Examine individual changes

'{{For|details of the cultural group|Coast Salish peoples}} {{Infobox language family |name=Coast Salish |region=[[Salish Sea]] ([[Strait of Georgia]] ([[British Columbia]], Canada) and [[Puget Sound]] ([[Washington (state)|Washington State]]) |familycolor=American |family=[[Salishan languages|Salishan]] |child1=[[Central Salish languages|Central Salish]] |child2=[[Tsamosan languages|Tsamosan]] |child3=''[[Tillamook language|Tillamook]]'' |glotto=none }} '''Coast Salish languages''' are a subgroup of the [[Salishan languages|Salishan language]] family. These languages are spoken by [[First Nations]] or [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] peoples inhabiting the territory that is now the southwest coast of [[British Columbia]] around the [[Strait of Georgia]] and [[Washington (state)|Washington state]] around [[Puget Sound]]. The term "[[Coast Salish peoples|Coast Salish]]" also refers to the cultures in British Columbia and Washington who speak one of these languages or dialects. == '''Geography'''''''''Bold text'''''''''Bold text'''ââââ'''''' == The Coast Salish languages are spoken around most of the [[Georgia Depression|Georgia]] and [[Puget Sound]] Basins, an area that encompasses the sites of the modern-day cities of [[Vancouver|Vancouver, British Columbia]], [[Seattle|Seattle, Washington]], and others. Archeological evidence indicates that Coast Salish peoples may have inhabited the area as far back as 9000 BCE. What is now Seattle, for example, has been inhabited since the end of the last [[Ice age#Glacial stages in North America|glacial period]] (c. 8,000 BCE&mdash;10,000 years ago).<ref name = "Atlas">{{cite book | author=Carlson, Keith Thor (ed.) | title= A Stó:lō-Coast Salish Historical Atlas | location=Vancouver, BC | publisher=Douglas & McIntyre | year=2001 | pages = 6–18 | isbn=1-55054-812-3}}</ref> In the past, the [[Nuxalk Nation|Nuxálk]] (or Bella Coola) of British Columbia's Central Coast have also been considered Coast Salish. This language shares at least one phonological change with Coast Salish (the merger of the Proto-Salish pharyngeal approximants with the uvular fricatives), but it also displays certain similarities to the Interior Salish languages. If it is indeed a member of the Coast Salish branch, it was the first to split off from the rest. This is the end. == Languages == Listings are from north to south. Peoples generally inhabited the mentioned watershed and the shores if a body of water is mentioned, as well as further environs. Adjacent tribes or nations often shared adjacent resources and other practices, so boundaries were seldom distinct. {| border="1" cellpadding="3" class="wikitable" width="95%" |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" ! Language Name ! Variations ! IPA ! Community Where Spoken |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | '''[[Comox language|Comox]]/Island Comox''' (†) | ''ʔayʔajusəm'' | | [[Comox people|Comox]], Island Comox ([[Courtenay, British Columbia|Courtenay]] area). |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | '''[[Comox language|Sliammon]]/[[Mainland Comox]] | ''ʔayʔajuθəm'' | | [[Homalco]] (Xwemalhkwu), [[Klahoose]], and [[Sliammon]] (Tla A'min). |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | '''[[Pentlatch language|Pentlatch]]''' (†) | Puntlatch, Puntledge | | |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | rowspan=3|'''[[Halkomelem]]''' | ''Hul'q'umín'um''' | | [[Snaw-naw-as]], [[Snuneymuxw]], [[Somena]], [[Chemainus]], [[Cowichan peoples|Cowichan]], [[Halalt]], [[Lyackson First Nation|Lyackson]], [[Hwlitsum First Nation|Lamalchi]], and [[Penelakut]]. |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | ''hǝn̓q̓ǝmin̓ǝm̓'' (†) | | [[Musqueam]], [[Tsleil-waututh First Nation|Tsleil-waututh]], [[Kwikwetlem First Nation|Kwikwetlem]], [[Tsawwassen First Nation|Tsawwassen]], Kwantlen (both Halkomelem and Halkomelem or up river and down river). |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | ''Halq'eméylem'', Stó:lō, Teyt | | [[Aitchelitz First Nation|Aitchelitz]], [[Chawathil First Nation|Chawathil]], [[Cheam Indian Band|Cheam]], [[Chehalis First Nation|Chehalis (Sts'Ailes)]], [[Katzie First Nation|Katzie]], [[Kwantlen First Nation|Kwantlen]], [[Kwaw-kwaw-Apilt First Nation|Kwaw-kwaw-Apilt]], [[Leq' a: mel First Nation|Leq'a:mel]], [[Matsqui First Nation|Matsqui]], [[Peters Band|Peters]], [[Popkum First Nation|Popkum]], [[Qayqayt First Nation|Qayqayt]], [[Scowlitz First Nation|Scowlitz (Skaulits)]], [[Seabird Island First Nation|Seabird Island]], [[Shxw'ow'hamel First Nation|Shxw'ow'hamel]], [[Skawahlook First Nation|Skawahlook]], [[Skowkale First Nation|Skowkale]], [[Skwah First Nation|Skwah]], [[Skway First Nation|Skway (Shxwhá:y)]], [[Soowahlie First Nation|Soowahlie]], [[Squiala First Nation|Squiala]], [[Sumas First Nation|Sumas]], [[Tzeachten First Nation|Tzeachten]], [[Union Bar First Nation|Union Bar]] and [[Yakweakwioose First Nation]]s. |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | '''[[Sechelt language|Sechelt]]''' | ''Shíshalh, Sháshíshálhem'' | | [[Shishalh]] |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | '''[[Squamish language|Squamish]]''' | ''Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Snichim'', Sko-mesh | | [[Squamish people|Squamish]] and [[Tsleil-waututh First Nation|Tsleil-waututh]] |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | '''[[Nooksack language|Nooksack]]''' | ''Lhéchalosem'' | | [[Nooksack people|Nooksack]] |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | '''[[Saanich language|Saanich]]''' | Northern Straits Salish, ''SENĆOŦEN'' | | [[Saanich people|Saanich]], [[T'sou-ke Nation|T'souke]] |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | '''[[Lummi dialect|Lummi]]''' | Northern Straits Salish, ''xʷləmiʔčósən'' | | [[Lummi]] or ''Lhaq'temish'' |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | '''[[Klallam language|Klallam]]''' | Sklallam, ''Nəxʷsƛ̕áy̓emúcən'' | | [[Sklallam]] or [[Klallam]] |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | '''[[Lushootseed]]''' | ''dxʷləšúcid'' or ''xʷləšúcid'' | | [[Samish]] or ''Sʼabš'', [[Skagit (tribe)|Skagit]] or ''Sqaĵət'', [[Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe of Washington|Sauk-Suiattle]] or ''Suiʼaẋbixʷ'', [[Snohomish tribe|Snohomish]] or ''Sduhubš'', [[Swinomish people|Swinomish)]], [[Duwamish tribe|Duwamish]] or ''Dxʷ'Dəw?Abš'' and ''Xacuabš'', [[Smulkamish (tribe)|Smulkamish]], [[Sammamish people|Sammamish]], [[Snoqualmie people|Snoqualmie]] or ''Sduqʷalbixʷ'', [[Stkehlmish]] or ''Sacakałəbš'', [[Suquamish]] or ''Suqʷabš'', [[Nisqually people|Nisqually]] or ''Sqʷaliʼabš'', [[Muckleshoot]] or ''Bəpubšł'', [[Puyallup tribe|Puyallup]] or ''Spuyaləqəlpubšut'', [[Sahewamish tribe|Sahewamish]] or ''Sʼəhiwʼabš'', [[Squaxin Island Tribe]]<ref>(1) Dassow in Bates, Hess & Hilbert (1994), p. iix <br>(1.1) Clallam is used for Klallam. <br>(1.2) This is linguistic, so Duwamish and Sammamish blend between them as well as their being closely related. <br>(2) Suttles & Lane (1990), pp. 486&ndash;7</ref> |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | '''[[Twana language|Twana]]''' | Skokomesh | | [[Skokomish people|Skokomish]] |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | '''[[Cowlitz language|Cowlitz]]''' | | | [[Chehalis people|Chehalis]] |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | '''[[Quinault language|Quinault]]''' | | | [[Quinault people|Quinault]] |} == See also == *[[Interior Salish languages]] *[[Tillamook language|Tillamook]] (extinct [[Salishan language]]) == Notes and references == {{reflist}} == Bibliography == * Bates, Dawn, Hess, Thom, and Hilbert, Vi; map by Dassow, Laura, 1994, Lushootseed dictionary, University of Washington Press, Seattle and London, {{ISBN|978-0-295-97323-4}}. (alk. paper) Revised and expanded update of Hess, Thom, ''Dictionary of Puget Salish'' (University of Washington Press, 1976). Accessed Sep 24, 2009. * {{cite book | last=Boyd | first=Robert | title=The Coming of the Spirit of Pestilence: Introduced Infectious Diseases and Population Decline Among Northwest Coast Indians, | accessdate=2006-05-21 | year=1999 | publisher=University of Washington Press and University of British Columbia Press | location=Seattle and Vancouver}} {{ISBN|978-0-295-97837-6}}. (alk. paper) * {{cite book | last=Cole | first=Douglas and Chaikin, Ira | title=An iron hand upon the people: the law against the potlatch on the Northwest coast | accessdate=2006-05-21 | year=1990 | publisher=Douglas & McIntyre and University of Washington Press | location=Vancouver and Seattle }} {{ISBN|978-0-295-97050-9}}. (acid-free paper) * Czaykowska-Higgins, Ewa and M. Dale Kinkade (1998) "Salish languages and linguistics" in ibid. (eds.) ''Salish Languages and Linguistics: Theoretical and Descriptive Perspectives''. New York: Mouton de Gruyter, pp.&nbsp;1–71. {{ISBN|978-3-11-015492-4}}. * {{cite web | last =Dailey | first =Tom | date =2006-06-14 | url=http://coastsalishmap.org/new_page_6.htm | title =Duwamish-Seattle | work="Coast Salish Villages of Puget Sound" | publisher = | accessdate =2006-04-21}} <br>Page links to Village Descriptions Duwamish-Seattle section [http://coastsalishmap.org/Village_Descriptions_Duwamish-Seattle.htm]. <br>Dailey referenced "Puget Sound Geography" by T. T. Waterman. Washington DC: National Anthropological Archives, mss. [n.d.] [ref. 2]; <br>''Duwamish et al. vs. United States of America, F-275''. Washington DC: US Court of Claims, 1927. [ref. 5]; <br>"Indian Lake Washington" by David Buerge in the ''Seattle Weekly'', 1–7 August 1984 [ref. 8]; <br>"Seattle Before Seattle" by David Buerge in the ''Seattle Weekly'', 17–23 December 1980. [ref. 9]; <br>''The Puyallup-Nisqually'' by Marian W. Smith. New York: Columbia University Press, 1940. [ref. 10]. <br>Recommended start is "Coast Salish Villages of Puget Sound" [http://coastsalishmap.org/start_page.htm]. * Kroeber, Paul D. (1999) ''The Salish Language Family: Reconstructing Syntax.'' Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, {{ISBN|978-0-8032-2740-8}}. * {{cite web | last =Lange | first =Greg | date =2003-02-04 | origyear = 2000-12-08 | url=http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=5171 | title =Smallpox Epidemic of 1862 among Northwest Coast and Puget Sound Indians | work =HistoryLink.org Essay 5171 | publisher = | accessdate =2006-07-21}} <br>Lange referenced a very extensive list. <br>Summary article ** {{cite web | last =Lange | first =Greg | date =2000-12-08 | url=http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=3176 | title =Smallpox kills 14,000 Northwest Coast Indians from April to December 1862. | work =HistoryLink.org Essay 3176 | publisher = | accessdate =2006-07-21 }} <br>Lange referenced Lange, "Smallpox Epidemic of 1862 among Northwest Coast and Puget Sound Indians" [http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=5171]{{Dead link|date=January 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, HistoryLink.org ''Online Encyclopedia of Washington State History''. Accessed 8 December 2000. * {{cite encyclopedia | last =Miller | first =Jay (Lenape) | editor =Hoxie, Frederick E. | encyclopedia =Encyclopedia of North American Indians | title =Seattle (Si'al) | year =1996 | publisher =Houghton Mifflin| location =Boston | isbn =978-0-395-66921-1| pages =574&ndash;6}}<!--| accessdate =2006-05-21 --> * {{cite web | last = | first = | date =2003-07-04 |at= per [http://www.seattleartmuseum.org/exhibit/exhibitDetail.asp?WHEN=PAST&eventID=2926 "Native Art of the Northwest Coast: Collection Insight"] | url=http://www.seattleartmuseum.org/Learn/Teach/SongStorySpeech/Content/SalishArtCulture.htm | title =The people and their land | work ="Puget Sound Native Art and Culture" | publisher =Seattle Art Museum | accessdate =2006-04-21}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}} * {{cite encyclopedia | last =Suttles | first =Wayne |author2=Lane, Barbara | editor =Sturtevant, William C. | encyclopedia =[[Handbook of North American Indians#Volume 7|Handbook of North American Indians]] | title =South Coast Salish | url = | edition = | date =1990-08-20 | publisher =Smithsonian Institution | volume =7. Northwest coast | location =Washington | id ={{ISBN|0-87474-187-4}} (v. 7) | page =491}} * {{cite web|last=Talbert |first=Paul |date=2006-05-01 |url=http://www.sewardpark.org/sewardpark/history.html |title=SkEba'kst: The Lake People and Seward Park |work=The History of Seward Park |publisher=SewardPark.org |accessdate=2006-06-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051214035236/http://www.sewardpark.org/sewardpark/history.html |archivedate=2005-12-14 |deadurl=yes |df= }} * {{cite encyclopedia | last =Thompson | first =Lawrence C |author2=Kinkade, M. Dale | editor =Sturtevant, William C. | encyclopedia =Handbook of North American Indians | title =Languages | url = | edition = | date =1990-08-20 | publisher =Smithsonian Institution | volume =7. Northwest coast | location =Washington | id ={{ISBN|0-87474-187-4}} (v. 7) | pages =30–51.}} Wayne Suttles (ed.) == Further reading == * Sarah C. Fletcher, (17 April 2000). [http://www.racerocks.com/racerock/firstnations/paper/conservation.htm "The First Nations of the North West Coast-Coast Salish; Connections to the environment, involvement in conservation."] First Nations of the Northwest Coast: Coast Salish * Tom Dailey. [http://coastsalishmap.org/start_page.htm "Coast Salish Villages of Puget Sound"], start page. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060218033832/http://www.coastalrevelations.com/images/news/Traditional_Ecological_Knowledge.pdf Traditional Ecological Knowledge] (PDF). "Traditional Ecological Knowledge of the Coast Salish informs modern research and resource management." * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060712041425/http://collections.ic.gc.ca/salish/ "Coast Salish. Collections: Archeology and Ethnology of the Gulf of Georgia"] collection, Province of British Columbia ==External links== *[http://www.native-languages.org/famsal.htm "Salishan Language Family."] Native Languages of the Americas website {{Salishan languages}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Coast Salish Languages}} [[Category:Coast Salish languages| ]] [[Category:Indigenous languages of the Pacific Northwest Coast]] [[Category:Indigenous languages of Washington (state)]] [[Category:First Nations languages in Canada]] [[Category:First Nations in British Columbia]] [[Category:Pacific Northwest]] [[Category:Salishan languages]]'