Examine individual changes

'{{short description|Italian Baroque composer}} {{sections|date=February 2019}} [[File:Lotti kyrie Missa brevis.jpg|thumb|Part from the ''Missa Brevis'' by Antonio Lotti]] '''Antonio Lotti''' (5 January 1667 – 5 January 1740) was an Italian [[Baroque]] [[composer]]. Lotti was born in [[Venice]], although his father Matteo was ''[[Kapellmeister]]'' at [[Hanover]] at the time.<ref>Hansell & Termini: 'Lotti, Antonio', ''Grove Music Online'' ed. L. Macy (Accessed 16 March 2008), <http://www.grovemusic.com></ref> Oral tradition says that in 1682, Lotti began studying with [[Lodovico Fuga]] and [[Giovanni Legrenzi]], both of whom were employed at [[St Mark's Basilica]], Venice's principal church, although there is no documentary evidence.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dubowy|first=Norbert|year=2000|title=Bemerkungen zur Kirchenmusik von Antonio Lotti|url=|journal=Händel-Jahrbuch|volume=46|pages=85–99|via=}}</ref> Lotti made his career at St Mark's, first as an [[alto]] singer (from 1689), then as assistant to the second [[organist]], then as second organist (from 1692), then (from 1704) as first organist, and finally (from 1736) as ''maestro di cappella'', a position he held until his death. In 1717 he was given leave to go to [[Dresden]], where a number of his operas were produced, including ''Giove in Argo'', ''Teofane'' and ''Li quattro elementi'' (all with librettos by [[Antonio Maria Lucchini]]).<ref>Hansell & Termini: 'Lotti, Antonio', ''Grove Music Online'' ed. L. Macy (Accessed 16 March 2008), <http://www.grovemusic.com></ref> Other works written in Venice include ''Giustino''; ''Trionfo dell'Innocenza''; the first act of ''Tirsi'', ''Achille Placato'', ''Teuzzone'', ''Ama più che non si crede'', ''Il comando inteso e tradito'', ''Sidonio'', ''Isaccio tiranno'', ''La forze de sangue'', ''Il Tradimento traditore di sè stesso'', ''L'Infedeltà punita'', ''Poresenna'', ''Irene Augusta'', ''Polidoro'', ''Foca superbo'', ''Alessandro Severo'', ''Il Vincitore Generossi''. later found dead Because of the paucity of solid scholarship until recent decades, older reference books cite a good deal of misinformation regarding Lotti’s biography. Cicogna’s 1834 Delle inscrizioni Veneziane and Caffi’s 1854 Storia della Musica relied on oral tradition more than a century old to name works that Lotti supposedly composed for the Ospedale degl’ Incurabili.<ref>Francesco Caffi, Storia della musica sacra nella gia' cappella ducale di San Marco in Venezia dal 1318 al 1797 p. 335</ref><ref>Emmanuele Antonio Cicogna Delle inscrizioni Veneziane, 1824, vol 4 p. 115</ref> Later studies built upon that assertion to name Lotti as one of the supposed maestri of the Incurabili. The 2001 New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians went a step further to try to extrapolate when Lotti’s period of employment at the Incurabili would supposedly have been, building on a house of cards.<ref>Sven Hansell and Olga Termini. "Lotti, Antonio." Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press, accessed October 3, 2016,</ref> However, recent studies establish that there is no documentary evidence whatsoever of any such employment ever taking place.<ref>Norbert Dubowy, Bemerkungen zur Kirchenmusik von Antonio Lotti," Händel-Jahrbuch 46 (2000), 85-99</ref> The most current and most comprehensive studies by [[Caroline Giron-Panel]] and Pier Gillio establish conclusively that Lotti was not formally employed by the Incurabili, and that there is no evidence of his having composed any music for that institution, even on informal terms.<ref>Caroline Giron-Panel, Musique et musiciennes à Venise. Histoire sociale des ospedali (XVIe-XVIIIe siècles) p. 633.</ref><ref>Pier Giuseppe Gillio L’attività musicale negli ospedali di venezia nel settecento p. 337-338.</ref> What is indeed well-documented is Lotti’s employment at various other Venetian institutions, including the Scuola dello Spirito Santo, one of the scuole piccole. The governing body of the scuola, the Provveditori di Comun, contracted Antonio Lotti in 1695 to provide music at the scuola for the annual feast of Pentecost and the two days after for total of at least eight years.<ref>Jonathan Glixon Far il buon concerto: Music at the Venetian Scuole Piccole in the Seventeenth Century, Journal of Seventeenth Century Music, Vol. 1, No.1 (1995)</ref> More significantly, he redistributed the balance between singers and instrumentalists in a way that reflects a change of musical texture and style in the sacred music performed there. There is one more venue for which Lotti is known to have composed sacred music, namely, the Dresden court of [[Augustus II the Strong|Friedrich Augustus I, Elector of Saxony]]) where Lotti was in residence from 1717 to 1719. While in Venice, the king had engaged Lotti specifically to compose for the Italian opera troupe that he had assembled.<ref>Janice Stockigt, Jan Dismas Zelenka: A Bohemian Musician at the Court of Dresden, Oxford University Press, 2000, p. 39</ref> But the Electorate seems to have gone to lengths to keep the visiting Italians away from the resident chapel musicians, particularly from Kapellmeister Johann Christoph Schmidt. “The king also authorized some appointments only under the condition “that this not disturb anything among the orchestra.” The electoral prince was even forced, when the Italians were already in Dresden, to declare outright in a letter to the Count [Christian Heinrich von Watzdorf, minister of domestic affairs] that he would take [the Italians] into his special protection and protect them against any ill will… “about which, the King has declared that His Majesty will afford them every possible protection, whatever it takes, that [Court Chapel master Johann Christoph Schmidt] should have no business with them.”<ref>Moritz Fürstenau, Zur Geschichte der Musik und des Theaters am Hofe der Kurfürsten von Sachsen (Leipzig, 1861-61), 2: 99-100</ref> In Dresden he also composed a handful of operas, including ''Odii del Sangue delusi''. He returned to his job at San Marco in Venice in 1719 and remained there until his death in 1740.<ref>*{{cite book| first=Filippo de'| last=Boni| year=1852| title=''Biografia degli artisti ovvero dizionario della vita e delle opere dei pittori, degli scultori, degli intagliatori, dei tipografi e dei musici di ogni nazione che fiorirono da'tempi più remoti sino á nostri giorni. Seconda Edizione.''| editor = | pages= 584 | publisher=Presso Andrea Santini e Figlio|location=Venice; Googlebooks |id= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IU0_AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA441&dq=Filippo+Boni+Biografia+degli+artisti+ovvero+dizionario&hl=en&sa=X&ei=WDJQT-vNIYjiggfXo-jSDQ&ved=0CE8Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q&f=false| authorlink=}}</ref> Lotti wrote in a variety of forms, producing [[mass (music)|masses]], [[cantata]]s, [[madrigal (music)|madrigals]], around thirty [[opera]]s, and instrumental music. Some of his sacred choral works are unaccompanied (''[[a cappella]]'') but many of them are composed in the ''concertato'' style with strings, basso continuo, and occasionally oboes and trumpets. His more progressive works foreshadow the gallant style, considered a transition between the established [[Baroque music|Baroque]] and emerging [[Classical music era|Classical]] styles. Lotti is thought to have influenced [[Johann Sebastian Bach]], [[George Frideric Handel]], and [[Johann Dismas Zelenka|Jan Dismas Zelenka]], all of whom had copies of Lotti's mass, the ''Missa Sapientiae.'' According to one nineteenth-century biographer, Lotti was a notable teacher, with [[Domenico Alberti]], [[Benedetto Marcello]], [[Giovanni Battista Pescetti]], [[Baldassare Galuppi]], [[Giuseppe Saratelli]] and [[Johann Dismas Zelenka|Jan Dismas Zelenka]] among his pupils.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Storia della musica sacra nella già Cappella ducale di San Marco in Venezia dal 1318 al 1797|last=Caffi|first=Francesco|publisher=Viniziano. Milano: Bollettino bibliografico musicale.|year=1854|isbn=|location=|pages=|quote=|via=}}</ref> He was married to the noted [[soprano]] [[Santa Stella]]. ==Media== {{listen|filename=LottiCmajKyrie.ogg|title=Missa (4v. C maj) - Kyrie|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}} *{{YouTube|oFwn-C0niVk|Lotti's Gaude Maria performed by Ars Poliphonica (live video)}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== *[http://ancientgroove.co.uk/lotti/index.html A detailed biography and list of sacred choral music] *{{YouTube|48k7GRI7uPM|Film "Antonio Lotti. Works for choir a cappella"}} *{{ChoralWiki}} *{{IMSLP|id=Lotti, Antonio|cname=Antonio Lotti}} *{{Cite CE1913|wstitle=Antonio Lotti|short=x}} {{Maestri di cappella at Saint Mark's Basilica}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lotti, Antonio}} [[Category:1667 births]] [[Category:1740 deaths]] [[Category:18th-century classical composers]] [[Category:Italian Baroque composers]] [[Category:Italian classical composers]] [[Category:Italian male classical composers]] [[Category:Italian opera composers]] [[Category:Male opera composers]] [[Category:People from Venice]] [[Category:18th-century keyboardists]] [[Category:18th-century Italian musicians]]'