Examine individual changes

[ 0 => '{{about||the Capital Inicial album|Das Kapital (album)|the Luke Haines album|Das Capital (album)|the Doug Anthony Allstars TV series|DAAS Kapital}}', 1 => '{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}', 2 => '{{missing|reaction, criticism, and impact on history|date=August 2016}}', 3 => '{{Infobox book', 4 => '| italic title = ', 5 => '| name = Das Kapital', 6 => '| image = Zentralbibliothek Zürich Das Kapital Marx 1867.jpg', 7 => '| image_size = ', 8 => '| alt = ', 9 => '| caption = First edition title page of ''[[Capital, Volume I|Volume I]]'' (1867):<br>''[[Capital, Volume II|Volume II]]'' and ''[[Capital, Volume III|Volume III]]'' were published in 1885 and 1894, respectively', 10 => '| author = [[Karl Marx]]', 11 => '| audio_read_by = ', 12 => '| title_orig = Das Kapital. Kritik der politischen Oekonomie', 13 => '| orig_lang_code = ', 14 => '| title_working = ', 15 => '| translator = ', 16 => '| illustrator = ', 17 => '| cover_artist = ', 18 => '| country = Germany', 19 => '| language = German', 20 => '| series = ', 21 => '| release_number = ', 22 => '| subject = ', 23 => '| set_in = ', 24 => '| published = {{start date|df=yes|1867}}', 25 => '| publisher = Verlag von Otto Meisner', 26 => '| publisher2 = ', 27 => '| pub_date = ', 28 => '| english_pub_date = ', 29 => '| media_type = ', 30 => '| pages = ', 31 => '| awards = ', 32 => '| isbn = ', 33 => '| isbn_note = ', 34 => '| oclc = ', 35 => '| dewey = ', 36 => '| congress = ', 37 => '| preceded_by = ', 38 => '| followed_by = ', 39 => '| native_wikisource = ', 40 => '| wikisource = ', 41 => '| notes = ', 42 => '| exclude_cover = ', 43 => '| website = ', 44 => '}}', 45 => ''''''Das Kapital''''', also known as '''''Capital. Critique of Political Economy''''' ({{lang-de|Das Kapital. Kritik der politischen Ökonomie}}, {{IPA-de|das kapiˈtaːl, kʁiːtɪk deːɐ pɔliːtɪʃən øːkoːnoːmiː|pron}}; 1867–1883) by [[Karl Marx]] is a foundational theoretical text in [[Materialism|materialist philosophy]], [[economics]] and [[politics]].<ref>{{cite book|first=', 46 => 'Karl |last= Marx |title=Das Kapital : Kritik der politischen Oekonomie |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.3931/e-rara-25773|year=1867|publisher= Verlag von Otto Meissner |place=Hamburg', 47 => '|edition=1 |volume=1|access-date= 15 June 2016| via=e-rara.ch (ETH-Bibliothek Zürich)|doi= 10.3931/e-rara-25773 }}; {{cite book|first=', 48 => 'Karl |last= Marx |title=Das Kapital : Kritik der politischen Oekonomie; herausgegeben von Friedrich Engels |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.3931/e-rara-25620|year=1885|publisher= Verlag von Otto Meissner |place=Hamburg', 49 => '|edition=1 |volume=2|access-date= 15 June 2016| via=e-rara.ch (ETH-Bibliothek Zürich)|doi= 10.3931/e-rara-25620 }}; {{cite book|first=', 50 => 'Karl |last= Marx |title=Das Kapital : Kritik der politischen Oekonomie; herausgegeben von Friedrich Engels |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.3931/e-rara-25739|year=1894|publisher= Verlag von Otto Meissner |place=Hamburg', 51 => '|edition=1 |volume=3|access-date= 15 June 2016| via=e-rara.ch (ETH-Bibliothek Zürich)|doi= 10.3931/e-rara-25739 }}</ref> Marx aimed to reveal the economic patterns underpinning the [[capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)|capitalist mode of production]], in contrast to [[Classical economics|classical political economists]] such as [[Adam Smith]], [[Jean-Baptiste Say]], [[David Ricardo]] and [[John Stuart Mill]]. Marx did not live to publish the planned second and third parts, but they were both completed from his notes and published after his death by his colleague [[Friedrich Engels]]. ''Das Kapital'' is the most cited book in the social sciences published before 1950.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Green|first1=Elliott|title=What are the most-cited publications in the social sciences (according to Google Scholar)?|url=http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/2016/05/12/what-are-the-most-cited-publications-in-the-social-sciences-according-to-google-scholar/|website=LSE Imact Blog|publisher=[[London School of Economics]]|date=12 May 2016}}</ref>', 52 => false, 53 => '== Themes ==', 54 => '{{Original research|date=October 2012}}', 55 => 'In ''Das Kapital'' (1867), Marx proposes that the motivating force of [[capitalism]] is in the [[Exploitation of labour|exploitation]] of [[labour (economics)|labor]], whose unpaid work is the ultimate source of [[surplus value]]. The [[employer|owner of the means of production]] is able to claim the right to this surplus value because he or she is legally protected by the [[capitalist state|ruling regime]] through [[property rights]] and the legally established distribution of [[Share (finance)|shares]] which are by law only to be distributed to company owners and their board members. The historical section shows how these rights were acquired in the first place chiefly through plunder and conquest and the activity of the merchant and "middle-man". In producing [[Capital (economics)|capital]] (produced goods), the workers continually reproduce the economic conditions by which they labour. ''Capital'' proposes an explanation of the "laws of motion" of the capitalist economic system, from its origins to its future, by describing the dynamics of the accumulation of capital, the growth of [[wage labour]], the transformation of the workplace, the concentration of capital, commercial competition, the [[banking]] system, the [[Tendency of the rate of profit to fall|decline of the profit rate]], land-rents, ''et cetera''.', 56 => false, 57 => 'The critique of the political economy of capitalism proposes that:', 58 => '* Wage-labour is the basic "cell-form" (trade unit) of a capitalist society. Moreover, because commerce as a human activity implied no [[Ethics|morality]] beyond that required to buy and sell goods and services, the growth of the market system made discrete entities of the economic, the moral and the legal spheres of human activity in society; hence, subjective [[moral value]] is separate from objective economic value. Subsequently, [[political economy]]—the just [[distribution of wealth]] and "political arithmetick" about taxes—became three discrete fields of human activity: [[economics]], [[law]] and [[ethics]], politics and economics divorced.{{citation needed|date=June 2013}}', 59 => '* "The economic formation of society [is] a process of natural history". It is thus possible for a [[Political economy|political economist]] to objectively study the scientific laws of capitalism, given that its expansion of the market system of commerce had [[Objectification|objectified]] human economic relations; the use of [[money]] (cash nexus) voided religious and political illusions about its [[Theory of value (economics)|economic value]] and replaced them with [[commodity fetishism]], the belief that an object (commodity) has inherent economic value. Because societal economic formation is a historical process, no one person could control or direct it, thereby creating a global complex of social connections among capitalists.{{Citation needed|date=October 2012}} The economic formation (individual commerce) of a society thus precedes the human administration of an economy (organised commerce).', 60 => '* The structural contradictions of a capitalist economy, the ''gegensätzliche Bewegung'', describe the contradictory movement originating from the two-fold character of labour and so the [[class struggle]] between [[Labour (economics)|labour]] and [[capitalism|capital]], the [[wage labour]]er and the [[Bourgeoisie|owner]] of the [[means of production]]. These capitalist economic contradictions operate "behind the backs" of the capitalists and the workers as a result of their activities and yet remain beyond their immediate [[perception]]s as men and women and as [[social class]]es.<ref>Marx, Karl. ''Capital'': The Process of Capitalist Production. 3d German edition (tr.), p. 53.</ref>', 61 => '* The economic crises ([[recession]], [[Depression (economics)|depression]], ''et cetera'') that are rooted in the contradictory character of the economic value of the commodity (cell-unit) of a capitalist society are the conditions that propitiate [[Proletariat|proletarian]] [[revolution]]—which ''[[The Communist Manifesto]]'' (1848) collectively identified as a weapon, forged by the capitalists, which the working class "turned against the [[bourgeoisie]], itself".', 62 => '* In a capitalist economy, [[technology|technological]] improvement and its consequent increased production augment the amount of [[Wealth|material wealth]] ([[use value]]) in society while simultaneously diminishing the [[Value (economics)|economic value]] of the same wealth, thereby [[Tendency of the rate of profit to fall|diminishing the rate of profit]]—a [[paradox]] characteristic of economic crisis in a capitalist economy. "Poverty in the midst of plenty" consequent to over-production and under-consumption.', 63 => false, 64 => 'After two decades of economic study and preparatory work (especially regarding the theory of [[surplus value]]), the first volume appeared in 1867 as ''The Production Process of Capital''. After Marx's death in 1883, from manuscripts and the first volume Engels introduced Volume II: ''The Circulation Process of Capital'' in 1885; and Volume III: ''The Overall Process of Capitalist Production'' in 1894. These three volumes are collectively known as ''Das Kapital''.', 65 => false, 66 => '== Synopsis ==', 67 => '=== ''Capital. Volume I'' ===', 68 => '''[[Capital, Volume I]]'' (1867) is a critical analysis of political economy, meant to reveal the contradictions of the capitalist mode of production, how it was the precursor of the [[socialist mode of production]] and of the [[class struggle]] rooted in the capitalist social relations of production. The first of three volumes of ''Das Kapital. Kritik der politischen Ökonomie'' (''Capital. Critique of Political Economy'') was published on 14 September 1867, dedicated to [[Wilhelm Wolff]] and was the sole volume published in Marx’s lifetime.', 69 => false, 70 => '=== ''Capital. Volume II'' ===', 71 => '''[[Capital, Volume II]]'', subtitled ''The Process of Circulation of Capital'', was prepared by Engels from notes left by Marx and published in 1885. It is divided into three parts: ''The Metamorphoses of Capital and Their Circuits'', ''The Turnover of Capital'' and ''The Reproduction and Circulation of the Aggregate Social Capital''. In ''Volume II'', the main ideas behind the marketplace are to be found: how value and surplus-value are realized. Its dramatis personae are not so much the worker and the industrialist (as in ''Volume I''), but rather the money owner (and money lender), the wholesale merchant, the trader and the entrepreneur or functioning capitalist. Moreover, workers appear in ''Volume II'', essentially as buyers of consumer goods and therefore as sellers of the commodity labour power, rather than producers of value and surplus-value—though this latter quality, established in ''Volume I'', remains the solid foundation on which the whole of the unfolding analysis is based. Reading ''Volume II'' is of monumental significance to understanding the theoretical construction of Marx's whole argument. Marx himself quite precisely clarified this place in a letter sent to Engels on 30 April 1868: "In Book 1... we content ourselves with the assumption that if in the self-expansion process £100 becomes £110, the latter will find already in existence in the market the elements into which it will change once more. But now we investigate the conditions under which these elements are found at hand, namely the social intertwining of the different capitals, of the component parts of capital and of revenue (= s)". This intertwining, conceived as a movement of commodities and of money, enabled Marx to work out at least the essential elements, if not the definitive form, of a coherent theory of the trade cycle, based upon the inevitability of periodic disequilibrium between supply and demand under the capitalist mode of production (Mandel, 1978, ''Introdution to Volume II of Capital''). ''Volume II'' of ''Capital'' has indeed been not only a sealed book, but also a forgotten one. To a large extent, it remains so to this very day. Part 3 is the point of departure for a [[topic (linguistics)|topic]] given its Marxist treatment later in detail by [[Rosa Luxemburg]], among others.', 72 => false, 73 => '=== ''Capital. Volume III'' ===', 74 => '''[[Capital, Volume III]]'', subtitled ''The Process of Capitalist Production as a Whole'', was prepared by Friedrich Engels from notes left by Karl Marx and published in 1894. It is in seven parts:', 75 => '# The conversion of Surplus Value into [[Profit (economics)|Profit]] and the rate of Surplus Value into the rate of Profit', 76 => '# Conversion of Profit into Average Profit', 77 => '# The Law of the [[Tendency of the rate of profit to fall|Tendency of the Rate of Profit to Fall]]', 78 => '# Conversion of Commodity Capital and Money Capital into Commercial Capital and Money-Dealing Capital (Merchant's Capital)', 79 => '# Division of Profit Into Interest and Profit of Enterprise, Interest Bearing Capital.', 80 => '# Transformation of Surplus-Profit into Ground [[Economic rent|Rent]].', 81 => '# Revenues and Their Sources', 82 => 'The work is best known today for Part 3, which in summary says that as the organic fixed capital requirements of production rise as a result of advancements in production generally, the [[rate of profit]] tends to fall. This result, which [[Orthodox Marxism|orthodox Marxists]] believe is a principal contradictory characteristic leading to an inevitable collapse of the capitalist order, was held by Marx and Engels to—as a result of various contradictions in the capitalist [[mode of production]]—result in [[Crisis theory|crises]] whose resolution necessitates the emergence of an entirely new mode of production as the culmination of the same historical dialectic that led to the emergence of capitalism from prior forms.', 83 => false, 84 => '== Intellectual influences ==', 85 => 'The purpose of ''Das Kapital'' (1867) was a scientific foundation for the politics of the modern [[labour movement]]. The analyses were meant "to bring a [[Political economy|science]], by criticism, to the point where it can be [[Dialectics|dialectically]] represented" and so "reveal the law of motion of modern society"{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} to describe how the capitalist mode of production was the precursor of the socialist mode of production. The argument is a critique of the classical economics of Adam Smith, David Ricardo, John Stuart Mill and [[Benjamin Franklin]], drawing on the [[dialectic]]al method that [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|G. W. F. Hegel]] developed in ''[[Science of Logic]]'' and ''[[The Phenomenology of Spirit]]''; other intellectual influences on ''Capital'' were the French socialists [[Charles Fourier]], [[Comte de Saint-Simon]], [[Jean Charles Léonard de Sismondi]] and [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon]]; and the [[Greek philosophy|Greek philosophers]], especially [[Aristotle]].{{citation needed|date=August 2016}}', 86 => false, 87 => 'At university, Marx wrote a dissertation comparing the [[philosophy of nature]] in the works of the philosophers [[Democritus]] (circa 460–370 BC) and [[Epicurus]] (341–270 BC). The logical architecture of ''Das Kapital'' is derived in part from the ''[[Politics (Aristotle)|Politics]]'' and the ''[[Nicomachean Ethics]]'' by Aristotle, including the fundamental distinction between [[use value]] and [[exchange value]],<ref>Marx credits Aristotle for being the "first to analyze... the form of value." In addition, he identifies the categories of use and exchange value with the Aristotlean distinction between the ''Oeconomic'' and the ''Chrematisitic''. In the ''Politics'', the former is defined as "value in use," while the latter is defined as a practice in which exchange value becomes an end unto itself."Marx, ''Capital'' Vol. 1, trans. Ben Fowkes (New York: Knopf Doubleday, 1977), 68, 253, f. 6.</ref> the "[[syllogisms]]" ([[C-M-C']] and [[M-C-M']]) for simple commodity circulation and the circulation of [[Value (economics)|value]] as [[capital (economics)|capital]].<ref>see Meikle, Scott, ''Aristotle's Economic Thought'' (London: Clarendon Press, 1997) and McCarthy, George, ''Marx and Aristotle: Nineteenth Century German Social Theory and Classical Antiquity'' (New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 1992)</ref> Moreover, the description of [[machinery]], under capitalist relations of production, as "self-acting [[automata]]" derives from Aristotle’s speculations about inanimate instruments capable of obeying commands as the condition for the abolition of [[slavery]]. In the nineteenth century, Marx’s research of the available politico-economic literature required twelve years, usually in the [[British Library]], London.<ref>''Capital'', Vol. 1, trans. Fowkes (Knopf Doubleday, 1977), 446.</ref>', 88 => false, 89 => '== ''Capital, Volume IV''<!--'Capital, Volume IV' redirects here-->==', 90 => '[[File:Marx - Theorien über den Mehrwert, 1956 - 5708926.tif|thumb|[[Karl Marx]], ''Theorien über den Mehrwert'', 1956]]', 91 => '[[File:Karl Kautsky 01.jpg|thumb|175px|[[Karl Kautsky]], editor of ''[[Theories of Surplus Value]]'']]', 92 => 'At the time of his death (1883), Marx had prepared the manuscript for ''Das Kapital, Volume IV'', a critical history of theories of [[surplus value]] of his time, the nineteenth century. The philosopher [[Karl Kautsky]] (1854–1938) published a partial edition of Marx's surplus-value critique and later published a full, three-volume edition as ''Theorien über den Mehrwert'' (''[[Theories of Surplus Value]]'', 1905–1910). The first volume was published in English as ''A History of Economic Theories'' (1952).<ref>''Columbia Encyclopedia'', Fifth Edition (1994) p. 1707.</ref>', 93 => false, 94 => '== Publication ==', 95 => '''[[Capital, Volume I]]'' (1867) was published in Marx’s lifetime, but he died in 1883 before completing the manuscripts for ''[[Capital, Volume II]]'' (1885) and ''[[Capital, Volume III]]'' (1894), which friend and collaborator Friedrich Engels edited and published as the work of Marx. The first translated publication of ''Das Kapital'' was in [[Russian history, 1892–1917|Imperial Russia]] in March 1872. It was the first foreign publication and the English edition appeared in 1887.<ref>Ostler, Nicholas. ''Empires of the Word: A Language History of the World''. HarperCollins: London and New York, 2005.</ref> Despite [[Tsarism|Tsarist]] [[censorship]] proscribing "the harmful doctrines of [[socialism]] and [[communism]]", the Russian censors considered ''Capital'' as a "strictly scientific work" of [[political economy]] the content of which did not apply to [[Absolute monarchy|monarchic]] Russia, where "capitalist [[Exploitation of labour|exploitation]]" had never occurred and was officially dismissed, given "that very few people in [[Russian history, 1892–1917|Russia]] will read it, and even fewer will understand it". Nonetheless, Marx acknowledged that Russia was the country where ''Capital'' "was read and valued more than anywhere". The Russian edition was the fastest selling. 3,000 copies were sold in one year while the German edition took five years to sell 1,000, thus the Russian translation sold fifteen times faster than the German original.<ref name="A People's Tragedy 1996 pg. 139">''A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891-1924'' (London 1996) p. 139</ref>', 96 => false, 97 => 'In the wake of the global economic collapse of 2008–2009, ''Das Kapital'' was reportedly in high demand in Germany.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7679758.stm|title=BBC NEWS - Europe - Marx popular amid credit crunch|publisher=}}</ref> In 2012, [[Red Quill Books]] released ''Capital: In Manga!'',<ref>{{Cite book| url = http://redquillbooks.com/portfolio-posts/capital-manga/| title = Capital: In Manga!| last = Yasko| first = Guy| publisher = [[Red Quill Books]]| year = 2012| isbn = 978-1-926958-19-4| access-date = 25 February 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160225150827/http://redquillbooks.com/portfolio-posts/capital-manga/|archive-date = 25 February 2016| dead-url = no}}</ref> a comic book version of Volume I which is an expanded English translation of the wildly successful<ref>Marx's 'Das Kapital' comic finds new fans in Japan. [http://www.japantoday.com/category/arts-culture/view/marxs-das-kapital-comic-finds-new-fans-in-japan Japan Today]. 23 December 2008.</ref> 2008 Japanese pocket version ''Das Kapital'' [[Manga de Dokuha]].', 98 => false, 99 => '== Translations ==', 100 => 'The foreign editions of ''Capital. Critique of Political Economy'' (1867) by Karl Marx include a Russian translation by the [[revolution]]ary [[Mikhail Bakunin]] (1814–1876). Eventually Marx's work was translated into all major languages. The English translation by Samuel Moore and Marx's son-in-law [[Edward Aveling]] of book 1, overseen by Engels, was published in 1887 as ''Capital: A Critical Analysis of Capitalist Production'' by [[William Swan Sonnenschein|Swan Sonnenschein, Lowrey, & Co.]]<ref>https://www.christies.com/lotfinder/Lot/marx-karl-1818-1883-capital-a-critical-analysis-5809013-details.aspx</ref> and reissued in the 1970s by [[Progress Publishers]] in Moscow while a more recent English translation was made by Ben Fowkes and David Fernbach (the Penguin edition). The definitive critical edition of Marx's works, "MEGA II" (''Marx-Engels Gesamtausgabe''), includes ''Das Kapital'' in German (and French, for the first volume) and shows all the versions and alterations made to the text, plus a very extensive apparatus of footnotes and (cross-)references.', 101 => false, 102 => '== Reviews ==', 103 => 'In 2017, the historian [[Gareth Stedman Jones]] wrote in the Books and Arts section of the scientific journal ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'':<ref>[[Gareth Stedman Jones]], [https://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v547/n7664/full/547401a.html "In retrospect: Das Kapital"], ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'', volume 547, pages 401-402, 27 July 2017 (page visited on 30 July 2017).</ref>', 104 => '{{Block quote|What is extraordinary about ''Das Kapital'' is that it offers a still-unrivalled picture of the dynamism of capitalism and its transformation of societies on a global scale. It firmly embedded concepts such as commodity and capital in the lexicon. And it highlights some of the vulnerabilities of capitalism, including its unsettling disruption of states and political systems. [...] If ''Das Kapital'' has now emerged as one of the great landmarks of nineteenth-century thought, it is [because it connects] critical analysis of the economy of his time with its historical roots. In doing so, he inaugurated a debate about how best to reform or transform politics and social relations, which has gone on ever since.}}', 105 => false, 106 => '== Online editions ==', 107 => '=== Volumes ===', 108 => '''Capital, Volume I'' (1867); published in Marx’s lifetime:', 109 => '* ''[http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/index.htm Capital Volume I: The Process of Production of Capital]'', from [[Marxists Internet Archive]].', 110 => '* {{librivox book | dtitle=Capital, Volume I | stitle=Capital Vol 1 | author=Karl Marx}}.', 111 => '* ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=afUtAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=capital+marx Capital, Volume I]'' 1906 edition, downloadable text and [[PDF]] from [[Google Books]].', 112 => false, 113 => '''Capital, Volume II'' (1885); manuscript not completed by Marx before his death in 1883; subsequently edited and published, by friend and collaborator Friedrich Engels, as the work of Marx:', 114 => '* ''[http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1885-c2/index.htm Capital Volume II: The Process of Circulation of Capital]'', from [[Marxists Internet Archive]].', 115 => false, 116 => '''Capital, Volume III'' (1894); manuscript not completed by Marx before his death in 1883; subsequently edited and published, by friend and collaborator Friedrich Engels, as the work of Marx:', 117 => '* ''[http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1894-c3/index.htm Capital Volume III: The Process of Capitalist Production as a Whole]'', from [[Marxists Internet Archive]].', 118 => false, 119 => '''Capital, Volume IV'' (1905–1910); critical history of theories of surplus value; manuscript written by Marx; partial edition edited and published, after Marx's death, by Karl Kautsky, as ''[[Theories of Surplus Value]]''; other editions published later:', 120 => '* ''[http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1863/theories-surplus-value/ Capital, Volume IV: Theories of Surplus Value]'', from [[Marxists Internet Archive]].', 121 => false, 122 => '=== Synopses ===', 123 => '* [http://davidharvey.org/reading-capital/ Reading Marx's Capital] – series of video lectures by professor [[David Harvey (geographer)|David Harvey]].', 124 => '* {{cite book |url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/download/Engels_Synopsis_of_Capital.pdf |title=Fredrick Engels' Synopsis of Capital |format=PDF |volume=I |pages=54 |year=1868 |publisher=Marxists }} (The first four parts (chapters) of the eventual seven of Volume I).', 125 => '* {{cite book |url=http://www.workersliberty.org/system/files/ruhle.pdf |title=Otto Ruhle's Abridgement of Karl Marx's Capital : A Critique of Political Economy |format=PDF |pages=48 |publisher=Workers' Liberty}}', 126 => false, 127 => '== Footnotes ==', 128 => '{{reflist|33em}}', 129 => false, 130 => '== See also ==', 131 => '{{div col|colwidth=20}}', 132 => '* [[Accumulation by dispossession]]', 133 => '* [[Analytical Marxism]]', 134 => '* [[Étienne Balibar]]', 135 => '* [[Eduard Bernstein]]', 136 => '* [[G. A. Cohen]]', 137 => '* [[Capital accumulation]]', 138 => '* [[Cost of capital]]', 139 => '* [[Crisis theory]]', 140 => '* [[Culture of capitalism]]', 141 => '* [[History of theory of capitalism]]', 142 => '* [[Immiseration thesis]]', 143 => '* [[Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism]]', 144 => '* [[Krisis Groupe]]', 145 => '* [[Labor theory of value]]', 146 => '* [[Law of accumulation]]', 147 => '* [[Law of value]]', 148 => '* [[Marx's theory of alienation]]', 149 => '* [[Primitive accumulation of capital]]', 150 => '* [[Relations of production]]', 151 => '* [[Return on capital]]', 152 => '* [[Surplus labour]]', 153 => '* [[Valorisation]]', 154 => '* [[Value added]]', 155 => '* [[Vladimir Lenin]]', 156 => '{{div col end}}', 157 => false, 158 => '== Further reading ==', 159 => '{{refbegin|33em}}', 160 => '* [[Althusser, Louis]] and [[Balibar, Étienne]]. ''[[Reading Capital]]''. London: Verso, 2009.', 161 => '* Althusser, Louis (1969) ''[http://www.generation-online.org/p/fpalthusser11.htm How to Read Marx's Capital]'' from ''[[Marxism Today]]'', October 1969, 302-305. Originally appeared (in French) in ''Humanité'' on 21 April 1969.', 162 => '* [[Thomas Bottomore|Bottomore, Thomas]], ed. ''A Dictionary of Marxist Thought''. Oxford: Blackwell, 1998.', 163 => '* Euchner, Walter and [[Alfred Schmidt (philosopher)|Alfred Schmidt]], eds. ''Kritik der politischen Ökonomie heute. 100 Jahre "Kapital". Frankfurt: Europäische Verlagsanstalt; Wien: Europa-Verlag, 1968, [http://d-nb.info/457299002 DNB 457299002]. {{de icon}}', 164 => '* [[Ben Fine|Fine, Ben]]. ''Marx's Capital.'' 5th ed. London: Pluto, 2010.', 165 => '* [[David Harvey (geographer)|Harvey, David]]. ''A Companion to Marx's Capital.'' London: Verso, 2010.', 166 => '* Harvey, David. ''The Limits of Capital''. London: Verso, 2006.', 167 => '* [[Ernest Mandel|Mandel, Ernest]]. ''Marxist Economic Theory'', Vols. 1 and 2. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1970.', 168 => '* ''Capital: An Abridged Edition'', Karl Marx (Author), David McLellan (Editor), 2008, Oxford Paperbacks; Abridged edition, Oxford, UK. {{ISBN|978-0-19-953570-5}}', 169 => '* [[Postone, Moishe]]. ''Time, Labor, and Social Domination: A Reinterpretation of Marx's Critical Theory.'' Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 1993.', 170 => '* [[Michio Morishima]]. ''Marx's Economics, a dual theory of worth and growth''. Cambridge university Press, 1973.', 171 => '* Variety Artworks. [http://www.redquillbooks.com/Capital_Manga.html ''Capital: In Manga!''] Ottawa: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120823013029/http://redquillbooks.com/Home_Page.html Red Quill Books], 2012. {{ISBN|978-1-926958-19-4}}.', 172 => '* [[Francis Wheen|Wheen, Francis]]. ''Marx's Das Kapital—A Biography''. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2006. {{ISBN|978-0-8021-4394-5}}.', 173 => '{{refend}}', 174 => false, 175 => '== External links ==', 176 => '{{Wikisource|Das Kapital}}', 177 => '{{commons|Das Kapital|Das Kapital}}', 178 => '* [http://www.generation-online.org/p/fpalthusser11.htm How to Read Marx's Capital]. By [[Louis Althusser]].', 179 => '* [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1847/wage-labour/index.htm Wage Labour and Capital]. An earlier work by Marx that deals with many of the ideas later expanded in Das Kapital.', 180 => '* [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/download/Engels_Synopsis_of_Capital.pdf Synopsis of Capital]. By [[Friedrich Engels]].', 181 => '* [http://davidharvey.org Reading Marx’s Capital]. University open courses by [[David Harvey (geographer)|David Harvey]].', 182 => '* [http://www.workersliberty.org/system/files/fscache/FB/9B/FB9B4414 Abridgement of Karl Marx's Capital]. By [[Otto Rühle]].', 183 => '* [http://content.csbs.utah.edu/~ehrbar/akmc.htm Annotations, Explanations and Clarifications to Capital]. Will help with understanding the early concepts.', 184 => '* [http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/article.php?article_id=11076 First in a series of accessible columns on Capital] by [[Joseph Choonara]] in [[Socialist Worker]].', 185 => '* [http://www.polyluxmarx.de/en/home.html PolyluxMarx : A Capital Workbook in ppt Slides].', 186 => '* [https://www.jacobinmag.com/2018/07/karl-marx-capital-david-harvey Why Marx’s Capital Still Matters]. [[David Harvey]] via ''[[Jacobin (magazine)|Jacobin]]'', July 12, 2018', 187 => false, 188 => '{{Marx/Engels}}', 189 => '{{Authority control}}' ]