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'{{Short description|First crewed mission to land on the Moon}} {{About|the 1969 manned lunar mission}} {{pp-semi-indef}} {{pp-move-indef}} {{Good article}} {{Infobox spaceflight | name = Apollo 11 | image = Aldrin Apollo 11 original.jpg | image_caption = [[Buzz Aldrin]] poses on the Moon, allowing [[Neil Armstrong]] to photograph both of them using the visor's reflection. | insignia = Apollo_11_insignia.png | insignia_alt = Circular insignia: Eagle with wings outstretched holds olive branch on Moon with Earth in background, in blue and gold border. | mission_type = Crewed lunar landing | operator = [[NASA]] | COSPAR_ID = {{Unbulleted list |CSM: 1969-059A |LM: 1969-059C }} | SATCAT = {{Unbulleted list |CSM: 4039 |LM: 4041 }} | mission_duration = 8&nbsp;days, 3&nbsp;hours, 18&nbsp;minutes, 35&nbsp;seconds | spacecraft = {{Unbulleted list |[[Apollo Command/Service Module|Apollo CSM]]-107 |[[Apollo Lunar Module|Apollo LM]]-5 }} | manufacturer = {{Unbulleted list |CSM: [[Rockwell International|North American Rockwell]] |LM: [[Grumman]] }} | launch_mass = {{convert|100756|lb|kg}} | landing_mass = {{convert|10873|lb|kg}} | launch_date = {{start-date|July 16, 1969, 13:32:00|timezone=yes}}&nbsp;UTC | launch_rocket = [[Saturn V]] SA-506 | launch_site = [[Kennedy Space Center]] [[Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39|LC-39A]] | landing_date = {{end-date|July 24, 1969, 16:50:35|timezone=yes}}&nbsp;UTC | landing_site = North Pacific Ocean<br/>{{Coord|13|19|N|169|9|W|type:event|name=Apollo 11 splashdown}} | recovery_by = {{USS|Hornet|CV-12|6}} | orbit_epoch = July 19, 1969, 21:44&nbsp;UTC<ref name="orbit">{{cite web |url=http://airandspace.si.edu/explore-and-learn/topics/apollo/as11/a11sum.htm |title=Apollo 11 Mission Summary |publisher=Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum |work=The Apollo Program |accessdate=September 7, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829082429/http://airandspace.si.edu/explore-and-learn/topics/apollo/as11/a11sum.htm |archivedate=August 29, 2013 |df=mdy}}</ref> | orbit_reference = [[selenocentric orbit|Selenocentric]] | orbit_periapsis = {{convert|54.5|nmi|km|order=flip|sp=us}}<ref name="orbit"/> | orbit_apoapsis = {{convert|66.1|nmi|km|order=flip|sp=us}}<ref name="orbit"/> | orbit_inclination = 1.25&nbsp;degrees<ref name="orbit"/> | orbit_period = 2&nbsp;hours<ref name="orbit"/> | apsis = selene |interplanetary = {{Infobox spaceflight/IP |type = orbiter |object = [[Moon|Lunar]] |component = [[Apollo Command/Service Module|Command/Service Module]] |orbits = 30 |arrival_date = July 19, 1969, 17:21:50&nbsp;UTC{{sfn|Orloff|2000|pp=102–110}} |departure_date = July 22, 1969, 04:55:42&nbsp;UTC{{sfn|Orloff|2000|pp=102–110}} }} {{Infobox spaceflight/IP |type = lander |object = [[Moon|Lunar]] |component = [[Apollo Lunar Module|Lunar Module]] |arrival_date = July 20, 1969, 20:18:04&nbsp;UTC<ref name="ALSJ 1" /> |departure_date = July 21, 1969, 17:54&nbsp;UTC |location = [[Mare Tranquillitatis]]<br/>{{Lunar coords and quad cat|0.67408|N|23.47297|E}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/lunar_sites.html |title=Apollo Landing Site Coordinates |publisher=US National Space Science Data Center |first=David R. |last=Williams |date=December 11, 2003 |accessdate=September 7, 2013}}</ref> |sample_mass = {{convert|47.51|lb|kg|order=flip}} |surface_EVAs = 1 |surface_EVA_time = 2&nbsp;hours, 31&nbsp;minutes 40&nbsp;seconds }} | docking = {{Infobox spaceflight/Dock | docking_target = LM | docking_type = dock | docking_date = July 16, 1969, 16:56:03&nbsp;UTC{{sfn|Orloff|2000|pp=102–110}} | undocking_date = July 20, 1969, 17:44:00&nbsp;UTC{{sfn|Orloff|2000|pp=102–110}} | time_docked = }} {{Infobox spaceflight/Dock | docking_target = LM ascent stage | docking_type = dock | docking_date = July 21, 1969, 21:35:00&nbsp;UTC{{sfn|Orloff|2000|pp=102–110}} | undocking_date = July 21, 1969, 23:41:31&nbsp;UTC{{sfn|Orloff|2000|pp=102–110}} | time_docked = }} | crew_size = 3 | crew_members = {{Unbulleted list |[[Neil Armstrong|Neil A. Armstrong]] |[[Michael Collins (astronaut)|Michael Collins]] |[[Buzz Aldrin|Edwin E. "Buzz" Aldrin, Jr.]] }} | crew_callsign = {{Unbulleted list |CSM: ''Columbia'' |LM: ''Eagle'' |On surface: ''[[Tranquility Base]]'' }} | crew_photo = apollo_11.jpg | crew_photo_caption = Left to right: [[Neil Armstrong]], [[Michael Collins (astronaut)|Michael Collins]], [[Buzz Aldrin]] | crew_photo_alt = Three astronauts in spacesuits without helmets sitting in front of a large photo of the Moon. | previous_mission = [[Apollo 10]] | next_mission = [[Apollo 12]] | programme = [[Apollo program]] }} '''Apollo 11''' was the [[human spaceflight|spaceflight]] that [[Moon landing|landed]] the first two people on the [[Moon]]. Mission commander [[Neil Armstrong]] and pilot [[Buzz Aldrin]], both American, landed the [[Apollo Lunar Module|lunar module]] ''Eagle'' on July 20, 1969, at 20:17 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]. Armstrong became the first person to step onto the lunar surface six hours after landing on July 21 at 02:56:15 UTC; Aldrin joined him about 20 minutes later. They spent about two and a quarter hours together outside the spacecraft, and collected {{convert|47.5|lb|kg}} of lunar material to bring back to Earth. [[Michael Collins (astronaut)|Michael Collins]] piloted the [[Apollo Command/Service Module|command module]] ''Columbia'' alone in lunar orbit while they were on the Moon's surface. Armstrong and Aldrin spent 21.5 hours on the lunar surface before rejoining ''Columbia'' in lunar orbit. Apollo 11 was launched by a [[Saturn V]] rocket from [[Kennedy Space Center]] on [[Merritt Island, Florida]], on July 16 at 13:32 UTC, and was the fifth crewed mission of [[NASA]]'s [[Apollo program]]. The Apollo [[Apollo (spacecraft)|spacecraft]] had three parts: a command module (CM) with a cabin for the three astronauts, and the only part that returned to Earth; a service module (SM), which supported the command module with propulsion, electrical power, oxygen, and water; and a lunar module (LM) that had two stages – a descent stage for landing on the Moon, and an ascent stage to place the astronauts back into lunar orbit. After being [[Trans-lunar injection|sent to the Moon]] by the Saturn V's third stage, the astronauts separated the spacecraft from it and traveled for three days until they entered into lunar orbit. Armstrong and Aldrin then moved into the lunar module ''Eagle'' and landed in the [[Sea of Tranquillity]]. The astronauts used ''Eagle''{{'}}s upper stage to lift off from the lunar surface and rejoin Collins in the command module. They jettisoned ''Eagle'' before they performed the maneuvers that blasted them out of lunar orbit on a trajectory back to Earth. They returned to Earth and [[splashdown|splashed down]] in the Pacific Ocean on July 24 after more than eight days in space. The landing was broadcast on live TV to a worldwide audience. Armstrong stepped onto the lunar surface and described the event as "one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind." Apollo 11 effectively ended the [[Space Race]] and fulfilled a national goal proposed in 1961 by [[President of the United States|President]] [[John F. Kennedy]]: "before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth."<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/TECH/space/05/25/kennedy.moon/ |title=Man on the Moon: Kennedy speech ignited the dream |publisher=CNN |last=Stenger |first=Richard |date=May 25, 2001 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100606035837/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/TECH/space/05/25/kennedy.moon/ |archivedate=June 6, 2010}}</ref> ==Background== In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the United States was engaged in the [[Cold War]], a geopolitical rivalry with the [[Soviet Union]].{{sfn|Logsdon|1976|p=134}} On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union launched [[Sputnik 1]], the first [[Satellite|artificial satellite]]. This surprise success fired fears and imaginations around the world. It not only demonstrated that the Soviet Union had the capability to deliver nuclear weapons over intercontinental distances, it challenged American claims of military, economic and technological superiority.{{sfn|Logsdon|1976|pp=13–15}} This precipitated the [[Sputnik crisis]], and triggered the [[Space Race]].{{sfn|Brooks|Grimwood|Swenson|1979|p=1}} [[President of the United States|President]] [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] responded by creating the [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA), and initiating [[Project Mercury]],{{sfn|Swenson|Grimwood|Alexander|1966|pp=101–106}} which aimed to launch a man into [[Earth orbit]].{{sfn|Swenson|Grimwood|Alexander|1966|p=134}} But on April 12, 1961, Soviet [[cosmonaut]] [[Yuri Gagarin]] became the first person in space, and the first to orbit the Earth.{{sfn|Swenson|Grimwood|Alexander|1966|pp=332–333}} It was another body blow to American pride.{{sfn|Swenson|Grimwood|Alexander|1966|p=342}} Nearly a month later, on May 5, 1961, [[Alan Shepard]] became the first American in space, completing a 15-minute suborbital journey. After being recovered from the Atlantic ocean, he received a congratulatory telephone call from Eisenhower's successor, [[John F. Kennedy]]. {{sfn|Logsdon|1976|p=121}} Kennedy cared about what people in other nations thought of the United States, and believed that not only was it in the national interest of the United States to be superior to other nations, but that the perception of American power was at least as important as the actuality. It was therefore intolerable that the Soviet Union was more advanced in the field of space exploration. He was determined that the United States should compete, and sought a challenge that maximized its chances of winning.{{sfn|Logsdon|1976|p=134}} Since the Soviet Union had better [[Booster (rocketry)|booster]] [[rocket]]s, he required a challenge that was beyond the capacity of the existing generation of rocketry, and therefore would mean the US and Soviet Union would be starting from a position of equality. Something spectacular, even if it could not be justified on military, economic or scientific grounds. After consulting with his experts and advisors, he chose such a project.{{sfn|Logsdon|1976|pp=112–117}} On May 25, 1961, he addressed the [[United States Congress]] on "Urgent National Needs" and declared:{{quote|I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to the Earth. No single space project in this period will be more impressive to mankind, or more important for the long-range exploration of space; and none will be so difficult or expensive to accomplish. We propose to accelerate the development of the appropriate lunar space craft. We propose to develop alternate liquid and solid fuel boosters, much larger than any now being developed, until certain which is superior. We propose additional funds for other engine development and for unmanned explorations-explorations which are particularly important for one purpose which this nation will never overlook: the survival of the man who first makes this daring flight. But in a very real sense, it will not be one man going to the moon-if we make this judgment affirmatively, it will be an entire nation. For all of us must work to put him there.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nasa.gov/vision/space/features/jfk_speech_text.html |title=Excerpt: 'Special Message to the Congress on Urgent National Needs' |publisher=NASA |access-date=September 16, 2018 }}</ref>}} The effort to land a man on the Moon already had a name: [[Project Apollo]].{{sfn|Brooks|Grimwood|Swenson|1979|p=15}} An early and crucial decision was the adoption of [[lunar orbit rendezvous]], under which a specialized spacecraft would land on the lunar surface. The [[Apollo (spacecraft)|Apollo spacecraft]] therefore had three parts: a command module (CM) with a cabin for the three astronauts, and the only part that returned to Earth; a service module (SM), which supported the command module with propulsion, electrical power, oxygen, and water; and a lunar module (LM) that had two stages – a descent stage for landing on the Moon, and an ascent stage to place the astronauts back into lunar orbit.{{sfn|Brooks|Grimwood|Swenson|1979|pp=72–77}} This choice of mode meant that the spacecraft could be launched by the [[Saturn V]] rocket that was then under development.{{sfn|Brooks|Grimwood|Swenson|1979|pp=48–49}} Technologies and technics required for Apollo were developed by [[Project Gemini]].{{sfn|Brooks|Grimwood|Swenson|1979|pp=181–182, 205–208}} Project Apollo was abruptly halted by the [[Apollo 1]] fire on January 27, 1967, in which three astronauts died, and the subsequent investigation.{{sfn|Brooks|Grimwood|Swenson|1979|pp=214–218}} In October 1968, [[Apollo 7]] tested the command module in Earth obit,{{sfn|Brooks|Grimwood|Swenson|1979|pp=265–272}} and in December, [[Apollo 8]] tested it in lunar orbit.{{sfn|Brooks|Grimwood|Swenson|1979|pp=274–284}} In March 1969, [[Apollo 9]] tested the lunar module in Earth obit,{{sfn|Brooks|Grimwood|Swenson|1979|pp=292–300}} and then in May 1969, [[Apollo 10]] conducted a "dress rehearsal", testing the lunar module in lunar orbit. By July 1969, all was in readiness for Apollo 11 to take the final step onto the Moon.{{sfn|Brooks|Grimwood|Swenson|1979|pp=303–312}} The Soviet Union competed with the US, but were hampered by repeated failures in development of [[N1 (rocket)|a launcher comparable to the Saturn V]].<ref name="sovlun">{{cite web |url=http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/science-technology-and-society/sts-471j-engineering-apollo-the-moon-project-as-a-complex-system-spring-2007/readings/soviet_mand_lunr.pdf |title=The Soviet Manned Lunar Program |last=Lindroos |first=Marcus |work=[[MIT OpenCourseWare]] |publisher=[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] |format=PDF |accessdate=October 4, 2011}}</ref> Meanwhile, they tried to beat the US to return lunar material to the Earth by means of [[Unmanned spacecraft|unmanned probes]]. On July 13, three days before Apollo 11's launch, they launched [[Luna 15]], which reached lunar orbit before Apollo 11. During descent, a malfunction caused Luna 15 to crash in [[Mare Crisium]] about two hours before Armstrong and Aldrin took off from the Moon's surface to begin their voyage home. The [[Jodrell Bank Observatory]] radio telescope in England was later discovered to have recorded transmissions from Luna 15 during its descent, and this was published in July 2009 on the 40th anniversary of Apollo 11.<ref>{{cite news |title=Recording tracks Russia's Moon gatecrash attempt |first=Jonathan |last=Brown |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/recording-tracks-russias-moon-gatecrash-attempt-1730851.html |work=[[The Independent]] |location=London |date=July 3, 2009 |accessdate=January 10, 2011}}</ref> ==Framework== ===Crew=== {{Spaceflight crew |terminology = Astronaut |position1 = Commander |crew1_up = [[Neil Armstrong|Neil A. Armstrong]] |flights1_up = Second and last |position2 = Command Module Pilot |crew2_up = [[Michael Collins (astronaut)|Michael Collins]] |flights2_up = Second and last |position3 = Lunar Module Pilot |crew3_up = [[Buzz Aldrin|Edwin "Buzz" E. Aldrin, Jr.]] |flights3_up = Second and last }} The crew assignment of [[Neil Armstrong]] as Commander, [[Jim Lovell]] as Command Module Pilot (CMP) and [[Buzz Aldrin]] as Lunar Module Pilot (LMP) was officially announced on November 20, 1967.{{sfn|Brooks|Grimwood|Swenson|1979|p=374}} Apollo 11 was the second all-veteran multi-person crew on an American mission,{{sfn|Orloff|2000|p=90}} the first being that of Apollo 10.{{sfn|Orloff|2000|p=72}} An all-veteran crew would not be flown again until [[STS-26]] in 1988.{{sfn|Orloff|2000|p=90}} Lovell and Aldrin had previously flown together as the crew of [[Gemini 12]]. The crew was initially assigned as the backup for Apollo 9. Due to design and manufacturing delays in the Lunar Module (LM), Apollo 8 and Apollo 9 swapped prime and backup crews, and Armstrong's crew became the backup for Apollo 8. Based on the normal crew rotation scheme, Armstrong was then expected to command Apollo 11.{{sfn|Hansen|2005|pp=312–313}} There would be one change. [[Michael Collins (astronaut)|Mike Collins]] on the Apollo 8 crew began experiencing trouble with his legs. Doctors diagnosed the problem as a bony growth between his fifth and sixth vertebrae, requiring surgery.{{sfn|Collins|2001|pp=288–289}} Lovell took his place on the Apollo 8 crew, and, when he recovered, Collins joined Armstrong's crew as CMP. In the meantime, [[Fred Haise]] filled in as backup LMP, and Aldrin as backup CMP for Apollo 8.{{sfn|Cunningham|2010|p=109}} ===Backup crew=== {{Spaceflight crew |terminology = Astronaut |position1 = Commander |crew1_up = [[Jim Lovell|James A. Lovell, Jr.]] |position2 = Command Module Pilot |crew2_up = [[William Anders|William A. Anders]] |position3 = Lunar Module Pilot |crew3_up = [[Fred Haise|Fred W. Haise, Jr.]] }} The backup crew consisted of Lovell as Commander, [[William Anders]] as CMP, and Haise as LMP. Anders had flown with Lovell on Apollo 8.{{sfn|Orloff|2000|p=90}} In early 1969, he accepted a job with the [[National Space Council]] effective August 1969, and announced that he would retire as an astronaut on that date. At that point [[Ken Mattingly]] was moved from the support crew into parallel training with Anders as backup CMP in case Apollo 11 was delayed past its intended July launch date, at which point Anders would be unavailable. Lovell, Haise, and Mattingly would ultimately be assigned as the prime crew of [[Apollo 13]].{{sfn|Slayton|Cassutt|1994|p=237}} ===Support crew=== During Projects Mercury and Gemini, each mission had a prime and a backup crew. For Apollo, a third crew of astronauts was added, known as the support crew. The support crew maintained the flight plan, checklists and mission ground rules, and ensured that the prime and backup crews were apprised of any changes. The support crew developed procedures in the simulators, especially those for emergency situations, so these were ready for when the prime and backup crews came to train in the simulators, allowing them to concentrate on practicing and mastering them.{{sfn|Brooks|Grimwood|Swenson|1979|p=261}} For Apollo 11, the support crew consisted of Ken Mattingly, [[Ronald Evans (astronaut)|Ronald Evans]] and [[William R. Pogue|Bill Pogue]].{{sfn|Brooks|Grimwood|Swenson|1979|p=375}} ===Capsule communicators=== [[File:Duke, Lovell and Haise at the Apollo 11 Capcom, Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas - 19690720.jpg|thumb|CAPCOM [[Charles Duke]], with backup crewmen [[Jim Lovell]] and [[Fred Haise]] listening in during Apollo 11's descent]] The [[Capsule communicator]] (CAPCOM) was an astronaut, and the only person who communicated directly with the flight crew.{{sfn|Kranz|2000|p=27}} For Apollo 11, the CAPCOMs were: [[Charles Duke|Charlie Duke]], Ronald Evans, [[Bruce McCandless II]],Jim Lovell, Bill Anders, Ken Mattingly, Fred Haise, [[Don L. Lind]], [[Owen K. Garriott]] and [[Harrison Schmitt]].{{sfn|Brooks|Grimwood|Swenson|1979|p=375}} ===Flight direcctors=== The four shift [[Flight controller#Flight Director (FLIGHT)|Flight Directors]] for this mission were:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4029/Apollo_18-08_Flight_Directors.htm |title=Flight Directors |publisher=NASA |access-date=September 18, 2018 }}</ref>{{sfn|Kranz|2000|pp=230, 236, 273, 320}} *[[Clifford E. Charlesworth]] (Green Team), launch and [[Extravehicular activity]] (EVA) *[[Gerald D. Griffin]] (Gold Team) *[[Gene Kranz]] (White Team), lunar landing *[[Glynn Lunney]] (Black Team), lunar ascent ===Call signs=== After the crew of Apollo 10 named their spacecraft ''Charlie Brown'' and ''Snoopy'', assistant manager for public affairs Julian Scheer wrote to [[Manned Spacecraft Center]] director [[George M. Low]] to suggest the Apollo 11 crew be less flippant in naming their craft. During early mission planning, the names ''Snowcone'' and ''Haystack'' were used and put in the news release.<ref name="Snowcone">{{cite web |url=https://history.nasa.gov/ap11fj/pdf/a11-techsum.pdf |title=Technical Information Summary, Apollo-11 (AS-506) Apollo Saturn V Space Vehicle |date=June 25, 1969 |work=[[Marshall Space Flight Center|George C. Marshall Space Flight Center]] |publisher=NASA |location=Huntsville, Alabama |page=8 |format=PDF |id=Document ID: 19700011707; Accession Number: 70N21012; Report Number: NASA-TM-X-62812; S&E-ASTR-S-101-69 |accessdate=June 12, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603093127/http://history.nasa.gov/ap11fj/pdf/a11-techsum.pdf |archivedate=June 3, 2012 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> The Command Module was named ''Columbia'' after the ''[[Columbiad#In fiction|Columbiad]]'', the giant cannon shell spacecraft fired by a giant cannon (also from Florida) in [[Jules Verne]]'s 1865 novel ''[[From the Earth to the Moon]]''. It also referenced [[Columbia (name)|Columbia]], a personification of the United States. The Lunar Module was named ''Eagle'' for the [[national bird]] of the United States, the [[bald eagle]], which was featured prominently on the mission insignia.{{sfn|Collins|2001|pp=334–335}} ===Insignia=== The Apollo 11 [[Mission patch|mission insignia]] was designed by Collins, who wanted a symbol for "peaceful lunar landing by the United States". At Lovell's suggestion, he chose an eagle as the symbol, put an [[olive branch]] in its beak, and drew a lunar background with the Earth in the distance. The sunlight in the image was coming from the wrong direction; the shadow should have been in the lower part of the Earth instead of the left. NASA officials felt that the talons of the eagle looked too "warlike" and after some discussion, the olive branch was moved to the claws. Armstrong was concerned that "eleven" would not be understood by non-English speakers, so they went with "Apollo 11";{{sfn|Collins|2001|pp=332–334}} they decided not to put their names on the patch, so it would "be representative of ''everyone'' who had worked toward a lunar landing".{{sfn|Collins|2001|p=332}} When the [[Eisenhower Dollar|Eisenhower dollar coin]] was released in 1971, the patch design provided the eagle for its reverse side.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://coinsite.com/CoinSite-PF/pparticles/$1eisen.asp |title=1971–78 Dollar Eisenhower |work=CoinSite |publisher=ROKO Design Group, Inc. |date=1994 |accessdate=July 20, 2009}}</ref> The design was also used for the smaller [[Susan B. Anthony dollar]] unveiled in 1979, ten years after the Apollo 11 mission.<ref>{{cite web |title=Susan B. Anthony Dollar – 1979–1999 |url=http://www.usmint.gov/historianscorner/?action=coinDetail&id=347 |publisher=United States Mint |accessdate=August 12, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811123227/https://www.usmint.gov/historianscorner/?action=coinDetail&id=347 |archivedate=August 11, 2014 |df=mdy}}</ref> ===Mementos=== [[File:Apollo 11 Flown Silver Robbins Medallion (SN-416).jpg|thumb|Apollo 11 space-flown silver [[NASA space-flown Robbins medallions of the Apollo missions|Robbins medallion]]]] Neil Armstrong's personal preference kit carried a piece of wood from the [[Wright brothers]]' 1903 airplane's left propeller and a piece of fabric from its wing,{{sfn|Hansen |2005|p=527}} along with a diamond-studded [[astronaut pin]] originally given to [[Deke Slayton]] by the widows of the Apollo 1 crew. This pin had been intended to be flown on that mission and given to Slayton afterwards; but following the disastrous launch pad fire and subsequent funerals, the widows gave the pin to Slayton. Armstrong took it with him on Apollo 11.{{sfn|Slayton|Cassutt|1994|pp=191–192}} ===Site selection=== [[File:Lunar site selection globe.jpg|thumb|right|Map of Moon showing prospective sites for Apollo 11. Actual site was site 2.]] NASA's Apollo Site Selection Board announced five potential landing sites on February 8, 1968. These were the result of two years of studies based on high-resolution photography of the lunar surface by the five unmanned probes of the [[Lunar Orbiter program]] and information about surface conditions provided by the [[Surveyor program]].<ref name="Site Selection">{{cite web |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/50-years-ago-lunar-landing-sites-selected |title=50 Years Ago: Lunar Landing Sites Selected |publisher=NASA |access-date=September 22, 2018 }}</ref> The best Earth-bound telescopes could not resolve features with the resolution Project Apollo required.{{sfn|Cortright|1975|p=79}} Areas that appeared to be clear and promising on photographs taken on Earth were often found to be totally unacceptable. The original requirement that the site be free of craters had to be relaxed, as no such site was found.{{sfn|Cortright|1975|pp=98–99}} The sites were: * Site 1: 34° East, 2°40' North, in the Sea of Tranquility (''[[Mare Tranquilitatis]]''); * Site 2: 23°37' East, 0°45' North, in the Sea of Tranquility (''Mare Tranquilitatis''); * Site 3: 1°20' West, 0°25' North, in the Central Bay (''[[Sinus Medii]]''); * Site 4: 36°25' West, 3°30' South, in the Ocean of Storms (''[[Oceanus Procellarum]]''); and * Site 5: 41°40' West, 1°40' North, in the Ocean of Storms (''Oceanus Procellarum'').<ref name="Site Selection" /> The final site selection was based on seven criteria: * The site needed to be smoothness, with relatively few craters; * with approach paths free of large hills, tall cliffs or deep craters that might confuse the landing radar and cause it to issue incorrect readings; * reachable with a minimum amount of propellant; * allowing for delays in the launch countdown; * providing the Apollo spacecraft with a free-return trajectory, one that would allow it to coast around the Moon and safely return to Earth without requiring any engine firings should a problem arise on the way to the Moon; * with good visibility during the landing approach, meaning that the Sun would be between 7 and 20 degrees behind the Lunar Module; and * a general slope (less than 2 degrees) in the landing area.<ref name="Site Selection" /> The requirement for the Sun angle was particularly restrictive, limiting the launch date to one day per month.<ref name="Site Selection" /> The Apollo Site Selection Board selected Site 2, with Sites 3 and 5 as backups in the event of the launch being delayed. In May 1969, Apollo 10 flew to within {{convert|15|km}} of Site 2, and reported that it was acceptable.{{sfn|Cappellari|1972|p=976}} ==Preparations== [[File:69-HC-620 - SA506.jpg|thumb|left|Saturn V SA-506, the rocket carrying the Apollo 11 spacecraft, heads out of the Vehicle Assembly Building and down to [[Launch Complex 39]]]] The ascent stage of lunar module LM-5 arrived at the [[Kennedy Space Center]] on January 8, 1969, followed by the descent stage four days later, and Command and Service Module CM-107 on January, 23.<ref name="Mission Overview">{{cite web |title=Apollo 11 Mission Overview |publisher=NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/missions/apollo11.html |access-date=September 22, 2018 }}</ref> There were several differences between LM-5 and Apollo 10's LM-4; LM-5 had a VHF radio antenna to facilitate communication with the astronauts during their EVA on the lunar surface; a lighter ascent engine; more thermal protection on the landing gear; and a package of scientific experiments known as the Early Apollo Surface Experiments Package (EASEP). The only change in the configuration of the command module was the removal of some insulation from the forward hatch.{{sfn|Benson|Faherty|1978|p=472}}<ref name="EASEP">{{cite web |url=https://airandspace.si.edu/exhibitions/apollo-to-the-moon/online/science/scientific-experiments.cfm |title=Scientific Experiments |publisher=National Air and Space Museum |access-date=September 22, 2018 }}</ref> The command and service modules were mated on 29 January, and shipped from the [[Operations and Checkout Building]] to the [[Vehicle Assembly Building]] on April 14.<ref name="Mission Overview" /> Meanwhile, the [[S-IVB]] third stage of Saturn V AS-506 had arrived on January 18, followed by the [[S-II]] second stage on February 6, [[S-IC]] first stage on February 20, and the [[Saturn V Instrument Unit]] on February 27. At 1230 on May 20, the {{convert|5443|t|adj=on}} assembly departed the Vehicle Assembly Building atop the [[crawler-transporter]], bound for Launch Pad 39A, part of [[Launch Complex 39]], while Apollo 10 was still on its way to the Moon. A countdown test commenced on June 27, and concluded on July 2. The launch complex was floodlit on the night of July 15, when the crawler-transporter carried the [[service structure|mobile service structure]] back to its parking area. In the early hours of the morning, the fuel tanks of the S-II and S-IVB stages were filled with [[liquid hydrogen]].{{sfn|Benson|Faherty|1978|p=474}} Fuelling was completed by three hours before launch.{{sfn|Benson|Faherty|1978|p=475}} Launch operations were partly automated, with 43 programs written in the [[ATOLL (programming language)|Atoll programming language]].{{sfn|Benson|Faherty|1978|pp=355–356}} Haise entered ''Columbia'' about three hours and ten minutes before launch time. Along with a technician, he helped Armstrong into the left hand couch at 06:54. Five minutes later, Collins joined him, taking up his position on the right hand couch. Finally, Aldrin entered, taking the center couch. The closeout crew sealed the hatch, and the cabin was purged and pressurized. The closeout crew then left the launch complex about an hour before launch time. The countdown became automated at three minutes and twenty seconds before launch time.{{sfn|Benson|Faherty|1978|p=475}} Over 450 personnel were at the consoles in the [[firing room]].{{sfn|Benson|Faherty|1978|p=474}} ==Mission== ===Launch and flight to lunar orbit=== [[File:Apollo 11 Launch2.jpg|thumb|right|Saturn V carrying Apollo 11 rises past the [[service structure]] camera]] An estimated one million spectators watched the launch of Apollo 11 from the highways and beaches vicinity of the launch site. Dignitaries included the [[Chief of Staff of the United States Army]], [[General (United States)|General]] [[William C. Westmoreland]], four [[Cabinet of the United States|cabinet members]], 19 [[Governor (United States)|state governors]], 40 [[Mayoralty in the United States|mayors]], 60 [[ambassador]]s and 200 [[congressmen]]. [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]] [[Spiro T. Agnew]] viewed the launch with the former president, [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] and his wife [[Lady Bird Johnson]].{{sfn|Bilstein|1980|pp=369–370}}{{sfn|Benson|Faherty|1978|p=474}} Around 3,500 media representatives were present.{{sfn|Brooks|Grimwood|Swenson|1979|p=338}} About two-thirds were from the United States; the rest came from 55 other countries. The launch was televised live in 33 countries, with an estimated 25 million viewers in the United States alone. Millions more around the world listened to radio broadcasts.{{sfn|Bilstein|1980|pp=369–370}}{{sfn|Benson|Faherty|1978|p=474}} President [[Richard M. Nixon]] viewed the launch from his office in the [[White House]] with Apollo astronaut [[Frank Borman]].<ref>{{cite web |title=President Richard Nixon's Daily Diary |url=https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/virtuallibrary/documents/PDD/1969/013%20July%2016-31%201969.pdf |publisher=Richard Nixon Presidential Library |accessdate=September 3, 2018 |page=2 |date=July 16, 1969}}</ref> Saturn V AS-506 launched Apollo 11 on July 16, 1969, at 13:32:00 UTC (9:32:00 EDT).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/missions/apollo11.html |title=Apollo 11 Mission Overview |publisher=NASA }}</ref> It entered Earth orbit at an altitude of {{convert|100.4|nmi|km}} by {{convert|98.9|nmi|km}}, twelve minutes later. After one and a half orbits, the S-IVB third-stage engine pushed the spacecraft onto its trajectory toward the Moon with the [[trans-lunar injection]] (TLI) burn at 16:22:13 UTC. About 30 minutes later, the [[transposition, docking, and extraction]] maneuver was performed: this involved separating ''Columbia'' from the spent S-IVB stage, turning around, and docking with ''Eagle'' still attached to the stage. After the Lunar Module was extracted, the combined spacecraft headed for the Moon, while the rocket stage flew on a trajectory past the Moon and into [[heliocentric orbit|orbit around the Sun]].{{sfn|Orloff|2000|pp=102–110}} On July 19 at 17:21:50 UTC, Apollo 11 passed behind the Moon and fired its service propulsion engine to enter [[lunar orbit]].{{sfn|Orloff|2000|pp=102–110}} In the thirty orbits that followed, <ref name="Apollo-11 (27)">{{cite web |url=http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/apollo/apollo-11/apollo-11.html |title=Apollo-11 (27) |work=Historical Archive for Manned Missions |publisher=NASA |accessdate=June 13, 2013}}</ref> the crew saw passing views of their landing site in the southern Sea of Tranquillity about {{convert|12|mi|km}} southwest of the crater [[Collins (crater)|Sabine D]]. The site was selected in part because it had been characterized as relatively flat and smooth by the automated [[Ranger 8]] and [[Surveyor 5]] landers and the Lunar Orbiter mapping spacecraft and unlikely to present major landing or [[extravehicular activity]] (EVA) challenges.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/A11_PressKit.pdf |title=Apollo 11 Lunar Landing Mission |date=July 6, 1969 |publisher=NASA |location=Washington, D.C. |type=Press kit |format=PDF |id=Release No: 69-83K |accessdate=June 13, 2013}}</ref> It lay about {{convert|25|km|sp=us}} southeast of the Surveyor 5 landing site, and {{convert|68|km|sp=us}} southwest of Ranger 8's crash site.{{sfn|Manned Spacecraft Center|1969|p=130}} ===Lunar descent=== [[File:Apollo 11 CSM photographed from Lunar Module (AS11-37-5445).jpg|thumb|left|''Columbia'' in lunar orbit, photographed from ''Eagle'']] At 12:52:00 UTC on July 20, Aldrin and Armstrong entered ''Eagle'', and began the final preparations for lunar descent. At 17:44:00 ''Eagle'' separated from the ''Columbia''.{{sfn|Orloff|2000|pp=102–110}} Collins, alone aboard ''Columbia'', inspected ''Eagle'' as it pirouetted before him to ensure the craft was not damaged, and that the landing gear was correctly deployed.{{sfn|Manned Spacecraft Center|1969|p=9}}{{sfn|Collins|Aldrin|1975|p=209}} Armstrong exclaimed: "The ''Eagle'' has wings!"{{sfn|Collins|Aldrin|1975|p=209}} As the descent began, Armstrong and Aldrin found that they were passing landmarks on the surface two or three seconds early, and reported that they were "long"; they would land miles west of their target point. ''Eagle'' was travelling too fast. The problem could have been [[mass concentration (astronomy)|mascons]]—concentrations of high mass that could have altered the trajectory. Flight Director Gene Kranz speculated that it could have resulted from extra air pressire in the docking tunnel. Or it could have been the result of ''Eagle''{{'}}s pirouette maneuver.{{sfn|Mindell|2008|pp=220–221}} Five minutes into the descent burn, and {{convert|6000|ft|m|-2}} above the surface of the Moon, the [[Apollo Guidance Computer|LM navigation and guidance computer]] distracted the crew with the first of several unexpected "1202" and "1201" program alarms. Inside [[Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center|Mission Control Center]] in Houston, Texas, computer engineer [[Jack Garman]] told [[Flight controller#Guidance Officer (GUIDANCE or GUIDO)|guidance officer]] [[Steve Bales]] it was safe to continue the descent, and this was relayed to the crew. The program alarms indicated "executive overflows", meaning the guidance computer could not complete all of its tasks in real time and had to postpone some of them.{{sfn|Collins|Aldrin|1975|pp=210–212}} [[Margaret Hamilton (scientist)|Margaret Hamilton]], the Director of Apollo Flight Computer Programming at the [[MIT]] [[Charles Stark Draper Laboratory]] later recalled: {{quote|To blame the computer for the Apollo 11 problems is like blaming the person who spots a fire and calls the fire department. Actually, the computer was programmed to do more than recognize error conditions. A complete set of recovery programs was incorporated into the software. The software's action, in this case, was to eliminate lower priority tasks and re-establish the more important ones. The computer, rather than almost forcing an abort, prevented an abort. If the computer hadn't recognized this problem and taken recovery action, I doubt if Apollo 11 would have been the successful moon landing it was.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Hamilton |first=Margaret H. |authorlink=Margaret Hamilton (scientist) |date=March 1, 1971 |p=13 |title=Computer Got Loaded |journal=[[Datamation]] |type=Letter |issn=0011-6963}}</ref>}} [[File:Apollo 11 Lunar Module Eagle in landing configuration in lunar orbit from the Command and Service Module Columbia.jpg|thumb|right|''Eagle'' in [[lunar orbit]] photographed from ''Columbia'']] During the mission, the cause was diagnosed as the rendezvous radar switch being in the wrong position, causing the computer to process data from both the rendezvous and landing radars at the same time.{{sfn|Manned Spacecraft Center|1969|pp=190–192}}<ref name="Martin">{{cite web |url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11.1201-fm.html |title=Apollo 11: 25 Years Later |last=Martin |first=Fred H. |date=July 1994 |work=Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal |publisher=NASA |accessdate=June 13, 2013}}</ref> However, software engineer Don Eyles concluded in a 2005 Guidance and Control Conference paper that the problem was actually due to a hardware design bug previously seen during testing of the first unmanned LM in [[Apollo 5]]. Having the rendezvous radar on (so that it was warmed up in case of an emergency landing abort) should have been irrelevant to the computer, but an electrical phasing mismatch between two parts of the rendezvous radar system could cause the stationary antenna to appear to the computer as dithering back and forth between two positions, depending upon how the hardware randomly powered up. The extra spurious [[cycle stealing]], as the rendezvous radar updated an involuntary counter, caused the computer alarms.<ref name="Eyles">{{cite web |url=http://klabs.org/history/apollo_11_alarms/eyles_2004/eyles_2004.htm |title=Tales from the Lunar Module Guidance Computer |last=Eyles |first=Don |date=February 6, 2004 |work=27th annual Guidance and Control Conference |publisher=[[American Astronautical Society]] |location=Breckenridge, Colorado |accessdate=June 13, 2013}}</ref> The Apollo onboard flight software for both the CM and LM was developed using an asynchronous executive so that higher priority jobs could interrupt lower priority jobs. The sequence that occurred in the Apollo 11 landing was successful because of its global error detection and recovery system. This included the restart capability to "kill and start over again" and recompute and the display interface routines ("priority displays") providing the ability, in the case of an emergency, to interrupt nominal displays with higher priority alarm displays. Steps previously taken to create solutions that took advantage of this multiprogramming environment suggested solutions for multiprocessing. Although only one process is actively executing at a given time in a multiprogramming environment, other processes in the same system―sleeping or waiting―exist in parallel with the executing process. With this as a backdrop, the priority display mechanisms were created, essentially changing the man-machine interface between the astronauts and the onboard flight software from synchronous to asynchronous displays so that a mission could be reconfigured in real time should it become necessary to do so.{{sfn|Hamilton|Hackler|2008|pp=34–43}} ===Landing=== When Armstrong again looked outside, he saw that the computer's landing target was in a boulder-strewn area just north and east of a {{convert|300|m|ft|adj=on|sp=us}} diameter crater (later determined to be [[West (lunar crater)|West crater]], named for its location in the western part of the originally planned landing ellipse). Armstrong took semi-automatic control.{{sfn|Mindell|2008|pp=195–197}} [[File:AP11 FINAL APPROACH.ogv|thumb|left|Landing on the Moon, July 20, 1969]] Throughout the descent, Aldrin called out navigation data to Armstrong, who was busy piloting the ''Eagle''. A few moments before the landing, a light informed Aldrin that at least one of the {{convert|67|in|cm|0|adj=on}} probes hanging from ''Eagle''{{'s}} footpads had touched the surface, and he said: "Contact light!" Three seconds later, ''Eagle'' landed and Armstrong said "Shutdown." Aldrin immediately said "Okay, engine stop. ACA – out of [[detent]]." Armstrong acknowledged "Out of detent. Auto" and Aldrin continued "Mode control – both auto. Descent engine command override off. Engine arm – off. 413 is in."{{sfn|Mindell|2008|p=226}} The ''Eagle'' landed at 20:17:40 UTC on Sunday July 20 with about 25 seconds of fuel left.<ref name="ALSJ 1" /> Apollo 11 landed with less fuel than subsequent missions, and the astronauts encountered a premature low fuel warning. This was later found to be the result of greater propellant 'slosh' than expected, uncovering a fuel sensor. On subsequent missions, extra anti-slosh baffles were added to the tanks to prevent this.<ref name="ALSJ 1" /> Armstrong acknowledged Aldrin's completion of the post landing checklist with "Engine arm is off", before responding to the CAPCOM, Charles Duke, with the words, "Houston, [[Tranquillity Base]] here. The ''Eagle'' has landed." Armstrong's unrehearsed change of call sign from "Eagle" to "Tranquillity Base" emphasized to listeners that landing was complete and successful.<ref name="failure">{{cite AV media |type=TV production |title=Failure is Not an Option |publisher=[[The History Channel]] |date=August 24, 2003 |oclc=54435670}}</ref> Duke mispronounced his reply as he expressed the relief at Mission Control: "Roger, Twan— Tranquillity, we copy you on the ground. You got a bunch of guys about to turn blue. We're breathing again. Thanks a lot."<ref name="ALSJ 1">{{cite web |url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11.landing.html |title=The First Lunar Landing |date=1995 |editor-last= Jones |editor-first=Eric M. |work=Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal |publisher=NASA |accessdate=June 13, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/moonlandings/7630.shtml?all=2&id=7630 |title=James May speaks to Charles Duke |date=2009 |publisher=BBC Archives |accessdate=June 7, 2009}}</ref> [[File:A New Look at the Apollo 11 Landing Site.ogg|thumb|The Apollo 11 landing site visualized in three dimensions using photography and a stereo digital elevation model from the [[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter|LRO]] camera.]] Two and a half hours after landing, before preparations began for the EVA, Aldrin radioed to Earth: {{quote|This is the LM pilot. I'd like to take this opportunity to ask every person listening in, whoever and wherever they may be, to pause for a moment and contemplate the events of the past few hours and to give thanks in his or her own way.<ref name="ALSJ 2">{{cite web |url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11.postland.html |title=Post-landing Activities |date=1995 |editor-last=Jones |editor-first=Eric M. |work=Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal |publisher=NASA |accessdate=June 13, 2013}}</ref>}} He then took [[Eucharist|communion]] privately. At this time NASA was still fighting a lawsuit brought by atheist [[Madalyn Murray O'Hair]] (who had objected to the [[Apollo 8 Genesis reading|Apollo 8 crew reading from the Book of Genesis]]) demanding that their astronauts refrain from broadcasting religious activities while in space. As such, Aldrin chose to refrain from directly mentioning taking communion on the Moon. Aldrin was an elder at the [[Webster, Texas|Webster]] [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian Church]], and his communion kit was prepared by the pastor of the church, the Rev. Dean Woodruff. Aldrin described communion on the Moon and the involvement of his church and pastor in the October 1970 edition of ''Guideposts'' magazine and in his book ''Return to Earth''. Webster Presbyterian possesses the chalice used on the Moon and commemorates the event each year on the Sunday closest to July 20.{{sfn|Chaikin|1994|pp=204, 623}} The schedule for the mission called for the astronauts to follow the landing with a five-hour sleep period as they had been awake since early morning. However, they elected to forgo the sleep period and begin the preparations for the EVA early, thinking that they would be unable to sleep.{{sfn|Manned Spacecraft Center|1969|pp=21–22}} ===Lunar surface operations=== [[File:As11-40-5886.jpg|thumb|left|A photograph of Armstrong taken by Aldrin. This is one of the only photographs of Armstrong on the lunar surface; most of the time he had the camera.]] Preparations for the EVA began at 23:43.{{sfn|Orloff|2000|pp=102–110}} These took longer than expected; three and a half hours instead of two.<ref name="ALSJ 3" /> During training on Earth, everything required had been neatly laid out in advance, but on the Moon the cabin contained a large number of other items as well.{{sfn|Manned Spacecraft Center|1969|p=22}} Once Armstrong and Aldrin were ready to go outside, ''Eagle'' was depressurized. The hatch was opened at 02:39:33 and Armstrong made his way down the ladder.{{sfn|Cortright|1975|p=215}}{{sfn|Orloff|2000|pp=102–110}} Armstrong initially had some difficulties squeezing through the hatch with his [[Primary Life Support System|Portable Life Support System]] (PLSS).<ref name="ALSJ 3">{{cite web |url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11.summary.html |title=First Steps |date=1995 |editor1-last=Jones |editor1-first=Eric M. |editor2-last=Glover |editor2-first=Ken |work=Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal |publisher=NASA |accessdate=September 23, 2006}}</ref> Some of the highest heart rates recorded from Apollo astronauts occurred during LM egress and ingress.{{sfn|Waligora|Horrigan|1975|pp=115–120}} At 02:39 UTC on Monday July 21, 1969, Armstrong opened the hatch, and at 02:51 began his descent to the lunar surface. The Remote Control Unit controls on his chest kept him from seeing his feet. Climbing down the nine-rung ladder, Armstrong pulled a D-ring to deploy the Modular Equipment Stowage Assembly (MESA) folded against ''Eagle''{{'s}} side and activate the TV camera.<ref name="neil82">{{cite news |title=Neil Armstrong, first man to step on the Moon, dies at 82 |first=Paul |last=Duggan |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/neil-armstrong-first-man-to-step-on-the-moon-dies-at-82/2012/08/25/7091c8bc-412d-11e0-a16f-4c3fe0fd37f0_story.html |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=August 25, 2012 |accessdate=May 25, 2013}}</ref><ref name="ALSJ 4">{{cite web |url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11.step.html |title=One Small Step |date=1995 |editor-last=Jones |editor-first=Eric M. |work=Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal |publisher=NASA |accessdate=June 13, 2013}}</ref> Apollo 11 used [[slow-scan television]] incompatible with commercial TV, so it was displayed on a special monitor and a conventional TV camera viewed this monitor, significantly reducing the quality of the picture.<ref name="Blunder 5">{{cite news |title=One giant blunder for mankind: how NASA lost Moon pictures |last=Macey |first=Richard |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/one-giant-blunder-for-mankind-how-nasa-lost-moon-pictures/2006/08/04/1154198328978.html |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |location=Sydney |date=August 5, 2006 |accessdate=June 13, 2013}}</ref> The signal was received at [[Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex|Goldstone]] in the United States, but with better fidelity by [[Honeysuckle Creek Tracking Station]] near [[Canberra]] in Australia. Minutes later the feed was switched to the more sensitive [[Parkes Observatory|Parkes radio telescope]] in Australia.{{sfn|Sarkissian|2001|p=287}} Despite some technical and weather difficulties, ghostly black and white images of the first lunar EVA were received and broadcast to at least 600 million people on Earth.{{sfn|Sarkissian|2001|p=287}} Although copies of this video in broadcast format were saved and are widely available, [[Apollo 11 missing tapes|recordings of the original slow scan source transmission from the lunar surface]] were likely destroyed during routine magnetic tape re-use at NASA.<ref name="Blunder 5" /> [[File:Apollo 11 plaque closeup on Moon.jpg|right|thumb|The plaque left on the ladder of ''Eagle'']] {{Listen|pos=right|filename=Frase de Neil Armstrong.ogg|title=That's one small step&nbsp;...|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}} While still on the ladder, Armstrong uncovered a [[lunar plaque|plaque]] mounted on the LM descent stage bearing two drawings of Earth (of the Western and Eastern Hemispheres), an inscription, and signatures of the astronauts and President Nixon. The inscription read: {{quote|Here men from the planet Earth first set foot upon the Moon, July 1969 A.D. We came in peace for all mankind.<ref name="ALSJ 4"/>}} After describing the surface dust as "very fine-grained" and "almost like a powder,"<ref name="ALSJ 4" /> six and a half hours after landing,{{sfn|Orloff|2000|pp=102–110}} Armstrong stepped off ''Eagle''{{'s}} footpad and declared, "That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/5-8/features/F_Apollo_35th_Anniversary.html |title=Apollo Moon Landing&nbsp;– 35th Anniversary |date=July 15, 2004 |origyear=updated December 9, 2007 |editor-last=Canright |editor-first=Shelley |work=NASA Education |publisher=NASA |accessdate=June 13, 2013}} Includes the "a" article as intended.</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Armstrong 'got Moon quote right' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/5398560.stm |date=October 2, 2006 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |location=London |accessdate=June 13, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Armstrong's 'poetic' slip on Moon |first=Pallab |last=Ghosh |authorlink=Pallab Ghosh |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8081817.stm |date=June 3, 2009 |publisher=BBC News |location=London |accessdate=June 13, 2013}} News story on later reanalysis which suggests the line was said incorrectly.</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hear what Neil Armstrong really said on the moon |first=Mark |last=Carreau |url=http://www.chron.com/news/nation-world/article/Hear-what-Neil-Armstrong-really-said-on-the-moon-1862496.php |work=[[Houston Chronicle]] |date=September 30, 2006 |accessdate=June 13, 2013}}</ref> Armstrong intended to say "That's one small step for a man", but the word "a" is not audible in the transmission, and thus was not initially reported by most observers of the live broadcast. When later asked about his quote, Armstrong said he believed he said "for a man", and subsequent printed versions of the quote included the "a" in square brackets. One explanation for the absence may be that his accent caused him to slur the words "for a" together; another is the intermittent nature of the audio and video links to Earth, partly because of storms near Parkes. More recent digital analysis of the tape claims to reveal the "a" may have been spoken but obscured by static.<ref name="Straight Dope">{{cite web |url=http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a3_362.html |last=Adams |first=Cecil |title=Did astronaut Neil Armstrong muff his historic "one small step" line?}}</ref><ref name="snopes a">{{snopes | link = http://www.snopes.com/quotes/onesmall.asp | title = One Small Step }}</ref> About seven minutes after stepping onto the Moon's surface, Armstrong collected a contingency soil sample using a sample bag on a stick. He then folded the bag and tucked it into a pocket on his right thigh. This was to guarantee there would be some lunar soil brought back in case an emergency required the astronauts to abandon the EVA and return to the LM.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://curator.jsc.nasa.gov/lunar/lsc/10010.pdf |title=Lunar Sample Compendium: Contingency Soil (10010) |last=Meyer |first=Charles |date=2009 |work=Astromaterials Research & Exploration Science |publisher=NASA |format=PDF |accessdate=June 13, 2013}}</ref> Twelve minutes after the sample was collected,{{sfn|Orloff|2000|pp=102–110}} He removed the TV camera from the MESA and made a panoramic sweep, then mounted it on a tripod.<ref name="ALSJ 3" /> The TV camera cable remained partly coiled and presented a tripping hazard throughout the EVA. Still photography was accomplished with a [[Hasselblad]] camera which could be operated hand held or mounted on Armstrong's suit.{{sfn|Manned Spacecraft Center|1969|p=23}} Aldrin joined Armstrong on the surface. He described the view with the simple phrase: "Magnificent desolation."<ref name="ALSJ 4" /> Armstrong said that moving in the [[Gravitation of the Moon|lunar gravity]], one-sixth of Earth's, was "even perhaps easier than the simulations&nbsp;... It's absolutely no trouble to walk around."<ref name="ALSJ 4"/> Aldrin joined him on the surface and tested methods for moving around, including two-footed kangaroo hops. The PLSS backpack created a tendency to tip backward, but neither astronaut had serious problems maintaining balance. Loping became the preferred method of movement. The astronauts reported that they needed to plan their movements six or seven steps ahead. The fine soil was quite slippery. Aldrin remarked that moving from sunlight into ''Eagle''{{'s}} shadow produced no temperature change inside the suit, though the helmet was warmer in sunlight, so he felt cooler in shadow.<ref name="ALSJ 4"/> The MESA failed to provide a stable work platform and was in shadow, slowing work somewhat. As they worked, the moonwalkers kicked up gray dust which soiled the outer part of their suits, the integrated thermal meteoroid garment.{{sfn|Manned Spacecraft Center|1969|p=23}} [[File:Buzz salutes the U.S. Flag.jpg|thumb|left|Aldrin salutes the deployed United States flag on the [[lunar surface]]]] The astronauts planted a [[Lunar Flag Assembly|specially designed U.S. flag]] on the lunar surface, in clear view of the TV camera. Aldrin remembered, “Of all the jobs I had to do on the moon the one I wanted to go the smoothest was the flag raising.” But the astronauts struggled with the telescoping rod and could only jam the pole a couple of inches into the hard lunar surface. Aldrin was afraid it might topple in front of TV viewers. But he gave “a crisp West Point salute.” Sometime later, President Richard Nixon spoke to them through a telephone-radio transmission which Nixon called "the most historic phone call ever made from the White House."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/american_originals/apollo11.html |title=Exhibit: Apollo 11 and Nixon |date=March 1996 |work=American Originals |publisher=[[National Archives and Records Administration]] |location=Washington, D.C. |accessdate=April 13, 2008}}</ref> Nixon originally had a long speech prepared to read during the phone call, but Frank Borman, who was at the White House as a NASA liaison during Apollo 11, convinced Nixon to keep his words brief, to respect the lunar landing as Kennedy's legacy.<ref>This was related by Frank Borman during the 2008 documentary ''[[When We Left Earth: The NASA Missions]]'', part 2.</ref> {{quote|'''Nixon:''' Hello, Neil and Buzz. I'm talking to you by telephone from the Oval Room at the White House. And this certainly has to be the most historic telephone call ever made. I just can't tell you how proud we all are of what you've done. For every American, this has to be the proudest day of our lives. And for people all over the world, I am sure they too join with Americans in recognizing what an immense feat this is. Because of what you have done, the heavens have become a part of man's world. And as you talk to us from the Sea of Tranquillity, it inspires us to redouble our efforts to bring peace and tranquillity to Earth. For one priceless moment in the whole history of man, all the people on this Earth are truly one: one in their pride in what you have done, and one in our prayers that you will return safely to Earth. '''Armstrong:''' Thank you, Mr. President. It's a great honor and privilege for us to be here, representing not only the United States, but men of peace of all nations, and with interest and curiosity, and men with a vision for the future. It's an honor for us to be able to participate here today.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=2133 |title=Richard Nixon: Telephone Conversation With the Apollo 11 Astronauts on the Moon |publisher=The American Presidency Project |access-date=September 23, 2018 }}</ref>}} [[File:Apollo 11 bootprint.jpg|thumb|right|Aldrin bootprint; part of an experiment to test the properties of the lunar [[regolith]]]] During this period, Mission They deployed the EASEP, which included a Passive Seismic Experiment Package used to measure [[moonquake]]s and a [[Retroreflector#Retroreflectors on the Moon|retroreflector]] array used for the [[Lunar Laser Ranging experiment|Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment]].<ref name="ALSJ 4"/> Then Armstrong walked {{convert|196|ft|m}} from the LM to snap photos at the rim of Little West Crater <!-- There is no "East Crater", see https://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11EastCraterRIP.html --> while Aldrin collected two core tubes. He used the [[geological hammer]] to pound in the tubes – the only time the hammer was used on Apollo 11, but was unable to penetrate more than six inches deep. The astronauts then collected rock samples using scoops and tongs on extension handles. Many of the surface activities took longer than expected, so they had to stop documenting sample collection halfway through the allotted 34 minutes. Aldrin shovelled {{convert|6|kg}} of soil into the box of rocks in order to pack them in tightly.{{sfn|Harland|1999|pp=28–29}} Three new minerals were discovered in the rock samples collected by the astronauts: [[armalcolite]], [[tranquillityite]], and [[pyroxferroite]]. Armalcolite was named after Armstrong, Aldrin, and Collins. All have subsequently been found on Earth.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/01/120115223636.htm |title=Moon-walk mineral discovered in Western Australia |publisher=ScienceDaily |access-date=September 24, 2018 }}</ref> Control used a coded phrase to warn Armstrong that his metabolic rates were high and that he should slow down. He was moving rapidly from task to task as time ran out. However, as metabolic rates remained generally lower than expected for both astronauts throughout the walk, Mission Control granted the astronauts a 15-minute extension.<ref name="ALSJ 5">{{cite web |url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11.clsout.html |title=EASEP Deployment and Closeout |editor-last=Jones |editor-first=Eric M. |date=1995 |work=Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal |publisher=NASA |accessdate=June 13, 2013}}</ref> In a 2010 interview, Armstrong, who had walked a maximum of {{convert|196|ft|m}} from the LM, explained that NASA limited the first moonwalk's time and distance because there was no empirical proof of how much cooling water the astronauts' PLSS backpacks would consume to handle their body heat generation while working on the Moon.<ref name="neilmoonwalk">{{cite web |url=http://www.space.com/10469-neil-armstrong-explains-famous-apollo-11-moonwalk.html |title=Neil Armstrong Explains His Famous Apollo 11 Moonwalk |date=December 10, 2010 |work=[[space.com]] |publisher=[[TechMediaNetwork, Inc.]] |location=New York |accessdate=May 25, 2013}}</ref> ===Lunar ascent and return=== Aldrin entered ''Eagle'' first. With some difficulty the astronauts lifted film and two sample boxes containing {{convert|21.55|kg|lb}} of lunar surface material to the LM hatch using a flat cable pulley device called the Lunar Equipment Conveyor (LEC). This was an inefficient tool, and later missions would carry equipment and samples up to the LM by hand.<ref name="ALSJ 3" /> Armstrong reminded Aldrin of a bag of memorial items in his suit pocket sleeve, and Aldrin tossed the bag down; Armstrong then jumped to the ladder's third rung and climbed into the LM. After transferring to LM [[life support]], the explorers lightened the ascent stage for the return to lunar orbit by tossing out their PLSS backpacks, lunar overshoes, one Hasselblad camera, and other equipment. They then pressurized the LM and settled down to sleep.<ref name="ALSJ 6">{{cite web |url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11.posteva.html |title=Trying to Rest |editor-last=Jones |editor-first=Eric M. |date=1995 |work=Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal |publisher=NASA |accessdate=June 13, 2013}}</ref> [[File:Aldrin with experiment.jpg|thumb|left|Aldrin next to the Passive Seismic Experiment Package with ''Eagle'' in the background]] Nixon's speech writer [[William Safire]] had prepared ''In Event of Moon Disaster'' for the President to read on television in the event the Apollo 11 astronauts were stranded on the Moon.<ref name="lostinspace">{{cite web |url=http://www.thesmokinggun.com/documents/crime/white-house-lost-space-scenarios |title=White House 'Lost In Space' Scenarios |date=August 8, 2005 |work=[[The Smoking Gun]] |location=New York |accessdate=May 25, 2013}} Scanned copy of the "In Event of Moon Disaster" memo.</ref> The contingency plan originated in a memo from Safire to Nixon's [[White House Chief of Staff]] [[H. R. Haldeman]], in which Safire suggested a protocol the administration might follow in reaction to such a disaster.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Story of a Tragedy That Was Not to Be |first=Jim |last=Mann |url=http://articles.latimes.com/1999/jul/07/news/mn-53678 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=July 7, 1999 |accessdate=May 25, 2013}}</ref><ref name="safire">{{cite news |title=Essay; Disaster Never Came |first=William |last=Safire |authorlink=William Safire |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/12/opinion/essay-disaster-never-came.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=July 12, 1999 |accessdate=May 25, 2013}}</ref> According to the plan, Mission Control would "close down communications" with the LM, and a clergyman would "commend their souls to the deepest of the deep" in a public ritual likened to [[burial at sea]]. The last line of the prepared text contained an allusion to [[Rupert Brooke]]'s First World War poem, "[[The Soldier (poem)|The Soldier]]".<ref name="safire"/> While moving inside the cabin, Aldrin accidentally damaged the [[circuit breaker]] that would arm the main engine for lift off from the Moon. There was a concern this would prevent firing the engine, stranding them on the Moon. However, a felt-tip pen was sufficient to activate the switch. Had this not worked, the Lunar Module circuitry could have been reconfigured to allow firing the ascent engine.<ref name="ALSJ 6" /> After more than {{frac|21|1|2}} hours on the lunar surface, in addition to the scientific instruments, the astronauts left behind an Apollo 1 mission patch and a memorial bag containing a gold replica of an olive branch as a traditional symbol of peace and a silicon message disk. The disk carries the [[Apollo 11 goodwill messages|goodwill statements]] by Presidents Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon and messages from leaders of 73 countries around the world. The disc also carries a listing of the leadership of the US Congress, a listing of members of the four committees of the House and Senate responsible for the NASA legislation, and the names of NASA's past and present top management.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Apollo 11 Goodwill Messages |date=July 13, 1969 |publisher=NASA |location=Washington, D.C. |url=https://history.nasa.gov/ap11-35ann/goodwill/Apollo_11_material.pdf |format=PDF |id=Release No: 69-83F |accessdate=June 14, 2013}}</ref> [[File:Apollo 11 photo map.svg|thumb|right|Map showing landing site and photos taken]] After about seven hours of rest, the crew was awakened by Houston to prepare for the return flight. Two and a half hours later, at 17:54 UTC, they lifted off in ''Eagle''{{'s}} ascent stage to rejoin Collins aboard ''Columbia'' in lunar orbit. Film taken from the LM Ascent Stage upon liftoff from the Moon reveals the American flag, planted some {{Convert|25|ft|m|0}} from the descent stage, whipping violently in the exhaust of the ascent stage engine. Aldrin looked up in time to witness the flag topple:{{sfn|Orloff|2000|pp=102–110}} "The ascent stage of the LM separated&nbsp;... I was concentrating on the computers, and Neil was studying the [[attitude indicator]], but I looked up long enough to see the flag fall over."<ref name="Apollo-11 (27)" /> Subsequent Apollo missions usually planted the American flags further from the LM to prevent them being blown over by the ascent engine exhaust.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/space/9439047/American-flags-still-standing-on-the-Moon-say-scientists.html |date=June 30, 2012 |title=American flags still standing on the Moon, say scientists |access-date=September 24, 2018 }}</ref> After rendezvous with ''Columbia'', ''Eagle''{{'}}s ascent stage was jettisoned into lunar orbit on July 21, 1969, at 23:41 UTC. Just before the [[Apollo 12]] flight, it was noted that ''Eagle'' was still likely to be orbiting the Moon. Later NASA reports mentioned that ''Eagle''{{'s}} orbit had decayed, resulting in it impacting in an "uncertain location" on the lunar surface.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/apollo_tables.html |title=Apollo Tables |last=Williams |first=David R. |work=[[National Space Science Data Center]] |publisher=NASA |accessdate=September 23, 2006 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061001125211/http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/apollo_tables.html |archivedate=October 1, 2006 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> The location is uncertain because the ''Eagle'' ascent stage was not tracked after it was jettisoned, and the lunar gravity field is sufficiently non-uniform to make the orbit of the spacecraft unpredictable after a short time. NASA estimated that the orbit had decayed within months and would have impacted on the Moon.<ref name="Eagle location">{{cite web |url=https://airandspace.si.edu/explore-and-learn/topics/apollo/apollo-program/spacecraft/location/lm.cfm?dom=pscau&src=syn |title=Location of Apollo Lunar Modules |publisher=National Air and Space Museum |access-date=September 24, 2018 }}</ref> On July 23, the last night before splashdown, the three astronauts made a television broadcast in which Collins commented: {{quote|...&nbsp;The Saturn V rocket which put us in orbit is an incredibly complicated piece of machinery, every piece of which worked flawlessly&nbsp;... We have always had confidence that this equipment will work properly. All this is possible only through the blood, sweat, and tears of a number of a people&nbsp;... All you see is the three of us, but beneath the surface are thousands and thousands of others, and to all of those, I would like to say, "Thank you very much."<ref name="Apollo-11 (27)" />}} [[File:Apollo 11 lunar module.jpg|thumb|left|''Eagle''{{'s}} ascent stage approaching ''Columbia'']] Aldrin added: {{quote|This has been far more than three men on a mission to the Moon; more, still, than the efforts of a government and industry team; more, even, than the efforts of one nation. We feel that this stands as a symbol of the insatiable curiosity of all mankind to explore the unknown&nbsp;... Personally, in reflecting on the events of the past several days, a verse from Psalms comes to mind. "When I consider the heavens, the work of Thy fingers, the Moon and the stars, which Thou hast ordained; What is man that Thou art mindful of him?"<ref name="Apollo-11 (27)" /><ref>Psalm 8:3–4</ref>}} Armstrong concluded: {{quote|The responsibility for this flight lies first with history and with the giants of science who have preceded this effort; next with the American people, who have, through their will, indicated their desire; next with four administrations and their Congresses, for implementing that will; and then, with the agency and industry teams that built our spacecraft, the Saturn, the Columbia, the Eagle, and the little [[Extravehicular Mobility Unit|EMU]], the spacesuit and backpack that was our small spacecraft out on the lunar surface. We would like to give special thanks to all those Americans who built the spacecraft; who did the construction, design, the tests, and put their hearts and all their abilities into those craft. To those people tonight, we give a special thank you, and to all the other people that are listening and watching tonight, God bless you. Good night from Apollo 11.<ref name="Apollo-11 (27)" />}} On the return to Earth, a bearing at the Guam tracking station failed, potentially preventing communication on the last segment of the Earth return. A regular repair was not possible in the available time but the station director, Charles Force, had his ten-year-old son Greg use his small hands to reach into the housing and pack it with grease. Greg later was thanked by Armstrong.<ref>{{cite news |title=The 10-year-old who helped Apollo 11, 40 years later |last=Rodriguez |first=Rachel |url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/TECH/space/07/20/apollo11.irpt/index.html |work=CNN |date=July 20, 2009 |accessdate=January 10, 2011}}</ref> ===Splashdown and quarantine=== [[File:Splashdown 3.jpg|thumb|''Columbia'' floats on the ocean as Navy divers assist in retrieving the astronauts]] The [[aircraft carrier]] {{USS|Hornet|CV-12|6}}, under the command of [[Captain (United States Navy)|Captain]] [[Carl J. Seiberlich]],{{sfn|Carmichael|2010|p=3}} was selected as the primary recovery ship (PRS) for Apollo 11 on June 5, replacing its sister ship, the [[Landing Platform Helicopter|LPH]] {{USS|Princeton|LPH-5|6}}, which had performed the recovery of Apollo 10 on May 26. The ''Hornet'' was then at her home port of [[Long Beach, California]].{{sfn|Carmichael|2010|p=21}} On reaching [[Pearl Harbor]] on July 5, ''Hornet'' embarked the [[Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King]] helicopters of [[HS-4]], a unit which specialized in recovery of Apollo spacecraft, specialized divers of [[Underwater Demolition Team|UDT]] Detachment Apollo, a 35-man NASA recovery team, and about 120 media representatives. To make room, most of ''Hornet''{{'}}s air wing was left behind in Long Beach. Special recovery equipment was also loaded, including a [[Boilerplate (spaceflight)|boilerplate]] command module used for training.{{sfn|Carmichael|2010|pp=38–43, 71–72}} On July 12, with Apollo 11 still on the launch pad, ''Hornet'' departed Pearl Harbor to retrieve the crew.{{sfn|Carmichael|2010|p=85}} A presidential party consisting of Nixon, Borman, [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] [[William P. Rogers]] and [[National Security Advisor (United States)|National Security Advisor]] [[Henry Kissinger]] flew to [[Johnston Atoll]] on [[Air Force One]], then to the [[command ship]] {{USS|Arlington|AGMR-2|6}} in [[Marine One]]. After a night on board, they would fly to ''Hornet'' in Marine One for a few hours of ceremonies. On arrival on the ''Hornet'', the party was greeted by the [[United States Pacific Command|Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Command (CINCPAC)]], [[Admiral (United States)|Admiral]] [[John S. McCain Jr.]], and [[NASA Administrator]] [[Thomas O. Paine]], who flew to ''Hornet'' from [[Pago Pago]] in one of ''Hornet''{{'}}s [[carrier onboard delivery]] aircraft.{{sfn|Carmichael|2010|pp=107–108, 145–146}} Weather satellites were not yet common, but US Air Force [[captain (O-3)|Captain]] Hank Brandli had access to top secret spy satellite images. He realized that a storm front was headed for the Apollo recovery area. Poor visibility was serious threat to the mission; if the helicopters could not locate the command module, the spacecraft, its crew, and its priceless cargo of moon rocks might be lost. Brandli alerted Navy Captain Willard S. Houston Jr., the commander of the Fleet Weather Center at Pearl Harbor, who had the required security clearance. On their recommendation, [[Rear Admiral (United States)|Rear Admiral]] [[Donald C. Davis]], the commander of Manned Spaceflight Recovery Forces, Pacific, advised NASA to change the splashdown target. This was done; a new splashdown target was designated,{{sfn|Carmichael|2010|pp=136–137, 144–145}} {{convert|215|nmi|km}} northeast of the original. This altered the flight plan. A different sequence of computer programs was used, one never before attempted.<ref name="ALSJ Re-entry">{{cite web |url=https://history.nasa.gov/afj/ap11fj/26day9-reentry.html |work=Apollo 11 Flight Journal |title=Day 9: Re-entry and Splashdown |publisher=NASA |editor-first1=W. David |editor-last1=Woods ||editor-first2=Kenneth D. |editor-last2=MacTaggart |editor-first3=Frank |editor-last3=O'Brien |access-date=September 27, 2018 }}</ref> Before dawn on July 24, ''Hornet'' launched four Sea King helicopters and three [[Grumman E-1 Tracer]]s. Two of the E-1s were designated as "air boss" while the third acted as a communications relay aircraft. Two of the Sea Kings carried divers and recovery equipment. The third carried photographic equipment, and the fourth carried the decontamination swimmer and the flight surgeon.{{sfn| Manned Spacecraft Center|1969|p=169-170}} At 16:44 UTC (05:54 local time) the [[drogue parachute]]s were deployed. Seven minutes later ''Columbia'' struck the water forcefully {{convert|2660|km|nmi|abbr=on}} east of [[Wake Island]], {{convert|380|km|nmi|abbr=on}} south of Johnston Atoll, and {{convert|24|km|nmi|abbr=on}} from ''Hornet''.{{sfn|Orloff|2000|pp=102–110}}<ref name="ALSJ Re-entry" /> During [[splashdown]], ''Columbia'' landed upside down but was righted within ten minutes by flotation bags triggered by the astronauts.{{sfn| Manned Spacecraft Center|1969|pp=164–167}} A diver from the Navy helicopter hovering above attached a [[sea anchor]] to prevent it from drifting.{{sfn|Carmichael|2010|pp=184–185}} Additional divers attached flotation collars to stabilize the module and position rafts for astronaut extraction.{{sfn|Carmichael|2010|pp=186–188}} [[File:President Nixon welcomes the Apollo 11 astronauts aboard the U.S.S. Hornet.jpg|thumb|left|The crew of Apollo 11 in [[quarantine]] after returning to Earth, visited by Richard Nixon]] The divers then passed biological isolation garments (BIGs) to the astronauts, and assisted them into the life raft. Though the chance of bringing back [[pathogen]]s from the lunar surface was considered remote, it was a possibility, and NASA took precautions at the recovery site. Divers provided the astronauts with Biological Isolation Garments (BIGs) which were worn until they reached isolation facilities on board the ''Hornet''. Additionally, they were rubbed down with a [[sodium hypochlorite]] solution and the Command Module wiped with [[Betadine]] to remove any lunar dust that might be present. The raft containing decontamination materials was then intentionally sunk.{{sfn| Manned Spacecraft Center|1969|pp=164–167}} After touchdown on the ''Hornet'' at 17:53 UTC, the helicopter was lowered by the elevator into hangar bay, where the astronauts walked the {{convert|30|ft|m}} to the [[Mobile Quarantine Facility]] (MQF), where they would begin the Earth-based portion of their 21 days of quarantine.{{sfn|Carmichael|2010|pp=199–200}} This practice would continue for two more Apollo missions, Apollo 12 and [[Apollo 14]], before the Moon was proven to be barren of life, and the quarantine process dropped.<ref name="Smithsonian ">{{cite web |url=http://airandspace.si.edu/exhibitions/apollo-to-the-moon/online/a11.jh.3.html |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130815101507/http://airandspace.si.edu/exhibitions/apollo-to-the-moon/online/a11.jh.3.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=August 15, 2013 |title=After Splashdown |date=July 1999 |work=Apollo to the Moon |publisher=[[National Air and Space Museum]] |location=Washington, D.C. |accessdate=August 15, 2013}}</ref> Nixon welcomed the astronauts back to Earth. He told them: "As a result of what you've done, the world has never been closer together before."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thenewnixon.org/2008/07/23/24-july-1969-home-from-the-moon/ |title=24 July 1969: Home From The Moon |last=Gannon |first=Frank |date=July 23, 2008 |work=The New Nixon |publisher=[[Richard Nixon Foundation]] |accessdate=July 20, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100509164913/http://thenewnixon.org/2008/07/23/24-july-1969-home-from-the-moon/ |archivedate=May 9, 2010 |df=mdy}}</ref> After Nixon departed, the ''Hornet'' was brought alongside the five-ton Command Module, which was was lifted aboard by the ship's crane, placed on a dolly and moved next to the MQF. The ''Hornet'' returned to Pearl Harbor, where the MQF was loaded onto a [[Lockheed C-141 Starlifter]] and airlifted to the Manned Spacecraft Center. The astronauts arrived at the [[Lunar Receiving Laboratory]] at 10:00 UTC on July 28. ''Columbia'' was taken to [[Ford Island]] for deactivation, and its pyrotechnics made safe. It was then taken to [[Hickham Air Force Base]], from whence it was flown to Houston in a [[Douglas C-133 Cargomaster]], reaching the Lunar Receiving Laboratory on July 30.{{sfn| Manned Spacecraft Center|1969|pp=171–173}} In accordance with the [[Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law]], a set of regulations promulgated by NASA on July 16 to codify its quarantine protocol,<ref>Extra-Terrestrial Exposure, 34 [[Fed. Reg.]] 11975 (July 16, 1969), ''codified at'' [[14 C.F.R.]] pt. [https://books.google.com/books?id=7rU5AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA94 1200]</ref> the astronauts continued in quarantine. However, after three weeks in confinement (first in the Apollo spacecraft, then in their trailer on the ''Hornet'', and finally in the Lunar Receiving Laboratory ), the astronauts were given a clean bill of health.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nasaexplores.com/extras/apollo11/hirasaki.html |archive-url=https://archive.is/20060319184027/http://www.nasaexplores.com/extras/apollo11/hirasaki.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=March 19, 2006 |title=A Front Row Seat For History |date=July 15, 2004 |work=NASAexplores |publisher=NASA |accessdate=June 14, 2013}}</ref> On August 10, 1969, the Interagency Committee on Back Contamination met in Atlanta and lifted the quarantine on the astronauts, on those who had joined them in quarantine (NASA physician [[William Carpentier]] and MQF project engineer [[John Hirasaki]]),{{sfn|Carmichael|2010|p=118}} and on ''Columbia'' itself. Loose equipment from the spacecraft remained in isolation until the lunar samples were released for study.{{sfn|Ertel|Newkirk|Brooks|1978|p=312}} ===Celebration=== [[File:Apollo 11 ticker tape parade 1.jpg|thumb|Ticker tape parade in New York City]] On August 13, the three astronauts rode in parades in their honor in New York, Chicago, and Los Angeles.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Taylor |first1=Alan |title=The Year Men Walked on the Moon |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2014/07/45-years-ago-we-landed-men-on-the-moon/100775/ |accessdate=October 24, 2017 |work=The Atlantic |date=July 15, 2014}}</ref><ref name=LADinner>{{cite web |title=Richard Nixon: Remarks at a Dinner in Los Angeles Honoring the Apollo 11 Astronauts |url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=2202 |website=The American Presidency Project |accessdate=October 24, 2017 |date=August 13, 1969}}</ref> On the same evening in Los Angeles there was an official [[state dinner]] to celebrate the flight, attended by members of Congress, 44 governors, the [[Chief Justice of the United States]], and ambassadors from 83 nations at the [[Century Plaza Hotel]]. Nixon and Agnew honored each astronaut with a presentation of the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]].<ref name=LADinner/> This celebration was the beginning of a 45-day "Giant Leap" tour that brought the astronauts to 25 foreign countries and included visits with prominent leaders such as [[Queen Elizabeth II]] of the United Kingdom. Many nations honored the first human [[Moon landing]] with special features in magazines or by issuing Apollo 11 commemorative postage stamps or coins.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Wilson |first=Bill |title=Families Wait for Moon Men |date=July 23, 1969 |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article43460781 |magazine=[[The Australian Women's Weekly]] |location=Sydney |volume=37 |number=8 |pages=2–4 |accessdate=July 19, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lunarhall.org/missions/apollo/11.html |title=Lunar Missions: Apollo 11 |date=2008 |website=Lunar Hall of Fame |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081024222503/http://www.lunarhall.org/missions/apollo/11.html |archivedate=2008-10-24 |deadurl=yes |accessdate=June 9, 2014}}</ref> On September 16, 1969, the three astronauts spoke before a [[joint session of the United States Congress|joint session of Congress]] on [[Capitol Hill]]. They presented two US flags, one to the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] and the other to the [[United States Senate|Senate]], that had been carried to the surface of the Moon with them.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://history.house.gov/HistoricalHighlight/Detail/35693 |title=The Apollo 11 Crew Members Appear Before a Joint Meeting of Congress|access-date=March 3, 2018 |publisher=United States House of Representatives}}</ref> The [[flag of American Samoa]] which was brought to the moon by Apollo 11 is on display at the [[Jean P. Haydon Museum]] in Pago Pago, the capital of American Samoa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fodors.com/world/australia-and-the-pacific/american-samoa/things-to-do/sights/reviews/jean-p-haydon-museum-584573 |title=Jean P. Haydon Museum |website=www.fodors.com |accessdate=March 5, 2018}}</ref> ==Legacy== ===Spacecraft=== [[File:NASA Apollo 11 command module.jpg|thumb|left|''Columbia'' at the [[National Air and Space Museum]]]] The Command Module ''Columbia'' was displayed at the [[National Air and Space Museum]] (NASM) in Washington, DC. It was in the central ''Milestones of Flight'' exhibition hall in front of the Jefferson Drive entrance, sharing the main hall with other pioneering flight vehicles such as the ''[[Wright Flyer]]'', the ''[[Spirit of St. Louis]]'', the [[Bell X-1]], the [[North American X-15]], and Mercury spacecraft ''[[Friendship 7]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://airandspace.si.edu/about/history/museum-dc |title=Museum in DC |publisher=National Air and Space Museum |access-date=September 25, 2018 }}</ref> Armstrong's and Aldrin's space suits are displayed in the museum's ''Apollo to the Moon'' exhibit.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://airandspace.si.edu/exhibitions/apollo-moon |title=Apollo to the Moon |publisher=National Air and Space Museum |access-date=September 25, 2018 }}</ref> The quarantine trailer, the flotation collar and the righting spheres are in the Smithsonian's [[Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center]] annex near [[Washington Dulles International Airport]] in Chantilly, Virginia, where they are on display along with a test lunar module,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/mobile-quarantine-facility |title=Mobile Quarantine Facility |publisher=National Air and Space Museum |access-date=September 30, 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/flotation-collar-apollo-11 |title=Apollo 11 Flotation Collar |publisher=National Air and Space Museum |access-date=September 30, 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://airandspace.si.edu/newsroom/press-releases/national-air-and-space-museum-moves-apollo-artifact-future-home |title=National Air and Space Museum Moves Apollo Artifact to Future Home |publisher=National Air and Space Museum |access-date=September 25, 2018 }}</ref> The descent stage of the Lunar Module ''Eagle'' remains on the Moon. In 2009, the [[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter]] (LRO) imaged the various Apollo landing sites on the surface of the Moon, for the first time with sufficient resolution to see the descent stages of the lunar modules, scientific instruments, and foot trails made by the astronauts.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LRO/multimedia/lroimages/apollosites.html |title=LRO Sees Apollo Landing Sites |publisher=NASA |access-date=September 25, 2018 }}</ref> The remains of the ascent stage are presumed to lie at an unknown location on the lunar surface, after being abandoned and impacting the Moon.<ref name="Eagle location" /> In March 2012 a team of specialists financed by [[Amazon.com|Amazon]] founder [[Jeff Bezos]] located the [[F-1 (rocket engine)|F-1 engines]] that launched Apollo 11 into space. They were found below the Atlantic Ocean's surface through the use of advanced sonar scanning.<ref>{{cite news |title=Amazon boss Jeff Bezos 'finds Apollo 11 Moon engines' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-17544565 |work=BBC News |location=London |date=March 28, 2012 |accessdate=June 14, 2013}}</ref> His team brought parts of two of the five engines to the surface. In July 2013, a conservator discovered a serial number under the rust on one of the engines raised from the Atlantic, which NASA confirmed was from Apollo 11.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/innovations/wp/2013/07/19/bezos-expeditions-retrieves-and-identifies-apollo-11-engine-5-nasa-confirms-identity/ |title=Bezos Expeditions retrieves and identifies Apollo 11 engine #5, NASA confirms identity |last=Kolawole |first=Emi |date=19 July 2013 |accessdate=13 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bezosexpeditions.com/updates.html |title=F-1 Engine Recovery – Updates |last=Bezos |first=Jeff |date=19 July 2013}}</ref> ''Columbia'' was moved in 2017 to the NASM Mary Baker Engen Restoration Hangar at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center in Chantilly, Virginia, to be readied for a four-city tour titled ''Destination Moon: The Apollo 11 Mission''. This included [[Space Center Houston]] from October 14, 2017 to March 18, 2018, the [[Saint Louis Science Center]] from April 14 to September 3, 2018, the Senator John [[Heinz History Center]] in [[Pittsburgh]] from September 29, 2018 to February 18, 2019, and the [[Seattle]] [[Museum of Flight]] from March 16 to September 2, 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Apollo 11 Command Module Columbia |url=https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/command-module-apollo-11 |publisher=National Air and Space Museum |accessdate=27 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.airspacemag.com/daily-planet/apollo-11-artifacts-go-tour-180962247/#vdLWIR4Sfofhv24g.99 |title=Apollo 11 Moonship To Go On Tour |first=Rebecca |last=Maksel |magazine=Air and Space magazine |date=February 22, 2017 |accessdate=August 27, 2017}}</ref> [[File:Apollo 11 Command Module in Hangar.jpg|thumb|right|''Columbia'' at the Mary Baker Engen Restoration Hangar]] The S-IVB third stage which performed Apollo 11's trans-lunar injection remains in a solar orbit near to that of Earth.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1969-059B |title=Apollo 11 SIVB NSSDCA/COSPAR ID: 1969-059B |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219055609/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1969-059B |archive-date=February 19, 2017 |publisher=NASA }}</ref> ===Moon rocks=== The main repository for the Apollo Moon rocks is the [[Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility]] at the [[Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center]] in [[Houston, Texas]]. For safe keeping, there is also a smaller collection stored at [[White Sands Test Facility]] in [[Las Cruces, New Mexico]]. Most of the rocks are stored in nitrogen to keep them free of moisture. They are handled only indirectly, using special tools. Over 100 research laboratories around the world conduct studies of the samples, and approximately 500 samples are prepared and sent to investigators every year.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://curator.jsc.nasa.gov/lunar/lun-fac.cfm |title=Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility |publisher=NASA |access-date=September 25, 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://world.wng.org/2016/09/the_mystery_of_the_missing_moon_rocks |title=The mystery of the missing moon rocks |publisher=World |first=Kristen |last=Flavin |date=September 10, 2016 |access-date=September 25, 2018 }}</ref> In November 1969, Nixon asked NASA to make up about 250 presentation [[Apollo 11 lunar sample display]]s for 135 nations, the fifty states of the United States and its possessions, and the United Nations. Each display included Moon dust from Apollo 11. The rice-sized particles were four small pieces of Moon soil weighing about 50&nbsp;mg and were enveloped in a clear acrylic button about as big as a [[Half dollar (United States coin)|United States half dollar coin]]. This acrylic button magnified the grains of lunar dust. The Apollo 11 lunar sample displays were given out as goodwill gifts by Nixon in 1970.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.collectspace.com/resources/moonrocks_apollo11.html |title=Where today are the Apollo 11 goodwill lunar sample displays? |first1=Robert |last1=Pearlman |authorlink=Robert Pearlman |website=collectspace.com |accessdate=November 2, 2012}}</ref><ref name = "Earth">''Earth'' magazine, March 2011, pp. 42–51</ref> The Passive Seismic Experiment ran until the command uplink failed on August 25, 1969. The downlink failed on December 14.{{sfn|Bates|Lauderdale|Kernaghan|1979|pp=2-3, 4-32}} <!-- Hyphens, not ndashes --> {{As of|2018}}, the Lunar Laser Ranging experiment remains operational.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/report-humans-have-left-500-000-pounds-trash-the-moon/8UcB7ECGVXSLyMWrdhqk1L/ |title=Report: Humans have left 500,000 pounds of 'trash' on the Moon |newspaper=Palm Beach Post |date=March 5, 2018 |first=Chelsea |last=Todaro |access-date=September 27, 2018}}</ref> ===40th anniversary events=== On July 15, 2009, [[Life (magazine)|Life.com]] released a photo gallery of previously unpublished photos of the astronauts taken by ''Life'' photographer [[Ralph Morse]] prior to the Apollo 11 launch.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://life.time.com/history/photos-up-close-with-apollo-11/#1 |title=LIFE: Up Close With Apollo 11 |work=[[Life (magazine)|Life]] |accessdate=June 14, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521161407/https://life.time.com/history/photos-up-close-with-apollo-11/ |archivedate=May 21, 2013 |df=mdy}}</ref> From July 16 to 24, 2009, NASA streamed the original mission audio on its website in real time 40 years to the minute after the events occurred.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/40th/apollo11_audio.html |title=Apollo 11 Onboard Audio |work=Apollo 40th Anniversary |publisher=NASA |accessdate=June 14, 2013}}</ref> In addition, it is in the process of restoring the video footage and has released a preview of key moments.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/hd/apollo11_hdpage.html |title=Apollo 11 Partial Restoration HD Videos (Downloads) |editor-last=Garner |editor-first=Robert |publisher=NASA |accessdate=June 14, 2013}}</ref> In July 2010, air-to-ground voice recordings and film footage shot in Mission Control during the Apollo 11 powered descent and landing was re-synchronized and released for the first time.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sound restored to mission control film shot during Apollo 11 moon landing |first=Christopher |last=Riley |authorlink=Christopher Riley |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/blog/2010/jul/20/sound-apollo-11-moon-landing |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |date=July 20, 2010 |accessdate=July 11, 2013}}</ref> The [[John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum]] set up an [[Adobe Flash]] website that rebroadcasts the transmissions of Apollo 11 from launch to landing on the Moon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wechoosethemoon.org/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090617230719/http://wechoosethemoon.org/|dead-url=yes|archive-date=June 17, 2009 |title=We Choose the Moon |publisher=[[John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum]] |accessdate=July 19, 2009}}</ref> On July 20, 2009, the crew of Armstrong, Aldrin, and Collins met with U.S. President [[Barack Obama]] at the White House.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_1422.html |title=Apollo 11 Crew Meets With President Obama |date=July 20, 2009 |work=Image of the Day Gallery |publisher=NASA |accessdate=June 9, 2014}}</ref> "We expect that there is, as we speak, another generation of kids out there who are looking up at the sky and are going to be the next Armstrong, Collins, and Aldrin", Obama said. "We want to make sure that NASA is going to be there for them when they want to take their journey."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/21/science/space/21obama.html |work=The New York Times |first=Jeff |last=Zeleny |title=Obama Hails Apollo Crew From a Lens of Childhood |date=July 21, 2009}}</ref> On August 7, 2009, an act of Congress awarded the three astronauts a [[Congressional Gold Medal]], the highest civilian award in the United States. The bill was sponsored by Florida Senator [[Bill Nelson (politician)|Bill Nelson]] and Florida Representative [[Alan Grayson]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.opencongress.org/bill/111-s951/text |title=Text of S.951 as Engrossed in Senate: New Frontier Congressional Gold Medal Act – U.S. Congress – OpenCongress |publisher=OpenCongress.org |accessdate=June 14, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103063854/https://www.opencongress.org/bill/111-s951/text |archivedate=November 3, 2012 |df=mdy}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.opencongress.org/bill/111-h2245/text |title=Text of H.R.2245 as Enrolled Bill: New Frontier Congressional Gold Medal Act – U.S. Congress – OpenCongress |publisher=OpenCongress.org |accessdate=June 14, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103064013/https://www.opencongress.org/bill/111-h2245/text |archivedate=November 3, 2012 |df=mdy}}</ref> A group of British scientists interviewed as part of the anniversary events reflected on the significance of the Moon landing: {{quote|It was carried out in a technically brilliant way with risks taken&nbsp;... that would be inconceivable in the risk-averse world of today&nbsp;... The Apollo programme is arguably the greatest technical achievement of mankind to date&nbsp;... nothing since Apollo has come close [to] the excitement that was generated by those astronauts – Armstrong, Aldrin and the 10 others who followed them.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Moon landings: British scientists salute space heroes |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/space/5848707/Moon-landings-British-scientists-salute-space-heroes.html |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |location=London |date=July 17, 2009 |accessdate=June 14, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308224145/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/space/5848707/Moon-landings-British-scientists-salute-space-heroes.html |archivedate=March 8, 2013 |df=mdy}}</ref>}} {{clear}} ==Notes== {{Notes}} {{Reflist}} {{Include-NASA}} ==References== {{refbegin|30em}} *{{cite report |last=Bates |first=James R. |last2=Lauderdale |first2=W. W. |last3=Kernaghan |first3=Harold |title=ALSEP Termination Report |date=April 1979 |publisher=NASA |location=Washington, DC |id=1036 |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/misc/documents/b32116.pdf |access-date=September 27, 2018 |ref=harv}} *{{cite book |last=Benson |first=Charles D. |last2=Faherty |first2=William B. |title=Moonport: A History of Apollo Launch Facilities and Operations |date=1978 |id=SP 4204 |publisher=NASA |location=Washington, DC |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19790003956.pdf |access-date=September 22, 2018 |ref=harv}} *{{cite book |last=Bilstein |first=Roger E. |title=Stages to Saturn: A Technological History of the Apollo/Saturn Launch Vehicle |year=1980 |publisher=National Air and Space Administration |id=SP 4206 |series=NASA History Series |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19970009949.pdf |access-date=September 19, 2018 |ref=harv }} *{{cite book |last1=Brooks |first1=Courtney G. |last2=Grimwood |first2=James M. |last3=Swenson |first3=Loyd S., Jr. |title=Chariots for Apollo: A History of Manned Lunar Spacecraft |url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4205/cover.html |accessdate=July 20, 2010 |series=NASA History Series |date=1979 |publisher=Scientific and Technical Information Branch, NASA |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=978-0-486-46756-6 |oclc=4664449 |lccn=79001042 |id=NASA SP-4205 |ref=harv }} *{{cite journal |last=Cappellari |first=J.O. Jr. |title=Where on the Moon? An Apollo Systems Engineering Problem |journal=[[Bell System Technical Journal]] |volume=51 |issue=5 |date=May–June 1972 |issn=0005-8580 |doi=10.1002/j.1538-7305.1972.tb02642.x |oclc=17779623 |pp=955–1127 |ref=harv}} *{{cite book |last1=Carmichael |first1=Scott W. |title=Moon Men Return: USS ''Hornet'' and the Recovery of the Apollo 11 Astronauts |date=2010 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, Maryland |isbn=978-1-59114-110-5 |oclc=562772897 |ref=harv}} *{{cite book |last=Chaikin |first=Andrew |title=A Man on the Moon: The Triumphant Story Of The Apollo Space Program |date=1994 |publisher=Penguin Group |location=New York |isbn=0-14-027201-1 |oclc=890357362 |ref=harv}} *{{cite book |last1=Collins |first1=Michael |authorlink1=Michael Collins (astronaut) |last2=Aldrin |first2=Edwin E., Jr. |authorlink2=Buzz Aldrin |editor-last=Cortright |editor-first=Edgar M |editor-link=Edgar Cortright |contribution=The Eagle Has landed |pp=203–224 |title=Apollo Expeditions to the Moon |url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/pao/History/SP-350/cover.html |accessdate=June 13, 2013 |date=1975 |publisher=NASA |location=Washington, D.C. |oclc=1623434 |id=NASA SP-350 |ref=harv }} *{{cite book |last=Collins |first=Michael |authorlink=Michael Collins (astronaut) |origyear=1974 |date=2001 |title=Carrying the Fire: An Astronaut's Journeys |publisher=Cooper Square Press |location=New York |isbn=0-8154-1028-X |lccn=2001017080 |oclc=45755963 |ref=harv }} *{{cite book |last=Cortright |first=Edgar M |author-link=Edgar Cortright |editor-last=Cortright |editor-first=Edgar M |editor-link=Edgar Cortright |title=Apollo Expeditions to the Moon |contribution=Scouting the Moon |pp=79–102 |url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/pao/History/SP-350/cover.html |accessdate=June 13, 2013 |date=1975 |publisher=NASA |location=Washington, D.C. |oclc=1623434 |id=NASA SP-350|ref=harv }} *{{cite book |last=Cunningham |first=Walter |author-link=Walter Cunningham |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-87696-324-8 |title=The All-American Boys|orig-year=1977 |publisher=ipicturebooks |oclc=713908039 |ref=harv}} *{{cite web |last1=Ertel |first1=Ivan D. |last2=Newkirk |first2=Roland W. |last3=Brooks |first3=Courtney G. |title=The Apollo Spacecraft - A Chronology. Vol. IV. Part 3 (1969 3rd quarter) |url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4009/v4p3e.htm |id=SP-4009 |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=NASA |accessdate=October 24, 2017 |year=1978 |ref=harv}} *{{cite journal |last1=Hamilton |first1=Margaret H. |last2=Hackler |first2=William R. |date=December 2008 |title=Universal Systems Language: Lessons Learned from Apollo |volume=41 |issue=12 |pages=34–43 |journal=Computer |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=[[IEEE Computer Society]] |issn=0018-9162 |doi=10.1109/MC.2008.541 |ref=harv }} *{{cite book |last=Hansen |first=James R. |author-link=James R. Hansen |title=First Man: The Life of Neil A. Armstrong |title-link=First Man: The Life of Neil A. Armstrong |date=2005 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York |isbn=978-0-7432-5631-5 |lccn=2005049992 |oclc=937302502 |ref=harv}} *{{cite book |last=Harland |first=David |title=Exploring the Moon: The Apollo Expeditions |location=London ; New York |publisher=Springer |date=1999 |isbn=978-1-85233-099-6 |oclc=982158259 |ref=harv}} *{{cite book |last=Kranz |first=Gene |author-link=Gene Kranz |title=Failure Is Not An Option |year=2000 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York |isbn=0-7432-0079-9 |oclc=829406416 |ref=harv }} *{{cite book |last=Logsdon |first=John M. |title=The Decision to Go to the Moon: Project Apollo and the National Interest |location=Chicago |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1976 |oclc=849992795 |ref=harv }} *{{cite book |author=Manned Spacecraft Center |title=Apollo 11 Mission Report |url=https://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/A11_MissionReport.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=July 10, 2013 |date=November 1969 |work=[[Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center|Manned Spacecraft Center]], Mission Evaluation Team |publisher=NASA |location=Houston, Texas |oclc=10970862 |id=MSC-00171 |ref=harv}} *{{cite book |last=Mindell |first=David A. |title=Digital Apollo: Human and Machine in Spaceflight |date=2008 |publisher=MIT Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |isbn=978-0-262-13497-2 |lccn=2007032255 |oclc=751829782 |ref=harv}} *{{cite book |last=Orloff |first=Richard W. |title=Apollo by the Numbers: A Statistical Reference |url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4029/SP-4029.htm |accessdate=June 12, 2013 |series=NASA History Series |year=2000 |publisher=NASA History Division, Office of Policy and Plans |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=0-16-050631-X |lccn=00061677 |id=NASA SP-2000-4029 |oclc=829406439 |ref=harv }} *{{cite journal |last=Sarkissian |first=John M. |title=On Eagle's Wings: The Parkes Observatory's Support of the Apollo 11 Mission |date=2001 |journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=287–310 |location=Collingwood, Victoria |publisher=[[CSIRO Publishing]] for the [[Astronomical Society of Australia]] |doi=10.1071/AS01038 |accessdate=May 24, 2013 |url=http://www.parkes.atnf.csiro.au/news_events/apollo11/tv_broadcasts.html |bibcode=2001PASA...18..287S |doi-access=free|ref=harv}} *{{cite book |last1=Slayton |first1=Donald K. "Deke" |authorlink1=Deke Slayton |last2=Cassutt |first2=Michael |authorlink2=Michael Cassutt |title=Deke! U.S. Manned Space: From Mercury to the Shuttle |date=1994 |publisher=Forge |location=New York |isbn=0-312-85503-6 |oclc=29845663 |lccn=94002463 |ref=harv}} *{{cite book |last1=Swenson |first1=Loyd S. Jr. |first2=James M. |last2=Grimwood |first3=Charles C. |last3=Alexander |title=This New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury |url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4201/cover.htm |accessdate=June 28, 2007 |series=The NASA History Series |year=1966 |publisher=National Aeronautics and Space Administration |location=Washington, DC |oclc=569889 |id=NASA SP-4201 |ref=harv}} *{{cite book |last1=Waligora |first1=J.M. |last2=Horrigan |first2=D.J. |editor-last1=Johnston |editor-first1=Richard S. |editor-last2=Dietlein |editor-first2=Lawrence F. |editor-last3=Berry |editor-first3=Charles A. |title=Biomedical Results of Apollo |url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-368/sp368.htm |accessdate=February 14, 2017 |date=1975 |publisher=NASA |location=Washington, D.C. |id=NASA SP-368 |contribution=Chapter 4: Metabolism and Heat Dissipation During Apollo EVA Periods |ref=harv }} {{refend}} ==External links== {{commons category|Apollo 11}} {{wikisource|In Event of Moon Disaster}} *[http://apollo11.spacelog.org/ "Apollo 11 transcripts"] at [http://spacelog.org/ Spacelog] *[http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11_eva_thumbs.html "Magnificent Desolation: The Apollo 11 Moonwalk Pictures"] by [http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj ''Apollo Lunar Surface Journal''] contributor Joseph O'Dea. Complete gallery of Apollo 11 EVA pictures. *[http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/apollo11info.html "Apollo 11"] Detailed mission information by Dr. David R. Williams, NASA [[Goddard Space Flight Center]] *[http://blaisephoto.fr/photographies-de-la-mission-apollo-11-nasa.php "Apollo 11"] Photographer Blaise Thirard's presentation of Apollo 11 photographs *{{cite news |title=Men on the Moon |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/system/topicRoot/Men_on_the_moon/ |newspaper=[[The Times]] |location=London |accessdate=May 24, 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531095612/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/system/topicRoot/Men_on_the_moon/ |archivedate=May 31, 2010 |first1=Rachel |last1=Sylvester |first2=Sam |last2=Coates |deadurl=no |df=mdy}} Original reports from ''The Times'' (London) *{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/40th/ |title=Apollo 40th Anniversary |publisher=NASA |date=July 2009 |accessdate=July 18, 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090718120003/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/40th/ |archivedate=July 18, 2009 <!--DASHBot--> |deadurl=no}} NASA website honoring the mission *[http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-111507a.html "The untold story: how one small silicon disc delivered a giant message to the Moon"] at collectSPACE.com *[http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/07/0714_040714_moonlanding.html "Apollo Anniversary: Moon Landing 'Inspired World'"] ''National Geographic News'', July 16, 2004 – 35th anniversary of Apollo 11; Steven Dick, NASA's chief historian: "...&nbsp;a thousand years from now, that step may be considered the crowning achievement of the 20th century." *[http://www.popsci.com/military-aviation-amp-space/article/2009-06/40-years-later-ten-things-you-didnt-know-about-apollo-ii-moon-landing "Ten Things You Didn't Know About the Apollo 11 Moon Landing"] by Craig Nelson, ''[[Popular Mechanics]]'', July 13, 2009 *[http://www.radiotapes.com/specialpostings.html#Apollo11 "Coverage of the Flight of Apollo 11 – (1969)"] provided by Todd Kosovich for RadioTapes.com. Radio station recordings (airchecks) covering the flight of Apollo 11. *[http://buzzaldrin.com/the-man/space-missions/ "Space Missions"] at Buzz Aldrin's official website ===NASA reports=== *{{cite web |title=Apollo Program Summary Report |publisher=NASA History Program Office |date=April 1975 |accessdate=September 23, 2018 |url=https://history.nasa.gov/alsj/APSR-JSC-09423.pdf}} – 200+ pages *{{cite web |url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11MIssionReport_1971015566.pdf |title=Apollo 11 Mission Report |format=PDF |date=1971 |publisher=NASA}} – 230 pages ===Multimedia=== *{{cite news |url=http://life.time.com/history/apollo-11-to-the-moon-and-back-life-covers-the-1969-lunar-landing/#1 |title='To the Moon and Back': ''LIFE'' Covers the Apollo 11 Mission |accessdate=July 20, 2013 |work=Time |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130720103800/https://life.time.com/history/apollo-11-to-the-moon-and-back-life-covers-the-1969-lunar-landing/ |archivedate=July 20, 2013 |df=mdy}} – ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' magazine Special Edition, August 11, 1969 *{{cite web |url=http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/23232/apollo-11-scenes-from-the-moon |title=Apollo 11: Scenes From the Moon |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090717195032/http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/23232/apollo-11-scenes-from-the-moon |archivedate=July 17, 2009 |accessdate=June 13, 2013 |deadurl=no |df=mdy}} – slideshow by ''Life'' magazine *{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/hd/apollo11_hdpage.html |title=Apollo 11 Partial Restoration HD Videos (Downloads) |editor-last=Garner |editor-first=Robert |publisher=NASA |accessdate=June 13, 2013}} – Remastered videos of the original landing. *{{cite web |url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11.html |title=Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal |date=1995 |editor-last=Jones |editor-first=Eric M. Jones |work=Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal |publisher=NASA |accessdate=September 23, 2006}} – Transcripts and audio clips of important parts of the mission *{{cite web |url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/images11.html |title=Apollo 11 Image Library |editor1-last=Jones |editor1-first=Eric M. |editor2-last=Glover |editor2-first=Ken |date=1995–2009 |work=Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal |publisher=NASA |accessdate=September 23, 2006}} – Hundreds of high-resolution images of the mission, including assembled panoramas. *{{cite web |last=Simon |first=Johnny |title=Extremely high-res outtakes from Apollo 11's 1969 moon landing |url=https://qz.com/1329999/outtakes-from-1969-moon-landing/ |date=July 20, 2018 |work=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]] |accessdate=July 20, 2018 }} – Extremely high-resolution images (July 20, 2018). *{{cite web |url=https://astrogeology.usgs.gov/Projects/LunarAtlas/maps/ |title=''Apollo'' Mission Traverse Maps |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey|USGS]] |accessdate=September 23, 2006 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060924151815/http://astrogeology.usgs.gov/Projects/LunarAtlas/maps/ |archivedate=September 24, 2006}} – Several maps showing routes of moonwalks *[http://moon.google.com/ Google Moon] – with lunar landing sites tagged *[http://moonpans.com/vr Apollo Lunar Surface VR Panoramas] at moonpans.com *[http://apollo.sese.asu.edu/ Apollo Image Archive] at [[Arizona State University]] *[http://www.apollotv.net/ Apollo launch and mission videos] at ApolloTV.net *[http://www.firstmenonthemoon.com/ Real-time audiovisual recreation of the lunar module landing] with audio feeds from the crew of Apollo 11 and Ground Control *{{Internet Archive short film | gov.archives.arc.1257628 | Moonwalk One }} *{{Internet Archive short film | gov.archives.arc.45017 | The Eagle Has Landed: The Flight of Apollo 11 }} *[https://vimeo.com/14275570 Apollo 11 Restored EVA Part 1] (1h of restored footage) {{Project Apollo}} {{Moon spacecraft}} {{Orbital launches in 1969}} {{NASA navbox}} {{portal bar|Houston|Moon|Space|Spaceflight|United States Air Force|United States Navy}} {{Authority control}} {{Use American English|date=January 2014}} {{Use mdy dates|date=June 2013}} [[Category:Apollo 11| ]] [[Category:Apollo program missions|Apollo 11]] [[Category:Articles containing video clips]] [[Category:Soft landings on the Moon]] [[Category:Spacecraft launched by Saturn rockets]] [[Category:Buzz Aldrin]] [[Category:Neil Armstrong]]'