Examine individual changes

'{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2013}} {{Infobox football club | clubname = Parma | current = 2018–19 Parma Calcio 1913 season | image = [[File:ParmaCalcio1913 logo-400x400.png|180px|Parma's crest]] | fullname = Parma Calcio 1913 [[Società a Responsabilità Limitata|Srl]] | nickname = ''Crociati''<ref name="Nicknames"/> (The Crusaders)<br />''Gialloblù''<ref name="Nicknames"/> (The Yellow and Blues)<br />''Ducali''<ref name="Nicknames"/> (The Duchy Men)<br />''Gli Emiliani''<ref name="Nicknames">{{cite web|url=http://www.fcparma.com.pl/informacje.php|work=FCParma.com.pl|language=Polish|accessdate=6 January 2012|title=Informacje|trans-title=Information}}</ref> (The Emilians) | founded = {{Collapsible list|{{Start date and age|16 December 1913}}, as ''Parma Foot Ball Club''<br/>{{Start date and age|1930}}, as ''Parma Associazone Sportiva''<br/>{{Start date and age|1967}}, as ''Parma Football Club''<br/>{{Start date and age|1970}}, as ''Parma Associazone Calcio''<br/>{{Start date and age|29 June 2004}}, as ''Parma Football Club S.p.A.''<br/>{{Start date and age|27 July 2015}} as ''S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913''<br/>{{Start date and age|22 July 2016}} as ''Parma Calcio 1913''}} | ground = [[Stadio Ennio Tardini]],<br />[[Parma]], Italy | capacity = 22,359 | owner = [[#Ownership and finances|Desports Group]] (60%) | chairman = Pietro Pizzarotti | chrtitle = President | manager = [[Roberto D'Aversa]] | mgrtitle = Head coach | league = {{Italian football updater|Parma}} | season = {{Italian football updater|Parma2}} | position = {{Italian football updater|Parma3}} | pattern_b1 = _parma1819h | pattern_la1 = _parma1819h | pattern_ra1 = _parma1819h | pattern_sh1 = _parma1819h | pattern_so1 = _parma1819h | shorts1 = FFFFFF | socks1 = FFFFFF | pattern_b2 = _parma1819a | body2 = FFF200 | pattern_la2 = _parma1819a | leftarm2 = 013888 | pattern_ra2 = _parma1819a | rightarm2 = 013888 | pattern_sh2 = | shorts2 = ffdd30 | pattern_so2 = | socks2 = ffdd30 | pattern_b3 = _parma1819t | body3 = FFFF00 | pattern_la3 = _parma1819t | leftarm3 = 0055FF | pattern_ra3 = _parma1819t | pattern_sh3 = _parma1819t | pattern_so3 = _parma1819t | rightarm3 = 0055FF | shorts3 = 000000 | socks3 = 000000 | website = http://parmacalcio1913.com/ }} '''Parma Calcio 1913 S.r.l.''', commonly referred to as '''Parma''', is an Italian [[association football|football]] club based in the city of [[Parma]] that currently competes in [[Serie A]]. Founded as '''Parma Football Club''' in December 1913, the club plays its home matches in the 26,969-seat [[Stadio Ennio Tardini]], often referred to as simply ''Il Tardini'', from 1923. Financed by [[Calisto Tanzi]], the club won eight trophies between 1992 and 2002, a period in which it achieved its best ever league finish, as runners-up in the [[1996–97 Serie A|1996–97 season]]. The club has won three [[Coppa Italia]], one [[Supercoppa Italiana]], two [[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cup]]s, one [[UEFA Super Cup|European Super Cup]] and one [[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/157851-how-the-mighty-have-fallen-the-fall-of-ten-untouchable-football-clubs#page/4|work=BleacherReport.com|publisher=Bleacher Report|title=How the Mighty Have Fallen: The Decline of 10 Untouchable Football Clubs|accessdate=1 August 2010|date=17 April 2009|first=K.C.|last=Mynk}}</ref><ref>Dunford (2011), p. 793</ref> Financial troubles were brought about in late 2003 by the [[Parmalat]] [[Parmalat#Financial fraud (2002–2005)|scandal]] which caused the [[parent company]] to collapse and resulted in the club operating in [[Administration (insolvency)|controlled administration]] until January 2007. The club was declared bankrupt in 2015 and re-founded in [[Serie D]] but secured a record three straight promotions to return to Serie A in 2018. ==History== {{Main article|History of S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913}} ===Early years (1913–1968)=== {{Location map+ |Italy |width=200 |float=right |caption=Location of Parma in Italy |places= {{Location map~ |Italy |lat=44.80554 |long=10.32825 |label=[[Parma]] }} }} A club was founded in July 1913 as Verdi Foot Ball Club in honour of the [[Century|centenary]] of famous opera composer [[Giuseppe Verdi]], who was born in the province of [[Province of Parma|Parma]].<ref name="ethical code">{{cite web| url=http://fcparma.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Codice-Etico_ParmaCalcio.pdf?lang=it | accessdate=24 December 2014 | title=Codice etico |trans-title=Ethical code | language=Italian}}</ref> It adopted yellow and blue as its colours.<ref name="Dizionario del calcio italiano">Sappino (2000), p. 986</ref><ref name="FI history">{{Cite web|url=http://www.football-italia.net/clubs/Parma/history|title=Parma Club History|accessdate=12 January 2012|work=Football-Italia.net|publisher=[[Football Italia]]}}</ref> In December of the same year, Parma Foot Ball Club was formed from many of the original club's players and began wearing white shirts emblazoned with a black cross.<ref name="Goal history">{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/it/teams/italy/4/parma/info|title=Parma|publisher=Goal.com|work=Goal.com|accessdate=5 January 2011}}</ref> Parma began playing league football during the [[1919–20 in Italian football|1919–20 season]] after the end of [[World War I]].<ref name="ethical code"/> Construction of a stadium, the [[Stadio Ennio Tardini]], began two years later.<ref name="official site tardini">{{Cite web|url=http://fcparma.com/descrizione-stadio?lang=en|work=FCParma.com|publisher=Parma F.C.|title=Stadium|accessdate=22 December 2013}}</ref> Parma became a founder member of [[Serie B]] after finishing as runners-up in the [[Prima Divisione]] in the [[1928–29 Prima Divisione|1928–29 season]]. The club would remain in Serie B for three years before being relegated and changing its name to Associazione Sportiva Parma in 1931.<ref name="FI history"/> In the [[1935–36 Serie C#Girone B|1935–36 season]], Parma became a founding member of [[Lega Pro|Serie C]], where the club stayed until winning promotion back to Serie B in [[1942–43 Serie C#Girone G|1943]]. [[Football in Italy|Italian football]] was then brought to a halt as the [[Second World War]] intensified, although the team did make an appearance in the [[1944 Campionato Alta Italia#Group D|Campianto Alta Italia]] in 1944. [[File:Parma Associazione Sportiva 1956-57.jpg|thumb|left|1956–57 Parma in ''Gialloblù'' shirt]] Following the restart of organised football, Parma spent three years in Serie B, then split into two regional divisions, before again being relegated in [[1948–49 Serie B#Girone B|1948–49]] to Serie C. The side would spend another five seasons in Serie C before an eleven-year spell in Serie B that included the achievement of ninth position in [[1954–55 Serie B|1954–55]], a club record at that time.<ref name="Gazzetta di Parma history"/> This was an era in which the club's players generally held down other jobs or were still in education and when the town's amateur [[rugby union]] and [[volleyball]] sides, [[Rugby Parma F.C. 1931]] and [[Pallavolo Parma|Ferrovieri Parma]], proved more popular among the more privileged.<ref name="Dunford poem">Dunford (2011), pp. 739–740</ref> Parma made its debut in European competition during the 1960–61 season, defeating Swiss side [[AC Bellinzona]] in the [[Coppa delle Alpi]], but relegation to Serie C followed in [[1964–65 Serie B|1964–65 season]]. Parma spent just one season in Serie C before a second successive relegation, this time to [[Serie D]], in 1966. ===Rebirth and improvement (1968–1989)=== The club was in turmoil and was ordered into liquidation by the Court of Parma in 1968, changing its name to Parma Football Club that year. In 1969, another local team, Associazione Calcio Parmense, won promotion to [[Serie D]]. On 1 January 1970, A.C. Parmense adopted the sporting licence of the liquidated club which had been formed in 1913. This meant that it had the right to use the ''Crociata'' shirts, the badge and the city's name.<ref name="Dizionario del calcio italiano"/><ref name="FI history"/><ref name="Gazzetta di Parma history">{{cite web|url=http://www.gazzettadiparma.it/primapagina/dettaglio/6/25265/Da_Giuseppe_Verdi_a_Wembley.html|title=Da Giuseppe Verdi a Wembley...|work=Gazzetta di Parma |publisher=Editrice Gazzetta di Parma|location=Parma|trans-title=From Giuseppe Verdi to Wembley|language=Italian}}</ref> This brought about a change of luck in both financial and sporting terms, as the side was crowned Serie D champions and spent three years in [[Serie C]] before promotion to [[Serie B]]; however, it was a short stay. The team was relegated back to Serie C in its second season in the division. A return to Serie B did not materialise until the end of the 1970s and the club again lasted only one season in the second division of Italian football. [[File:Parma Associazione Calcio 1973-1974.jpg|thumb|1973–74 Parma in its classic ''Crociata'' shirt]] Under the management of [[Cesare Maldini]], Parma once again returned to Serie B after winning its division in 1984 with victory on the final day over [[U.S. Sanremese Calcio|Sanremo]]; [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]]-bound [[Stefano Pioli]] scored the only goal of the game. The Ducali again only spent a year in Serie B, finishing third from bottom and succumbing to relegation as a consequence. [[Arrigo Sacchi]] did, however, manage to return the club to Serie B in 1986 after a single season in the third tier. The side enjoyed good success that season in missing out on promotion to Italy's top tier by just three points and eliminating [[A.C. Milan]] from the [[Coppa Italia]], a result that convinced owner [[Silvio Berlusconi]] to hire Sacchi as the new manager of the ''Rossoneri''. Sacchi's replacement, [[Zdeněk Zeman]], was fired after just seven matches and replaced by Giampieri Vitali, who secured two consecutive mid-table finishes. ===Success and insolvency (1989–2004)=== [[Nevio Scala]] was appointed as head coach in 1989.<ref name="Gazzetta di Parma history"/> Scala's Parma secured a historic promotion in [[Serie B 1989-90|1990]] to [[Serie A]] with a 2–0 [[Derby dell'Enza]] win over [[A.C. Reggiana 1919|Reggiana]].<ref name="Parma '90s blog">{{Cite web|url=http://ghostgoal.co.uk/2010/05/19/parma-90s-phenomenon/|work=GhostGoal.co.uk|title=Parma: '90s Phenomenon|accessdate=31 July 2010|date=19 May 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817053639/http://ghostgoal.co.uk/2010/05/19/parma-90s-phenomenon/|archivedate=17 August 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and investment from [[parent company]] [[Parmalat]] helped to improve the team's fortunes and the club made its debut in [[UEFA]] competition in 1991.<ref name="Dizionario del calcio italiano"/><ref name="Parma '90s blog"/><ref name="FT Jan 2005">{{cite news|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/4dd589d0-6376-11d9-bec2-00000e2511c8.html#axzz1T81blXdG|title= Bondi invites bids for Parma|date=11 January 2005|accessdate=25 July 2011|first=Tony|last=Barber|work=[[Financial Times]]}}</ref><ref>Morrow (2003), p. 202</ref> Scala led the club to its first four major honours. The first of these was the [[Coppa Italia]] in [[1991–92 Coppa Italia|1991–92]], beating [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]] 2–1 over two legs. The following year came the first international triumph in a 3–1 victory in the [[1993 European Cup Winners' Cup Final|Cup Winners' Cup]] over Belgian side [[Royal Antwerp|Antwerp]] at [[Wembley Stadium (1923)|Wembley]].<ref name="Parma '90s blog"/><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.football-italia.net/topten/eurounderdogs.html | accessdate=12 December 2010 | last=Wilson | first=Steve | title=Top 10...Euro underdogs | work=Football-Italia.net|publisher=Football Italia}}</ref> The next season, the side was successful in the [[1993 European Super Cup|European Super Cup]], overcoming [[A.C. Milan|Milan]] 2–1 on aggregate, but lost the [[1994 European Cup Winners' Cup Final|Cup Winners' Cup final]] 1–0 to [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]].<ref name="Parma '90s blog"/> Scala's final success with Parma was in another two-legged final against Juventus: [[Dino Baggio]] scored twice to give Parma a [[1995 UEFA Cup Final|2–1 aggregate win]], but Juventus exacted revenge in the [[1994–95 Coppa Italia|Coppa Italia]] final. Replaced by [[Carlo Ancelotti]], Scala departed in 1996 and was a popular coach for the trophies he won and because the team played attractive football in the tradition of the club.<ref name="Dunford poem"/> [[File:Hernán Crespo - 07FEB2007 - Francia - presidencia-govar.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Hernán Crespo]] represented the club in two spells, winning three trophies and becoming the club's all-time record goalscorer.]] Ancelotti overhauled the team and guided it to a record second place in [[1996–97 Serie A|1997]].<ref name="Parma '90s blog"/><ref>{{cite news | url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story?id=733646&sec=europe&cc=5739 | date=30 January 2010 | accessdate=15 December 2010 | title=Crespo "speechless" after making Parma return | work=Soccernet.ESPN.Go.com|publisher= [[ESPN (UK)]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| date=24 May 2005 | url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,762-1624346,00.html | title=Tactical switch | work=[[The Times]] | publisher=Times Newspapers | accessdate=20 July 2010 | location=London | first=Gabriele | last=Marcotti}}</ref> Parma consequently made its debut in the [[UEFA Champions League]] the following year. [[Alberto Malesani]] was installed as coach in 1998 and the club completed a rare cup double in his first season, winning the [[1998–99 Coppa Italia|Coppa Italia]] final against [[ACF Fiorentina|Fiorentina]] on the [[away goals rule]] and the [[1999 UEFA Cup Final|UEFA Cup]] against [[Olympique de Marseille|Marseille]] at the [[Luzhniki Stadium]] in [[Moscow]] with a 3–0 victory before [[1999 Supercoppa Italiana]] victory over league champions Milan followed in August 1999. In 2000, Hernán Crespo was sold to [[S.S. Lazio|Lazio]] for a [[World football transfer record|world record transfer fee]] and Malesani departed. Under replacement [[Renzo Ulivieri]], the club lost the [[2000–01 Coppa Italia|Coppa Italia]] final to Fiorentina. Under [[Pietro Carmignani]] in 2002, Parma [[2002 Coppa Italia Final|won the third Coppa Italia]] trophy against Juventus (but would slip to defeat in the [[2002 Supercoppa Italiana]]) and finished outside the top six for the first time since promotion in 1990. This success earned it a tag as one of the "Seven Sisters".<ref name="Seventh sister">{{Cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2009/nov/23/parma-seventh-sister-serie-a | title=Seventh sister back on the scene as Parma perk up sibling rivalry | work=[[The Guardian]] | publisher=Guardian News and Media | accessdate=9 December 2010 | location=London | first=Paolo | last=Bandini | date=23 November 2009}}</ref><ref name="sister meltdown">{{cite news| url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/parma-is-latest-in-italys-seven-sisters-of-soccer-to-crumble/40612/| title=Parma Is Latest In Italy’s ‘Seven Sisters’ Of Soccer To Crumble| work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |accessdate=9 December 2010 |date=10 January 2004}}</ref> In April 2004, the club was declared insolvent following the financial meltdown of Parmalat and the club remained in special administration for three years.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3369079.stm|accessdate=23 November 2010|title=Parmalat: Timeline to turmoil|date=28 September 2005|work=[[BBC News]]|publisher=[[BBC|British Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref><ref name="scandal threatens">{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3373165.stm|accessdate=23 November 2010|title=Parmalat scandal threatens football club|date=6 January 2004|work=[[BBC News]]|publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation|first=Bill|last=Wilson}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3358771.stm|accessdate=23 November 2010|title=Tanzi's path from boardroom to jail|date=31 December 2003|work=[[BBC News]]|publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation|first=Ben|last=Richardson}}</ref> ===Rebirth and another bankruptcy (2004–2015)=== The club re-formed as Parma Football Club SpA in June 2004<ref>P{{cite web|url=http://www.figc.it/Assets/contentresources_2/ContenutoGenerico/30.$plit/C_2_ContenutoGenerico_6780_lstAllegati_Allegato0_upfAllegato.pdf|title=COMUNICATO UFFICIALE N. 6/A (2004–05)|date=8 July 2004|accessdate=12 July 2015|publisher=FIGC|language=Italian}}</ref> (as a subsidiary of being liquidated Parma AC SpA) and the [[2004–05 Serie A|2004–05 season]] saw Parma plummet to its lowest finish in Serie A&nbsp;– despite a second consecutive 23-goal haul from Gilardino, who was then sold for €25&nbsp;million<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bilanciomilan.it/2007/HTML/2006/HTML/PDF/bilancio.pdf|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yDBo7IiW?url=http://www.bilanciomilan.it/2007/HTML/2006/HTML/PDF/bilancio.pdf|archivedate=25 April 2011|title=AC Milan Group 2006 annual report|work=AC Milan|language=Italian|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref>&nbsp;– as managers came and went.<ref name="Seventh sister"/> Parma ended [[Serie A 2005–06|the following season]], its first without [[UEFA|European]] competition since 1991, in tenth, but returned in 2006 after the [[2006 Italian football scandal|''Calciopoli'' scandal]]. [[File:Claudio Ranieri.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Claudio Ranieri]] managed Parma during the latter half of the [[Serie A 2006–07|2006–07]] season.]] On 24 January 2007, Tommaso Ghirardi bought the club out of [[Administration (law)|administration]] and became the owner and president of the club.<ref name="ghirardi arrives">{{Cite news|url=http://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/Squadre/Parma/Primo_Piano/2007/01_Gennaio/24/ufficiale.shtml|title=Ufficiale: Il Parma è di Ghirardi|trans-title=Official: Parma is Ghirardi's|work=[[La Gazzetta dello Sport]]|publisher=[[RCS MediaGroup]]|location=Milan|accessdate=29 July 2010|language=Italian}}</ref> Manager [[Claudio Ranieri]] helped the team avoid relegation to Serie B on the final day of the [[2006–07 Serie A|2006–07 season]] following his February appointment.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/6356587.stm|title=Ranieri appointed coach of Parma|accessdate=1 August 2010|date=13 February 2007|work=[[BBC Sport]]|publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/SerieA/Squadre/Parma/Primo_Piano/2007/05_Maggio/27/CRONACA.shtml|last=Stanco|first=Sergio|title=La salvezza abita a Parma|trans-title=Salvation lives in Parma|work=La Gazzetta dello Sport|publisher=RCS MediaGroup|location=Milan|accessdate=29 July 2010|language=Italian}}</ref> However, under a succession of managers, Parma's battle with relegation [[Serie A 2007–08|the following year]] was not successful, consigning the club to [[Serie B]] after 18 years in the top flight.<ref name="FI history"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://football-italia.net/blogs/jh10.html |first=James |last=Horncastle| accessdate=9 December 2010| date=13 March 2008 |title= Cross to Bear |work=Football-Italia.net|publisher=Football Italia}}</ref> [[Francesco Guidolin]] won promotion back to Serie A at the first attempt with a second-place finish and led the side to eighth on its return to Serie A in [[2009–10 Serie A|2009–10]], narrowly missing out on qualification for the UEFA Europa League before leaving for [[Udinese Calcio|Udinese]]. In May 2010, Guidolin swapped jobs with [[Pasquale Marino]], who was sacked by Ghirardi in April 2011 when Parma was caught in another relegation dogfight.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,11876_6170763,00.html|date=24 May 2010|title=Udinese appoint Guidolin | last=Carminati |first=Nadia|accessdate=1 August 2010|publisher=[[Sky Sports]]|work=SkySports.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,11876_6185245,00.html |date=2 June 2010|title=Parma appoint Marino|accessdate=1 August 2010 | last=Carminati |first=Nadia|publisher=[[Sky Sports]]|work=SkySports.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,11854_6851166,00.html |date=3 April 2011|title=Parma wield axe on Marino|accessdate=4 April 2011 | last=Carminati |first=Nadia|publisher=[[Sky Sports]]|work=SkySports.com}}</ref> Under Marino's replacement, [[Franco Colomba]], Parma escaped the threat of relegation with two games to spare.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.sportsbook24.net/?action=read&idnotizia=26466 |title=Salvezza raggiunta: ci sarà il Parma nella Serie A 2011/12 |work=Sportsbook24.net |publisher=Sportsbook24 |accessdate=13 May 2011 |trans-title=Safety achieved: Parma will be in the 2011/12 Serie A |language=Italian |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324013840/http://www.sportsbook24.net/?action=read&idnotizia=26466 |archivedate=24 March 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In January 2012, Colomba was replaced by [[Roberto Donadoni]] following a winless run that culminated in a 5–0 loss to [[Inter Milan]] and the new coach led the team to eighth position in a Serie A club record seven-match winning run.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.corriere.it/sport/12_gennaio_09/esonero-colomba-parma_870d6530-3b0d-11e1-8a43-34573d1838c1.shtml|title=Fatale il 5–0 con l'Inter, esonerato Colomba|trans-title=5–0 with Inter fatal: Colomba fired|date=9 January 2012|accessdate=11 January 2012|work=[[Corriere della Sera]]|publisher=RCS MediaGroup|location=Milan|language=Italian}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/Squadre/Parma/13-05-2012/parma-recorddi-vaio-saluta-a-911215771126.shtml | title=Parma, settima da record |trans-title=Parma, record seventh | date=13 May 2012 | work=[[La Gazzetta dello Sport]] | publisher=RCS MediaGroup | first=Francesco |last= Salsano | language=Italian}}</ref> In 2014, Donadoni guided Parma to sixth in Serie A and a third consecutive top ten finish, but a return to Europe in the Europa League for the first time since 2007 was barred due to the late payment of income tax on salaries, not qualifying for a UEFA license, for which the club would also be docked points during the [[2014–15 Serie A]] season.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.espnfc.com/news/story/_/id/1836553/parma-europa-league-place-handed-torino?cc=5739 | date=29 May 2014 | title=Parma lose appeal for UEFA license ''[sic]''}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.fourfourtwo.com/news/parma-deducted-one-point-financial-issues | date=9 December 2014 | title=Parma deducted one point for financial issues | work=[[FourFourTwo]] | publisher=[[Haymarket Group]]}}</ref> Financial troubles precipitated a succession of ownership changes and the club's eventual bankruptcy in March 2015 with total liabilities of €218&nbsp;million, including €63m unpaid salaries.<ref name="bankrupt"/><ref name="Times Oct 15"/><ref name="3 straight promotions">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/the-gentleman-ultra/2018/may/24/parma-serie-a-three-straight-promotions-italy|work=[[The Guardian]] | publisher=Guardian News and Media|location=London|first=Yousef |last=Teclab|date=24 May 2018|title='It can’t be true': Parma return to Serie A after three straight promotions}}</ref> The club was allowed to finish the season but finished bottom of the league in 20th place. ===Another rebirth (2015–present)=== The re-founded club, '''S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913''', was formed in July 2015, taking its name from the year of foundation of the predecessor club and securing a place in the [[2015–16 Serie D]] under [[article 52 of N.O.I.F.]] as the representative of Parma.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.figc.it/it/204/2528990/2015/07/News.shtml | title=La S.S.D. Parma calcio 1913 s.r.l. ammessa in soprannumero in Serie D |trans-title=S.S.D. Parma calcio 1913 s.r.l. placed in Serie D | language=Italian | date=27 July 2015 | work=FIGC.it | publisher = [[FIGC]]}}</ref> Ex-head coach [[Nevio Scala]] was appointed as president and former player [[Luigi Apolloni]] was chosen as head coach.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espnfc.com/parma/story/2538620/new-club-parma-calcio-1913-approved-to-play-in-serie-d|title=New club Parma Calcio 1913 approved to play in Serie D|date=27 July 2015|accessdate=27 July 2015| work=ESPNFC.com|publisher= [[ESPN (UK)]]}}</ref> In the club's first season, it sold over 9,000 season tickets, more than doubling the [[Serie D]] record.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://gazzettaworld.gazzetta.it/news/parma-season-tickets/ | title=Parma sell 9,000 season tickets |date=30 August 2015 | first=Stewart | last=Rickerd | work=[[La Gazzetta dello Sport|Gazzetta World]] | publisher=[[RCS MediaGroup]] }}</ref> Parma achieved promotion from Serie D into professional football league [[Lega Pro]] with three games to spare following a 2–1 win against [[A.C. Delta Calcio Rovigo|Delta Rovigo]], ending the season in first place with 94 points from 38 games, and an unbeaten run of 28 victories and 10 draws.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/36072514|title=Parma promoted to Serie C in first season after bankruptcy|accessdate=23 April 2016|date=18 April 2016|work=[[BBC Sport]]|publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |people= |date=22 April 2016 |title=The Return of Parma |medium= |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p03r2q27 }}</ref> Parma ended the [[2016–17 Lega Pro|2016–17 Lega Pro season]] in second place of Group B, but were promoted to Serie B after a 2–0 win over [[U.S. Alessandria Calcio 1912|Alessandria]] in the promotion play-off final.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.football-italia.net/104305/parma-back-serie-b|title=Parma back in Serie B!|publisher=Football Italia|date=17 June 2017}}</ref> On 18 May 2018, Parma achieved a third promotion in three seasons, becoming the first Italian football club to achieve this, having finished the [[2017–18 Serie B|2017–18 Serie B season]] second behind champions [[Empoli F.C.|Empoli]] and level on points with [[Frosinone Calcio|Frosinone]], but achieving automatic promotion due to a better head-to-head record, thus making a comeback to the top flight for the next season in [[2018–19 Serie A]] just three seasons after their bankruptcy relegation to Serie D.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/44177950|title=Parma secure third successive promotion to Italy's top flight after bankruptcy|accessdate=19 May 2018|date=18 May 2018|work=[[BBC Sport]]|publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref> On 23 July 2018, Parma were handed a 5 point deduction for the 2018–19 Serie A season, following text messages from Parma player [[Emanuele Calaio]] "eliciting a reduced effort" from two players of [[Spezia Calcio|Spezia]] ([[Filippo De Col]] and [[Claudio Terzi]]) during the 2017–18 season, a match Parma won 2–0 to secure promotion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.football-italia.net/124854/parma-handed-five-point-deduction|title=Parma handed five-point deduction|publisher=Football Italia|date=23 July 2018}}</ref> On 9 August, Parma had the 5-point deduction expunged.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foxsports.com/soccer/story/parma-has-5-point-penalty-removed-calaio-ban-reduced-080918|title=Parma has 5-point penalty removed, Calaio ban reduced|publisher=foxsports.com|date=9 August 2018}}</ref> ==Colours and badge== Originally, the club wore yellow and blue chequered shirts in honour of the city's traditional colours, which date back to 1545 when the [[Duchy of Parma]] was established,<ref name="Parma kits">{{Cite web|url=http://www.heraldica.org/topics/national/italy2.htm#parma|title=Heraldry in Pre-Unification Italy|work=Heraldica.org|first=François R. |last=Velde|accessdate=30 July 2010}}</ref> but white shirts with a black [[cross]] on the chest were introduced after the [[First World War]], drawing inspiration from [[Juventus]]' colours, following a name change.<ref name="Goal history"/> White continued to be worn as the main colour of the home kits for much of the remainder of the century, although often complemented with yellow, blue or both, rather than black. The club did, however, experiment in the 1950s with blue shirts and blue and yellow striped shirts. The cross shirts were restored and worn until bankruptcy in 1968, when white shirts with off-centre blue and yellow vertical bands were worn, but the cross returned from 1970 until 1983 when a yellow and blue-sleeved white shirt was introduced and used for 8 years. After decades in the lower divisions, Parma was promoted to Serie A in 1990, where the side immediately became a major force in the battle for major trophies, on many notable occasions in direct opposition to Juventus, who would become fierce rivals of Parma's. This rivalry and the influence of [[Parmalat]] led to the demotion of the white shirts to the away kit, so the side wore yellow and blue hooped shirts at home for six seasons between 1998 and 2004, and navy blue shirts often worn as third choice in this period. This was a time of great success for the club, thus the shirts became synonymous with Parma, often still called the ''Gialloblù'' (Yellow and Blues) today, despite a recent reversion to the traditional white shirts emblazoned with a cross caused by parent company [[Parmalat]]'s collapse and the clubs subsequent re-foundation as Parma Football Club. Yellow and blue were Parma's traditional change colours, used in various combinations from 2004 to 2015, such as vertical stripes, hoops, crosses or as solid colour designs.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.storiadelparmacalcio.com/collezione-parma/collezione-maglie-parma.htm | title=Le Maglie del Parma |trans-title=The Kits of Parma | work = storiadelparmacalcio.com}}</ref> Parma's logo changed in 2005 to reflect the name change from Parma A.C. to Parma F.C., but the logo otherwise remained the same, encompassing the city colours of yellow and blue and the club's traditional black cross set on a white background, and has not changed much in years, although it was dramatically overhauled to feature a prancing bull for one season in 2000–01 before it was criticised and discontinued in favour of the old badge. A new badge with broadly similar features was introduced for the 2014–15 season following the use of a commemorative centenary badge for the 2013–14 campaign.<ref>{{cite news|title=FC Parma Unveils Their 100 Year Anniversary Logo|url=http://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/news-photo/parma-fcs-centenery-logo-is-unveiled-at-stadio-ennio-news-photo/162797888|language=Italian|work=GettyImages.co.uk|publisher=[[Getty Images]]|date=27 February 2013|accessdate=24 October 2015}}</ref> The newly formed club in 2015 adopted a new logo before acquiring the rights to a number of legacy items for €250,000 a year later.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://parmacalcio1913.com/il-parma-calcio-1913-ha-acquistato-dalla-curatela-il-marchio-parma-f-c-sulle-maglie-torna-lo-storico-scudo-gialloblu-crociato-ma-con-la-scritta-parma-calcio | title=Il Parma Calcio 1913 ha acquistato dalla Curatela il marchio Parma F.C.: sulle maglie torna lo storico scudo gialloblù crociato, ma con la scritta “Parma Calcio” | language=Italian | date=23 August 2016 |trans-title=Parma Calcio 1913 have acquired Parma F.C. branding: the traditional badge will return to the shirt but with "Parma Calcio"}}</ref> <center> <gallery> File:Parma AC logo.svg|The old Parma A.C. logo, used until the name change to Parma F.C. in 2004 File:Parma FC logo.svg|Parma F.C.'s crest until 2012 File:Parma F.C. Centenary Badge.png|Parma's centenary badge File:Parma FC logo.png|Parma F.C. logo, 2014–15 File:Logo of Parma Calcio.png|S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913 badge, 2015–16 </gallery> </center> ==Grounds== {{Main article|Stadio Ennio Tardini|Centro Sportivo di Collecchio}} [[File:Ennio Tardini.JPG|left|thumb|[[Stadio Ennio Tardini]], Parma's home stadium|alt=A view of a football pitch and the stands surrounding it from the view of one corner.]] Parma initially had no permanent home and used the ''Piazza d'Armi'', where two wooden posts constituted the frame of each goal. In December 1914, the club began to use land between the [[Via Emilia]], the Eridania refinery and the Ferraguti factory, but it was sold, so the club returned to the ''Piazza d'Armi'' before transferring to the ''Tre Pioppi'', the first fenced-off pitch in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apcpetitot.it/associazione/storia_tardini.html|work=APCPetitot.it|publisher=Associazione Parma Club Petitot|title=La storia dello stadio "Ennio Tardini" di Parma (1923)|trans-title=The history of Parma's Stadio Ennio Tardini (1923)}}</ref> Parma moved into the [[Stadio Ennio Tardini]] in 1923 and remains there today, although the stadium saw drastic change from the vision of [[Ennio Tardini]], under whose auspices the stadium was to be built, but who died before completion of the venue.<ref name="Impianti">{{cite web | url=http://parmacalcio1913.com/impianti | title=Impianti |trans-title=Grounds | language=Italian | accessdate=24 October 2015 | publisher=S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913 | work=ParmaCalcio1913.com}}</ref><ref name="Early history and stadium info">{{Cite web|url=http://www.football-italia.net/clubs/Parma/stadium|title=Stadio Ennio Tardini|accessdate=12 January 2012|work=Football-Italia.net|publisher=Football Italia}}</ref> Much of the renovation took place after the club's first promotion to [[Serie A]] at the start of the 1990s.<ref name="official site tardini"/> Since 1996, the first team has trained and played friendly matches at the [[Centro Sportivo di Collecchio]] in [[Collecchio]], which is located 15 kilometres to the south-west of the stadium. Parma's [[Parma F.C. Academy|youth teams]] also play their home matches in the same complex. Until 2015, younger youth teams trained at Campi Stuard but now train at Collechio.<ref name="Impianti"/> In 2018, the refounded Parma Calcio 1913 acquired the centre from the administrator of Eventi&nbsp;Sportivi&nbsp;S.p.A., the parent company of Parma F.C., and the former owner of the centre, for about €3&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://parmacalcio1913.com/parma-calcio-1913-comunicato-ufficiale-3|title=PARMA CALCIO 1913, COMUNICATO UFFICIALE|date=9 May 2018|access-date=12 May 2018|publisher=Parma Calcio 1913|language=Italian}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://parma.repubblica.it/sport/2018/05/09/news/parma_calcio_1913_si_aggiudica_il_centro_sortivo_di_collecchio-195913248/|title=Parma Calcio 1913 si aggiudica il centro sportivo di Collecchio|date=9 May 2018|access-date=12 May 2018|work=[[La Repubblica]] (Parma edition)|publisher=GEDI Gruppo Editoriale|language=Italian}}</ref> ==Support== [[File:Coat of arms of the House of Farnese.svg|thumb|upright|The [[coat of arms]] of the [[House of Farnese]]&nbsp;– creators of the [[Duchy of Parma]]&nbsp;– whose colours are the inspiration for many of the club's kits|alt=On a yellow shield shape sit six blue fleurs-de-lis in a triangular formation whose tip points downwards.]] The supporters of Parma are seen as placid fans.<ref>Giulianotti (1999), p. 88</ref> Traditionally, they have been seen as fans who enjoy the spectacle of football and are less partisan, although they have been more characterised by impatience of late.<ref name="Dunford poem"/> The supporters were praised for their loyalty after the club sold more season tickets in 2015 when playing in [[Serie D]] than the previous year in [[Serie A]] following bankruptcy.<ref name="3 straight promotions"/> In [[Northeast Italy]], the team is the fifth best supported, behind [[Inter Milan]], [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]], [[A.C. Milan|Milan]] and [[Bologna F.C. 1909|Bologna]], the first three of which are not based in that region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.demos.it/2010/pdf/143320100924calcio.pdf |format=PDF|date=24 September 2010| work=Demos.it |publisher=Demos & Pi |accessdate=23 February 2012|title=Italia, il paese nel pallone|language=Italian|trans-title=Italy, the country in football}}</ref> They are represented by three main groups: ''il Centro di Coordinamento dei Parma Club'' (which represents most of the fanbase), ''l'Associazione Petitot'' and the club's [[ultras]], ''Boys Parma'', which was established on 3 August 1977 by young fans wanting to split from the Centro di Coordinamento and to encourage meetings with opposition fans.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boysparma1977.it/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=198:breve-riassunto&catid=49:annoperanno&Itemid=75|title=Breve Riassunto|trans-title=Brief Summary|language=Italian|accessdate=19 December 2010|work=BoysParma1977.it|publisher=Boys Parma 1977}}</ref> The Boys Parma occupy the northern end of the home stadium, ''La Curva Nord'', directly opposite to where the away fans sit in the south stand.<ref name="Early history and stadium info"/> In 2008, the Curva Nord was renamed in honour of Boys Parma 1977 member Matteo Bagnaresi, who died when he was run over on the way to the Tardini by a coach which was carrying the opposition [[Juventus]] fans.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2008/mar/31/europeanfootball.sport1|work=[[The Guardian]] | publisher=Guardian News and Media|location=London|first=Paolo|last=Bandini|date=31 March 2008|title=Sadness and censure as violence blights the Scudetto again}}</ref> In a not uncommon practice, the [[Retired numbers in association football#Dedication to fans|number 12 shirt has been reserved]] for the Parma fans, meaning no player is registered to play with that number on his kit for the club. The implication is that the supporters, particularly those of the famous Curva Nord, are the [[12th man (football)|twelfth man]]. The last player to be registered with the number was Gabriele Giroli for the 2002–03 season. Parma's club anthem is ''Il grido di battaglia'', which means "The Battle Cry".<ref>{{cite web| work=TheOffside.com|url=http://parma.theoffside.com/italy/random-parma-video-8-parmas-anthem.html|title=Random Parma Video 8- Parma’s Anthem|date=22 January 2008}}</ref> ===Rivalries=== {{Main article|Derby dell'Enza|Derby d'Emilia}} Parma maintains rivalries with regional and national clubs; some of these are keenly fought [[Local derby|local derbies]]. ''[[Derby dell'Enza]]''{{#tag:ref|''Derby dell'Enza'' translates to ''Enza Derby''. The [[Enza|River Enza]] is an affluence of Italy's longest river, the [[Po (river)|Po]], and forms the boundary of the [[Provinces of Italy|provinces]] of [[Province of Parma|Parma]] and [[Province of Reggio Emilia|Reggio Emilia]].|group=nb}} opponents [[A.C. Reggiana 1919|Reggiana]] are the club's bitterest rivals. The ill-feeling with Reggiana comes from a traditional city rivalry between Parma and [[Reggio Emilia]]. Parma contests the ''[[Derby d'Emilia]]''{{#tag:ref|''Derby d'Emilia'' would be translated to ''Emilia Derby''. [[Emilia (region of Italy)|Emilia]] is a region that approximately corresponds to the western and north-eastern portions of today’s [[Emilia-Romagna]]. The region takes its name from the [[Via Aemilia]], a Roman road in 187 BCE.|group=nb}} with [[Bologna F.C. 1909|Bologna]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.football-italia.net/node/1466|work=Football-Italia.net |publisher=Football Italia|title=Malesani recalls Tardini triumphs|date=19 December 2010|accessdate=19 December 2010}}</ref><ref name="derbies">{{cite web|url=http://www.footballderbies.com/index.php?country=2|title=Italy|work=FootballDerbies.com|accessdate=13 February 2012}}</ref> Bologna and Parma are [[Emilia-Romagna]]'s two most decorated clubs, winning the region's only domestic titles: 7 [[Serie A]] titles and 5 [[Coppa Italia|Coppe Italia]]. Two other local derbies are the ''Derby dei Ducati'',{{#tag:ref|''Derby dei Ducati'' means ''Derby of the Duchies'', the [[duchy|duchies]] in question being those of [[Duchy of Modena and Reggio|Modena and Reggio]] and [[Duchy of Parma|Parma]]. These territories were competing and neighbouring duchies during the [[Renaissance]].|group=nb}} which is contested with neighbours [[Modena F.C.|Modena]], and the ''Derby del Ducato'',{{#tag:ref|''Derby del Ducato'' is the Italian equivalent of ''Derby of the Duchy''. The Duchy of Parma was created in 1545 and became the unified Duchies of Parma and Piacenza in 1556.|group=nb}} which is played against [[Piacenza Calcio|Piacenza]].<ref name="derbies"/> Despite their relative obscurity, [[Lombardy|Lombardian]] side [[U.S. Cremonese|Cremonese]] and [[Tuscany|Tuscan]] outfit [[Carrarese Calcio|Carrarese]], to Parma's north and south, respectively, are both seen as rivals too. Juventus is considered a great rival of Parma largely due to their recent duels, which include Parma's [[1995 UEFA Cup Final|1995 UEFA Cup victory]], its [[1991–92 Coppa Italia|first]] and [[2002 Coppa Italia Final|third Coppa Italia]] triumphs, Supercoppa Italiana defeats in [[1995 Supercoppa Italiana|1995]] and [[1995 Supercoppa Italiana|2002]], and its [[1994–95 Coppa Italia|1995]] domestic cup final defeat to ''The Old Lady''.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://parma.theoffside.com/italy/parma-juve-like-a-derby.html | work=TheOffside.com | title=Parma-Juve, Like a Derby | accessdate=14 December 2010| date=8 November 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://juventus.theoffside.com/team-news/the-rivalry-is-back-parma-juventus.html | work=TheOffside.com | title=The Rivalry is Back: Parma-Juventus | accessdate=19 August 2011| date=5 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://edicola.linformazione.com/archivio/2011/20111125/37_RE2511.pdf|format=PDF|date=25 November 2011|language=Italian|title=Riproporre il derby dell’Enza Parma-Reggiana per beneficenza|trans-title=Revival of the Derby dell'Enza Parma-Reggiana for charity|work=L'Informazione|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/65XR4n6tN?url=http://edicola.linformazione.com/archivio/2011/20111125/37_RE2511.pdf|archivedate=18 February 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> These six matches comprise nearly half of the fourteen major finals Parma has participated in. Ironically, Parma's colours have their origins in those Juventus wears, and the switch from white and black to a yellow and blue home kit in the late 1990s took place in order to distance and distinguish Parma from Juventus. Parma maintain keenly fought rivalries with [[Vicenza Calcio|Vicenza]] and [[Genoa C.F.C.|Genoa]]. In Italy, it is common for clubs to be twinned in an arrangement called ''gemellaggi''. This is a practice uncommon elsewhere.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.football-italia.net/node/10880 | publisher=Football Italia | title=Serious about Serie A | accessdate=29 August 2011 | first=Scott | last=Fleming | date=26 August 2011 | work=Football-Italia.net}}</ref> Parma enjoy amicable relations with [[Empoli F.C.|Empoli]] in an arrangement that dates back to a game played in foggy conditions in [[1984–85 Serie B|1984]] that ended in the Parma fans congratulating those of Empoli on its win when the full-time whistle was blown without the ''Azzurri'' fans' knowledge.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.football-italia.net/topten/twins.html |work=Football-Italia.net |publisher=Football Italia |title=Top 10: Twinned clubs |accessdate=12 December 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122145755/http://football-italia.net/topten/twins.html |archivedate=22 November 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boysparma1977.it/index.php?option=com_content&view=section&id=12&Itemid=78|accessdate=19 December 2010|title=Empoli|work=BoysParma1977.it|publisher=Boys Parma 1977}}</ref> Perhaps a more current bond is felt towards the fans of [[U.C. Sampdoria|Sampdoria]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boysparma1977.it/index.php?option=com_content&view=section&id=13&Itemid=79|accessdate=19 December 2010|title=Sampdoria|work=BoysParma1977.it|publisher=Boys Parma 1977}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gazzettadiparma.it/primapagina/dettaglio/6/149407/Boys_%C3%A8_qui_la_festa_per_il_gemellaggio_Parma-Sampdoria.index.html|title=Boys, è qui la festa per il gemellaggio Parma-Sampdoria|work=Gazzetta di Parma |publisher=Editrice Gazzetta di Parma|location=Parma|trans-title=Boys host the party for the Parma-Sampdoria twinning|language=Italian|date=6 September 2012}}</ref> ==Ownership and finances== In 1991, the club was bought by [[multinational corporation|multinational]] Italian dairy and food corporation [[Parmalat]]. This was the platform for success on the pitch but the club eventually succumbed to [[Administration (law)|administration]] in 2004 due to Parmalat's [[Parmalat bankruptcy timeline|massive bankruptcy]] with debts of $20&nbsp;billion and fraudulent activity at Parmalat worth over €10&nbsp;billion and a €167&nbsp;million net loss by the club in 2003.<ref name="sister meltdown"/><ref name="scandal threatens"/><ref name="Times Oct 15"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2004/jan/04/corporatefraud.parmalat2 |title= Parmalat dream goes sour |date=4 January 2004 |accessdate=31 December 2014 | work=[[The Guardian]] | publisher=Guardian News and Media | location=London | first=Sophie | last=Arie}}</ref><ref>Parma AC SpA ''bilancio'' (financial report and accounts) on 30 June 2003 (in Italian), [http://www.registroimprese.it PDF purchased from Italian CCIAA]</ref> On 24 January 2007, engineering entrepreneur [[Tommaso Ghirardi]] bought the club after three years of administration for $39&nbsp;million and incorporated Eventi Sportivi as a holding company owning 100% of the club's shares of €20&nbsp;million nominal value.<ref name="ghirardi arrives"/> Eventi Sportivi Srl (later S.p.A.), at first had a share capital of just €3&nbsp;million, with [[Banca Monte Parma]], owned 10% of the shares as minority.<ref>http://www.monteparma.it/contentData/view/2007_12_31_monteparma_bilancio4.pdf?id=CNT-05-000000012E01C&ct=application/pdf</ref> By 21 January 2009, Ghirardi's ownership of Eventi Sportivi was 75% with [[Banca Monte Parma]] holding 10% and Marco Ferrari, former vice-president Diego Penocchio and Penocchio's company Brixia Incipit each owning 5%.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.gazzettadiparma.it/news/sport/10421/Due-nuovi-soci-nel-Parma-Calcio.html | title=Due nuovi soci nel Parma Calcio |trans-title=Two new Parma shareholders | date=21 January 2009 | work=Gazzetta di Parma}}</ref> In July 2011, Ghirardi sold to both Alberto Rossi and Alberto Volpi 5% each of Eventi Sportivi.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.gazzettadiparma.it/news/sport/56732/Due-soci-affiancano-Tommaso-Ghirardi-.html |title= Due soci affiancano Tommaso Ghirardi: Alberto Rossi e Alberto Volpi |trans-title= Two members alongside Tommaso Ghirardi: ALberto Rossi and Alberto Volpi |language=Italian |date=21 July 2011 |accessdate=31 December 2014 |work=Gazzetta di Parma}}</ref> On 29 February 2014, Energy T.I. Group bought 10% of the shares in the club from Eventi Sportivi.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.energytigroup.it/parma-f.c.html | title=Parma F.C. | accessdate= 31 December 2014 }}</ref> [[File:Gian_Paolo_Dallara.jpg|thumb|Parma-born motorsport businessman [[Gian Paolo Dallara]] was a founding investor in S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913]] On 19 December 2014 and as a result of a ruling which barred the club from a first [[Parma F.C. in Europe|European campaign]] under [[Tommaso Ghirardi]], Ghirardi sold his 66.55% controlling stake in Eventi Sportivi to Dastraso Holding Ltd, a company based in Cyprus and controlled by [[Rezart Taçi]] for €1, at which point the club was $200&nbsp;million in debt.<ref name="Times Oct 15"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2015/jan/26/parmas-shrinking-violets-facing-a-sour-future-in-serie-a|work=[[The Guardian]] | publisher=Guardian News and Media|location=London|first=Paolo|last=Bandini|date=26 January 2015|title=Parma's shrinking violets facing a sour future in Serie A}}</ref><ref name="parma_ownership">{{ cite news |url=http://fcparma.com/news/parma-fc-alla-dastraso-holdings-limited-il-presidente-fabio-giordano-pagare-le-scadenze-e-non-retrocedere-le-nostre-priorita?lang=it |language=Italian |access-date=21 December 2014 |publisher=Parma FC |date=20 December 2014 |title=PARMA FC ALLA DASTRASO HOLDINGS LIMITED. IL PRESIDENTE FABIO GIORDANO: PAGAMENTI E NON RETROCEDERE LE PRIORITÀ |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220122242/http://fcparma.com/news/parma-fc-alla-dastraso-holdings-limited-il-presidente-fabio-giordano-pagare-le-scadenze-e-non-retrocedere-le-nostre-priorita?lang=it |archivedate=20 December 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The club became the third Serie A club to become foreign-owned as a result and Albanian Emir Kodra was installed as president.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/30396299 | date=10 December 2014 | title=Parma: Serie A club deducted point by Italy FA | publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation | work=[[BBC Sport]]}}</ref><ref name="albanian president"/> In February 2015, Taci sold his stake to Giampietro Manenti for the price he bought it, €1, less than two months after buying it, at which point salaries at the financially stricken club had not been paid since the previous summer.<ref name="Times Oct 15"/><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.gazzettadiparma.it/news/calciomercato/249657/Parma--la-verita-sulla-MAPI.html | title=Parma: la verità sulla MAPI GRUP |trans-title=Parma: the truth about Mapi Group | language=Italian | date=8 February 2015 | work=Gazzetta di Parma }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.espnfc.com/parma/story/2296300/new-parma-president-giampietro-manenti-says-debt-payments-on-way | title=Parma president Giampietro Manenti says debt payments on way | first=Ben | last=Gladwell | date=12 February 2015 | work=ESPNFC.com | publisher=[[ESPN]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.football-italia.net/62458/parma-work-starts-tomorrow|date=9 February 2015|title='Parma work starts tomorrow'|work=Football-Italia.net|publisher=Football Italia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.football-italia.net/62453/%E2%80%98we-sold-parma-%E2%82%AC1%E2%80%99|date=9 February 2015|title=‘We sold Parma for €1’|work=Football-Italia.net|publisher=Football Italia}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/31588196 | title=Parma's uncertain future: Former Uefa Cup winners rack up debts | date=23 February 2015 | first=Jonathan | last=Jurejko | work=[[BBC Sport]] | publisher=[[British Broadcasting Corporation]] }}</ref> With Parma bottom of Serie A, Manenti was arrested in March 2015 on allegations of [[money laundering]] and his involvement in a [[credit card fraud]] ring, imperilling the already precarious situation as the club was plunged further into debt.<ref name="Times Oct 15"/><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/31941789 | title=Parma chairman Giampietro Manenti held over credit card scam | date=18 March 2015 | work=[[BBC Sport]] | publisher=[[British Broadcasting Corporation]] }}</ref> On 19 March 2015, the club was declared bankrupt with a total [[Liability (financial accounting)|liabilities]] of €218&nbsp;million (including unpaid wages of €63&nbsp;million).<ref name="bankrupt">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2015/mar/19/italian-court-declares-parma-bankrupt|work=[[The Guardian]] | publisher=Guardian News and Media|location=London|date=19 March 2015|title=Italian court declares Serie A side Parma bankrupt in 10-minute hearing}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/Serie-A/Parma/19-03-2015/parma-si-decide-futuro-societa-oggi-udienza-prefallimentare-110161338416.shtml|title= Il Parma è ufficialmente fallito. Ma domenica col Torino si gioca |date=19 March 2015|work=La Gazzetta dello Sport|language=Italian}}</ref> On 22 April 2015, the intermediate holding company of Parma, Eventi Sportivi SpA, was also declared bankruptcy by the Tribunal of Parma.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.repubblica.it/sport/calcio/serie-a/parma/2015/04/22/news/parma_dal_tribunale_due_no_a_manenti_dichiarata_fallita_eventi_sportivi-112581224/|title=Parma: dal tribunale due no a Manenti, dichiarata fallita Eventi Sportivi|date=22 April 2015|accessdate=23 April 2015|work=La Repubblica|language=Italian}}</ref> The club was then declared legally bankrupt on 22 June 2015 after no new investors willing to refurbish €22.6&nbsp;million debt in order to trigger Comma 3 of [[Article 52 of N.O.I.F.]] to allow the club to remain in Serie B.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fcparma.com/news/fallimento-parma-fc-s-p-a-il-giudice-delegato-stabilisce-il-debito-sportivo?lang=it|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622132338/http://fcparma.com/news/fallimento-parma-fc-s-p-a-il-giudice-delegato-stabilisce-il-debito-sportivo?lang=it|title=Fallimento Parma FC S.p.A. Il giudice delegato stabilisce il debito sportivo|date=20 June 2015|archivedate=22 June 2015|access-date=20 August 2016|publisher=Parma F.C.|language=Italian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2015/jun/22/parma-relegated-serie-d-fail-new-owner | title=Parma relegated to Serie D after failing to find a new owner | work=[[The Guardian]] | publisher=Guardian News and Media | accessdate=22 June 2015 | location=London | first=Ian | last=McCourt | date=22 June 2015}}</ref> Other debts of the club were either waived by the footballers or settled by the administrator. New investor was not required to repay the subordinated debt and bank debt of the old company. The medals of Parma, which was owned by the company, as well as [[Centro Sportivo di Collecchio]] which was owned by its holding company Eventi Sportivi, were under auction after the bankruptcy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gazzettadiparma.it/news/parma/338760/Eventi-Sportivi-Spa--il-28.html|title=Eventi Sportivi Spa: il 28 aprile l'asta, si parte da 9,9 milioni |date=5 March 2016|access-date=15 August 2016|work=Gazzetta di Parma|language=Italian}}</ref> The phoenix club S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913 S.r.L. was incorporated in 2015 under the ownership of Nuovo Inizio SrL with share capital of €250,000. Nuovo Inizio was owned by a number of backers including representatives of Parmalat and local businessmen [[Guido Barilla]] (co-owner of [[Barilla Group]]), Paolo Pizzarotti (president of [[Impresa Pizzarotti]]), Mauro Del Rio and [[Gian Paolo Dallara]].<ref name="Times Oct 15">{{cite news | url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/sport/football/article4595948.ece | work=[[The Times]] | location=London | publisher=Times Newspapers | date=26 October 2015 | first=Rory | last=Smith | title=Fallen giants of Italian football begin to stir}}</ref><ref name="ESPN founding"/> <ref>https://www.football-italia.net/68358/new-parma-takes-shape</ref> The new owners sought to overhaul the core philosophy of Italian club ownership and formed Parma Partecipazioni Calcistiche SrL to act as a vehicle for fan ownership, so issued a further €89,286 of shares to that company. Fans therefore own approximately 25% of the club at a cost of €500 per [[Share (finance)|share]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/18/sports/soccer/soccer-phoenix-tries-to-rise-from-the-ashes-of-a-once-proud-italian-program.html?_r=0 | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=17 August 2015 | first=Sam | last=Borden | title=Parma’s Rebirth Rests on a Ragged Pitch | publisher=[[Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.]]}}</ref> In June 2017, [[Chinese people|Chinese]] businessman [[Jiang Lizhang]]'s Desports group acquired a 60% majority stake in the club. The seven local businessman who launched the club in 2015 retained 30% of the club, while the remaining 10% remained in the hands of fans through Parma Partecipazione Calcistiche.<ref name="3 straight promotions"/><ref>{{cite news | url=http://it.eurosport.com/calcio/serie-b/2016-2017/anche-il-parma-diventa-cinese-il-60-delle-azioni-a-jiang-lizhang-crespo-sara-il-vicepresidente_sto6225782/story.shtml | work=[[Eurosport]] | date=21 June 2017 | first=Stefano | last=Dolci | title=Anche il Parma diventa cinese: il 60% delle azioni a Jiang Lizhang, Crespo sarà il vicepresidente |trans-title=Parma is next to become Chinese: 60% of the shares to Jiang Lizhang, and Crespo will be vice-president | publisher=[[Discovery Communications]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://parmacalcio1913.com/marco-ferrari-jiang-lizhang-di-desports-e-il-socio-ideale-per-crescere-il-mio-compito-e-finito-rimarro-sempre-vicino-alla-societa-come-azionista-e-come-tifoso | work=ParmaCalcio1913.com | date=21 June 2017 | title=Marco Ferrari: "Jiang Lizhang di Desports è il socio ideale per crescere. Il mio compito è finito. Rimarrò sempre vicino alla società come azionista e come tifoso" |trans-title=Marco Ferrari: "Jiang Lizhang of Desports is the ideal shareholder for growth. My task is complete. I will always remain close to the club as shareholder and f" }}</ref> ==Players== ===Current squad=== {{updated|8 December 2018}}<ref>{{cite web | url=http://parmacalcio1913.com/prima-squadra | title=Prima squadra |trans-title=Parma Calcio 1913 | language=Italian | accessdate=4 February 2016 | publisher=S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913 | work=ParmaCalcio1913.com}}</ref> {{fs start}} {{fs player | no= 1 | nat= ITA | pos= GK | name= [[Pierluigi Frattali]]|other=[[Captain (association football)|vice-captain]]}} {{fs player | no= 2 | nat= ITA | pos= DF | name= [[Simone Iacoponi]]}} {{fs player | no= 3 | nat= ITA | pos= DF | name= [[Federico Dimarco]]|other= on loan from [[Inter Milan]]}} {{fs player | no= 5 | nat= SLO | pos= MF | name= [[Leo Štulac]]}} {{fs player | no= 7 | nat= NED | pos= FW | name= [[Alessio Da Cruz]]}} {{fs player | no= 8 | nat= ITA | pos= MF | name= [[Alessandro Deiola]]|other= on loan from [[Cagliari Calcio|Cagliari]]}} {{fs player | no= 9 | nat= ITA | pos= FW | name= [[Fabio Ceravolo]]}} {{fs player | no= 10 | nat= ITA | pos= MF | name= [[Amato Ciciretti]]|other= on loan from [[S.S.C. Napoli|Napoli]]}} {{fs player | no= 11 | nat= ITA | pos= MF | name= [[Gianni Munari]]}} {{Fs player | no= 13 | nat= CHI | pos= DF | name= [[Francisco Sierralta]]|other=on loan from [[Udinese Calcio|Udinese]]}} {{fs player | no= 17 | nat= ITA | pos= MF | name= [[Antonino Barillà]]}} {{fs player | no= 18 | nat= ITA | pos= DF | name= [[Massimo Gobbi]]}} {{fs player | no= 20 | nat= ITA | pos= FW | name= [[Antonio Di Gaudio]]}} {{fs player | no= 21 | nat= ITA | pos= MF | name= [[Matteo Scozzarella]]}} {{fs player | no= 22 | nat= POR | pos= DF | name= [[Bruno Alves]]|other=[[Captain (association football)|captain]]}} {{Fs mid}} {{fs player | no= 23 | nat= ITA | pos= DF | name= [[Marcello Gazzola]]}} {{fs player | no= 26 | nat= ITA | pos= FW | name= [[Luca Siligardi]]}} {{fs player | no= 27 | nat= CIV | pos= MF | name= [[Gervinho]]}} {{fs player | no= 28 | nat= ITA | pos= DF | name= [[Riccardo Gagliolo]]}} {{fs player | no= 32 | nat= ITA | pos= MF | name= [[Luca Rigoni]]}} {{fs player | no= 33 | nat= ITA | pos= MF | name= [[Jacopo Dezi]]}} {{fs player | no= 45 | nat= ITA | pos= FW | name= [[Roberto Inglese]]|other= on loan from [[S.S.C. Napoli|Napoli]]}} {{fs player | no= 55 | nat= ITA | pos= GK | name= [[Luigi Sepe]]|other= on loan from [[S.S.C. Napoli|Napoli]]}} {{fs player | no= 56 | nat= ITA | pos= GK | name= Fabrizio Bagheria|other=on loan from [[Inter Milan|Inter]]<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Inter Milan|Inter]]|url=https://www.inter.it/en/news/63717/elite-academy-transfers|title=ELITE ACADEMY TRANSFERS|date=17 August 2018}}</ref>}} {{fs player | no= 71 | nat= ITA | pos= MF | name= [[Giuseppe Carriero]]}} {{fs player | no= 77 | nat= FRA | pos= MF | name= [[Jonathan Biabiany]]}} {{fs player | no= 88 | nat= ITA | pos= MF | name= [[Alberto Grassi]]|other= on loan from [[S.S.C. Napoli|Napoli]]}} {{fs player | no= 93 | nat= ITA | pos= FW | name= [[Mattia Sprocati]]|other= on loan from [[S.S. Lazio|Lazio]]}} {{fs player | no= 95 | nat= ITA | pos= DF | name= [[Alessandro Bastoni]]|other= on loan from [[Inter Milan]]}} {{fs player | no= 99 | nat= SEN | pos= MF | name= [[Yves Baraye]]}} {{Fs player | no= — | nat= ARG | pos= FW | name= [[Facundo Lescano]]}} {{fs end}} ===Other players under contract=== {{Fs start}} {{Fs player|no=|nat=ITA|pos=DF|name=[[Giovanni Pinto]]}} {{Fs mid}} {{Fs player|no=|nat=ITA|pos=FW|name=[[Emanuele Calaiò]]}} {{Fs end}} ===Out on loan=== {{Fs start}} {{Fs player | no= — | nat= ITA | pos= GK | name= [[Andrea Dini]] | other=at [[Trapani Calcio|Trapani]] until 30 June 2019}} {{Fs player | no= — | nat= ITA | pos= GK | name= [[Michele Nardi]] | other=at [[Robur Siena|Siena]] until 30 June 2019}} {{Fs player | no= — | nat= LVA | pos= GK | name= [[Kristaps Zommers]] | other=at [[Imolese Calcio 1919|Imolese]] until 30 June 2019}} {{Fs player | no= — | nat= ITA | pos= DF | name= [[Lorenzo Adorni]] | other=at [[S.S. Monza 1912|Monza]] until 30 June 2019}} {{Fs player | no= — | nat= ITA | pos= DF | name= [[Cristian Cauz]] | other=at [[Piacenza Calcio 1919|Piacenza]] until 30 June 2019}} {{Fs player | no= — | nat= CIV | pos= DF | name= Yves Kovadio | other=at [[A.C. Cuneo 1905|Cuneo]] until 30 June 2019}} {{Fs player | no= — | nat= ITA | pos= DF | name= [[Emmanuele Matino]] | other=at [[Potenza Calcio|Potenza]] until 30 June 2019}} {{Fs player | no= — | nat= ITA | pos= DF | name= [[Giacomo Ricci (footballer)|Giacomo Ricci]] | other=at [[Carrarese Calcio|Carrarese]] until 30 June 2019}} {{Fs player | no= — | nat= ITA | pos= DF | name= [[Riccardo Santovito]] | other=at [[A.S. Lucchese Libertas 1905|Lucchese]] until 30 June 2019}} {{Fs player | no= — | nat= ITA | pos= DF | name= [[Lorenzo Saporetti]] | other=at [[A.C. Renate|Renate]] until 30 June 2019}} {{Fs player | no= — | nat= ITA | pos= DF | name= [[Stefano Scognamillo]] | other=at [[Trapani Calcio|Trapani]] until 30 June 2019}} {{Fs player | no= — | nat= URU | pos= DF | name= [[Juan Manuel Ramos|Juan Ramos]] | other=at [[Trapani Calcio|Trapani]] until 30 June 2019}} {{Fs player | no= — | nat= ITA | pos= MF | name= [[Francesco Giorno]] | other=at [[S.S. Monza 1912|Monza]] until 30 June 2019}} {{Fs mid}} {{Fs player | no= — | nat= ITA | pos= MF | name= [[Lorenzo Simonetti]] | other=at [[A.C. Renate|Renate]] until 30 June 2019}} {{Fs player | no= — | nat= ITA | pos= MF | name= [[Luigi Scaglia]] | other=at [[Calcio Catania|Catania]] until 30 June 2019}} {{Fs player | no= — | nat= ITA | pos= MF | name= [[Manuel Scavone]] | other=at [[U.S. Lecce|Lecce]] until 30 June 2019}} {{Fs player | no= — | nat= ITA | pos= FW | name= [[Matteo Brunori Sandri]] | other=at [[U.S. Arezzo|Arezzo]] until 30 June 2019}} {{Fs player | no= — | nat= ITA | pos= MF | name= [[Antonio Junior Vacca]] | other=at [[Casertana F.C.|Casertana]] until 30 June 2019}} {{Fs player | no= — | nat= ITA | pos= FW | name= [[Marco Frediani]] | other=at [[Ternana Calcio|Ternana]] until 30 June 2019}} {{Fs player | no= — | nat= ITA | pos= FW | name= [[Francesco Galuppini]] | other=at [[Ravenna F.C.|Ravenna]] until 30 June 2019}} {{Fs player | no= — | nat= ITA | pos= FW | name= [[Cristian Galano]] | other=at [[Foggia Calcio|Foggia]] until 30 June 2019}} {{Fs player | no= — | nat= ITA | pos= FW | name= [[Francesco Golfo]] | other=at [[Trapani Calcio|Trapani]] until 30 June 2019}} {{Fs player | no= — | nat= ITA | pos= FW | name= [[Sebastiano Longo]] | other=at [[Paganese Calcio 1926|Paganese]] until 30 June 2019}} {{Fs player | no= — | nat= ITA | pos= FW | name= [[Manuel Nocciolini]] | other=at [[Ravenna Calcio|Ravenna]] until 30 June 2019}} {{Fs end}} ===Retired numbers=== {{See also|Retired numbers in football (soccer)|l1=Retired numbers in football}} <big>'''6'''</big>&nbsp;– The club announced the retirement of the shirt number worn by club's captain [[Alessandro Lucarelli]] after his retirement announcement. Lucarelli holds the record for league appearances for the club and stayed with the club from its 2015 relegation from Serie A to Serie D following bankruptcy and through its three straight promotions back to Serie A between 2015 and 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://parmacalcio1913.com/ce-solo-un-numero-6-6razie-capitan-lucarelli|title=C'è un numero 6: 6razie capitan Lucarelli|date=27 May 2018|access-date=28 May 2018|publisher=Parma Calcio 1913|language=Italian}}</ref> <big>'''12'''</big>&nbsp;– From the [[2002–03 Parma A.C. season|2002–03]] season until the present (with the exception of the [[2015–16 S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913 season|2015–16]] season in [[Serie D]], where league rules required that the number be assigned to a substitute), [[Curva (stadia)|Curva Nord]] of the [[Stadio Ennio Tardini]], as a sign of recognition towards the fans who sit in the Curva Nord, considered the 12th man on the pitch.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://parmacalcio1913.com/la-numerazione-delle-maglie-dei-crociati-per-la-stagione-2016-2017-la-lega-pro-concede-la-proroga-al-parma-per-la-numero-12-assegnata-ai-tifosi|title=La numerazione delle maglie dei crociati per la stagione 2016-2017. La Lega Pro concede la deroga al Parma per la numero 12 assegnata ai tifosi|date=5 August 2016|access-date=31 August 2016|publisher=Parma Calcio 1913|language=Italian}}</ref> ===Academy=== ''For information on Parma's youth teams, see [[S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913 youth teams]].'' Below the first team, the club runs six teams at youth level, as well as a ladies' team.<ref name="Giovanili e femminile">{{cite web | url=http://parmacalcio1913.com/news-gioventucrociata-femminile# | title=News Giovanili e femminile |trans-title=Youth and ladies' news | language=Italian | accessdate=24 October 2015 | publisher=S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913 | work=ParmaCalcio1913.com}}</ref> ===Former players=== ''For details of former players, see [[List of S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913 players]] and [[:Category:Parma Calcio 1913 players]].'' ===Club captains=== ''For a list of club captains, see [[List of S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913 players#Club captains]].'' ===Player records=== ''For player records, including player awards, see [[S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913 statistics and records#Players|S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913 statistics and records]]. ==Club officials== {{updated|7 October 2018}} * Owner: [[Jiang Lizhang|Desports Group]] (60%)<ref>https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapid=367396524</ref> ; Club management * President: [[Jiang Lizhang]]<ref name="Dirigenza">{{cite web | url=http://parmacalcio1913.com/lo-staff | title=Lo staff |trans-title=Staff | language=Italian | accessdate=24 October 2015 | publisher=S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913 | work=ParmaCalcio1913.com}}</ref> * Vice-presidents: [[Hernán Crespo]], Giacomo Malmesi<ref name="Dirigenza"/> * General director: Luca Carra<ref name="Dirigenza"/> * Sporting director: Daniele Faggiano<ref name="Dirigenza"/> ; Coaching staff * Head coach: [[Roberto D'Aversa]]<ref name="Lo staff tecnico">{{cite web | url=http://parmacalcio1913.com/lo-staff-tecnico | title=Lo staff tecnico |trans-title=Coaching staff | language=Italian | accessdate=24 October 2015 | publisher=S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913 | work=ParmaCalcio1913.com}}</ref> * Assistant head coach: [[Andrea Tarozzi]]<ref name="Lo staff tecnico"/> * Goalkeeping coach: Alberto Bartoli<ref name="Lo staff tecnico"/> * Fitness coach: Paolo Giordani<ref name="Lo staff tecnico"/> * Fitness coach: Luca Morellini<ref name="Lo staff tecnico"/> ===Chairmen history=== Parma has had numerous chairmen over the course of its history; here is a complete list of them:<ref name="Presidents and managers">{{Cite web|url=http://www.storiadelparmacalcio.com/storia-parma-calcio/i-presidenti-e-gli-allenatori-del-parma.htm|title=I presidenti e gli allenatori del Parma Football Club|trans-title=The presidents and coaches of Parma Football Club|language=Italian|accessdate=30 July 2010 | work = StoriaDelParmaCalcio.com}}</ref> <div style="font-size:100%"> {| |width="10"|&nbsp; |valign="top"| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |- !rowspan="1"|Name !rowspan="1"|Years |- |align=left|Violi, Porcelli and Spaggiari |align=left|1913–14 |- |align=left|Carlo Melli and Alberto Poletti |align=left|1914–15 |- |align=left|Ing. Tedeschi |align=left|1919–20 |- |align=left|Conte L. Lusignani |align=left|1920–21 |- |align=left|[[Ennio Tardini]] |align=left|1921–23 |- |align=left|Gabbi |align=left|1923–24 |- |align=left|Giuseppe Muggia and Amoretti |align=left|1924–25 |- |align=left|Aldo Ortali |align=left|1925–26 |- |align=left|Giovanni Canali |align=left|1926–28 |- |align=left|Emilio Grossi |align=left|1928–29 |- |align=left|Giuseppe Amoretti |align=left|1929–30 |- |align=left|Cesare Minelli |align=left|1930–35 |- |align=left|Emilio Grossi |align=left|1935–36 |- |align=left|Filippo Bonati |align=left|1936–37 |- |align=left|Nino Medioli |align=left|1937–38 |- |align=left|Medardo Ghini |align=left|1938–40 |- |align=left|Giuseppe Scotti |align=left|1940–43 |- |align=left|Giorgio Zanichelli |align=left|1945–46 |- |align=left|Raimondo Bortesi |align=left|1946–47 |- |align=left|Amerigo Ghirardi |align=left|1947–48 |- |align=left|Bruno Avanzini |align=left|1948–51 |- |align=left|Bonifazio Lupi di Soragna |align=left|1951–53 |- |} |width="30"|&nbsp; |valign="top"| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |- !rowspan="1"|Name !rowspan="1"|Years |- |align=left|Umberto Agnetti, Del Frate, Campanini and Viani |align=left|1953–54 |- |align=left|Fabrizio Cartolari |align=left|1954–58 |- |align=left|Giuseppe Agnetti |align=left|1958–65 |- |align=left|Walter Molinari |align=left|1965–66 |- |align=left|Gino Camorali |align=left|1966–67 |- |align=left|Vittorio Blarzino |align=left|1967–68 |- |align=left|Zanichelli and Pizzighoni |align=left|1968–69 |- |align=left|Ermes Foglia |align=left|1969–73 |- |align=left|Arnaldo Musini |align=left|1973–76 |- |align=left|Ernesto Ceresini |align=left|1976–90 |- |align=left|Fulvio Ceresini |align=left|1990 |- |align=left|Giorgio Pedraneschi |align=left|1990–96 |- |align=left|Stefano Tanzi |align=left|1996–04 |- |align=left|[[Enrico Bondi]] |align=left|2004 |- |align=left|Guido Angiolini |align=left|2004–06 |- |align=left|[[Enrico Bondi]] |align=left|2006–07 |- |align=left|[[Tommaso Ghirardi]] |align=left|2007–2014 |- |align=left|Pietro Doca |align=left|2014<ref name="new prez">{{cite news | url=http://www.football-italia.net/60266/official-parma-sold-dastraso|date=19 December 2014|title=Official: Parma sold to Dastraso|work=Football-Italia.net|publisher=Football Italia}}</ref> |- |align=left|Fabio Giordano |align=left|2014–15<ref name="new prez"/><ref name=FIGCCU17>{{cite press release|url=http://www.figc.it/it/204/2534125/2016/09/News.shtml|title=Fallimento Parma: 5 anni di inibizione per Ghirardi e 5 anni e preclusione per Leonardi|date=23 September 2016|access-date=6 June 2017|publisher=FIGC|language=Italian}}</ref> |- |align=left|Ermir Kodra |align=left|2015<ref name=FIGCCU17/><ref name="albanian president">{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/30961455 | title=Parma appoint Ermir Kodra, 29, as club's new president | work=[[BBC Sport]] | publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation | date=23 January 2015}}</ref> |- |align=left|Giampietro Manenti |align=left|2015<ref name=FIGCCU17/><ref>{{cite news | url=http://fcparma.com/news/comunicato-stampa-14?lang=it | title=Comunicato Stampa | trans-title=Press release | date=9 February 2015 | language=Italian | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210024049/http://fcparma.com/news/comunicato-stampa-14?lang=it | archivedate=10 February 2015 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> |- |align=left|[[Nevio Scala]] |align=left|2015–2016<ref name="ESPN founding">{{cite news | url=http://www.espnfc.co.uk/parma/story/2510716/parma-calcio-1913-unveiled-new-chapter-begins-for-club | title=Parma Calcio 1913 unveiled, 'new chapter' begins for club says Barilla | date=2 July 2015 | first=Selene | last=Scarsi | work=[[ESPN FC]] | publisher=[[ESPN]]}}</ref> |- |align=left|[[Jiang Lizhang]] |align=left|2017–present |} |} </div> ===Managerial history=== {{Main article|List of Parma F.C. managers}} Below is a list of Parma managers since the end of the First World War until the present day.<ref name="Presidents and managers" /> <div style="font-size:100%"> {| |width="10"|&nbsp; |valign="top"| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |- !rowspan="1"|Name !rowspan="1"|Nationality !rowspan="1"|Years |- |align=left|Violi, <br />Porcelli, <br />Spaggiari |{{Flag icon|ITA|1861}}<br>{{Flag icon|ITA|1861}}<br>{{Flag icon|ITA|1861}} |align=left|1919–20 |- |align=left|Percy Humphrey |{{Flag icon|ENG}} |align=left|1920–21 |- |align=left|[[Adolf Riebe]] |{{Flag icon|AUT}} |align=left|1921–23 |- |align=left|[[Guido Ara]] |{{Flag icon|ITA|1861}} |align=left|1923–24 |- |align=left|Gabbi, <br />Forlivesi |{{Flag icon|ITA|1861}}<br>{{Flag icon|ITA|1861}} |align=left|1924–25 |- |align=left|Carlo Achatzi |{{Flag icon|ITA|1861}} |align=left|1925–26 |- |align=left|Ghini, <br />Stuardt |{{Flag icon|ITA|1861}}<br>{{Flag icon|AUT}} |align=left|1926–27 |- |align=left|Emilio Grossi |{{Flag icon|ITA|1861}} |align=left|1927–28 |- |align=left|Raoul Violi |{{Flag icon|ITA|1861}} |align=left|1928–29 |- |align=left|Emilio Grossi |{{Flag icon|ITA|1861}} |align=left|1929–30 |- |align=left|Armand Halmos |{{Flag icon|HUN|1920}} |align=left|1930–31 |- |align=left|Emilio Grossi |{{Flag icon|ITA|1861}} |align=left|1931–32 |- |align=left|Crotti |{{Flag icon|ITA|1861}} |align=left|1932–33 |- |align=left|Tito Mistrali |{{Flag icon|ITA|1861}} |align=left|1933–36 |- |align=left|Alfredo Mattioli |{{Flag icon|ITA|1861}} |align=left|1936–37 |- |align=left|[[Elvio Banchero]] |{{Flag icon|ITA|1861}} |align=left|1937–38 |- |align=left|Pál Szalaj |{{Flag icon|HUN|1920}} |align=left|1938–39 |- |align=left|József Wereb |{{Flag icon|HUN|1920}} |align=left|1939–40 |- |align=left|Sam Trevors |{{Flag icon|ENG|1861}} |align=left|1940–42 |- |align=left|Italo Defendi |{{Flag icon|ITA|1861}} |align=left|1942–43 |- |align=left|[[Giuseppe Carlo Ferrari]] |{{Flag icon|ITA|1861}} |align=left|1945–46 |- |align=left|[[Renato Cattaneo (footballer born 1903)|Renato Cattaneo]], <br />Lombatti, <br />Frione,<br /> Mistrali |{{Flag icon|ITA}}<br>{{Flag icon|ITA}}<br>{{Flag icon|ITA}}<br>{{Flag icon|ITA}} |align=left|1946–47 |- |align=left|Bruno Dentelli, <br />Giovanni Mazzoni, <br />Dietrich, <br />Tagliani |{{Flag icon|ITA}}<br>{{Flag icon|ITA}}<br>{{Flag icon|ITA}}<br>{{Flag icon|ITA}} |align=left|1947–48 |- |align=left|[[Renato Cattaneo (footballer born 1903)|Renato Cattaneo]],<br /> Giuberti,<br /> Mistrali, <br />[[Giuseppe Carlo Ferrari]], <br />Lombatti, <br />[[Carlo Rigotti]] |{{Flag icon|ITA}}<br>{{Flag icon|ITA}}<br>{{Flag icon|ITA}}<br>{{Flag icon|ITA}}<br>{{Flag icon|ITA}}<br>{{Flag icon|ITA}} |align=left|1948–49 |- |} |width="30"|&nbsp; |valign="top"| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |- !rowspan="1"|Name !rowspan="1"|Nationality !rowspan="1"|Years |- |align=left|[[Carlo Rigotti]] |{{Flag icon|ITA}} |align=left|1949–50 |- |align=left|Giovanni Mazzoni, <br />Boni, <br />Mattioli |{{Flag icon|ITA}}<br>{{Flag icon|ITA}}<br>{{Flag icon|ITA}} |align=left|1950–51 |- |align=left|Paolo Tabanelli |{{Flag icon|ITA}} |align=left|1951–53 |- |align=left|[[Carlo Alberto Quario]] |{{Flag icon|ITA}} |align=left|1953–54 |- |align=left|Ivo Fiorentini |{{Flag icon|ITA}} |align=left|1954–56 |- |align=left|Oliveri, <br />Giuberti |{{Flag icon|ITA}}<br>{{Flag icon|ITA}} |align=left|1956–57 |- |align=left|[[Čestmír Vycpálek]] |{{Flag icon|CZE}} |align=left|1956–58 |- |align=left|Guido Mazetti |{{Flag icon|ITA}} |align=left|1958–60 |- |align=left|[[Mario Genta]] |{{Flag icon|ITA}} |align=left|1960–62 |- |align=left|Canforini |{{Flag icon|ITA}} |align=left|1962–63 |- |align=left|Diotallevi, <br />[[Arnaldo Sentimenti]] |{{Flag icon|ITA}}<br>{{Flag icon|ITA}} |align=left|1963–64 |- |align=left|Oliveri, <br />Giuberti |{{Flag icon|ITA}}<br>{{Flag icon|ITA}} |align=left|1956–57 |- |align=left|[[Bruno Arcari (footballer)|Bruno Arcari]] |{{Flag icon|ITA}} |align=left|1964–65 |- |align=left|Ivano Corghi |{{Flag icon|ITA}} |align=left|1965–66 |- |align=left|Dante Boni |{{Flag icon|ITA}} |align=left|1965–67 |- |align=left|Giancarlo Vitali |{{Flag icon|ITA}} |align=left|1967–68 |- |align=left|Dante Boni |{{Flag icon|ITA}} |align=left|1968–69 |- |align=left|Giancarlo Vitali |{{Flag icon|ITA}} |align=left|1969–70 |- |align=left|[[Stefano Angeleri]] |{{Flag icon|ITA}} |align=left|1970–72 |- |align=left|Antonio Soncini |{{Flag icon|ITA}} |align=left|1972 |- |align=left|Giorgio Sereni |{{Flag icon|ITA}} |align=left|1973–74 |- |align=left|Renato Gei |{{Flag icon|ITA}} |align=left|1974–75 |- |align=left|Giovanni Meregalli |{{Flag icon|ITA}} |align=left|1975–76 |- |align=left|Tito Corsi |{{Flag icon|ITA}} |align=left|1976–77 |- |align=left|[[Bruno Mora]] |{{Flag icon|ITA}} |align=left|1977 |- |align=left|Gianni Corelli, <br />Giorgio Visconti |{{Flag icon|ITA}}<br>{{Flag icon|ITA}} |align=left|1977–78 |- |align=left|Graziano Landoni |{{Flag icon|ITA}} |align=left|1978 |- |align=left|[[Cesare Maldini]] |{{Flag icon|ITA}} |align=left|1978–80 |- |align=left|Domenico Rosati |{{Flag icon|ITA}} |align=left|1980–81 |- |align=left|Giorgio Sereni |{{Flag icon|ITA}} |align=left|1981 |- |align=left|[[Giancarlo Danova]] |{{Flag icon|ITA}} |align=left|1981–83 |- |} |width="30"|&nbsp; |valign="top"| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |- !rowspan="1"|Name !rowspan="1"|Nationality !rowspan="1"|Years |- |align=left|[[Bruno Mora]] |{{Flag icon|ITA}} |align=left|1983 |- |align=left|[[Marino Perani]] |{{Flag icon|ITA}} |align=left|1983–85 |- |align=left|Silvano Flaborea |{{Flag icon|ITA}} |align=left|1985 |- |align=left|[[Pietro Carmignani]] |{{Flag icon|ITA}} |align=left|1985 |- |align=left|[[Arrigo Sacchi]] |{{Flag icon|ITA}} |align=left|1985–87 |- |align=left| [[Zdeněk Zeman]] |{{Flag icon|CZE}} |align=left|1987 |- |align=left|Giampiero Vitali |{{Flag icon|ITA}} |align=left|1987–89 |- |align=left|[[Nevio Scala]] |{{Flag icon|ITA}} |align=left|1989–96 |- |align=left|[[Carlo Ancelotti]] |{{Flag icon|ITA}} |align=left|1996–98 |- |align=left|[[Alberto Malesani]] |{{Flag icon|ITA}} |align=left|1998–01 |- |align=left|[[Arrigo Sacchi]] |{{Flag icon|ITA}} |align=left|2001 |- |align=left|[[Renzo Ulivieri]] |{{Flag icon|ITA}} |align=left|2001 |- |align=left|[[Daniel Passarella]] |{{Flag icon|ARG}} |align=left|2001 |- |align=left|[[Pietro Carmignani]] |{{Flag icon|ITA}} |align=left|2001–02 |- |align=left|[[Cesare Prandelli]] |{{Flag icon|ITA}} |align=left|2002–04 |- |align=left|[[Silvio Baldini]] |{{Flag icon|ITA}} |align=left|2004–05 |- |align=left|[[Pietro Carmignani]] |{{Flag icon|ITA}} |align=left|2005 |- |align=left|[[Mario Beretta]] |{{Flag icon|ITA}} |align=left|2005–06 |- |align=left|[[Stefano Pioli]] |{{Flag icon|ITA}} |align=left|2006–07 |- |align=left|[[Claudio Ranieri]] |{{Flag icon|ITA}} |align=left|2007 |- |align=left|[[Domenico Di Carlo]] |{{Flag icon|ITA}} |align=left|2007–08 |- |align=left|[[Héctor Cúper]] |{{Flag icon|ARG}} |align=left|2008 |- |align=left|[[Andrea Manzo]] |{{Flag icon|ITA}} |align=left|2008 |- |align=left|[[Luigi Cagni]] |{{Flag icon|ITA}} |align=left|2008 |- |align=left|[[Francesco Guidolin]] |{{Flag icon|ITA}} |align=left|2008–10 |- |align=left|[[Pasquale Marino]] |{{Flag icon|ITA}} |align=left|2010–11 |- |align=left|[[Franco Colomba]] |{{Flag icon|ITA}} |align=left|2011–12 |- |align=left|[[Roberto Donadoni]] |{{Flag icon|ITA}} |align=left|2012–2015 |- |align=left|[[Luigi Apolloni]] |{{Flag icon|ITA}} |align=left|2015–2016 |- |align=left|[[Roberto D'Aversa]] |{{Flag icon|ITA}} |align=left|2016–present |} |} </div> ==Honours== Parma has won eight major titles in its history (as well as one [[Serie B]] title), all coming in a period of ten years between 1992 and 2002.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://parmacalcio1913.com/storia | title=Storia |trans-title=History | language=Italian | accessdate=24 October 2015 | publisher=S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913 | work=ParmaCalcio1913.com}}</ref> These honours make it [[Football records in Italy#Most successful clubs overall .281898.E2.80.93present.29|the eleventh most successful team in Italian football history in terms of the number of major trophies won, the fourth most successful team in European competition]], after [[A.C. Milan]], [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]] and [[Inter Milan]], and one of thirteen Italian clubs to have won multiple major titles. ===National=== *'''[[Coppa Italia]]''': **'''Winners (3)''': [[1991–92 Coppa Italia|1991–92]], [[1998–99 Coppa Italia|1998–99]], [[2001–02 Coppa Italia|2001–02]] *'''[[Supercoppa Italiana]]''': **'''Winners (1)''': [[1999 Supercoppa Italiana|1999]] ===European=== {{main|Parma F.C. in European football}} *'''[[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cup]]''': **'''Winners (2)''': [[1994–95 UEFA Cup|1994–95]], [[1998–99 UEFA Cup|1998–99]] *'''[[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup|European Cup Winners' Cup]]''': **'''Winners (1)''': [[1992–93 European Cup Winners' Cup|1992–93]] *'''[[UEFA Super Cup|European Super Cup]]''': **'''Winners (1)''': [[1993 European Super Cup|1993]] ===Minor=== *'''Seconda Divisione''': **'''Winners (1)''': 1924–25 *'''[[Lega Pro|Serie C]]''': **'''Winners (4)''': [[1953–54 Serie C|1953–54]], 1972–73,{{#tag:ref|At the time, this was one of 3 parallel regional third tier divisions.|group=nb}} [[1983–84 Serie C1#Serie C1.2FA 2|1983–84]],{{#tag:ref|At the time, this was one of 2 parallel regional third tier divisions.|name=2parallel3rdtier|group=nb}} 1985–86<ref name=2parallel3rdtier group=nb/> *'''[[Serie D]]''': **'''Winners (1)''': 1969–70, 2015–16 {{#tag:ref|At the time, this was one of 9 parallel regional fourth tier divisions.|group=nb}} *'''[[Coppa delle Alpi]]''': **'''Winners (1)''': 1960–61{{#tag:ref|Parma competed as a representative of Italy.|group=nb}} ==Notes== {{Reflist|group=nb|colwidth=25em}} ==Footnotes== {{Reflist|colwidth=25em}} ==Bibliography== {{Wikipedia books|Parma F.C.}} *{{cite book |last1=Bellè |first1=Gianfranco |last2=Gandolfi |first2=Giorgio |title=90 anni del Parma calcio 1913–2003 |year=2003 |publisher=Azzali Editore |location=Parma |language=Italian|trans-title=90 Years of Parma Football 1913–2003 |isbn= }} *{{cite book |last1=Dunford |first1=Martin |title=The Rough Guide to Italy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M9nLj409H0kC& |accessdate=23 February 2012 |edition=10th |date=1 March 2011 |origyear= |publisher=Rough Guides |location= |isbn=978-1-84836-717-3}} *{{cite book |last1=Giulianotti |first1=Richard |title=Football: a sociology of the global game |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dO1vJEAv1KQC& |accessdate=23 February 2012 |edition= |date=16 August 1999 |origyear= |publisher=Polity Press |location= |isbn=978-0-333-94612-1}} *{{cite book |editor1-last=Melegari |editor1-first=Fabrizio |title=Calciatori del Parma (I Crociati nelle figurine Panini) |year=2007 |publisher=[[Panini Group]] |location=Modena |language=Italian|trans-title=Parma Players (The Crusaders in Panini Trading Cards) |isbn= }} *{{cite book |last1=Morrow |first1=Stephen |title=The people's game?: football, finance, and society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ae3CVjGoRiYC& |accessdate=23 February 2012 |edition= |date=30 September 2003 |origyear= |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location= |isbn=978-0-333-94612-1}} *{{cite book |last1=Sappino |first1=Marco |title=Dizionario del calcio italiano |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J5OpwwKggrsC&pg |language=Italian |trans-title=Dictionary of Italian football |accessdate=23 February 2012 |edition= |year=2000 |origyear= |publisher=Baldini & Castoldi |location= |isbn=978-88-8089-862-7 |volume=2}} ==External links== {{Commons category|Parma Football Club}} *[http://parmacalcio1913.com/ Official website] {{en icon}} {{it icon}} *[http://www.legaseriea.it/en/serie-a-tim/teams/parma Parma] at [[Serie A]] {{en icon}} {{it icon}} *[http://www.football-italia.net/clubs/Parma/ Parma] at [[Football Italia]] *[http://soccernet.espn.go.com/team/_/id/115/parma?cc=5739 Parma] at [[ESPN Soccernet]] {{S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913}} {{Navboxes|titlestyle=background:#fff;color:#000;border:1px solid black;|list1= {{Serie A}} {{Serie B}} {{UEFA Cup Winners' Cup winners}} {{UEFA Europa League winners}} {{UEFA Super Cup winners}} {{Italian Cup winners}} {{Italian Super Cup winners}} {{Original Italian Serie B clubs}} }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Parma}} [[Category:Parma Calcio 1913| ]] [[Category:Football clubs in Italy]] [[Category:Football clubs in Emilia-Romagna]] [[Category:Association football clubs established in 1913]] [[Category:Italian football First Division clubs]] [[Category:Serie A clubs]] [[Category:Coppa Italia winning clubs]] [[Category:1913 establishments in Italy]] [[Category:Serie B clubs]] [[Category:Serie C clubs]] [[Category:UEFA Cup winning clubs]] [[Category:Companies based in Parma]]'