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'{{Infobox Treaty | name = Treaty of Tlatelolco | long_name = Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean | image = | image_width = | caption = | type = | date_drafted = | date_signed = 14 February 1967 | location_signed = [[Mexico City]] | date_sealed = | date_effective = 22 April 1968 | condition_effective = Deposit of ratifications (Art. 29) / waiver according to Article 29 | date_expiration = | signatories = | parties = 33 | depositor = | language = | languages = | website = | wikisource = }} [[Image:nwfz.svg|thumb|400px| {{legend0|#0000FF|[[Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone]]s}} {{legend0|#FF0000|[[Nuclear weapons states|NW states]]}} {{legend0|#FF8800|[[Nuclear sharing]]}} {{legend0|#dddd00|[[Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty|NPT]] only}}<br> {| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; text-align:right;" |- !Treaty!!Region!!Land area!!States!!In force |- |[[Antarctic Treaty System|Antarctic]]|| [[Antarctica]]|| style="text-align:right;"|14,000,000&nbsp;km²|| style="text-align:right;"| ||1961-06-23 |- |[[Outer Space Treaty|Space]]|| [[Outer Space]]|| ||align="right"| || 1967-10-10 |- |Tlatelolco|| [[Latin America]]<br/>[[Caribbean]]|| style="text-align:right;"|21,069,501&nbsp;km²<!--from [[Latin America]]--><!--1,958,201+521,499+17,840,000+-->|| style="text-align:right;"|33|| 1969-04-25 |- |[[Seabed Treaty|Seabed]]|| [[Seabed]] || ||align="right"| || 1972-05-18 |- |[[Treaty of Rarotonga|Rarotonga]]|| [[Pacific Ocean|South Pacific]]|| style="text-align:right;"|9,008,458&nbsp;km²||align="right"|13||<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110716152448/http://www.opanal.org/Docs/Desarme/NWFZ/SPNFZ_and_Protocols_Status_Report.pdf ]</ref> 1986-12-11 |- |[[Southeast Asian Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty|Bangkok]]|| [[ASEAN]]||align="right"|4,465,501&nbsp;km²||align="right"|10||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.armscontrol.org/act/1997_04/seanfwz|title=SEANWFZ Enters Into Force; U.S. Considers Signing Protocol - Arms Control Association|website=Armscontrol.org|accessdate=19 October 2016}}</ref> 1997-03-28 |- |[[Mongolian NWFS|MNWFS]]|| [[Mongolia]]|| style="text-align:right;"|1,564,116&nbsp;km²|| style="text-align:right;"|1|| 2000-02-28 |- |[[Central Asian NWFZ|CANWFZ]]|| [[Central Asia]]|| style="text-align:right;"|4,003,451&nbsp;km²<!--488,100+447,400+2,724,900+199,951+143,100-->||align="right"|5||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/260825,nuclear-free-zone-in-central-asia-enters-into-force-saturday.html|title=Nuclear - The Earth Times - Encyclopaedia|first=Michael|last=Evans|website=Earthtimes.org|accessdate=19 October 2016}}</ref> 2009-03-21 |- |[[Treaty of Pelindaba|Pelindaba]]|| [[Africa]]|| style="text-align:right;"|30,221,532&nbsp;km²|| style="text-align:right;"|53|| 2009-07-15 |- | || style="text-align:right;"|Total:|| style="text-align:right;"|84,000,000&nbsp;km²||align="right"|116 |} ]] The '''Treaty of Tlatelolco''' is the conventional name given to the '''Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean'''. It is embodied in the '''[[OPANAL]]''' ({{lang-es|Organismo para la Proscripción de las Armas Nucleares en la América Latina y el Caribe}}, {{lang-en|the Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean}}). ==Provisions== {| class="wikitable" style="float:right;" |+ Overseas states' territories in Latin American and Caribbean NWFZ !Netherlands!!U.K.!!France!!U.S. |- <!-- .mf, .bl, .mq, .gp, .gf, .pr, .vi, .ai, .fk, .gs, .ky, .ms, .tc, .vg, --> |[[Bonaire]]<br>[[Curaçao]]<br>[[Sint Maarten]]<br>[[Aruba]]<br>[[Sint Eustatius]]<br>[[Saba]] || [[Anguilla]]<br>[[British Virgin Islands|Virgin Islands]]<br>[[Caymans]]<br>[[Turks and Caicos|Turks & Caicos]]<br>[[Falklands]]<br>[[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands|South Georgia]]||[[French Guiana]]<br>[[Guadeloupe]]<br>[[Martinique]]<br>[[Saint Barthélemy|St.Barthélemy]]<br>[[Saint Martin|St.Martin]]<br>[[Clipperton Island]]||[[Puerto Rico]]<br>[[U.S. Virgin Islands|Virgin Islands]]<br>[[USMOI]] |} Under the treaty, the states parties agree to prohibit and prevent the "testing, use, manufacture, production or acquisition by any means whatsoever of any nuclear weapons" and the "receipt, storage, installation, deployment and any form of possession of any nuclear weapons." There are two additional protocols to the treaty: Protocol I binds those overseas countries with territories in the region (the [[United States]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[France]], and the [[Netherlands]]) to the terms of the treaty. Protocol II requires the world's declared [[nuclear weapons states]] to refrain from undermining in any way the nuclear-free status of the region; it has been signed and ratified by the USA, the UK, France, [[China]], and [[Russia]]. The treaty also provides for a comprehensive control and verification mechanism, overseen by the Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean (OPANAL), based in Mexico City. ==History== Meeting in the [[Tlatelolco (Mexico City)|Tlatelolco]] district of [[Mexico City]] on 14 February 1967, the nations of [[Latin America]] and the [[Caribbean]] drafted this treaty to keep their region of the world free of [[nuclear weapon]]s. Whereas [[Antarctica]] had earlier been declared a [[Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone|nuclear-weapon-free zone]] under the 1961 [[Antarctic Treaty System|Antarctic Treaty]], this was the first time such a ban was put in place over such a vast, populated area. COPREDAL was the Preparatory Commission for the Denuclearization of Latin America created after the Cuban Missile Crisis.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://disarmament-library.un.org/UNODA/Library.nsf/a61ff5819c4381ee85256bc70068fa14/e043eebb7df010428525796e0059df78/$FILE/ENDC186_Final%20Act%20of%20the%204th%20Session_PrepCom-Dencl%20of%20LatinAmer.pdf|title=Final Act of the Fourth Session of the Preparatory Commission for the Denuclearization of Latin America|last=|first=|date=27 February 1967|website=UNODA|access-date=}}</ref> It consisted of four sets of sessions, all of them which held in Mexico City. The purpose of the sessions was to prepare a possible draft of the Treaty of Tlatelolco.<ref name="NOBEL82">{{cite news|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1982/robles-lecture.html|title=Alfonso García Robles - Nobel Lecture: The Latin American Nuclear-Weapon Free Zone|date=11 December 1982|work=www.nobelprize.org|agency=[[Nobel Prize]]|accessdate=25 March 2017}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Seguridad mundial: un programa para el desarme; informe de la Comisión Independiente sobre Asuntos de Desarme y Seguridad, bajo la presidencia de Olof Palme|last=Palme|first=Olof|publisher=Lasser Press|year=1982|isbn=|location=Mexico|pages=}}</ref> The United Nations Assembly authorized COPREDAL on 27 November 1963. The Preliminary Meeting on the Denuclearization of Latin America (REUPRAL) created the "Preparatory Commission for the Denuclearization of Latin America", COPREDAL.<ref name="NOBEL82" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.opanal.org/copredal/|title=COPREDAL-OPANAL|last=|first=|date=|website=OPANAL|access-date=}}</ref> There were four sets of COPREDAL's sessions. The first set of sessions took place from 15 to 22 March 1965, the second set of sessions from 23 August to 2 September 1965 and the third set of sessions from 19 April to 4 May 1965. The fourth set of sessions, also known as the Final Act, was divided into two parts. Part I started on 30 August 19 and Part II followed on 31 January to 14 February 1967.<ref name=":0" /> In the first two sets of sessions, participants simply reported the activities that needed to be done in the following sets of sessions.<ref name=":0" /> The agreements made in the third set of sessions consisted of presenting a report of the previous changes to de Co-ordinating Committee and preparing the draft for the following Treaty of the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America.<ref name=":0" /> At the end of the fourth session, the objective was to entry the treaty into force.<ref name="NOBEL82" /> Preparatory Commission created two working groups. Working group 1 was in charge of investigating control systems and predominant technical problems. Working group 2 dealt with legal and political questions.<ref name=":0" /> A Drafting Group was also created in order to prepare the final texts.<ref name=":0" /> ==Observers== Some other countries participated as observers, in every set of sessions such as Austria, Canada, Denmark, Federal Republic of Germany, France, India, Japan, Sweden, United Kingdom and United States of America.<ref name=":0" /> International organizations were present as well, for example the Internacional Atomic Agency.<ref name=":0" /> The Latin American countries other than [[Cuba]] all signed the treaty in 1967, along with [[Jamaica]] and [[Trinidad and Tobago]], and all of these ratified the treaty by 1972. The treaty came into force on 22 April 1968, after [[El Salvador]] had joined [[Mexico]] in ratifying it and waived the conditions for its entry into force in accordance with its Article 28. [[Argentina]] ratified in 1994, more than 26 years after signature, and was thus unprotected by the zone during the [[Falklands War]]. Other English-speaking Caribbean nations signed either soon after independence from the U.K. (1968, 1975, 1983) or years later (1989, 1992, 1994, 1995), all ratifying within 4 years after signing. However, as British territories they had been covered since 1969 when the U.K. ratified Protocol I. The [[Netherlands]] ratified Protocol I in 1971; [[Suriname]] signed the Treaty in 1976 soon after independence from the Netherlands but did not ratify until 1997, 21 years after signing. The U.S. signed Protocol I applying to [[Puerto Rico]] and the [[Virgin Islands]] in 1977 and ratified in 1981. France signed Protocol I applying to its Caribbean islands and [[French Guiana]] in 1979 but only ratified in 1992. All five NPT-recognized [[List of states with nuclear weapons|nuclear weapon states]] ratified Protocol II by 1979. [[Cuba]] was the last country to sign and to ratify, in 1995 and on 23 October 2002, completing signature and ratification by all 33 nations of Latin America and the Caribbean. Cuba ratified with a reservation that achieving a solution to the United States hostility to Cuba and the use of the [[Guantánamo Bay]] military base for U.S. nuclear weapons was a precondition to Cuba's continued adherence.<ref>[https://archive.is/20120707164420/http://disarmament.un.org/treatystatus.nsf/82debb5ddd99db958525688f006b9c26/7093693e091f11018525688f006d233a?OpenDocument]</ref> The Mexican diplomat [[Alfonso García Robles]] received the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] in 1982 for his efforts in promoting the treaty.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1982/robles-facts.html|title=Alfonso García Robles - Facts|website=Nobelprize.org|accessdate=19 October 2016}}</ref> == Diplomatic consequences == The basic agreement for Latin America is the possession of nuclear weapons directly or indirectly is prohibited.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> With the intention of The Kingdom of the Netherlands desire to participate, COPREDAL's members decided not to include extracontinental countries, including those which had territories in Latin America.<ref name=":0" /> The Latin American territories belonging to extra continental countries would decide either to permit or deny the passage of nuclear weapons;<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://unoda-web.s3-accelerate.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/assets/publications/documents_on_disarmament/1965/DoD_1965.pdf|title=Documents on Disarmament 1965|last=|first=|date=1966|website=|access-date=}}</ref> countries such as United States and France recognized those transit agreements.<ref name=":1" /> The Soviet Union refused to recognized such transit agreements.<ref name=":1" /> China stated that transportation of nuclear weapons by any method (sea, air, territory) is restricted into China's territory{{clarify|date=June 2017}} in Latin America.<ref name=":1" /> The free zone of transit of nuclear weapons is according to each Latin American State.<ref name=":1" /> == Signers == * {{flag|Argentina}} * {{flag|Bolivia}} * {{flag|Brazil}} * {{flag|Chile}} * {{flag|Colombia}} * {{flag|Costa Rica}} * {{flag|Dominican Republic}} * {{flag|Ecuador}} * {{flag|El Salvador}} * {{flag|Guatemala}} * {{flag|Haiti}} * {{flag|Honduras}} * {{flag|Jamaica}} * {{flag|Mexico}} * {{flag|Nicaragua}} * {{flag|Panama}} * {{flag|Paraguay}} * {{flag|Peru}} * {{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}} * {{flag|Uruguay}} * {{flag|Venezuela}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== * [http://www.opanal.org/texto-del-tratado-de-tlatelolco/ Treaty text] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150924060736/http://www.opanal.org/english/ OPANAL website] * [http://www.opanal.org/zona-de-aplicacion/ Zone of Application map including oceans] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091002213442/http://www.opanal.org/opanal/Tlatelolco/P-Tlatelolco-i.htm Status of Signatures and Ratifications] * [https://books.google.com/books?id=PSsxmXWChqIC&pg=PA58&lpg=PA58&dq=falkland+tlatelolco The Official History of the Falklands Campaign: War and diplomacy] By Lawrence Freedman {{Authority control}} [[Category:Politics of the Caribbean]] [[Category:Nuclear weapons policy]] [[Category:Cold War treaties]] [[Category:Treaties concluded in 1967]] [[Category:Treaties entered into force in 1969]] [[Category:Treaties of Argentina]] [[Category:Treaties of Barbados]] [[Category:Treaties of Belize]] [[Category:Treaties of Bolivia]] [[Category:Treaties of the Brazilian military government]] [[Category:Treaties of Chile]] [[Category:Treaties of Colombia]] [[Category:Treaties of Costa Rica]] [[Category:Treaties of Cuba]] [[Category:Treaties of Dominica]] [[Category:Treaties of Ecuador]] [[Category:Treaties of El Salvador]] [[Category:Treaties of Grenada]] [[Category:Treaties of Guatemala]] [[Category:Treaties of Guyana]] [[Category:Treaties of Haiti]] [[Category:Treaties of Honduras]] [[Category:Treaties of Jamaica]] [[Category:Treaties of Mexico]] [[Category:Treaties of Nicaragua]] [[Category:Treaties of Panama]] [[Category:Treaties of Paraguay]] [[Category:Treaties of Peru]] [[Category:Treaties of Saint Kitts and Nevis]] [[Category:Treaties of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]] [[Category:Treaties of Saint Lucia]] [[Category:Treaties of Suriname]] [[Category:Treaties of Trinidad and Tobago]] [[Category:Treaties of Uruguay]] [[Category:Treaties of Venezuela]] [[Category:Treaties of the Dominican Republic]] [[Category:Treaties of the Bahamas]] [[Category:Treaties of Antigua and Barbuda]] [[Category:Treaties establishing nuclear-weapon-free zones]] [[Category:Treaties of the Netherlands]] [[Category:Treaties extended to the Netherlands Antilles]] [[Category:Treaties extended to Aruba]] [[Category:Treaties of the United States]] [[Category:Treaties extended to Puerto Rico]] [[Category:Treaties extended to the United States Virgin Islands]] [[Category:Treaties of the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Treaties extended to Anguilla]] [[Category:Treaties extended to Montserrat]] [[Category:Treaties extended to the British Virgin Islands]] [[Category:Treaties of France]] [[Category:Treaties of the People's Republic of China]] [[Category:Treaties of the Soviet Union]] [[Category:Treaties extended to the Cayman Islands]] [[Category:Treaties extended to the Falkland Islands]] [[Category:Treaties extended to South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]] [[Category:Treaties extended to the Turks and Caicos Islands]]'