [[Block Island]] and then in [[Newport, Rhode Island|Newport]]. Upon doing so, it became the only hurricane to make [[Landfall (meteorology)|landfall]] in the contiguous United States during the 1991 season. Moving further inland, Bob rapidly weakened, and deteriorated to a tropical storm while emerging into the [[Gulf of Maine]]. Shortly thereafter, Bob made landfall in [[Maine]] as a strong tropical storm early on August 20. Bob entered the Canadian province of [[New Brunswick]] a few hours later, where it transitioned into an [[extratropical cyclone]]. By August 21, the remnants of Bob crossed [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] and re-emerged into the open Atlantic Ocean. The remnants traveled a long distance across the northern [[Atlantic Ocean]], and finally dissipated west of Portugal on August 29. Bob left extensive damage throughout New England in its wake, totaling approximately $1.5&nbsp;billion (1991 [[United States dollar|USD]], ${{Formatprice|{{Inflation|US|1500000000|1991}}}} {{#time:Y}}&nbsp;USD). This made it one of the costliest United States hurricanes at the time; as of 2013, it ranked thirty-second in the category. But some sources say that Bob might have caused as much as $3&nbsp;billion (1991 USD, ${{Formatprice|{{Inflation|US|3000000000|1991}}}} {{#time:Y}}&nbsp;USD) in damage.<ref>{{cite web|title=Storm Preparation-Hurricane Bob|publisher=The Hour|url=https://www.thehour.com/opinion/article/Storm-preparation-the-Hurricane-Bob-experience-8296975.php|accessdate=June 5, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Hurricane Bob|publisher=Hurricanes, Blizzards and Noreasters|url=http://www.hurricanes-blizzards-noreasters.com/HURRICANEBOB.html|accessdate=June 5, 2018}}</ref> In addition, eighteen fatalities were reported in association with Bob.<ref>{{cite web |title= The Hunt for Hurricanes |publisher= Scholastic |url= http://www.scholastic.com/browse/article.jsp?id=4902 |accessdate= June 5, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= What Lessons Did New England Learn |publisher= NECN |url= https://www.necn.com/weather/stories/_NECN__What_Lessons_Did_New_England_Learn_From_Hurricane_Bob__NECN-252184751.html |accessdate= June 5, 2018}}</ref> The loss of life and most of the damage occurred as a result of high winds and rough seas. There were six confirmed tornadoes during its passage. Bob is the most recent hurricane to hit the New England states directly as a hurricane.<ref>{{cite report |title= The 23rd Anniversary of Hurricane Bob |publisher= WPRI Providence |url= http://blogs.wpri.com/2014/08/19/23rd-anniversary-of-hurricane-bob |accessdate= September 1, 2014}}</ref> ==Meteorological history== {{storm path|Bob 1991 track.png}} Hurricane Bob originated from the remnants of a [[Weather front|frontal]] [[Trough (meteorology)|trough]] to the southeast of [[Bermuda]] on August&nbsp;12. The system tracked towards the southwest and later west towards the [[Bahamas]]. By August&nbsp;15th, satellite analysis of the system found a weak [[low pressure area]] a couple hundred miles east of the Bahamas.<ref name="TCR1">{{cite web|author=Max Mayfield|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=August 10, 1992|accessdate=August 22, 2009|title=Hurricane Bob Preliminary Report Page One|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/bob/prelim01.gif}}</ref> Operationally, the system was not declared a tropical depression until 0600&nbsp;UTC on August&nbsp;16 after a reconnaissance mission into the storm found a closed circulation and flight level winds of 37&nbsp;mph (60&nbsp;km/h).<ref name="D1">{{cite web|author=Miles B. Lawrence|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=August 16, 1991|accessdate=August 22, 2009|title=Tropical Depression Three Discussion One|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991/bob/tropdisc/nal0391.001}}</ref> After post-storm analysis, it was determined that the low had developed into a depression around 0000&nbsp;UTC. Several hours after being designated, the system began to develop [[Atmospheric convection|convective]] [[Rainband|banding features]]. Roughly 18&nbsp;hours after being declared a depression, the [[National Hurricane Center]] (NHC) upgraded it to a tropical storm, giving it the name ''Bob''. At this time, Bob was situated roughly 140&nbsp;mi (225&nbsp;km) northeast of [[Nassau, Bahamas]]. The storm tracked slowly towards the northwest in response to the deep layer mean flow it was embedded within.<ref name="TCR1"/> A deepening [[Trough (meteorology)|trough]] over the eastern United States was forecast to turn the storm toward the north on August&nbsp;16. This turn took place earlier than forecasters anticipated.<ref>{{cite web|author=Harold P. Gerrish|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=August 16, 1991|accessdate=August 23, 2009|title=Tropical Storm Bob Discussion Four|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991/bob/tropdisc/nal0391.004}}</ref> The storm slowly intensified as convection was displaced from the [[atmospheric circulation|center of circulation]]; however, upper-level [[Outflow (meteorology)|outflow]] was well-defined and intensification of the storm was expected as it tracked over the [[Gulf Stream]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Lixion A. Avila|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=August 17, 1991|accessdate=August 23, 2009|title=Tropical Storm Bob Discussion Five|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991/bob/tropdisc/nal0391.005}}</ref> Later that day, Bob began to consolidate and a reconnaissance plane recorded hurricane-force winds at 1719&nbsp;UTC, following this reading, the NHC upgraded the storm to a [[SSHS#Category 1|Category 1 hurricane]] on the [[Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale]].<ref name="TCR1"/> Shortly after, the hurricane began to turn towards the north-northeast in response to a [[Subtropical cyclone|subtropical]] [[Ridge (meteorology)|ridge]] over the Atlantic and the trough over the southeastern United States.<ref name="TCR2">{{cite web|author=Max Mayfield|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=August 10, 1992|accessdate=August 23, 2009|title=Hurricane Bob Preliminary Report Page Two|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/bob/prelim02.gif}}</ref> By August&nbsp;18, the NHC noted that the hurricane was asymmetrical, having uneven distribution of the wind radii.<ref>{{cite web|author=Richard Pasch|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=August 18, 1991|accessdate=August 23, 2009|title=Hurricane Bob Discussion Ten|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991/bob/tropdisc/nal0391.010}}</ref> Later that day, deep convection continued to form and an eye later appeared on satellite imagery. Early the next day, the eye became increasingly defined as the center of Bob passed roughly 35&nbsp;mi (55&nbsp;km) from the North Carolina coastline. By 0600&nbsp;UTC, [[Hurricane Hunters]] recorded flight level winds of 140&nbsp;mph (225&nbsp;km/h), corresponding to surface winds of 115&nbsp;mph (185&nbsp;km/h). At this time, the [[barometric pressure]] of the storm also decreased to 950&nbsp;mbar (hPa; 28.05&nbsp;inHg), the lowest pressure recorded during the storm. After attaining this intensity, the hurricane tracked quickly northeast at 25&nbsp;mph (35&nbsp;km/h), steered by the trough over the southeast United States, an upper-level cutoff low over the [[Great Lakes region (North America)|Great Lakes Region]] and the subtropical ridge over the Atlantic.<ref name="TCR2"/> [[File:Hurricane bob 1991.png|thumb|right|Hurricane Bob near peak intensity on August 19]] The track of Hurricane Bob by August&nbsp;19 was similar to that of [[Hurricane Carol]] in [[1954 Atlantic hurricane season|1954]], another major hurricane that impacted New England.<ref name="TCR2"/> Significantly cooler [[sea surface temperatures]] in the path of the hurricane resulted in weakening, leading to the eye becoming cloud-filled. Later on August&nbsp;19, the western portion of the eyewall brushed the eastern tip of [[Long Island]]. Around 1800&nbsp;UTC, the center of Bob made landfall near [[Newport, Rhode Island]] with winds of 100&nbsp;mph (155&nbsp;km/h), making it a Category 2 hurricane. The storm quickly weakened as it tracked through [[Rhode Island]] and [[Massachusetts]] before entering the [[Gulf of Maine]]. Around 0130&nbsp;UTC on August&nbsp;20, the now weakened Tropical Storm Bob made another landfall near [[Rockport, Maine]] with winds of 70&nbsp;mph (110&nbsp;km/h).<ref name="TCR2"/> Later that day, Bob had crossed through [[Maine]] and part of [[New Brunswick]], [[Canada]] and entered the [[Gulf of St. Lawrence]]. Around 1800&nbsp;UTC, the former hurricane transitioned into an [[extratropical cyclone]]. Early the next day, the storm passed over northern [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] before re-entering the Atlantic Ocean. Rapidly tracking eastward, the storm briefly weakened to the equivalent of a tropical depression on August&nbsp;22. After restrengthening to tropical storm-force winds, the remnants of Bob turned towards the southeast and slowed. Once more, the extratropical system weakened to the equivalent of a tropical depression; however, it did not re-intensify. The storm slowly tracked towards the east before dissipating off the coast of [[Portugal]] on August&nbsp;29.<ref name="TCR2"/> ==Preparations== [[File:Bob 1991 rainfall.gif|right|thumb|Rainfall from Hurricane Bob in the United States]] ===Watches and warnings=== Several hours after the declaration of Tropical Storm Bob on August&nbsp;16, the [[Government of the Bahamas]] issued a [[Tropical cyclone warnings and watches|tropical storm warning]] for the northwestern Bahamas, between the islands of [[Andros Island|Andros]] and [[Eleuthera Island|Eleuthera]]. After the storm turned northward, this warning was discontinued as tropical storm-force winds were no longer expected to affect the islands. Shortly before Bob was upgraded to a hurricane on August&nbsp;17, the NHC issued a [[Tropical cyclone warnings and watches|hurricane watch]] for coastal areas of [[North Carolina]] between [[Little River (Horry County, South Carolina)|Little River Inlet]] northward to [[Virginia Beach, Virginia]]. Roughly four hours after this watch, it was upgraded to a [[Tropical cyclone warnings and watches|hurricane warning]]. A new hurricane watch was issued late on August&nbsp;17, encompassing areas between Virginia Beach northward to [[Cape Henlopen]], [[Delaware]]. This watch was also upgraded to a warning on August&nbsp;18 as Bob paralleled the Mid-Atlantic coastline. During the afternoon hours, a tropical storm warning was declared for areas in the [[Chesapeake Bay|lower Chesapeake Bay]] area, including [[Norfolk, Virginia]].<ref name="TCR17"/> A new, extensive hurricane warning was issued late on August&nbsp;18 when forecasts showed Bob moving directly over southern New England. The warning covered areas between Cape Henlopen, Delaware to [[Plymouth, Massachusetts]], including [[Long Island]] and [[Long Island Sound]]. Early on August&nbsp;19, all watches and warnings south of [[Cape Lookout, North Carolina]] were discontinued and the hurricane warning was extended northward to encompass areas south of [[Eastport, Maine]]. The [[Canadian Hurricane Centre]] began issuing warnings for [[Atlantic Canada]] later that day. [[Nova Scotia]], [[Prince Edward Island]] and [[New Brunswick]] were placed under wind and heavy rain warnings.<ref name="TCR17">{{cite web|author=Max Mayfield|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=August 10, 1992|accessdate=April 23, 2010|title=Hurricane Bob Preliminary Report Page Seventeen|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/bob/prelim17.gif}}</ref> By the morning of August&nbsp;20, all watches and warnings in the United States were discontinued; however, a brief tropical storm warning was declared for coastal Maine between [[Rockland, Maine|Rockland]] and Eastport before the remnants of Bob moved through eastern Canada. The advisories for [[Atlantic Canada]] were later discontinued after the system moved out of the region.<ref name="TCR18">{{cite web|author=Max Mayfield|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=August 10, 1992|accessdate=April 23, 2010|title=Hurricane Bob Preliminary Report Page Eighteen|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/bob/prelim18.gif}}</ref> ===Mid-Atlantic states and the Carolinas=== Following the issuance of a hurricane warning in [[North Carolina]] on August&nbsp;17,<ref name="TCR17"/> mandatory evacuation orders were declared for the outermost islands in the state. Local police assisted significant traffic as an estimated 50,000 to 100,000 people left the region. At the height of the evacuations, delays in some places exceeded three hours. Despite the large number of evacuees, an additional 50,000 people were estimated to have stayed home and wait out the storm. Several bridges in the area were shut down prior to Bob's arrival as hurricane-force winds were likely to create life-threatening conditions on them. The [[National Park Service]] in the state also shut down campgrounds across the [[Outer Banks]].<ref name="GBT1">{{cite news|author=Associated Press|work=Gettysburg Times|date=August 19, 1991|accessdate=April 23, 2010|title=Hurricane Bob Lashes North Carolina|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=TboxAAAAIBAJ&sjid=AucFAAAAIBAJ&dq=hurricane%20bob%20north%20carolina%20evacuation&pg=7030%2C1973320}}</ref> An evacuation shelter was also opened in [[Carteret County, North Carolina|Carteret County]].<ref name="KD1">{{cite news|author=Anita Snow (Associated Press)|work=Kingman Daily Miner|date=August 20, 1991|accessdate=April 23, 2010|title=New England bracing for strike by Hurricane Bob|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=HHsLAAAAIBAJ&sjid=iFMDAAAAIBAJ&dq=hurricane%20bob%20north%20carolina%20evacuation&pg=5877%2C6250581}}</ref> In [[Virginia]], 125 planes were relocated from [[Langley Air Force Base]] to [[Wright-Patterson Air Force Base]] in [[Dayton, Ohio]]. Roughly 400 people evacuated from coastal areas in [[Maryland]], and stores in [[Ocean City, Maryland|Ocean City]] reported a substantial increase in sales related to storm preparation. Further north in [[New Jersey]], casinos prepared sandbags to protect the structures and tape to cover windows.<ref name="KD1"/> In [[Suffolk County, New York]], emergency officials were unsure of whether or not to issue evacuation orders for residents along coastal areas. This contemplation led to "mixed messages" on the ability of the government being sent to the public. By the evening of August&nbsp;19, the evacuation order was not issued; however, the county was placed under a state of emergency and disaster centers were opened.<ref>{{cite web|author=Charles V. Zehren|publisher=Newsday|date=August 20, 1991|accessdate=April 23, 2010|title=Hurricane Bob: Officials Unclear on Evacuation|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/newsday/access/102689891.html?dids=102689891:102689891&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Aug+20%2C+1991&author=By+Charles+V.+Zehren.+STAFF+WRITER.+Pat+Wiedenkeller&pub=Newsday+(Combined+editions)&desc=HURRICANE+BOB+Officials+Unclear+on+Evacuation&pqatl=google}}</ref> The [[American Red Cross]] opened four shelters on Long Island that housed 800&nbsp;people during the storm.<ref name="fema1"/> === New England and Canada === Prior to Bob's arrival in [[New England]], officials in [[Connecticut]] and [[Rhode Island]] declared a [[state of emergency]] in anticipation of significant damage. All state workers in the area were told to go home early and prepare for the storm. The [[Connecticut General Assembly|Connecticut Legislature]] canceled a session on the state's budget and Governor [[Lowell P. Weicker, Jr.]] activated the emergency operations center. Submarines stationed in [[Groton, Connecticut|Groton]] left port and waited out the storm under water. Airplane and train service was disrupted throughout the [[Mid-Atlantic states]] and New England in relation to Bob.<ref name="TDR1"/> The American Red Cross opened 23&nbsp;shelters in 16&nbsp;communities in Connecticut. In neighboring Rhode Island, the agency set up 40&nbsp;shelters,<ref name="fema1"/> and there were an additional 25&nbsp;shelters unaffiliated with the agency.<ref name="fema2">{{cite web|author=FEMA Headquarters|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|title=Situation Report&nbsp;— Hurricane Bob|year=1991|accessdate=2011-07-12|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991/bob/preloc/fema02.gif|format=GIF}}</ref> About 3,500&nbsp;people statewide evacuated, including 2,000 on Block Island. Several people injured themselves while preparing for the storm.<ref name="ri"/> In [[Massachusetts]], thousands of residents evacuated [[Cape Cod]], leading to an {{convert|11|mi|km|abbr=on}} backup on the [[Sagamore Bridge]].<ref name="wp820"/> There were nine shelters set up in the region,<ref name="fema2"/> which became overcrowded with evacuees.<ref name="wp820"/> There were about 50,000&nbsp;people who left their homes statewide, of which 6,500&nbsp;went to shelters.<ref name="chant">{{cite web|author=Seeley, Boston Weather Forecast Office|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2011-09-17|date=1991-08-27|title=Post-Storm Hurricane Report for Chatham, Massachusetts|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991/bob/preloc/pshchant.gif|format=GIF}}</ref> On [[Martha's Vineyard]], electronic stores reported their best business sales in years, with supplies of D-batteries being cleaned off the shelves. Many residents purchased these as well as battery-powered radios and flashlights. President [[George H. W. Bush]], staying at his home in [[Kennebunkport, Maine]], evacuated to [[Pease Air Force Base]] in [[New Hampshire]]. To avoid possible risks by using helicopter, he drove by [[motorcade]] to the base. During this time, portions of [[Interstate 95]] were closed to allow him direct access to the Air Force base; however, this created many miles of backup as thousands of residents moved inland.<ref name="wp820">{{cite web|author=Michael Specter|publisher=the Washington Post|date=August 20, 1991|accessdate=April 23, 2010|title=Hurricane Rakes New England |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/hurricane/archives/bob91.htm}}</ref> Eight shelters were opened in New Hampshire,<ref name="fema2"/> and about 5,200&nbsp;people – mostly tourists – evacuated the coastline.<ref name="nh"/> There were 49&nbsp;shelters opened in neighboring Maine,<ref name="fema2"/> and about 8,600&nbsp;people evacuated along the coastline in [[York County, Maine|York County]].<ref name="wcm">{{cite web|author=Wayne Cotterly|date=2002-10-21|title=Hurricane Bob|accessdate=2011-09-18|url=http://www.pivot.net/~cotterly/bob.htm}}</ref> In the [[Bay of Fundy]], fishermen were urged to return to port in fears of large swells from Hurricane Bob.<ref>{{cite news|author=Staff Writer|work=Kitchener – Waterloo Record|date=August 19, 1991|accessdate=April 24, 2010|title=Bob warnings : Hurricane lashes U.S. coast on way to Maritimes|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/access/514012811.html?dids=514012811:514012811&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Aug+19%2C+1991&author=&pub=The+Record&desc=Bob+warnings+%3A+Hurricane+lashes+U.S.+coast+on+way+to+Maritimes&pqatl=google|page=A2}}</ref> ==Impact== {|class="wikitable" style="float:right;margin:0 0 0.5em 1em;" |+Impact country and [[U.S. state]] |- |'''Location''' |'''Deaths''' |'''Damage(USD)''' |- | [[South Carolina]] || 1 || – |- | [[North Carolina]] || 1 || $8&nbsp;million |- | [[New York (state)|New York]] || 2 || $150&nbsp;million |- | [[Connecticut]] || 6 || $40&nbsp;million <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/bob/prelim04.gif}}</ref> |- | [[Massachusetts]] || 1 || $1&nbsp;billion |- | [[Rhode Island]] || 0 || $230&nbsp;million |- | [[New Hampshire]] || 2 || $4&nbsp;million |- | [[Maine]] || 3 || $42&nbsp;million |- | [[Canada]] || 2 || – |- | Total || 18 || $1.4&nbsp;billion |} Throughout the [[east coast of the United States]], Hurricane Bob produced moderate rainfall and substantial damage. Damage totaled about $1.5&nbsp;billion (1991&nbsp;USD). That included about $700&nbsp;million through cleanup costs, uninsured losses, and food claims.<ref name="TCR4"/> That made it, at the time, one of the costliest United States hurricanes, although the total was due to the storm passing through a densely populated region.<ref>{{cite news|author=Staff Writer|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=Harlan Daily Enterprise|title=Hurricane Bob ranks no. 2 most expensive storm|accessdate=2011-09-19|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=O11BAAAAIBAJ&sjid=D6kMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3726,4832126&dq=hurricane+bob&hl=en}}</ref> As of 2010, Hurricane Bob ranked as the 22nd costliest tropical cyclone in the United States mainland.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Landsea|first=Christopher W. |author2=Blake, Eric S. |author3=Gibney, Ethan J. |date=2011-08-31|title=The deadliest, costliest, and most intense United States tropical cyclones from 1851 to 2010 (and other frequently requested hurricane facts)|publisher=National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration|journal=NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS-NHC-6|page=19|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/nws-nhc-6.pdf|accessdate=2011-09-16}}</ref> Across its track, the hurricane left 2.1&nbsp;million people without power.<ref>{{cite web|author=Max Mayfield|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=August 10, 1992|accessdate=2011-09-17|title=Hurricane Bob Preliminary Report Page Five|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/bob/prelim05.gif}}</ref> There were six confirmed tornadoes, along with thirteen unconfirmed tornadoes.<ref name="TCR3"/> ===Carolinas and Mid-Atlantic=== The center of Hurricane Bob passed several hundred miles east of South Carolina with only slight effects on the state.<ref name="TCR2"/> However, the storm produced large [[Swell (ocean)|swells]] that caught a swimmer in [[Myrtle Beach, South Carolina|Myrtle Beach]] in strong [[Undertow (wave action)|undertow]]; this swimmer drowned to death.<ref name="TDR1"/><ref name="TCR4"/> A crew of three sailed from [[Little River (Horry County, South Carolina)]] en route to Rhode Island. The hurricane destroyed the mast, leaving the crew stranded over the open ocean in shark-infested waters. After 12&nbsp;days, the [[United States Coast Guard]] rescued the three.<ref>{{cite news|author=Staff Writer|agency=Associated Press|title=Hurricane Bob Strands Three in Atlantic for 12 Days|date=1991-09-01|accessdate=2011-09-19|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=c5A9AAAAIBAJ&sjid=0zUMAAAAIBAJ&pg=6722,68401&dq=hurricane+bob&hl=en}}</ref> On 18 August 1991, Hurricane Bob brushed the [[Outer Banks]] of [[North Carolina]], bringing strong winds and heavy rains. Although a maximum of {{convert|5.30|in}} of rain fell at the [[National Weather Service]] office building at [[Cape Hatteras]], little heavy rain fell inland of the Outer Banks. One person was killed in the state in relation to Bob, and damage from the storm was estimated at $8&nbsp;million (1991&nbsp;USD).<ref name="TCR4">{{cite web|author=Max Mayfield|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=August 10, 1992|accessdate=April 23, 2010|title=Hurricane Bob Preliminary Report Page Four|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/bob/prelim04.gif}}</ref> The community of [[Duck, North Carolina]], received the highest recorded onshore sustained winds in the state, {{convert|62|mph}}, whereas the highest gusts reached {{convert|74|mph}} at Cape Hatteras.<ref name="TCR9"/> [[Diamond Shoal Light]] recorded a sustained wind of {{convert|85.0|kn}} with a gust of {{convert|106.7|kn}} and a minimum pressure of {{convert|962.1|mb}} on the evening of 18/19 August 1991.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndbc.noaa.gov/data/climatic/DSLN7.txt}}</ref> Cape Hatteras also recorded a [[storm surge]] of {{convert|2.6|to|4.6|ft|m|abbr=on}}.<ref name="TCR9">{{cite web|author=Max Mayfield|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=August 10, 1992|accessdate=April 23, 2010|title=Hurricane Bob Preliminary Report Page Nine|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/bob/prelim09.gif}}</ref> Flooding was reported throughout the Outer Banks in relation to the heavy rains and storm surge of the storm. The storm required the shutdown of [[North Carolina Highway 12]], the only highway connecting the area to the mainland, isolating those who decided to stay behind. Many residents lost power as numerous power lines fell from strong winds.<ref name="GBT1"/> Six brief tornadoes, ranging between F0 and F1 on the [[Fujita scale]], struck the state within [[squall line]]s in the outer [[rainband]]s of Hurricane Bob.<ref name="TCR4"/> Four tornadoes in [[Dare County, North Carolina]], caused $256,000 in damage.<ref name="NCDC">{{cite web|publisher=National Climatic Data Center |year=2010 |accessdate=April 23, 2010 |title=NCDC Storm Events Database |url=http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwevent~storms |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5a1zWeTTp?url=http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwevent~storms |archivedate=August 13, 2008 |df= }}</ref> Near Cape Hatteras, wind severely damaged one structure, which lost its roof and some siding.<ref name="TDR1">{{cite news|author=Associated Press|work=The Daily Reporter|date=August 21, 1991|accessdate=April 23, 2010|title=Hurricane Bob lashes North Carolina; Long Island braces for a direct hit|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=a1orAAAAIBAJ&sjid=5dkEAAAAIBAJ&dq=hurricane%20bob%20north%20carolina%20evacuation&pg=1548%2C5939935}}</ref> As the hurricane passed east of Virginia, it produced minimal rainfall and wind gusts of up to {{convert|40|mph}}. No one reported damage beyond some minor beach erosion in [[Sandbridge, Virginia Beach, Virginia]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Norfolk, VA National Weather Service|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|date=1991-08-19|title=Preliminary Report Hurricane Bob|accessdate=2011-07-21|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991/bob/preloc/pshorf.gif|format=GIF}}</ref> In [[Ocean City, Maryland]], a brief period of heavy rainfall caused street flooding. High waves caused minimal beach erosion and [[overwash]] along the coastline.<ref>{{cite web|author=Davis, Baltimore MD National Weather Service|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|date=1991-08-23|title=Preliminary Report Hurricane Bob|accessdate=2011-07-21|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991/bob/preloc/pshbwi.gif|format=GIF}}</ref> High tides to {{convert|5.9|ft}} occurred along the Delaware coastline.<ref>{{cite web|author=Smelgus, Wilmington Delaware National Weather Service|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|date=1991-08-20|title=Preliminary Report Hurricane Bob|accessdate=2011-07-21|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991/bob/preloc/pshilg.gif|format=GIF}}</ref> Farther north, the storm caused widespread beach erosion along the [[Jersey Shore]], while heavy rains caused street flooding.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Atlantic City National Weather Service|date=1991-08-23|title=Preliminary Report Hurricane Bob... Corrected|accessdate=2011-07-29|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991/bob/preloc/pshacy.gif|format=GIF}}</ref> The heaviest rains outside New England fell in [[Bridgehampton, New York]], where {{convert|7.18|in}} fell during the passage of the storm.<ref>{{citation |title=Tropical Cyclone Rainfall in the Mid Atlantic United States}}</ref> Two reported tornadoes struck [[Long Island]].<ref name="TCR3"/> High winds destroyed apple, corn, and peach fields along [[Long Island]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Staff Writer|newspaper=Bangor Daily News|agency=Associated Press|title=Costs still climbing from Hurricane Bob|date=1991-08-26|accessdate=2011-07-29|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=iq1JAAAAIBAJ&sjid=mg4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1400,2818748&dq=hurricane+bob+new+york&hl=en}}</ref> After a dry summer, the sudden deluge wrecked potato crops, resulting in $20&nbsp;million in crop damage;,<ref name="nyt"/> about one-sixth of the agricultural output of the region. High winds caused power outages for 477,765 [[Long Island Lighting Company]] customers for a period of nearly five days. Most power outages occurred in the [[East End (Long Island)|East End]]. One person died in a car accident while a traffic light was offline,<ref name="suf">{{cite web|publisher=Suffolk County, New York Government |date=October 2008 |title=Section 5.4.4: Risk Assessment – Hurricane |accessdate=2011-08-19 |url=http://www.co.suffolk.ny.us/RESPOND/PDFs/Sec_5.4.4.pdf |format=PDF }}{{dead link|date=April 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and another person died when a falling tree struck a train conductor.<ref name="fema1">{{cite web|author=FEMA Headquarters|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|title=Situation Report&nbsp;— Hurricane Bob|year=1991|accessdate=2011-07-12|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991/bob/preloc/fema01.gif|format=GIF}}</ref> The high waves destroyed fish nets offshore <ref name="nyt">{{cite news|author=Sarah Bartlett|newspaper=New York Times|title=Between Heat and Hurricane, Summer Weather Is Weird|date=1991-09-02|accessdate=2011-07-29|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/02/nyregion/between-heat-and-hurricane-summer-weather-is-weird.html}}</ref> and caused beach erosion and the widespread destruction of boats along the coast.<ref name="suf"/> Statewide damage totaled over $75&nbsp;million.<ref name="TCR3"/> ===New England=== [[Image:Hurricane Bob 19 aug 1991 1818Z.jpg|right|thumb|Hurricane Bob making landfall at [[Rhode Island]]]] Before Bob made landfall in New England, it passed directly over Block Island, Rhode Island. Stations on the island recorded gusts to {{convert|105|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} near the upper end of their range, indicating that the winds were likely stronger.<ref name="TCR3"/> On the mainland, winds peaked at 90&nbsp;mph (144&nbsp;km/h) in [[Narragansett, Rhode Island|Narragansett]]. In the state, the [[storm surge]]—the rise of water above the normal tide—was {{convert|6.6|ft|m|abbr=on}} in the capital city of [[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]], while the peak storm tide—the rise of water including the normal high tide—was {{convert|16.5|ft|m|abbr=on}} at the mouth of the [[Sakonnet River]].<ref name="TCR12">{{cite web|author=Max Mayfield|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=August 10, 1992|accessdate=2011-09-17|title=Wind reports on Hurricane Bob in Connecticut and Rhode Island, August 1991|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991/bob/prenhc/prelim12.gif|format=GIF}}</ref> At the latter location, the estimate was based on high-water marks, which included wave effects.<ref name="TCR3"/> The high waves resulted in extensive beach erosion along the state's coastline, which washed out several roads in [[Coventry, Rhode Island|Coventry]]. There was flooding reported along the [[Pocasset River (Rhode Island)|Pocasset River]].<ref name="ri">{{cite web|author=Valley/Sisson, Providence, Rhode Island National Weather Service|date=1991-08-23|title=Preliminary Survey on Hurricane Bob... First Issue|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2011-09-18|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991/bob/preloc/pshpvd05.gif|format=GIF}}</ref> Rainfall in the state peaked at {{convert|7.13|in|mm|abbr=on}} in [[Foster, Rhode Island|North Foster]].<ref name="New Eng"/> In Rhode Island, where the hurricane made landfall, Bob caused about 200,000 power outages;<ref name="fema2"/> about 60% of residents in the state and southeastern Massachusetts were left without power.<ref name="box">{{cite web|author1=David R. Vallee |author2=Michael R. Dion |publisher=Boston, MA National Weather Service|title=Hurricane Bob|date=2005-12-05|accessdate=2011-07-12|url=http://www.erh.noaa.gov/box/hurricane/hurricaneBob.shtml}}</ref> During the storm, treatment plants spilled over 100&nbsp;million tons of sewage due to overflow into Narragansett Bay.<ref name="ap826"/> Damage totaled over $115&nbsp;million.<ref name="TCR3"/> While moving over Rhode Island, the strong winds of Bob extended westward into Connecticut, peaking at 75&nbsp;mph (120&nbsp;km/h) near [[Groton, Connecticut|Groton]]; there, a gust of 100&nbsp;mph (160&nbsp;km/h) was reported.<ref name="TCR12"/> High winds downed trees in every county in the state, although wind damage was heaviest in the southeastern portion near the coast.<ref name="hart"/> Overall there were about 315,000&nbsp;people left without power in Connecticut.<ref name="fema1"/> A man in [[Sterling, Connecticut|Sterling]] died after being struck by a falling tree limb.<ref name="hart2"/> The highest storm surge was {{convert|5|ft|m|abbr=on}} in [[New London, Connecticut|New London]].<ref name="TCR12"/> Coastal flooding was limited to New London County, although coastal damage was minimal. One woman died while on a capsized sailboat.<ref name="hart2">{{cite web|author=Hartford, Connecticut National Weather Service|date=1991-08-23|title=Preliminary Survey... Hurricane Bob (page 2)|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2011-09-17|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991/bob/preloc/pshbdl2.gif|format=GIF}}</ref> In [[Norwich, Connecticut|Norwich]], a rainfall total of {{convert|6.22|in|mm|abbr=on}} was reported, which was the statewide peak.<ref name="New Eng"/> Flooding was minor, limited to streams and small rivers.<ref name="hart">{{cite web|author=Hartford, Connecticut National Weather Service|date=1991-08-23|title=Preliminary Survey... Hurricane Bob|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2011-09-17|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991/bob/preloc/pshbdl1.gif|format=GIF}}</ref> Total damage in the state was estimated around $49&nbsp;million, including $4.5&nbsp;million in crop damage. There was one death due to a fire that occurred during the storm's passage,<ref name="hart"/><ref name="hwso">{{cite web|author=Bruce Budd, Hartford Weather Service Office|date=1991-08-28|title=Hurricane Bob Additional Information|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2011-09-15|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991/bob/preloc/bdl.gif|format=GIF}}</ref> and there were five other deaths across the state.<ref name="TCR4"/> The most significant area affected by Bob was Massachusetts, where over $1&nbsp;billion in damage occurred.<ref name="end">{{cite news|author=Staff Writer|newspaper=Reading Eagle|date=1991-11-30|title=Storm season is over|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=2011-07-13|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=OM4xAAAAIBAJ&sjid=sOIFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2436,8339439&dq=hurricane+season&hl=en}}</ref> A [[Coastal-Marine Automated Network|C-MAN]] station in [[Buzzards Bay]] recorded winds every hour and observed peak sustained winds of {{convert|77|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}, along with gusts to {{convert|89|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name="TCR3">{{cite web|author=Max Mayfield|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=August 10, 1992|accessdate=September 17, 2011|title=Hurricane Bob Preliminary Report Page Three|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/bob/prelim03.gif|format=GIF}}</ref> Sustained winds in the state peaked at 100&nbsp;mph (161&nbsp;km/h) in [[Provincetown, Massachusetts|Provincetown]],<ref name="TCR13">{{cite web|author=Max Mayfield|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=August 10, 1992|accessdate=2011-09-17|title=Wind reports on Hurricane Bob in Rhode Island and Massachusetts, August 1991|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991/bob/prenhc/prelim13.gif|format=GIF}}</ref> and there was an unofficial report of a gust of {{convert|125|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} in [[Brewster, MA|Brewster]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Max Mayfield|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=August 10, 1992|accessdate=2011-09-17|title=Wind reports on Hurricane Bob in New England and Canada, August 1991|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/bob/prelim15.gif|format=GIF}}</ref> The highest rainfall total in the state was {{convert|7.06|in|mm|abbr=on}} in [[Westfield, Massachusetts|Westfield]].{{Tropical Cyclone Rainfall for New England}} Storm surges in the state were most significant along Buzzards Bay, peaking at {{convert|5.8|ft|m|abbr=on}} in [[New Bedford, Massachusetts|New Bedford]] and [[Woods Hole, Massachusetts|Woods Hole]].<ref name="TCR13"/> High waves eroded the beach around [[Chatham Light]], leaving behind a {{convert|5|ft|m|abbr=on}} cliff.<ref name="chant"/> Other locations, including southward-facing shores along [[Martha's Vineyard]] and [[Nantucket]], lost {{convert|50|ft|m|abbr=on}} of beach from erosion. Boat damage was significant in the region.<ref name="box"/> The hurricane left over 500,000&nbsp;people without power, including all of Cape Cod.<ref name="fema2"/> Damage was heaviest from Buzzards Bay eastward to Cape Cod, and at least 61&nbsp;houses were destroyed. Damage was also extensive to apple and peach [[orchard]]s across these areas,<ref name="box"/> and agricultural damage was estimated around $10&nbsp;million. The state also suffered $69&nbsp;million in damage to public property.<ref name="ap826"/> Although it remained offshore of the state, Bob produced strong winds in New Hampshire, with gusts reaching {{convert|60|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} at [[Pease Air National Guard Base]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Max Mayfield|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=August 10, 1992|accessdate=2011-09-17|title=Hurricane Bob selected surface observations, August 1991|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991/bob/prenhc/prelim14.gif|format=GIF}}</ref> [[Mount Washington (New Hampshire)|Mount Washington]] experienced {{convert|7.46|in|mm|abbr=on}} of precipitation during the storm's passage.<ref name="New Eng"/> Both the [[Lovell River|Lovell]] and [[Contoocook River|Contoocook]] rivers experienced flooding due to the storm, and widespread flooding occurred in urban areas in the south and central portions of the state.<ref name="nh">{{cite web|author=Concord, New Hampshire National Weather Service|date=1991-08-21|title=Hurricane Bob Preliminary Report|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2011-09-18|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991/bob/preloc/pshcon.gif}}</ref> There were two deaths in the state, one from an automobile accident and the other due to a capsized boat. High winds downed widespread trees and power lines,<ref name="nh"/> causing 30,000&nbsp;people to lose power statewide.<ref name="fema2"/> Damage was estimated around $2&nbsp;million.<ref name="TCR3"/> In neighboring Vermont, the highest rainfall report was {{convert|4.27|in|mm|abbr=on}} in [[Vernon, Vermont|Vernon]].<ref name="New Eng"/> Although moving across Maine as a tropical storm, Bob still maintained strong winds, producing gusts to {{convert|70|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} in [[Portland, Maine|Portland]].<ref name="port"/> A station in [[Wiscasset, Maine|Wiscasset]] reported a gust of {{convert|92|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} before it was blown away, and another station recorded a gust of {{convert|93|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name="port2"/> A total of 169,200&nbsp;customers lost power during the hurricane, some of whom remaining without electricity for a week.<ref name="port">{{cite web|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991/bob/preloc/portlnd1.gif|format=GIF|title=Hurricane Report: Bob|author=Joseph A. Ronco|date=1991-09-18|work=Portland National Weather Service|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2011-09-16}}</ref> There was a tornado reported in [[Saint Albans, Maine|St. Albans]], which downed multiple trees, damaged a few houses, and moved a boathouse three blocks away;<ref name="port2">{{cite web|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991/bob/preloc/portlnd2.gif|format=GIF|title=Hurricane Report: Bob (page 2)|author=Joseph A. Ronco|date=1991-09-18|work=Portland National Weather Service|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2011-09-16}}</ref> its status as a tornado was not confirmed.<ref name="TCR3"/> As it passed the region, the storm produced a {{convert|2.77|ft|m|abbr=on}} storm tide.<ref name="port"/> The heaviest rainfall nationwide from the hurricane fell at the [[Portland International Jetport]], where {{convert|8.24|in|mm|abbr=on}} fell during its passage.<ref name="brain">{{cite web|author=Roth, David M|date=2007-04-30|title=Hurricane Bob&nbsp;— August 18–21, 1991|author2=Hydrometeorological Prediction Center|publisher=United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service|accessdate=2011-07-12|url=http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/bob1991.html}}</ref> This contributed to August 1991 being the wettest month on record in Portland.<ref>{{cite web|author=Gray, Maine National Weather Service |date=2011-09-09 |title=The Portland ME Climate Summary for the Month of August 2011 |accessdate=2011-09-18 |url=http://www.maine.gov/mema/weather/pwmclmpwm |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/61nIvVgIO?url=http://www.maine.gov/mema/weather/pwmclmpwm |archivedate=September 18, 2011 |df= }}</ref> At the time, its 24‑hour rainfall total of {{convert|7.83|in|mm|abbr=on}} was the highest on record, although it was surpassed in October 1996 by an extratropical system fueled by [[Hurricane Lili (1996)|Hurricane Lili]]. The rains from Bob led to a record [[discharge (hydrology)|flow rate]] along the [[Presumpscot River]], although that record was also surpassed by the 1996 system.<ref>{{cite web|author=John W. Cannon|date=September 2000|title=A Hydrometeorological Assessment of the October 1996 Record Rainstorm in Maine|publisher=Eastern Region Headquarters|accessdate=2011-09-18|url=http://www.erh.noaa.gov/gyx/pdf/ta2000-02.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref> River flooding washed out five bridges and roads across southwestern Maine. One man died due to being swept away by floodwaters, and another died in the ocean while on a life raft.<ref name="wcm"/> A total of 700&nbsp;houses were affected by the storm, including one that was destroyed and three that sustained major damage.<ref name="maap">{{cite news|author=Staff Writer|agency=Associated Press|date=1991-09-16|title=No aid for storm damage to Maine private property|newspaper=Bangor Daily News|accessdate=2011-09-19|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=brFJAAAAIBAJ&sjid=yg4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=4743,227463&dq=hurricane+bob&hl=en}}</ref> Damage in the area around Portland totaled over $25.7&nbsp;million, and there were three deaths.<ref name="port"/> ===Atlantic Canada=== After causing severe damage in the United States, the remnants of Hurricane Bob moved into [[Atlantic Canada]].<ref name="TCR4"/> The highest rainfall amount in the country was 4.37&nbsp;in (111&nbsp;mm) in northern New Brunswick. [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador]] recorded a record 1&nbsp;inch (26&nbsp;mm) of rainfall during the storm's passage. Gusty winds were observed across the region, and winds reached 68&nbsp;mph (109&nbsp;km/h) in [[Digby, Nova Scotia]].<ref name="chc">{{cite web|author=Canadian Hurricane Centre|date=2010-09-14|title=1991-Bob|accessdate=2011-09-19|url=http://www.ec.gc.ca/Hurricane/default.asp?lang=En&n=FD4D2BBE-1}}</ref> In [[Nova Scotia]], two 17-year-old girls were washed out to sea near [[Cape Forchu, Nova Scotia|Cape Forchu]] after being caught in rough swells produced by the storm.<ref name="TS2">{{cite news|author=Associated Press|work=Toronto Star|date=August 20, 1991|accessdate=April 24, 2010|title=Storm sweeps 2 teens to sea 'The wave just sucked them away . . . The ocean was wild'|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/access/465703221.html?dids=465703221:465703221&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Aug+20%2C+1991&author=Staff-CP-AP&pub=Toronto+Star&desc=Storm+sweeps+2+teens+to+sea+%27The+wave+just+sucked+them+away+.+.+.+The+ocean+was+wild%27&pqatl=google|page=A3}}</ref> Rescue officials quickly began searching operations;<ref name="TS1">{{cite news|author=Associated Press|work=Toronto Star|date=August 20, 1991|accessdate=April 24, 2010|title=Hurricane Bob lashes coast 2 swept out to sea as storm hits Nova Scotia|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/access/465702641.html?dids=465702641:465702641&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Aug+20%2C+1991&author=CP-AP&pub=Toronto+Star&desc=Hurrican+Bob+lashes+coast+2+swept+out+to+sea+as+storm+hits+Nova+Scotia&pqatl=google|page=A3}}</ref> however, it was later confirmed that the two had drowned.<ref name="TCR4"/> In [[Fredericton]], [[New Brunswick]], tropical storm-force winds downed trees and power lines, resulting in scattered power outages. [[Lightning]] associated with strong storms also reportedly struck some trees in the area.<ref name="TS1"/> A two-story home in [[Pointe-Verte, New Brunswick|Pointe-Verte]] collapsed due to high winds. In [[Petit-Rocher, New Brunswick|Petit-Rocher]], five fishing boats sank after being overwhelmed by large swells at port. Firefighters in the area were surveying the town all night on August&nbsp;20, checking for downed power lines and trees.<ref>{{cite news|author=Staff Writer|work=Kitchener – Waterloo Record|date=August 21, 1991|accessdate=April 24, 2010|title=Hurricane blows out after leaving trail of destruction|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/access/514007401.html?dids=514007401:514007401&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Aug+21%2C+1991&author=&pub=The+Record&desc=Hurricane+blows+out+after+leaving+trail+of+destruction&pqatl=google|page=A12}}</ref> Power outages were also reported on Prince Edward Island. The storm left about $1&nbsp;million in damage (1991&nbsp;[[Canadian dollar|CAD]]) on [[Grand Manan Island]] in the [[Bay of Fundy]].<ref name="chc"/> ==Aftermath and retirement== {{See also|List of retired Atlantic hurricane names}} Following the storm's passage, the Long Island Lighting Company used 165&nbsp;workers to restore the power outages on Long Island. In Connecticut, state officials deployed about 200&nbsp;trucks to remove debris on roads. The Massachusetts National Guard was activated to assist in relief efforts.<ref name="fema1"/> In Rhode Island, a man was killed while repairing damage caused by Bob.<ref>{{cite news|author=David Crombie|title=Worker electrocuted in Westport 3 others hurt while moving house damaged in hurricane|newspaper=Journal-Bulletin Staff Writer|date=1991-09-17|accessdate=2011-09-19|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/projo/access/579135001.html?dids=579135001:579135001&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Sep+17%2C+1991&author=DAVE+CROMBIE+Journal-Bulletin+Staff+Writer&pub=The+Providence+Journal&desc=Worker+electrocuted+in+Westport+3+others+hurt+while+moving+house+damaged+in+hurricane&pqatl=google}}</ref> Beaches in the state re-opened by five days after the storm.<ref name="rj"/> The hurricane mixed the waters in [[Long Island Sound]] and prevented the algae bloom that happened in previous summers.<ref>{{cite news|author=Elsa Brenner|date=1991-10-06|newspaper=New York Times|title=Shore Communities Assess Implications Of L.I. Sound Study|accessdate=2011-09-19|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/06/nyregion/shore-communities-assess-implications-of-li-sound-study.html?src=pm}}</ref> In the days after Bob, the [[NSTAR (company)|Commonwealth Electric Company]] brought electricians from outside the company and put their own workers on 16‑hour shifts to restore power across Massachusetts.<ref name="ap826"/> Most Massachusetts residents, excluding those living on Cape Cod, had their power restored within five days.<ref name="rj">{{cite news|author=Staff Writer|agency=Associated Press|date=1991-08-25|title=Massachusetts fights to recover from Hurricane Bob|newspaper=Record-Journal|accessdate=2011-09-19|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4EJIAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ZAENAAAAIBAJ&pg=1402,3853215&dq=hurricane+bob&hl=en}}</ref> The hurricane struck toward the end of the summer, which significantly impacted the tourism season already in the midst of a [[Early 1990s recession|recession]].<ref name="ap826">{{cite news|author=Staff Writer|date=1991-08-26|title=Costs Still Climbing from Hurricane Bob|newspaper=Bangor Daily news|accessdate=2011-09-19|url=http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/goes/flt/t1/flash-avn.html}}</ref> The New England coast was affected by a powerful nor'easter known as the [[1991 Perfect Storm|Perfect Storm]] about two months after the hurricane struck the region. Some locations experienced worse damage from the October storm than from Bob.<ref name="maine">{{cite news|author=William C. Hidlay|date=1991-11-01|title=Maine hit hard by storm|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=Bangor Daily News|accessdate=2011-07-03|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=DqhJAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KQ4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=3345,8099&dq=storm+new+england&hl=en}}</ref> Due to the high damage from Hurricane Bob, President [[George H. W. Bush]] declared the following states as disaster (in order): Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Maine, Connecticut, New Hampshire, and New York.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Federal Emergency Management Agency|date=2005-05-23|title=1991 Federal Disaster Declarations|accessdate=2011-09-18|url=http://www.fema.gov/news/disasters.fema?year=1991}}</ref> Damage in Maine was insufficient to qualify for individual family assistance.<ref name="maap"/> Instead, the declaration allocated federal funding to reimburse cities for debris removal, repairing damaged public buildings, and other municipal expenses for each of the states. Despite the declaration, the federal government did not immediately provide aid to the affected region. This was partially due to President Bush considering the storm a "disaster but not an emergency", which therefore required cuts from other budgets to offset the relief aid. This was in opposition to the Democratic-controlled [[101st U.S. Congress|Congress]], who requested an expedited process.<ref>{{cite news|author=John Diamond|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=The Hour|date=1991-10-18|title=Congress Attempting to Speed Up Disaster Funds|accessdate=2011-09-19|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=dwYhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=f3YFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3033,2422725&dq=hurricane+bob&hl=en}}</ref> Due to its effects in the United States, the name ''Bob'' was subsequently retired by the [[World Meteorological Organization]]'s hurricane committee in the spring of 1992, and it will never be used again for an [[North Atlantic tropical cyclone|Atlantic hurricane]].<ref name="NHC">{{cite web|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/retirednames.shtml |title=Tropical Cyclone Naming History and Retired Names |date=April 17, 2015 |accessdate=July 19, 2015 |publisher=United States National Hurricane Center |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6a8T5L0Gp?url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutnames_history.shtml |archivedate=July 19, 2015 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref> It was replaced with ''Bill'' for the [[1997 Atlantic hurricane season|1997 season]]. ==See also== {{Portal|Tropical cyclones}} *[[List of Atlantic hurricanes]] *[[List of New England hurricanes]] *[[List of retired Atlantic hurricane names]] *[[List of wettest tropical cyclones in the United States#Massachusetts|List of wettest tropical cyclones in Massachusetts]] *[[Hurricane Carol]] - a storm with a similar track and also caused severe damage to New England in 1954 *[[Hurricane Earl (2010)]] - most recent major hurricane to threaten New England ==References== {{Reflist|2}} ==External links== * [http://www.erh.noaa.gov/box/hurricane/hurricaneBob.shtml NOAA information on Hurricane Bob] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928040551/http://archive.capecodonline.com/special/hurricane/ Cape Cod Times 10-year anniversary review of Hurricane Bob] {{Retired Atlantic hurricanes}} {{1991 Atlantic hurricane season buttons}} [[Category:1991 Atlantic hurricane season|Bob]] [[Category:Category 3 Atlantic hurricanes|Bob (1991)]] [[Category:Retired Atlantic hurricanes|Bob (1991)]] [[Category:Hurricanes in Canada|Bob (1991)]] [[Category:Hurricanes in New England|Bob (1991)]] [[Category:Hurricanes in Rhode Island|Bob (1991)]] [[Category:1991 natural disasters in the United States]] [[Category:1991 disasters in Canada]] [[Category:1991 in New Brunswick]] [[Category:Natural disasters in New Brunswick]] [[Category:Natural disasters in Newfoundland and Labrador]] [[Category:1991 in Newfoundland and Labrador]]'