Examine individual changes

'{{Other ships|HMS Ark Royal}} {{EngvarB|date=April 2016}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2016}} {|{{Infobox ship begin}} {{Infobox ship image |Ship image=HMS Ark Royal h85716.jpg |Ship caption=HMS ''Ark Royal'' in 1939, with Swordfish of [[820 Naval Air Squadron]] passing overhead }} {{Infobox ship class overview |Class before={{sclass-|Courageous|aircraft carrier|4}} |Class after={{sclass-|Illustrious|aircraft carrier|4}} }} {{Infobox ship career |Ship country=United Kingdom |Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|naval}} |Ship name=HMS ''Ark Royal'' (91) |Ship ordered= 1934 build programme |Ship builder=[[Cammell Laird|Cammell Laird and Company Ltd.]] |Ship laid down=16 September 1935 |Ship launched=13 April 1937 |Ship commissioned=16 December 1938 |Ship fate=*Sank 14 November 1941 *after being torpedoed by {{GS|U-81|1941|2}} on 13 November 1941 |Ship motto=''Desire n'a pas Repos'' – "Zeal Does Not Rest" |Ship honours= *[[Allied campaign in Norway|Norway]] 1940 *[[Battle of Cape Spartivento|Spartivento]] 1940 *[[Battle of the Mediterranean|Mediterranean]] 1940–41 *[[Malta Convoys]] 1941}} {{Infobox ship characteristics |Ship type= [[Aircraft Carrier]] |Ship displacement=*{{convert|22000|LT|t|abbr=on}} standard *{{convert|27720|LT|t|abbr=on}} loaded |Ship length=*{{convert|800|ft|m|abbr=on}} [[Length overall|overall]] *{{convert|721|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}} waterline |Ship beam={{convert|94|ft|9.6|in|m|abbr=on}} |Ship draught={{convert|27.8|ft|9.6|in|m|abbr=on}} |ship power={{convert|102000|shp|kW|lk=in|abbr=on}} |Ship propulsion=*3 × [[Parsons Marine Steam Turbine Company|Parsons]] geared [[Steam turbine|turbine]]s *6 × [[Admiralty 3-drum boiler]]s *3 × shafts |Ship speed=*{{convert|30|kn|lk=in}} as designed *{{convert|31|kn}} actual |Ship range={{convert|7600|nmi|lk=in|abbr=on}} at {{convert|20|kn}} |Ship complement=1,580&nbsp;officers and sailors |Ship sensors= |Ship armament=*16 × [[QF 4.5 inch naval gun|{{convert|4.5|in|mm|abbr=on}}]] [[dual purpose gun]]s (8×2) *32 × [[QF 2-pounder naval gun|2-pounder ({{convert|40|mm|in|2|abbr=on}}) "Pom-pom"]] [[Anti-aircraft warfare|anti-aircraft gun]]s (4×8)<ref name=pompom/> *32 × [[Vickers .50 machine gun#Mark III|{{convert|.50|in|mm|1|abbr=on}} anti-aircraft]] machine guns (8×4) |Ship armour=*'''[[Belt armor|Belt]]:''' {{convert|4.5|in|cm|1|abbr=on}} *'''[[Deck (ship)|Deck]]:''' {{convert|3.5|in|cm||abbr=on}} over boiler rooms and magazines |Ship aircraft=*72 (designed) *50–60 (actual) *1939–40: 26 × [[Fairey Swordfish]], 24 × [[Blackburn Skua]]s *1940–41: 30 × Fairey Swordfish, 12 × Blackburn Skuas, 12 × [[Fairey Fulmar]]s *1941: 36 × Fairey Swordfish, 18 × Fairey Fulmars |Ship aircraft facilities=2 × [[Aircraft catapult|catapult]]s |Ship notes= }} |} '''HMS ''Ark Royal''''' ([[pennant number]] 91) was an [[aircraft carrier]] of the [[Royal Navy]] that served during the [[Second World War]]. Designed in 1934 to fit the restrictions of the [[Washington Naval Treaty]], ''Ark Royal'' was built by [[Cammell Laird|Cammell Laird and Company Ltd.]] at [[Birkenhead]], England, and completed in November 1938. Her design differed from previous aircraft carriers. ''Ark Royal'' was the first ship on which the hangars and [[flight deck]] were an integral part of the hull, instead of an add-on or part of the [[wikt:superstructure|superstructure]]. Designed to carry a large number of aircraft, she had two hangar deck levels. She served during a period that first saw the extensive use of naval air power; several carrier tactics were developed and refined aboard ''Ark Royal''. ''Ark Royal'' served in some of the most active naval theatres of the Second World War. She was involved in the first aerial and U-boat kills of the war, [[Allied campaign in Norway|operations off Norway]], the [[Last battle of the battleship Bismarck|search for the German battleship]] {{Ship|German battleship|Bismarck||2}}, and the [[Malta Convoys]]. ''Ark Royal'' survived several near misses and gained a reputation as a 'lucky ship'. She was torpedoed on 13 November 1941 by the German submarine {{GS|U-81|1941|2}} and sank the following day; one of her 1,488 crew members was killed. Her sinking was the subject of several inquiries; investigators were keen to know how the carrier was lost, in spite of efforts to save the ship and tow her to the naval base at [[Gibraltar]]. They found that several design flaws contributed to the loss, which were rectified in new British carriers. The wreck was discovered in December 2002 by an American underwater survey company using sonar mounted on an autonomous underwater vehicle, under contract from the [[BBC]] for the filming of a documentary about the ship,<ref name="hydro2004">{{cite magazine|last1= Warren|first1=Daniel|last2=Church|first2=Robert|last3=Davey|first3=Rick|date=September 2004|title=Discovering H.M.S. Ark Royal|url=http://www.edgetech.com/images/ut-news/articles/hydro2004.pdf |magazine= Hydro International|accessdate=10 August 2016}}</ref> at a depth of about 1000 metres and approximately {{convert|30|nmi|mi km|lk=in}} from Gibraltar. ==Design== In 1923, the [[Admiralty]] prepared a 10-year building programme which included an aircraft carrier and 300&nbsp;aircraft for the [[Fleet Air Arm]].<ref name="Rossiter">{{cite book |last=Rossiter |title=Ark Royal |pages=43–4}}</ref> The economic downturn following the First World War caused it to be postponed. In 1930, the Director of Naval Construction, Sir Arthur Johns, began to update the plans for the carrier by incorporating recently developed technology.<ref name="Rossiter"/> His aim was to increase the number of aircraft carried by shortening the landing and take-off distances of aircraft using [[Arresting gear|arrestor gear]] and [[Aircraft catapult|compressed steam catapults]] respectively, which would make more deck space available for storage and aircraft preparation.<ref name="Rossiter"/><ref name=BisChant/> Along with the inclusion of two hangar decks, this allowed ''Ark Royal'' to carry up to 72&nbsp;aircraft, although the development of larger and heavier aircraft during the carrier's construction meant that the actual number carried was between 50 and 60.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rossiter |title=Ark Royal |pages=48–51}}</ref> Ark Royal featured an enclosed hangar design<ref>Friedman. When the flight deck becomes the strength deck, the aircraft hangars are then enclosed within the hull structure. The terms, 'enclosed' and 'open' hangars do not, strictly speaking, refer to a hangar that is closed or open on the sides, but rather to whether the hangar is, respectively, below or above the strength deck.</ref> where the fight deck was the 'strength deck'<ref>Friedman. The flight deck was designed with .75 in of Ducol steel. The enclosed hangar design required a deck of approximately this thickness to ensure adequate hull integrity, so the limited armour protection was a by-product of the enclosed hangar design. The strength deck is designed to carry structural loading in combination with the hull girder and side and bottom plating. Ship's structure above the strength deck is termed 'superstructure'. Ducol steel was an advanced type of high tensile steel which had great strength and was often used to provide armour for splinter protection.</ref> and was strongly built with .75in (19mm) thick Ducol steel plating.[2] The two hangar decks were thus enclosed within the hull girder, which also gave splinter protection to the hangars. The machinery spaces were protected by {{convert|4.5|in|cm|1|adj=on}} [[belt armour]].<ref name=BisChant/> Three lifts moved aircraft between the hangars and the flight deck.<ref name=BisChant/> [[File:HMS Ark Royal 19sb2j1.jpg|thumb|left|''Ark Royal''{{'}}s flight deck overhangs the stern. Her unusual height above the waterline is visible in comparison with the tugboat.]] Another feature was the length and height of the flight deck. At {{convert|800|ft|m}}, the flight deck was {{convert|118|ft|m}} longer than the keel; the latter dictated by the length of Royal Navy drydocks in [[Gibraltar]] and [[Malta]].<ref name=BisChant/> Due to the twin hangar decks, the flight deck rose to {{convert|66|ft|m}} above the waterline.<ref name=Jameson/> The [[Washington Naval Treaty|Washington]] and [[London Naval Treaty|London Naval treaties]] had restricted warship tonnage for a number of nations after the end of the great war and were both to expire by the end of 1936.{{Ref label|A|a|none}} With a potential naval arms race developing between Britain, Japan and Italy, the [[Her Majesty's Government|British government]] sought a [[Second London Naval Treaty|second treaty]], which included limiting the maximum displacement of an aircraft carrier to {{convert|22000|LT|t}}.<ref name="Rossiter 48-9">{{cite book |last=Rossiter |title=Ark Royal |pages=48–9}}</ref> ''Ark Royal'' would have to fit this anticipated limit; to conserve weight, armour plating was limited to the belt, engine rooms, and [[Magazine (artillery)|magazines]], while [[welding]] instead of [[rivet]]ing 65% of the hull saved {{convert|500|LT|t}}.<ref name="Rossiter 48-9"/> Installation of an [[armoured flight deck]] was not possible, as the weight would have placed ''Ark Royal'' above the proposed limit, while reducing her endurance and stability.<ref name="Rossiter 48-9"/> The ship was designed with a three layer [[side protection system]] based upon a void-liquid-void scheme very similar to that used on the [[King George V-class battleship (1939)#Underwater protection|''King George V''-class]] battleships, and was designed to protect against torpedoes with up to a {{convert|750|lb|kg|adj=on}} warhead.<ref>{{cite book|last=Garzke|title=Allied Battleships|pages=364–5}}</ref><ref name="Friedman 121">{{cite book|last=Friedman|title=British Carrier Aviation|page=121}}</ref> The ship was fitted with six boilers, which powered three Parsons geared turbines. The turbines were connected via three driveshafts to three propellers {{convert|16|ft|m}} in diameter, to produce a maximum theoretical speed of {{convert|30|kn|lk=in}}.<ref name=navalhistory.net/><ref>{{cite book|last=Rossiter|title=Ark Royal|page=47}}</ref> Speed was important, as with catapults and arrestor gear, ''Ark Royal'' would have to turn into the wind to launch and recover aircraft. To avoid endangering other ships with the frequent course changes associated with flight operations, ''Ark Royal'' would have to break away from accompanying ships, and catch up on completion. Additionally, as the carrier was not armed for ship-to-ship combat, speed was her main protection against enemy warships.<ref name="Rossiter"/> ==Construction== The deteriorating international situation by 1933, typified by Germany's rearmament and the expansion of Japan and Italy, convinced the British to announce funds for the carrier's construction in the 1934 budget proposals.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rossiter |title=Ark Royal |page=45}}</ref> The plans were finished by November 1934 and were tendered in February 1935 to [[Cammell Laird|Cammell Laird and Company Ltd.]], which calculated the cost of the hull at [[British pound|£]]1,496,250 ({{Inflation|UK|1496250|1935|fmt=eq|cursign=£|r=-4}}){{Inflation-fn|UK}} and the main machinery at approximately £500,000 (equivalent to £31,850,000 in 2016).<ref name=navalhistory.net>{{cite web|last=Mason|url=http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-04CV-Ark%20Royal.htm|title=HMS Ark Royal – Fleet Aircraft Carrier|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160929090826/http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-04CV-Ark%20Royal.htm|archivedate=29 September 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Rossiter|title=Ark Royal|pages=45–46}}</ref> The overall cost was estimated to be over £3&nbsp;million, making ''Ark Royal'' the most expensive ship ordered by the Royal Navy.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rossiter|title=Ark Royal|page=46}}</ref> Construction began on Job No.&nbsp;1012 when ''Ark Royal''{{'}}s keel was laid down on 16 September 1935.<ref name="Colledge">{{cite book|last=Colledge & Warlow|title=Ships of the Royal Navy|page=21}}</ref> [[File:HMS Ark Royal (91) just after launching.jpg|thumb|left|''Ark Royal'' immediately after launching. The lifts on the flight deck and the anti-aircraft positions on the hull are visible.]] ''Ark Royal'' spent nearly two years in the builder's yard before being launched on 13 April 1937 by [[Maud Hoare, Viscountess Templewood|Lady Maud Hoare]], wife of [[Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood|Sir Samuel Hoare]], then [[Lord Commissioner of the Admiralty|First Lord of the Admiralty]]. The bottle of champagne thrown against ''Ark Royal''{{'}}s bows did not smash until the fourth attempt.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rossiter|title=Ark Royal|page=41}}</ref> The carrier spent a year [[fitting out]], was handed over to her first commander, [[Arthur John Power|Captain Arthur Power]], on 16 November 1938, and was commissioned on 16 December.<ref name="Colledge"/> Although intended for the Far East, events in Europe during the carrier's construction, including the [[Second Italo-Abyssinian War|Italian invasion of Abyssinia]] in 1935 and the [[Spanish Civil War]] in 1936, caused the Admiralty to mark her for deployment with the [[Home Fleet|Home]] and [[Mediterranean Fleet (United Kingdom)|Mediterranean Fleets]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Rossiter|title=Ark Royal|pages=61–62}}</ref> After her crew joined at the end of 1938, ''Ark Royal'' underwent [[sea trial]]s to prepare for service, during which the carrier proved capable of sailing above her theoretical speed, reaching over {{convert|31|kn}}<ref name=Jameson>{{cite book|last=Jameson|title=Ark Royal|page=16}}</ref> and in trials during May 1938 ''Ark Royal'' achieved {{convert|31.2|kn}} with {{convert|103012|shp|kW|lk=in}} at a deep displacement of {{convert|27525|LT|t}}.<ref>Friedman, p.123</ref> ==Armament and aircraft== ''Ark Royal''{{'}}s armament was designed with [[anti-aircraft warfare]] in mind, as aircraft were expected to be the main threat; ships and submarines could be outrun or dealt with by escorts.<ref name="Westwood"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Rossiter | title=Ark Royal |page=47}}</ref> Her main armament was sixteen [[QF 4.5 inch naval gun|quick-firing {{convert|4.5|in|mm|adj=on}}]] [[dual purpose gun]]s in eight double turrets, four on each side of the hull, controlled by four [[Gun Director|Director]]s using the [[High Angle Control System]].<ref name=BisChant>{{cite book |last=Bishop & Chant |title=Aircraft carriers |page=45}}</ref> The original design placed the turrets low on the hull, but was later altered to locate them just below the flight deck, which increased each turret's [[Field of fire (weaponry)|field of fire]].<ref name=BisChant/> Six<ref name=pompom>Friedman, ''British Carrier Aviation'', Appendix A. Ark Royal entered service with four 8-barrelled mountings, but by October 1941 all six mountings were in place.</ref> 8-barrelled [[QF 2-pounder naval gun|2-pounder ({{convert|40|mm|in|2|adj=on}}) "pom-pom" gun]]s were located on the flight deck, in front of and behind the superstructure island, while eight 4-barrelled {{convert|.50|in|mm|1|adj=on}} machine guns were installed on small projecting platforms to the front and rear of the flight deck.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rossiter|title=Ark Royal|pages=47–48}}</ref> Sixteen [[Fleet Air Arm]] squadrons were posted aboard ''Ark Royal'' during her career; an average of five squadrons at any time. On entering service, most of ''Ark Royal''{{'}}s squadrons were equipped with either [[Blackburn Skua]]s—used as fighters and dive bombers—or [[Fairey Swordfish]]<!-- Every printed source I've seen lists the plural as "Swordfish". -->, for reconnaissance and torpedo bombing. From April 1940, squadrons equipped with Skuas were upgraded to [[Fairey Fulmar]]s; like their predecessors, these were used as fighters and bombers. On occasion, the carrier operated [[Blackburn Roc]] fighter-bombers (from April 1939 – October 1940) and [[Fairey Albacore]] torpedo bombers (during October 1941); these were replacement aircraft used to boost squadron numbers.<ref name="Rossiter 112">{{cite book|last=Rossiter|title=Ark Royal|page=112}}</ref> In June 1940, ''Ark Royal'' was host to [[701 Naval Air Squadron]], a training squadron which operated [[Supermarine Walrus]] reconnaissance [[amphibious aircraft|amphibians]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Brown|title=Carrier Operations|page=15|display-authors=etal}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" |+ Squadrons embarked aboard ''Ark Royal'' |- ! style="width:10%;"|Squadron ! style="width:20%;"|Aircraft operated ! class="unsortable" style="width:25%;"|Embarked (from – to) ! class="unsortable" style="width:35%;"|Notes |- |[[800 Naval Air Squadron|800]] || [[Blackburn Skua|Blackburn Skua Mk. II]] || January 1939 – April 1941 || Transferred to {{HMS|Victorious|R38|2}} |- |[[810 Naval Air Squadron|810]] || [[Fairey Swordfish|Fairey Swordfish Mk. I]] || January 1939 – March 1941<br/>May – September 1941 || Aboard {{HMS|Illustrious|87|2}} from March – May 1941 |- |[[820 Naval Air Squadron|820]] || [[Fairey Swordfish|Fairey Swordfish Mk. I]] || January 1939 – June 1941 || – |- |[[821 Naval Air Squadron|821]] || [[Fairey Swordfish|Fairey Swordfish Mk. I]] || January 1939 – April 1940 || Removed from operational service following losses against ''Scharnhorst'' |- |[[803 Naval Air Squadron|803]] || [[Blackburn Skua|Blackburn Skua Mk. II]] <br/> [[Blackburn Roc|Blackburn Roc Mk. I]] || April 1939 – October 1940 || – |- |[[818 Naval Air Squadron|818]] || [[Fairey Swordfish|Fairey Swordfish Mk. I]] || August – October 1939 <br/> June – July 1940 || Operated from {{HMS|Furious|47|2}} and land bases between October 1939 and June 1940 |- |[[801 Naval Air Squadron|801]] || [[Blackburn Skua|Blackburn Skua Mk. II]] || April – May 1940 || Transferred to ''Furious'' |- |[[807 Naval Air Squadron|807]] || [[Fairey Fulmar|Fairey Fulmar Mk. II]] || April 1940 – November 1941 || Embarked at sinking |- |[[701 Naval Air Squadron|701]] || [[Supermarine Walrus|Supermarine Walrus Mk. I]] || June 1940 || Training squadron |- |[[808 Naval Air Squadron|808]] || [[Fairey Fulmar|Fairey Fulmar Mk. II]] || September 1940 – November 1941 || Embarked at sinking |- |821X || [[Fairey Swordfish|Fairey Swordfish Mk. I]] || December 1940 – January 1941 || [[Flight (military unit)|Flight]] assembled from [[821 Naval Air Squadron|821 Squadron]] survivors, later absorbed into [[815 Naval Air Squadron|815 Squadron]] |- |800Y || [[Fairey Fulmar|Fairey Fulmar Mk. I]] || June 1941 || [[Flight (military unit)|Flight]] from [[800 Naval Air Squadron|800 Squadron]] |- |[[825 Naval Air Squadron|825]] || [[Fairey Swordfish|Fairey Swordfish Mk. I]] || June – November 1941 || Embarked at sinking |- |[[816 Naval Air Squadron|816]] || [[Fairey Swordfish|Fairey Swordfish Mk. I]] || July – November 1941 || Embarked at sinking |- |[[812 Naval Air Squadron|812]] || [[Fairey Swordfish|Fairey Swordfish Mk. I]] || September – November 1941 || Embarked at sinking |- |[[828 Naval Air Squadron|828]] || [[Fairey Swordfish|Fairey Swordfish Mk. I]] <br/> [[Fairey Albacore|Fairey Albacore Mk. I]] || October 1941 || Redeployed to Malta |} ==Service history== ===With the hunter-killer groups=== [[File:Declaration of war naval message.jpg|thumb|right|The message sent to the ship informing her of the commencing of hostilities on 3 September 1939]] The outbreak of the Second World War on 3 September 1939 had been presaged by Germany's [[U-boat]] fleet taking up positions off the British coast, where they could intercept British shipping.<ref name=Edwards18/> Within hours of the war starting, the passenger ship {{SS|Athenia||6}} was torpedoed by {{GS|U-30|1936|2}}, the first of over 65,000 tons of shipping sunk by U-boats during the first week of the war.<ref name=Edwards18>{{cite book |last=Edwards |title=Dönitz and the Wolf Packs |page=18}}</ref><ref name="Rossiter 74-7">{{cite book |last=Rossiter |title=Ark Royal |pages=74–7}}</ref> ''Ark Royal'' was deployed with the Home Fleet in the [[Western Approaches|North Western Approaches]] as part of a "hunter-killer" group, consisting of a flotilla of destroyers and other anti-submarine vessels grouped around an aircraft carrier; either {{HMS|Courageous|50|2}}, {{HMS|Hermes|95|2}} or ''Ark Royal''. Carrier-borne aircraft could increase the area searched for U-boats, but made the carriers tempting targets.<ref name="Rossiter 74-7"/> On 14 September, ''Ark Royal'' received a distress call from {{SS|Fanad Head||6}}, which was {{convert|200|nmi|mi km|lk=in}} away under pursuit from the surfaced ''U-30''.<ref name=fanad/> ''Ark Royal'' launched aircraft to aid the merchant ship, but was spotted by {{GS|U-39|1938|2}}, which launched two torpedoes.<ref name=fanad/><ref name=Edwards87/> Lookouts spotted the torpedo tracks and ''Ark Royal'' turned towards the attack, reducing her cross-section and causing the torpedoes to miss and explode harmlessly astern.<ref name="Rossiter 74-7"/> Three [[E and F-class destroyer|F-class destroyer]]s escorting the carrier began to [[depth charge]] ''U-39'', and forced her to the surface.<ref name=Edwards87>{{cite book |last=Edwards |title=Dönitz and the wolf packs |page=87}}</ref> The German crew abandoned ship before ''U-39'' sank—the first U-boat lost during the war.<ref name=Edwards87/> ''Ark Royal''{{'}}s aircraft reached ''Fanad Head'', which was in the hands of a German boarding party.<ref name=fanad/> The Skuas unsuccessfully attacked ''U-30'': two crashed when caught by the blast of their own bombs.<ref name=fanad/> The U-boat escaped after rescuing the boarding party and the pilots of the downed aircraft (both observers had drowned), and torpedoing the ''Fanad Head''.<ref name=fanad>{{cite book |last=Rossiter |title=Ark Royal |pages=75–8}}</ref> ''Ark Royal'' returned to base in [[Loch Ewe]], where she and her crew were inspected by [[Winston Churchill]]. The sinking of ''U-39'' was hailed as important to morale. However, the failed attack on ''Ark Royal'', and the successful attack on ''Courageous'' on 17 September, convinced the Admiralty it was too dangerous to risk aircraft carriers in this way, and carrier-centred hunter-killer groups were abandoned.<ref name="Rossiter 74-7"/> ===Another near miss=== [[File:HMS Ark Royal h79167.jpg|thumb|''Ark Royal'' conducting flying operations in 1939]] On 25 September, ''Ark Royal'' helped rescue the submarine {{HMS|Spearfish|69S|2}}, which had been damaged by German warships off Horn Reefs, in the [[Kattegat]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Rossiter |title=Ark Royal |page=81}}</ref> While returning to port with ''Spearfish'' and the battleships {{HMS|Nelson|28|2}} and {{HMS|Rodney|29|2}} on 26 September, the ships were located by three ''[[Luftwaffe]]'' [[Dornier Do 18]] [[seaplane]]s.<ref name=navalhistory.net/> ''Ark Royal'' launched three [[Blackburn Skua]]s to disperse them; one Dornier was shot down in the first British aerial kill of the war.<ref name="Westwood">{{cite book |last=Westwood |title=Fighting Ships of World War II |page=66}}</ref> The air commander aboard ''Ark Royal''—aware that the surviving Dorniers would report the location of the British ships—ordered the aircraft to be secured and the anti-aircraft weapons readied.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rossiter |title=Ark Royal |page=82}}</ref> Four [[Junkers Ju 88]] [[bomber]]s<ref>{{cite book |last=Bekker |title=The Luftwaffe War Diaries |pages=75–76}}</ref> of the ''Luftwaffe'' bomber wing [[KG 30]] soon appeared: three were driven away by anti-aircraft fire, but the fourth launched a {{convert|1000|kg|lb|adj=on}} bomb at the carrier. ''Ark Royal'' turned hard to starboard, heeling over and avoiding the bomb, which landed in the ocean {{convert|30|m|ft}} off her starboard bow and sent a spout of water over the ship. The German pilots did not see if the carrier had been hit, and a reconnaissance flight later located the two battleships, but not ''Ark Royal''. Based on this information, the Germans incorrectly claimed that ''Ark Royal'' had sunk.<ref name=ross84.5>{{cite book |last=Rossiter |title=Ark Royal |pages=84–5}}</ref> To prove the German propaganda false before it had a negative effect on Britain's allies, [[Winston Churchill]] personally reassured United States President [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] that the carrier was undamaged and invited the US naval attaché to view ''Ark Royal'' in dock.<ref name=ross84.5/> The British naval attaché in Rome was instructed to assure Italian Prime Minister [[Benito Mussolini]] that the ship was still in service.<ref name=ross84.5/> This was an embarrassment for [[Goebbels]] and [[Nazi propaganda]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Balfour |title=Propaganda in War 1939–1945 |pages=158–9}}</ref> ===Hunting the ''Graf Spee''=== In October 1939, ''Ark Royal'' was redeployed to [[Freetown]] to operate off the African coast in the hunt for the German [[commerce raider]] {{Ship|German cruiser|Admiral Graf Spee||2}}. The carrier was assigned to [[Force K]], and sailed with the battlecruiser {{HMS|Renown|1916|2}} to the South Atlantic.<ref name=navalhistory.net/> On 9 October, aircraft from ''Ark Royal'' spotted the [[German tanker Altmark|German tanker ''Altmark'']], which supplied ''Graf Spee''. The tanker was disguised as the US vessel ''Delmar'', which fooled the British into passing her by.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rossiter |title=Ark Royal |pages=88–9}}</ref> On 5 November, ''Ark Royal'' captured the German merchant {{SS|Uhenfels||6}}, which was attempting to reach Germany. The ship was later taken into British service as a cargo ship<ref name=Jameson53>{{cite book |last=Jameson |title=Ark Royal |page=53}}</ref> and renamed ''Empire Ability''.<ref name=Mitchell431>{{cite book |last=Mitchell |title=The Empire Ships |page=431}}</ref> Several neutral merchant ships were also spotted by the carrier's aircraft, twice causing crews to believe they were under attack and abandon ship.<ref name=Jameson42>{{cite book |last=Jameson |title=Ark Royal |page=42}}</ref> A note explaining the situation was dropped in a bag to a Norwegian vessel's crew, and they re-boarded; an attempt to repeat this exercise with a Belgian crew failed when the bag was dropped down the ship's funnel.<ref name=Jameson42/> By this time, ''Graf Spee'' had put into [[Montevideo]] to repair damage received during the [[battle of the River Plate]]. Two Royal Navy cruisers followed the raider, and patrolled the harbour entrance while reporting ''Graf Spee''{{'}}s position to the fleet. ''Ark Royal'' and ''Renown'' were dispatched to join the British ships outside the harbour, but as they were 36&nbsp;hours away, the British naval attaché came up with a plan to make the Germans believe that the two capital ships had already arrived. An order for fuel for ''Ark Royal'' was placed at [[Buenos Aires]], {{convert|140|mi|km}} west of Montevideo. This was leaked to the press, passed on to the German embassy in Montevideo, and given to ''Graf Spee''{{'}}s captain, [[Hans Langsdorff]].<ref name="Rossiter 94-6">{{cite book |last=Rossiter |title=Ark Royal |pages=94–6}}</ref> This contributed to Langsdorff's decision to scuttle his ship.<ref name="Rossiter 94-6"/> ===Return to the fleet=== With ''Graf Spee'' sunk, ''Ark Royal'' remained in the Atlantic for a short time before escorting the damaged [[heavy cruiser]] {{HMS|Exeter|68|2}} back to [[HMNB Devonport|Devonport Dockyard]], where they arrived in February.<ref name=navalhistory.net/> Following this, ''Ark Royal'' proceeded to [[Portsmouth]] to take on supplies and personnel, before sailing to [[Scapa Flow]]. On arrival, she transferred her Blackburn Skuas to [[RNAS Hatston|Naval Air Station ''Hatston'']] to strengthen the anchorage's defences.<ref name="Rossiter3">{{cite book |last=Rossiter |title=Ark Royal |page=99}}</ref> ''Ark Royal'' was then assigned to the [[Mediterranean Fleet (United Kingdom)|Mediterranean Fleet]] for exercises, departing Scapa Flow on 31 March 1940 and heading for [[Alexandria]] with the aircraft carrier {{HMS|Glorious|77|2}}.<ref name=navalhistory.net/> The carriers arrived in the Eastern Mediterranean on 8 April, but the exercises were cancelled a day later. The ships sailed to [[Gibraltar]] to await orders.<ref name="Rossiter3"/> German forces had invaded Norway as part of [[Operation Weserübung|Operation ''Weserübung'']] on 9 April, and had secured sections of the coast. Attempts by the Royal Navy to operate in support of British troops were unsuccessful; air attacks had overwhelmed the ships, sinking {{HMS|Gurkha|F20|2}} and nearly sinking {{HMS|Suffolk|55|2}}. Realising that the British ships required air cover, but aware that the Norwegian coast was outside the range of British land-based aircraft, the Admiralty recalled ''Ark Royal'' and ''Glorious'' from the Mediterranean on 16 April.<ref name="Rossiter3"/> ===Norwegian campaign=== ''Ark Royal'' and ''Glorious'' arrived at Scapa Flow on 23 April 1940 and were immediately redeployed as part of Operation&nbsp;DX. Sailing to Norway with the cruisers {{HMS|Curlew|D42|2}} and {{HMS|Berwick|65|2}} and screened by the destroyers {{HMS|Hyperion|H97|2}}, {{HMS|Hereward|H93|2}}, {{HMS|Hasty|H24|2}}, {{HMS|Fearless|H67|2}}, {{HMS|Fury|H76|2}} and {{HMS|Juno|F46|2}}, this was the first time the Royal Navy had deployed carriers with the primary purpose of providing fighter protection for other warships.<ref name=navalhistory.net/> The ships took up position on 25 April off the coast; ''Ark Royal'' positioned {{convert|120|nmi|km}} offshore to reduce the chance of air attacks. The carrier's aircraft conducted anti-submarine patrols, provided fighter support for other ships, and carried out strikes against shipping and shore targets.<ref name=navalhistory.net/><ref name="Rossiter 112"/> ''Ark Royal'' returned to Scapa Flow on 27 April to refuel and replace lost and damaged aircraft, before heading back on the same day with the battleship {{HMS|Valiant|1914|2}} as escort.<ref name=navalhistory.net/> During the return, ''Ark Royal'' came under air attack from German Junkers [[Ju 88]] and Heinkel [[He 111]] bombers operating from Norway. The carrier was undamaged, and resumed position on 29 April.<ref name=Jameson97>{{cite book |last=Jameson |title=Ark Royal |page=97}}</ref> [[File:Blackburn Skua landing on HMS Ark Royal.jpg|thumb|left|A [[Blackburn Skua]] landing on ''Ark Royal''. The Skuas were the mainstay of the Fleet Air Arm during the early Second World War. Also visible are the arrestor wires strung across the flight deck.]] By this point, the British high command had realised that they could not hold the Germans in southern Norway. The evacuation of Allied troops from [[Molde]] and [[Åndalsnes]] began, with ''Ark Royal'' providing air cover from 30 April. On 1 May, the Germans tried to sink the carrier, with numerous air attacks through the day. ''Ark Royal''{{'}}s fighters and a heavy anti-aircraft barrage drove off the enemy, and although several bombs were dropped at the carrier, none impacted.<ref name=Jameson97/> The evacuation was completed on 3 May, and the carrier was recalled to Scapa Flow to refuel and rearm before returning to Norway. While in port, Captain Arthur Power left the ship for a promotion to the Admiralty, and was replaced by Captain [[Cedric Holland]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Rossiter |title=Ark Royal |page=117}}</ref> On return to Norway, ''Ark Royal'' was told to provide air cover for operations around [[Narvik]], including the landing of French troops on 13 May.<ref name=ross119>{{cite book |last=Rossiter |title=Ark Royal |page=119}}</ref> She was joined on 18 May by the carriers ''Glorious'' and ''Furious''.<ref name=navalhistory.net/> Despite these efforts, it was clear by the end of May that French forces were on the verge of collapse and Norway was a sideshow compared to the German advance to the English Channel.<ref name=ross119/> [[Operation Alphabet]] was instigated to move Allied troops from Narvik to Britain. ''Ark Royal'' and ''Glorious''—screened by the destroyers {{HMS|Highlander|H44|2}}, {{HMS|Diana|H49|2}}, {{HMS|Acasta|H09|2}}, {{HMS|Ardent|H41|2}}, and {{HMS|Acheron|H45|2}}—sailed from Scapa Flow on 1 June to cover the evacuation, which commenced the next day. ''Ark Royal'' carried out air patrols and bombing raids from 3–6 June, before redeploying to Narvik on 7 June. Disaster struck the next day, when ''Glorious'', escorted by ''Acasta'' and ''Ardent'', were detached to return to Britain. The three ships were attacked and sunk by the German battlecruisers {{Ship|German battleship|Scharnhorst||2}} and {{Ship|German battleship|Gneisenau||2}}. A search by ''Ark Royal''{{'}}s aircraft failed to locate the German ships, which had returned to [[Trondheim]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Rossiter |title=Ark Royal |pages=120–1}}</ref> The last evacuation convoy left Narvik on 9 June. Before the British ships could withdraw, a raid on Trondheim located ''Scharnhorst''. An attack by ''Ark Royal''{{'}}s Skuas took place at midnight on 13 June.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jameson |title=Ark Royal |page=137}}</ref> The attack was a disaster: the escort destroyers {{HMS|Antelope|H36|2}} and {{HMS|Electra|H27|2}} collided while ''Ark Royal'' was launching aircraft in fog and returned to England for repairs, eight of the fifteen attacking Skuas were shot down, while ''Scharnhorst'' escaped damage.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jameson |title=Ark Royal |pages=140–1}}</ref> ''Ark Royal'' returned to Scapa Flow the following day, and was reassigned to the [[Mediterranean Fleet (United Kingdom)|Mediterranean Fleet]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Rossiter |title=Ark Royal |page=128}}</ref> ===Mediterranean deployment=== ''Ark Royal'' left Scapa Flow with the battlecruiser {{HMS|Hood|51|2}} and three destroyers, arriving at [[Gibraltar]] on 23 June 1940. Here she joined [[Force H]], under [[James Fownes Somerville|Sir James Somerville]]. After the [[Battle of France|capitulation of France]] there was concern that a French fleet at [[Mers-el-Kébir]] might fall under Axis control and tip the balance of power in the Mediterranean, affecting the whole war.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jameson |title=Ark Royal |page=154}}</ref> ''Ark Royal''{{'}}s captain, Cedric Holland, had been the British naval attaché in Paris, and was sent to negotiate the surrender or scuttling of the French fleet.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rossiter |title=Ark Royal |page=132}}</ref> Force H was deployed outside the harbour, and when the French admirals refused to agree to the offered terms, opened fire on the French ships. During the [[attack on Mers-el-Kébir]], ''Ark Royal''{{'}}s aircraft provided targeting information for the British ships.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rossiter |title=Ark Royal |page=136}}</ref> The French battleship {{Ship|French battleship|Strasbourg||2}} escaped, despite attacks by Swordfish from ''Ark Royal''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rossiter |title=Ark Royal |page=138}}</ref> Two days after the attack, aircraft from ''Ark Royal'' incapacitated the French battleship {{Ship|French battleship|Dunkerque||2}}, which had been beached in the initial attack.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jameson |title=Ark Royal |page=170}}</ref> [[File:HMS Ark Royal planes landing.jpg|thumb|right|A Fairey Swordfish aircraft lands on ''Ark Royal''{{'}}s flight deck, whilst a Blackburn Skua circles overhead. Photograph taken from {{HMS|Kelvin|F37|2}} after the attacks on the Italian Fleet off Sardinia]] Having reduced the possibility of a French challenge in the Mediterranean, Force H prepared for attacks on Italian targets, and sailed from Gibraltar on 8 July.<ref name=ross179>{{cite book |last=Rossiter |title=Ark Royal |page=179}}</ref> The force was attacked by Italian bombers within eight hours of departing, and although Force H escaped damage, Somerville cancelled the raids and ordered the fleet to Gibraltar.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rossiter |title=Ark Royal |page=180}}</ref> During July, the British colony of [[Malta]] came under attack from the Italian air force, with Force H ordered to deliver [[Hawker Hurricane]]s to reinforce the island's air defences. Force H was deployed from 31 July – 4 August, with the carrier {{HMS|Argus|I49|2}} used to deliver the aircraft, while ''Ark Royal'' provided air cover for the fleet.<ref name=ross179/> On 2 August, ''Ark Royal'' launched a successful air attack against the Italian air base at [[Cagliari]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Jameson |title=Ark Royal |pages=185–7}}</ref> Force H remained at Gibraltar until 30 September, when it escorted reinforcements for [[Andrew Cunningham, 1st Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope|Admiral Andrew Cunningham's]] fleet to [[Alexandria]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Jameson |title=Ark Royal |pages=192–3}}</ref> En route, diversionary attacks were planned on Italian air bases at [[Elmas]] and Cagliari to direct attention from both the reinforcement operation and a supply [[Malta Convoy|convoy sailing to Malta]]. The attacks were successfully carried out on 1 October, and the fleet reached Alexandria without significant attention from the Italian air force.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rossiter |title=Ark Royal |page=190}}</ref> From Alexandria, ''Ark Royal'' was detached and sent to West Africa to support British attempts to encourage [[Vichy French]] colonies to switch allegiance to the [[Free French]]. During negotiations, several Free French aircraft flew from ''Ark Royal'', but their aircrews were arrested at [[Dakar]]. Negotiations failed, and bombers from ''Ark Royal'' were directed against military installations during the unsuccessful British attempt to [[battle of Dakar|take Dakar by force]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Jameson |title=Ark Royal |pages=212–5}}</ref> Following this, ''Ark Royal'' returned to Britain for refit, docking in [[Liverpool]] on 8 October after being escorted by {{HMS|Fortune|H70|2}}, {{HMS|Forester|H74|2}} and {{HMS|Greyhound|H05|2}}.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jameson |title=Ark Royal |pages=222–5}}</ref> The refit—which lasted until 3 November—included repairs to her machinery and the installation of a new flight deck barrier.<ref name=ross192>{{cite book |last=Rossiter |title=Ark Royal |page=192}}</ref> [[File:HMS Ark Royal attack.jpg|thumb|left|Bombs falling astern of ''Ark Royal'' during an attack by Italian aircraft during the [[Battle of Cape Spartivento]]. Photograph taken from the cruiser {{HMS|Sheffield|C24|2}}]] Following refit, ''Ark Royal''—accompanied by {{HMS|Barham|04|2}}, {{HMS|Berwick|65|2}}, and {{HMS|Glasgow|C21|2}}—sailed for Gibraltar, arriving on 6 November.<ref name=ross192/> They were deployed with the rest of Force H to escort convoys from Gibraltar to Alexandria and Malta, performing several runs before being assigned to [[Operation Collar (Convoy)|Operation Collar]], one of 35&nbsp;[[Malta Convoys|convoys to support Malta]] between 1940 and 1942, on 25 November. An Italian fleet—led by the battleships {{Ship|Italian battleship|Giulio Cesare||2}} and {{Ship|Italian battleship|Vittorio Veneto||2}}—was dispatched to intercept the convoy.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jameson |title=Ark Royal |page=230}}</ref> The Italian fleet was detected by a reconnaissance aircraft from ''Ark Royal'' and the carrier launched Swordfish torpedo bombers while the capital ships of Force H turned to meet the enemy.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jameson |title=Ark Royal |pages=236–58}}</ref> During the engagement, the [[Battle of Cape Spartivento]], the Italian destroyer {{Ship|Italian destroyer|Lanciere|1937|2}} was damaged, although it is uncertain if torpedoes from the bombers or British gunfire were responsible. The British mistook ''Lanciere'' for a cruiser, while the Italian commanders received incorrect reports that the cruiser {{Ship|Italian cruiser|Bolzano||2}} had been hit.<ref name=Jameson239>{{cite book |last=Jameson |title=Ark Royal |page=239}}</ref> British attacks failed to damage any other Italian ships or sink the disabled destroyer, and a retaliatory attack by the Italian air force saw ''Ark Royal'' as the subject of multiple bombing runs, none of which hit.<ref name=Jameson239/> The battle had no clear result, although the British convoy reached its destination unscathed.<ref>{{cite book |last=O'Hara|title=Struggle|pages=72–74}}</ref> On 14 December 1940, ''Ark Royal'' and Force H were redeployed from Gibraltar to the Atlantic to search the [[Azores]] for [[commerce raider]]s. ''Ark Royal'' returned to the Mediterranean on 20 December, and escorted the battleship {{HMS|Malaya||2}} and merchant ships from Malta until 27 December.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rossiter |title=Ark Royal |page=210}}</ref> Force H then became involved in [[Operation Excess]], a plan to move convoys through the Mediterranean to support the [[Western Desert Force]], which was trying to push Italian land forces from Egypt into Libya. Over the next month, British control of the Mediterranean theatre was weakened, particularly by the entry of the ''[[Luftwaffe]]'' and the near-loss of the aircraft carrier {{HMS|Illustrious|87|2}}.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rossiter |title=Ark Royal |pages=218–9}}</ref> The [[Mediterranean Fleet (United Kingdom)|Mediterranean Fleet]] was under pressure from Axis forces in the Eastern Mediterranean, while the British port at Gibraltar was likely to be lost if the Spanish chose to ally with the Germans instead of remaining [[Non-belligerent|out of the war]]. To relieve the Mediterranean Fleet, while demonstrating British strength to the Spanish, the Admiralty and Admiral Cunningham planned to use ''Ark Royal''{{'}}s Swordfish bombers in raids against Italian targets, supported by bombardment from heavy fleet units. The first bombing, on 2 January against the Tirso Dam in [[Sardinia]], was unsuccessful,<ref>{{cite book |last=Rossiter |title=Ark Royal |pages=222–6}}</ref> but ''Ark Royal''{{'}}s Swordfish bombers were more successful on 6 January, when they bombed the port city of [[Genoa]]. The carrier's aircraft also covered the battlecruiser ''Renown'' and battleship ''Malaya'' while they shelled the port. On 9 January, ''Ark Royal'' launched aircraft to bomb an oil refinery at [[La Spezia]], and to lay mines in the harbour. Both operations were successful.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rossiter |title=Ark Royal |pages=228–30}}</ref> ===Searching for ''Scharnhorst'' and ''Gneisenau''=== In early February 1941, the battleships {{Ship|German battleship|Scharnhorst||2}} and {{Ship|German battleship|Gneisenau||2}} headed into the Atlantic on the orders of Grand Admiral [[Erich Raeder]], commander of the German Navy. They were to disrupt Allied shipping and draw capital ships from other areas. On 8 March, Force H and ''Ark Royal'' were ordered to the [[Canary Islands]] to search for the battleships, and to cover convoys crossing from the United States.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jameson |title=Ark Royal |pages=259–60}}</ref> ''Ark Royal'' used her aircraft to search for captured ships returning to Germany under the control of [[prize crew]]s. Three ships were located on 19 March: two scuttled themselves, while the third—SS ''Polykarp''—was recaptured.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jameson |title=Ark Royal |page=260}}</ref> On the evening of 21 March 1941 a [[Fairey Fulmar]] from ''Ark Royal'' stumbled across ''Scharnhorst'' and ''Gneisenau'' at sea. Because of a radio malfunction, the crew had to return to ''Ark Royal'' to report, by which time the German ships had escaped under fog.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jameson |title=Ark Royal |pages=260–2}}</ref> The next day, ''Ark Royal'' re-established air patrols in the hope of re-locating the raiders. During the day, a catapult malfunction destroyed a [[Fairey Swordfish]]; flinging the fuselage into the sea ahead of the carrier. Unable to stop, ''Ark Royal'' ran over the Swordfish and was overhead when the aircraft's depth charges detonated.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rossiter |title=Ark Royal |page=242}}</ref> ''Scharnhorst'' and ''Gneisenau'' reached [[Brest, France|Brest]] without British harassment, while ''Ark Royal'' returned to Gibraltar for repairs, arriving on 24 March.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rossiter |title=Ark Royal |page=243}}</ref> ===Malta convoys and Operation Tiger=== [[File:H.M.S. Renown and Ark Royal.jpg|thumb|''Ark Royal'' at sea with the battlecruiser ''Renown'']] [[File:HMS Ark Royal AA fire.jpg|thumb|right|An intense anti-aircraft barrage is visible during an attack by Italian torpedo bombers on Force H. ''Ark Royal'' is on the left, with an Italian aircraft over her bows, and HMS ''Renown'' to the right.]] ''Ark Royal'' spent April alternating between covering convoys and delivering aircraft to Malta and forays into the Atlantic to hunt commerce raiders. By May 1941, [[Erwin Rommel]]'s ''[[Afrika Korps]]'' were driving through North Africa towards the [[Suez Canal]], pushing the [[Western Desert Force]] before them. With British forces close to collapse and strategic locations threatened, the British High Command risked sending a reinforcement convoy across the Mediterranean to Alexandria. The convoy consisted of five large transport ships, escorted by ''Ark Royal'', the battlecruiser ''Renown'', the battleship {{HMS|Queen Elizabeth|1913|2}}, the cruisers {{HMS|Sheffield|C24|2}}, {{HMS|Naiad|93|2}}, {{HMS|Fiji|58|2}}, and {{HMS|Gloucester|62|2}}, and screened by destroyers of the 5th Destroyer Flotilla.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jameson |title=Ark Royal |pages=268–9}}</ref> Prior to ''Ark Royal''{{'}}s departure, Captain Holland left to recuperate from stress and poor health, and was replaced by Captain [[Loben Edward Harold Maund|Loben Maund]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Jameson |title=Ark Royal |page=266}}</ref> The convoy left Gibraltar on 6 May, and was detected by Italian aircraft. The convoy—limited to {{convert|14|kn}} and escorted by so many capital ships—was such a tempting target that Italian and German aircraft were mobilised.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jameson|title=Ark Royal|page=269}}</ref> The British convoy came under air attack on 8 May, first by the Italian air force, then German ''[[Luftwaffe]]''. Over the day, 12 of ''Ark Royal''{{'}}s Fairey Fulmars (the maximum number available) drove off over 50 aircraft, with the assistance of targeting information from ''Sheffield''{{'}}s radar and anti-aircraft fire from the escorts.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jameson|title=Ark Royal|pages=271–74}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Rossiter|title=Ark Royal|page=258}}</ref> During the initial waves, one Fulmar was lost, killing Flight Lieutenant Rupert Tillard and Lieutenant Mark Somerville; another was destroyed with the aircrew recovered, while several others were damaged.<ref name=Ross249/> Consequently, only seven were able to face the main ''Luftwaffe'' force of 34 aircraft, while an attack just before dark was driven off by two aircraft and heavy fire from the ships.<ref name=Ross249>{{cite book|last=Rossiter|title=Ark Royal|page=249}}</ref> The convoy survived without serious damage: the only casualties were to mines, with the ''Empire Song'' sunk and ''New Zealand Star'' damaged but able to reach port.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jameson|title=Ark Royal|page=274}}</ref> ''Ark Royal'' underwent another aerial attack on 12 May, during her return to Gibraltar. Later that month, she and fellow aircraft carrier ''Furious'' delivered [[Hawker Hurricane]]s to support Malta.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jameson|title=Ark Royal|pages=276–77}}</ref> ===Hunting the ''Bismarck''=== {{see also|Last battle of the battleship Bismarck}} On 18 May 1941, the German battleship {{Ship|German battleship|Bismarck||2}} and heavy cruiser {{Ship|German cruiser|Prinz Eugen||2}} began [[Operation Rheinübung]] by breaking into the Atlantic to raid shipping. After sinking the battlecruiser ''Hood'' and damaging the battleship {{HMS|Prince of Wales|53|2}} during the [[Battle of the Denmark Strait]], ''Bismarck'' shook off her pursuers and headed for the French Atlantic coast.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jameson |title=Ark Royal |pages=279–90}}</ref> ''Ark Royal'', ''Renown'', and ''Sheffield''—accompanied by {{HMS|Faulknor|H62|2}}, {{HMS|Foresight|H68|2}}, {{HMS|Forester|H74|2}}, {{HMS|Fortune|H70|2}}, {{HMS|Foxhound|H69|2}}, and {{HMS|Fury|H76|2}}—were dispatched to the Atlantic on 23 May to search for the battleship.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jameson |title=Ark Royal |page=294}}</ref> On 26 May, a Swordfish from ''Ark Royal'' located ''Bismarck'' and began to shadow her, while the [[Home Fleet]] was mobilised to pursue.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jameson |title=Ark Royal |page=296}}</ref> [[File:HMS Ark Royal swordfish.jpg|thumb|left|One of ''Ark Royal''{{'}}s [[Fairey Swordfish]] returns at low level over the sea after making a torpedo attack on ''Bismarck''.]] At the time of detection, the British ships were {{convert|130|nmi|mi km}} away and would not catch ''Bismarck'' before she reached [[Saint-Nazaire]]. Fifteen Swordfish bombers were armed with torpedoes and sent to delay the ship. ''Sheffield'', also shadowing ''Bismarck'', was between ''Ark Royal'' and ''Bismarck''. The aircraft mistook the British cruiser for their target and fired torpedoes. The torpedoes were fitted with unreliable magnetic detonators, which caused most to explode on contact with the water, while ''Sheffield'' evaded the rest.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jameson |title=Ark Royal |pages=299–300}}</ref> After realising his mistake, one of the pilots signalled 'Sorry for the kipper' to ''Sheffield''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Stephen|title=Sea Battles |page=90}}</ref> On return to the carrier, the Swordfish were re-armed with contact-detonator warhead torpedoes, and launched at 19:15 for a second attack; locating and attacking ''Bismarck'' just before sunset. Three torpedoes hit the battleship: two detonated forward of the engine rooms, while the third struck the starboard steering compartment and jammed her rudder in a 15° port turn.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jameson |title=Ark Royal |pages=303–5}}</ref> ''Bismarck'' was forced to sail in circles until a combination of alternating propeller speeds was found which would keep her on a reasonably steady course which, in the prevailing [[Beaufort scale|force 8 wind]] and [[sea state]], forced her to sail towards the British warships with almost no manoeuvring capability.<ref>{{cite book |last=Garzke|title= Axis Battleships|pages=235–6}}</ref> The German battleship suffered heavy attack during the night of 26–27 May, and sank at 10:39&nbsp;hours on 27 May.<ref>{{cite book |last=Williamson|title=German Battleships |pages=33–34}}</ref> ===Escorting the Malta convoys=== [[File:HMS Ark Royal planes.jpg|thumb|right|Six [[Blackburn Skua]]s of [[800 Naval Air Squadron|No. 800 Squadron Fleet Air Arm]] lined up on deck before taking off]] ''Ark Royal'' and the ships of Force H returned to Gibraltar on 29 May 1941. Despite the boost in Allied morale from the sinking of the battleship ''Bismarck'', the [[Mediterranean theatre of World War II|war in the Mediterranean]] was going against the Allies. [[Greece]] and [[Crete]] had fallen to the Axis Powers, and the ''[[Afrika Korps]]'' was preparing to launch a final push into [[Egypt]]. Malta remained an important stronghold in the Mediterranean, but was coming under increased pressure from Italian and German air attacks, and could no longer be supplied from the east since the [[Battle of Crete|fall of Crete]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Rossiter |title=Ark Royal |pages=316–7}}</ref> ''Ark Royal'' was pressed into service, delivering aircraft to Malta during several supply runs throughout June and July, and escorting the convoys of [[Operation Substance]] in July and [[Operation Halberd]] in September. Despite some losses, the convoys succeeded in keeping Malta supplied and fighting.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jameson |title=Ark Royal |page=318}}</ref> The continued Allied presence in Malta was a considerable problem for Rommel in Africa, who was losing as much as ⅓ of his supplies from Italy to submarines and bombers based there.<ref name=Rossiter327>{{cite book |last=Rossiter |title=Ark Royal |page=327}}</ref> [[Adolf Hitler]] decided to send a flotilla of [[U-boat]]s into the Mediterranean to attack Allied shipping, against the advice of ''Großadmiral'' Raeder.<ref name=Rossiter327/> ==Final voyage and sinking== On 10 November 1941, ''Ark Royal'' ferried more aircraft to Malta before returning to Gibraltar. Admiral Somerville had been warned of U-boats off the Spanish coast, and reminded Force H to be vigilant.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jameson |title=Ark Royal |page=337}}</ref> Also at sea was [[Friedrich Guggenberger]]'s {{GS|U-81|1941|2}}, which had received a report that Force H was returning to Gibraltar.<ref name=Rossiter327/> On 13 November, at 15:40, the sonar operator aboard the destroyer {{HMS|Legion|G74|2}} detected an unidentified sound, but assumed it was the propellers of a nearby destroyer. One minute later, ''Ark Royal'' was struck amidships by a torpedo,<ref>{{cite book |last=Rossiter |title=Ark Royal |page=329}}</ref> between the fuel bunkers and bomb store, and directly below the bridge island.<ref name=ross332/> The explosion caused ''Ark Royal'' to shake, hurled loaded torpedo-bombers into the air, and killed Able Seaman Edward Mitchell.<ref name=ross332>{{cite book |last=Rossiter |title=Ark Royal |page=332}}</ref> A {{convert|130|x|30|ft|m|adj=on}} hole was created on the ship's bottom and on the starboard side below the water-line by the torpedo, which was judged to have run deep, striking the bilge keel where it detonated, inboard of the side protection system.<ref name="Friedman 126">{{cite book |last=Friedman |title=British Carrier Aviation |page=126}}</ref> The hit caused flooding of the starboard boiler room, main [[Telephone switchboard|switchboard]], oil tanks, and over {{convert|106|ft|m}} of the ship's starboard bilge. The starboard power train was knocked out, causing the rear half of the ship to lose power, while communications were severed shipwide.<ref>{{cite book |last=Paterson|title=U-Boats|page=38}}</ref> [[File:HMS Ark Royal sinking.jpg|thumb|left|{{HMS|Legion|G74|2}} moving alongside the damaged and listing ''Ark Royal'' to take off survivors]] Immediately after the torpedo strike, Captain Maund ordered the engines to full stop, but discovered that communications were down and had to send a runner to the engine room.<ref name=Jameson338>{{cite book |last=Jameson |title=Ark Royal |page=338}}</ref> The ship's continued motion enlarged the hole in the hull, and by the time ''Ark Royal'' stopped she had taken on a great deal of water and begun to [[List (watercraft)|list]] to starboard, reaching 18° from centre within 20&nbsp;minutes.<ref name=Jameson338/> Considering the list of the carrier, and the fact that other carriers, including ''Courageous'' and ''Glorious'', had sunk rapidly with heavy loss of life, Maund gave the order to abandon ship. The crew were assembled on the flight deck to determine who would remain on board to try to save the ship while ''Legion'' came alongside to take off the rest. As a result, comprehensive [[damage control|damage control measures]] were not initiated until 49&nbsp;minutes after the attack. The flooding spread unchecked, exacerbated by covers and hatches left open during evacuation of the lower decks.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jameson |title=Ark Royal |pages=338–40}}</ref> Water spread to the centreline boiler room, which started to flood from below, and power was lost shipwide when the boiler uptakes became choked; ''Ark Royal'' had no backup diesel generators.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rossiter |title=Ark Royal |page=345}}</ref> About half an hour after the explosion, the carrier appeared to stabilise. Admiral Somerville, determined to save ''Ark Royal'', ordered damage control parties back to the carrier before taking the battleship ''Malaya'' to Gibraltar to organise salvage efforts. The damage control parties re-lit a boiler, restoring power to the bilge pumps. The destroyer {{HMS|Laforey|G99|2}} came alongside to provide power and additional pumps, while Swordfish aircraft from Gibraltar flew overhead to supplement anti-submarine patrols.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jameson |title=Ark Royal |page=342}}</ref> The tug [[Thames (tug)|''Thames'']] arrived from Gibraltar at 20:00 and attached a tow line to ''Ark Royal'', but the flooding had caused the ship to list more severely. Rising water reached the boiler room fan flat, an uninterrupted compartment running the width of the ship. This forced the shutdown of the restored boiler.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jameson|title=Ark Royal |pages=343–5}}</ref> [[File:HMS Ark Royal sinking 2.jpg|thumb|right|Another photograph showing the degree of the list]] The list reached 20° between 02:05 and 02:30, and when 'abandon ship' was declared again at 04:00, had reached 27°.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jameson |title=Ark Royal |page=346}}</ref> ''Ark Royal''{{'}}s complement had been evacuated to ''Legion'' by 04:30; with the exception of Mitchell, there were no fatalities. The 1,487 officers and crew were transported to Gibraltar.<ref>{{cite book |last=Duffy |title=Target America |page=136}}</ref> The list reached 45° before ''Ark Royal'' capsized and sank at 06:19 on 14 November.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jameson |title=Ark Royal |page=348}}</ref> Witnesses reported the carrier rolling to 90°, where she remained for three minutes before inverting. ''Ark Royal'' then broke in two, the aft sinking within a couple of minutes, followed by the bow.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rossiter |title=Ark Royal |pages=375–6}}</ref> ===Investigation=== Following the sinking, a [[Board of Inquiry]] was established to investigate the loss. Based on its findings, Captain Loben Maund was [[court-martial]]led in February 1942 for negligence. He was found guilty on two counts of negligence: one of failing to ensure that properly constituted damage control parties had remained on board after the general evacuation, and one of failing to ensure the ship was in a sufficient state of readiness to deal with possible damage.<ref name=ross372.3>{{cite book |last=Rossiter |title=Ark Royal |pages=372–3}}</ref> The board tempered their judgement with an acknowledgement that a high standard was being expected of Maund, and that he was primarily concerned with the welfare of his crew.<ref name=ross372.3/> The Bucknill Committee, which had been set up to investigate the loss of major warships, also produced a report. This report said that the lack of backup power sources was a major design failure, which contributed to the loss: ''Ark Royal'' depended on electricity for much of her operation, and once the boilers and steam-driven dynamos were knocked out, the loss of power made damage control difficult. The committee recommended the design of the bulkheads and boiler intakes be improved to decrease the risk of widespread flooding in boiler rooms and machine spaces, while the uninterrupted boiler room flat was criticised. The design flaws were rectified in the [[Illustrious-class aircraft carrier|''Illustrious''-]] and [[Implacable-class aircraft carrier|''Implacable''-class carrier]]s, under construction at the time.<ref>Papers of Admiral Sir Hugh Binney, ''reports of Second Bucknill Committee relating to loss of HMS PRINCE OF WALES and HMS ARK ROYAL, 1941–1942'', held at Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives, King's College London</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Rossiter |title=Ark Royal |page=374}}</ref> The Board of Inquiry closed its report with the observation that ''Ark Royal'' had sunk {{convert|22|nmi|mi km}} east of [[Europa Point]], the southernmost tip of Gibraltar. This was accepted as the wreck location for 60 years.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rossiter |title=Ark Royal |page=30}}</ref> ==Rediscovery== The location of the wreck was undetermined until mid-December 2002, when the wreck was discovered by an underwater survey company, C & C Technologies, Inc, using a sonar-equipped autonomous underwater vehicle, {{convert|30|nmi|mi km}} from Gibraltar, at about 1000 metres depth.<ref name=hydro2004/><ref name=filmcrew>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2585887.stm |title=Film team finds wreck of Ark Royal |work=BBC News | date=19 December 2002}}</ref> The company had been contracted by the BBC as part of a documentary on [[maritime archaeology]] related to major battles of the Royal Navy.<ref name=filmcrew/> The ''Ark Royal'' wreck lies scattered across the seafloor; {{convert|20|m|ft}} of the bow is separate from the rest of the ship's hull. A large debris field, which includes the remains of the funnel and bridge island, parts of the ship that came loose as the carrier sank, and aircraft from the hangars, lay between the two hull sections. Analysis revealed that the port side of the ship hit the seabed first.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rossiter |title=Ark Royal |pages=368–9}}</ref> The wreck was found further east than expected. Researchers originally thought the wreck had been carried by [[Ocean current|currents]] farther into the Mediterranean as she sank – that the ship had travelled eastwards underwater before reaching the seabed.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rossiter |title=Ark Royal |pages=168–9}}</ref> The presence near the hull pieces of other debris, including a Swordfish bomber that was tipped off the flight deck before the ship rolled, proved this false. If the current had pushed the hull pieces any significant distance sideways as they sank, debris would have been spread over a much wider area. It seems though that eastward currents had affected her progress towards Gibraltar during the time she was under tow.<ref name=Rossiter377>{{cite book |last=Rossiter |title=Ark Royal |page=377}}</ref> Study of the wreck also showed that restarting the engines to provide power increased the stresses placed on the hull, adding to the flooding. Once power was then lost, it was impossible to prevent the ship from sinking — her fate was more the result of design flaws than of the actions of her captain.<ref name=Rossiter377/> ==Notes== {{refbegin}} '''a.''' {{Note label|A|a|none}} The [[Washington Naval Treaty]] (signed in February 1922) imposed a limit of 135,000&nbsp;tons on total British aircraft carrier tonnage, with no one ship allowed to exceed 33,000&nbsp;tons, and only two to exceed 27,000&nbsp;tons.<ref>{{cite book |title=Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States |pages=247–266}}</ref> The [[London Naval Treaty]] (signed in April 1930) prevented signatories from constructing new capital ships, or converting existing capital ships into aircraft carriers, until 1937.<ref>Reproduced in {{cite book |last=Goldman |title=Sunken treaties |pages=307–319}}</ref> {{refend}} ==Citations== {{Reflist|30em}} ==References== ===Books=== *{{cite book |last=Balfour |first=Michael |authorlink=Michael Balfour (historian) |title=Propaganda in War 1939–1945: Organisation, Policies and Publics in Britain and Germany |year=1979 |publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul |location=London |isbn=0-7100-0193-2 |oclc=5373844}} *{{cite book|last=Bekker |first=Cajus |others=Zielger, Frank (trans.)|title=The Luftwaffe War Diaries |publisher=Corgi |location=London |year=1969 |isbn=0-552-08236-8 |oclc=30270475}}<!-- May not be the exact edition/version of the book... the inserting editor did not provide much information. --> *{{cite book |last=Bishop |first=Chris |author2=Chant, Christopher |title=Aircraft Carriers: The World's Greatest Naval Vessels and Their Aircraft |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PY8CvlKC7kgC |accessdate=22 July 2008 |year=2004 |publisher=Zenith |location=Grand Rapids, MI |isbn=0-7603-2005-5 |oclc=56646560}} *{{Cite book |last1=Brown|first1=David|last2=Brown|first2=J. D.|last3=Hobbs|first3=David|title=Carrier Operations in World War II|year=2009|location=Annapolis, MD|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=978-1-59114-108-2}} *{{cite book |last=Chesneau |first=Roger |title=Aircraft Carriers of the World, 1914 to the present; an illustrated encyclopedia |year=1984 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, MD |isbn=0-87021-902-2 |oclc=11018793}} *{{Colledge}} *{{cite book |last=Duffy |first=James P. |title=Target America: Hitler's Plan to Attack the United States |origyear=2004 |edition=3rd |year=2006 |publisher=Lyons |location=New York |isbn=1-59228-934-7 |oclc=70264388}} *{{cite book |last=Edwards |first=Bernard |title=Dönitz and the Wolf Packs: the U-boats at war |origyear=1996 |edition=2nd |year=1999 |publisher=Cassell |location=London |isbn=0-304-35203-9 |oclc=41465151}} *{{cite book |last=Friedman |first=Norman |title=British Carrier Aviation: The Evolution of the Ships and their Aircraft |year=1988 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |isbn=0-87021-054-8}} * {{Cite book|last=Garzke|first= William|author2=John Dulin|title=Battleships: Axis and Neutral Battleships in World War II| location=Annapolis|publisher= Naval Institute Press|year= 1990|isbn= 978-0-87021-101-0}} *{{cite book |last1=Garzke|first1=William H.|last2=Dulin Jr.|first2=Robert O.|last3=Webb|first3=Thomas G.|title=Allied Battleships in World War II |year=1980 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |isbn=0-87021-100-5}} *{{cite book |last=Goldman |first=Emily O. |title=Sunken Treaties: Naval Arms Control Between the Wars |year=1994 |publisher=Pennsylvania State University |location=University Park, PA |isbn=0-271-01034-7 |oclc=28723444}} *{{cite book |last=Jameson |first=William |title=Ark Royal: the Life of an Aircraft Carrier at War 1939–41 |origyear=1957 |edition=2nd |date=1 April 2004 |publisher=Periscope Publishing |location= |isbn=1-904381-27-8 |oclc=}} *{{cite book |last=Lenton |first=H. T. |title=British and Empire Warships of the Second World War |year=1998 |publisher=Greenhill Books |location=London |isbn=1-85367-277-7 |oclc=39245871}} *{{cite book |last=Mitchell |first=William Harry |author2=Sawyer, Leonard Arthur|title=The Empire Ships: A Record of British-built and Acquired Merchant Ships During the Second World War |year=1990 |publisher=Lloyd's of London Press |isbn=1-85044-275-4}} *{{Cite book |last=O'Hara|first=Vincent|title=Struggle for the Middle Sea|volume=1|year=2009|location=Annapolis, MD|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=978-1-59114-648-3}} *{{cite book |title=Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States |accessdate=4 June 2010 |volume=Vol I |year=1922 |publisher=US G.P.O. |location=Washington |oclc=24045525 |pages=247–266 |chapter=Conference on the Limitation of Armament |chapterurl=http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/pre-war/1922/nav_lim.html}} *{{Cite book |last=Paterson|first=Lawrence|title=U-boats in the Mediterranean, 1941–1944|year=2007|location=Annapolis, MD|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=978-1-59114-893-7}} *{{cite book |last=Rossiter |first=Mike |title=Ark Royal: the life, death and rediscovery of the legendary Second World War aircraft carrier<!-- Ark Royal: sailing into glory --> |origyear=2006 |edition=2nd |year=2007 |publisher=Corgi Books |location=London |isbn=978-0-552-15369-0 |oclc=81453068}} *{{Cite book |last=Stephen|first=Martin|title=Sea Battles in Close-Up: World War 2|volume=1|year=1988|location=Annapolis, MD|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=0-87021-556-6}} *{{cite book |last=Westwood |first=J. N. |title=Fighting ships of World War II |origyear=1971 |year=1975 |publisher=Sidgwick and Jackson (for Book Club Associates) |location=London |isbn=0-283-98287-X |oclc=2090062}} *{{Cite book |last=Williamson|first=Gordon|title=German Battleships 1939–45 |year=2003|location=Oxford|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=978-1-84176-498-6}} ===Websites=== *{{cite news |title=Film team finds wreck of Ark Royal |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2585887.stm |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=19 December 2002 |accessdate=4 June 2010}} *{{cite web |url=http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-04CV-Ark%20Royal.htm |title=HMS Ark Royal – Fleet Aircraft Carrier |accessdate=4 June 2010 |last=Mason |first=Geoffrey B. |year=2003 |work=Service Histories of Royal Navy Warships in World War 2 |publisher=Naval-History.Net |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100407215955/http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-04CV-Ark%20Royal.htm |archivedate=7 April 2010 |df=dmy-all }} ==External links== {{Commons and category|HMS Ark Royal (91)|HMS Ark Royal (91)}} *[http://www.kbismarck.com/arkroyal.html HMS Ark Royal – Operational History and Photos] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110605231710/http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=12701 Video of HMS Ark Royal engaging high level bombers with her AA armament] *[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8418630/A-history-of-Gibraltar-in-pictures.html?image=5 Picture of Ark Royal sinking with Swordfish on deck.] {{s-start}} {{succession box|title={{HMS|Ark Royal}}|after={{HMS|Ark Royal|R09|1}}|before={{HMS|Ark Royal|1914|1}} |years=1938–1941}} {{S-end}} {{WWIIBritishShips}} {{Uboat}} {{November 1941 shipwrecks}} {{portal bar|Royal Navy|World War II|Military of the United Kingdom|Nautical}} {{coord|36|3|N|4|45|W|display=title}} {{featured article}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ark Royal (91)}} [[Category:1937 ships]] [[Category:Aircraft carriers of the Royal Navy]] [[Category:Maritime incidents in November 1941]] [[Category:Ships built in Merseyside]] [[Category:Ships sunk by German submarines in World War II]] [[Category:World War II aircraft carriers of the United Kingdom]] [[Category:World War II shipwrecks in the Mediterranean]]'