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{{Short description|Specialised agency of the United Nations}}
{{Infobox United Nations
| name = International Telecommunication Union
| image = International Telecommunication Union Logo.svg
| image size = 150px
| caption =
| type = [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|United Nations specialised agency]]
| acronyms = ITU
| head = Secretary-General <br> {{flagdeco|China}} [[Houlin Zhao]]
| status = Active
| established = {{start date and age|1865|05|17|df=yes}}
| headquarters = [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]]
| website = [https://www.itu.int/en/Pages/default.aspx www.itu.int]
| parent = [[United Nations Economic and Social Council]]
| subsidiaries =
| footnotes = {{portal-inline|United Nations|size=tiny}}
}}
{{Antennas|safety/regulation}}
[[File:ITU monument, Bern.jpg|thumb|ITU Monument in [[Bern]], [[Switzerland]]]]
The '''International Telecommunication Union''' ('''ITU'''; {{lang-fr|links=no|Union Internationale des Télécommunications}} ('''UIT''')), originally the '''International Telegraph Union''' ({{lang-fr|links=no|Union Télégraphique Internationale}}), is a [[list of specialized agencies of the United Nations|specialized agency]] of the [[United Nations]] (UN) that is responsible for issues that concern [[information and communications technology|information and communication technologies]].<ref>[http://www.itu.int/ International Telecommunication Union]</ref> It is the oldest among all the 15 specialised agencies of UN.
The ITU coordinates the shared global use of the [[radio spectrum]], promotes international cooperation in assigning satellite [[orbit]]s, works to improve telecommunication infrastructure in the developing world, and assists in the development and [[Coordination number|coordination]] of worldwide [[technical standard]]s. The ITU is active in areas including broadband Internet, latest-generation wireless technologies, aeronautical and maritime navigation, radio astronomy, satellite-based meteorology, convergence in fixed-mobile phone, Internet access, data, voice, TV broadcasting, and [[next-generation network]]s. The agency also organizes worldwide and regional exhibitions and forums, such as [[ITU Telecom World]], bringing together representatives of government and the telecommunications and ICT industry to exchange ideas, knowledge and technology.
ITU, based in [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]], is a member of the [[United Nations Development Group]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.undg.org/index.cfm?P=13 |title=UNDG Members |publisher=Undg.org |accessdate=15 May 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511144047/http://www.undg.org/index.cfm?P=13 |archivedate=11 May 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and has 12 regional and area offices in the world. ITU has been an intergovernmental [[public–private partnership]] organization since its inception. Its membership includes 193 Member States and around 800 public and private sector companies, and academic institutions as well as international and regional telecommunication entities, known as Sector Members and Associates, which undertake most of the work of each Sector.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.itu.int/en/about/Pages/default.aspx|title=About ITU|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=International Telecommunication Union|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=2018-01-30}}</ref>
==History==
ITU was formed in 1865, in [[Paris]], at the International Telegraph Convention; this makes it one of the oldest [[intergovernmental organization]]s in the [[world]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Norman A. Graham|author2=Robert S. Jordan|title=The International Civil Service: Changing Role and Concepts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CdxsBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA105|date=22 October 2013|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-1-4831-4799-4|page=105}}</ref><ref name="Malamud1992"/> The International Radiotelegraph Union was unofficially established at first International Radiotelegraph Convention in 1906. Both were merged into the International Telecommunication Union in 1932.<ref>[https://www.icao.int/secretariat/PostalHistory/icao_and_the_international_telecommunication_union.htm ICAO and the International Telecommunication Union] - ICAO official website</ref> ITU became a [[United Nations]] specialized agency in 1947.<ref name="Malamud1992">{{cite book|author=Carl Malamud|title=Exploring the Internet: A Technical Travelogue|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YDnbAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA384|year=1992|publisher=Carl Malamud|isbn=978-0-13-296898-0|page=384}}</ref>
==ITU sectors==
The ITU comprises three sectors, each managing a different aspect of the matters handled by the Union, as well as ITU Telecom.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.itu.int/en/membership/Pages/sector-members.aspx | title=Sector Members, Associates and Academia | publisher=ITU | accessdate=15 May 2014}}</ref> The sectors were created during the restructuring of ITU at its 1992 Plenipotentiary Conference.<ref name="DIN1998">{{cite book|title=An Introduction to Standards and Standardisation|author=Deutsches Institut für Normung|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NkPFu5vrjnoC&pg=PA266|year=1998|publisher=Beuth Verlag|isbn=9783410141495|page=266|accessdate=15 May 2014}}</ref>
;Radio communication ([[ITU-R]]): Established in 1927 as the International Radio Consultative Committee or '''CCIR''' (from its French name "Comité consultatif international pour la radio"), this sector manages the international radio-frequency spectrum and satellite orbit resources. In 1992, the CCIR became the ITU-R.
;Standardisation ([[ITU-T]]): Standardisation was the original purpose of ITU since its inception. Established in 1956 as the International Telephone and Telegraph Consultative Committee or '''CCITT''' (from its French name "Comité consultatif international téléphonique et télégraphique"), this sector standardizes global telecommunications (except for radio).<ref name="DIN1998"/> In 1993, the CCITT became the ITU-T.
;Development ([[ITU-D]]): Established in 1992, this sector helps spread equitable, sustainable and affordable access to information and communication technologies (ICT).
;'''ITU Telecom''': ITU Telecom organizes major events for the world's ICT community.
A permanent '''General Secretariat''', headed by the Secretary General, manages the day-to-day work of the Union and its sectors.
==Legal framework of ITU==
[[File:International_Telecommunication_Union_11c_1965_issue_U.S._stamp.jpg|right|thumb|International Telecommunication Union – 100th anniversary. U.S. stamp, 1965.]]
[[File:1990 CPA 6190.jpg|thumb|International Telecommunication Union – anniversary 125 years. Post of USSR, 1990.]]
[[File:1977, Libya Postage Stamp.jpg|thumb|International Telecommunications Union, 1977 Postage Stamp from Libya]]
[[File:Stamps of Azerbaijan, 2015-1223.jpg|thumb|International Telecommunication Union – anniversary 150 years. Post of [[Azerbaijan]], 2015.]]
The basic texts of the ITU<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/net/about/basic-texts/index.aspx |title=Basic texts of the International Telecommunication Union |publisher=Itu.int |accessdate=15 May 2012}}</ref> are adopted by the ITU Plenipotentiary Conference.<ref>{{cite web|author=PP10contributions |url=http://www.itu.int/plenipotentiary/2010/index.html |title=2010 Plenipotentiary Conference |publisher=Itu.int |accessdate=15 May 2012}}</ref> The founding document of the ITU was the 1865 International Telegraph Convention, which has since been amended several times and is now entitled the "Constitution and Convention of the International Telecommunication Union". In addition to the Constitution and Convention, the consolidated basic texts include the Optional Protocol on the settlement of disputes, the Decisions, Resolutions and Recommendations in force, as well as the General Rules of Conferences, Assemblies and Meetings of the Union.{{citation needed|date=December 2012}}
==Leadership==
The ITU is headed by a Secretary-General, a Deputy Secretary General and the three directors of the Bureaux, who are elected to a four-year terms by the member states at the ITU Plenipotentiary Conference.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.pt/books?id=-egDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT90&lpg=PT90&dq=The+ITU+is+headed+by+a+Secretary-General,+who+is+elected+to+a+four-year+term+by+the+member+states+at+the+ITU+Plenipotentiary+Conference&source=bl&ots=td3YuOiSAH&sig=rL9QTope4i5HS9KmqUcVXoBl_mY&hl=pt-PT&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiP-YW_2eLRAhVhrVQKHcYfC-8Q6AEIQDAD#v=onepage&q=The%20ITU%20is%20headed%20by%20a%20Secretary-General,%20who%20is%20elected%20to%20a%20four-year%20term%20by%20the%20member%20states%20at%20the%20ITU%20Plenipotentiary%20Conference&f=false|title=Pratiyogita Darpan|last=Darpan|first=Pratiyogita|date=2017-01-27|publisher=Pratiyogita Darpan|language=en}}</ref>
On 23 October 2014 [[Houlin Zhao]] was elected 19th Secretary-General of the ITU at the Plenipotentiary Conference in [[Busan]], [[Republic of Korea]]. His four-year mandate started on 1 January 2015, and he was formally inaugurated on 15 January 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/en/newsroom/Pages/2015inauguration.aspx|title=ITU Management team inauguration on 15 January 2015|accessdate=25 March 2015}}</ref> Houlin Zhao was reelected at the 2018 Plenipotentiary Conference in [[Dubai]].
==Directors and Secretaries-General of ITU==
{| class="wikitable" cellspacing="2" style="width:50%;"
|- valign=top
! colspan="4" | '''Directors of ITU'''
|-
!'''Name'''
!'''Beginning of term'''
!'''End of term'''
!'''Country'''
|-
|[[Louis Curchod]]
|1 January 1869
|24 May 1872
|Switzerland
|-
|[[Karl Lendi]]
|24 May 1872
|12 January 1873
|Switzerland
|-
|[[Louis Curchod]]
|23 February 1873
|18 October 1889
|Switzerland
|-
|[[August Frey]]
|25 February 1890
|28 June 1890
|Switzerland
|-
|[[Timotheus Rothen]]
|25 November 1890
|11 February 1897
|Switzerland
|-
|[[Emil Frey]]
|11 March 1897
|1 August 1921
|Switzerland
|-
|[[Henri Étienne (International Telegraph Union)|Henri Étienne]]
|2 August 1921
|16 December 1927
|Switzerland
|-
|[[Joseph Raber]]
|1 February 1928
|30 October 1934
|Switzerland
|-
|[[Franz von Ernst]]
|1 January 1935
|31 December 1949
|Switzerland
|- valign=top
! colspan="4" | '''Secretaries general'''
|-
|[[Léon Mulatier]]
|1 January 1950
|31 December 1953
|France
|-
|[[Marco Aurelio Andrada]]
|1 January 1954
|18 June 1958
|Argentina
|-
|[[Gerald C. Gross]]
|1 January 1960
|29 October 1965
|United States
|-
| [[Manohar Balaji Sarwate]]
|30 October 1965
|19 February 1967
|India
|-
| [[Mohamed Ezzedine Mili]]
|20 February 1967
|31 December 1982
|Tunisia
|-
|[[Richard E. Butler]]
|1 January 1983
|31 October 1989
|Australia
|-
|[[Pekka Tarjanne]]
|1 November 1989
|31 January 1999
|Finland
|-
|[[Yoshio Utsumi]]
|1 February 1999
|31 December 2006
|Japan
|-
|[[Hamadoun Touré]]
|1 January 2007
|31 December 2014
|Mali
|-
|[[Houlin Zhao]]
|1 January 2015
|present
|China
|}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.itu.int/en/history/Pages/SeniorOfficials.aspx|title=Past and Present Senior Officials|website=www.itu.int|language=en-US|access-date=2018-11-05}}</ref>
==Membership==
[[File:Member states of the International Telecommunication Union.png|thumb|right|upright=1.5|International Telecommunication Union member states]]
Membership of ITU is open to only Member States of the United Nations, which may join the Union as Member States, as well as to private organizations like carriers, equipment manufacturers, funding bodies, research and development organizations and international and regional telecommunication organizations, which may join ITU as non-voting Sector Members.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.itu.int/net/about/basic-texts/constitution/chapteri.aspx
| title = Constitution of ITU: Chapter I – Basic Provisions
| accessdate = 14 April 2013
}}</ref>
There are 193 Member States of the ITU, including all [[List of United Nations member states|UN member states]] except the [[Palau|Republic of Palau]], plus the [[Vatican City]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/online/mm/scripts/mm.list?_search=ITUstates&_languageid=1|title=International Telecommunication Union Member States|accessdate=18 July 2013|publisher=International Telecommunication Union}}</ref> The most recent member state to join the ITU is South Sudan, which became a member on 14 July 2011.<ref>[http://www.itu.int/net/pressoffice/press_releases/2011/25.aspx New Country, New Number – Country code 211 officially assigned to South Sudan] ITU Pressroom, 14 July 2011</ref>
The Republic of China (Taiwan) was blocked from membership<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1084&context=annlsurvey|title=ITU and the Republic of China|last=Lin|first=Chun Hung|date=2004|website=digitalcommons|publisher=Academic Journals of GGU Law|access-date=2 January 2017}}</ref> by the People's Republic of China, but nevertheless received a country code, being listed as "Taiwan, China".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/oth/T02020000EB/en |title=ITU-T : International Numbering Resources : National Numbering Plans : China, Taiwan |publisher=Itu.int |date=26 January 2007 |accessdate=15 May 2012}}</ref> [[United Nations General Assembly observers#Palestine|Palestine]] was admitted as an observer in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.itu.int/osg/blog/2010/10/20/UpdatedResolutionsStatusOfPalestineAndAssistanceSupportForRebuildingItsTelecomsNetworks.aspx |title=Palestine ITU status |publisher=Itu.int |date=20 October 2010 |accessdate=15 May 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607174349/http://www.itu.int/osg/blog/2010/10/20/UpdatedResolutionsStatusOfPalestineAndAssistanceSupportForRebuildingItsTelecomsNetworks.aspx |archivedate=7 June 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
===Regional groupings===
Six Regional Offices and seven Area Offices guarantee a regional presence of ITU:
Regional Office for CSI (in Moscow)
Africa Regional Office in Addis Ababa, with Area Offices in Dakar, Harare and Yaoundé
Arab States Regional Office in Cairo
Asia-Pacific Regional Office in Bangkok, with Area Office in Jakarta
America Regional Office in Brasilia, with Area Offices in Bridgetown, Santiago and Tegucigalpa.
The sixth is a Coordination office for Europe Region Europe at ITU Headquarters.
Other Regional organizations, connected to ITU, are:
*[[Asia-Pacific Telecommunity]] (APT)
*Arab Spectrum Management Group (ASMG)
*[[African Telecommunications Union]] (ATU)
*[[European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations]] (CEPT)
*[[Inter-American Telecommunication Commission]] (CITEL)
*Regional Commonwealth in the Field of Communications (RCC - representing [[former Soviet republics]])
==World Summit on the Information Society==
{{Main|World Summit on the Information Society}}
The ITU was one of the UN agencies responsible for convening the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS), along with [[UNESCO]], [[UNCTAD]] and [[UNDP]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/wsis/index.html |title=World Summit on the Information Society |work=itu.int |accessdate=11 October 2012}}</ref> The Summit was held as two conferences in 2003 and 2005 in Geneva and Tunis, respectively, with the aim of bridging the [[digital divide]].
==World Conference on International Telecommunications 2012 (WCIT-12)==
In December 2012, the ITU facilitated The World Conference on International Telecommunications 2012 (WCIT-12) in [[Dubai]]. WCIT-12 was a [[treaty]]-level conference to address International Telecommunications Regulations, the international rules for [[telecommunications]], including international [[tariffs]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/en/wcit-12/Pages/default.aspx |title=World Conference on International Telecommunications 2012 |publisher=Itu.int |accessdate=12 October 2012}}</ref> The previous conference to update the Regulations (ITRs) was held in [[Melbourne]] in 1988.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-t/oth/3F/01/T3F010000010001PDFE.pdf |title=International Telecommunication Regulations |format=PDF |accessdate=12 October 2012}}</ref>
In August 2012, ITU called for a public consultation on a draft document ahead of the conference.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.computerworlduk.com/news/public-sector/3376454/itu-opens-public-consultation-on-internet-regulation-treaty/
| title = ITU opens public consultation on internet regulation treaty
| date = 16 August 2012
| access-date = 30 November 2012
}}</ref> It is claimed the proposal would allow government restriction or blocking of information disseminated via the internet and create a global regime of monitoring internet communications, including the demand that those who send and receive information identify themselves. It would also allow governments to shut down the internet if there is the belief that it may interfere in the internal affairs of other states or that information of a sensitive nature might be shared.<ref name="news-com-au"/>
Telecommunications ministers from 193 countries attended the conference in Dubai.<ref name="news-com-au">{{cite news
| url = http://www.news.com.au/technology/united-nations-wants-control-of-web-kill-switch/story-e6frfro0-1226515006898#ixzz2C0P9cUM4
| title = United Nations wants control of web kill switch
| publisher = news.com.au
| date = 12 November 2012
| access-date = 30 November 2012}}</ref>
===Changes to international telecommunication regulations===
The current regulatory structure was based on voice telecommunications, when the Internet was still in its infancy.<ref>[[Global Internet usage]]</ref> In 1988, telecommunications operated under regulated monopolies in most countries. As the Internet has grown, organizations such as [[ICANN]] have come into existence to manage key resources such as [[Internet address]]es and [[Domain Name]]s. Some outside the United States believe that the United States exerts too much influence over the governance of the Internet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indrus.in/articles/2012/05/29/russia_calls_for_internet_revolution_15867.html |title=Russia calls for internet revolution |publisher=Indrus.in |date=29 May 2012 |accessdate=12 October 2012}}</ref>
===Proposed changes to the treaty and concerns===
Current proposals look to take into account the prevalence of data communications. Proposals under consideration would establish regulatory oversight by the UN over security, fraud, traffic accounting as well as traffic flow, management of Internet Domain Names and [[IP addresses]], and other aspects of the Internet that are currently governed either by community-based approaches such as [[Regional Internet Registries]], [http://www.icann.org ICANN], or largely national regulatory frameworks.<ref>Internet Society. [http://www.internetsociety.org/itr International Telecommunication Regulations]</ref> The move by the ITU and some countries has alarmed many within the United States and within the Internet community.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mcdowell |first=Robert M. |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204792404577229074023195322 |title=Robert McDowell:The U.N. Threat to Internet Freedom |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=21 February 2012 |accessdate=12 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=L. Gordon Crovitz |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303822204577470532859210296 |title=Crovitz: The U.N.'s Internet Power Grab |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=17 June 2012 |accessdate=12 October 2012}}</ref> Indeed, some European telecommunication services have proposed a so-called "sender pays" model that would require sources of Internet traffic to pay destinations, similar to the way funds are transferred between countries using the telephone.<ref>{{cite web|last=McCullagh |first=Declan |url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-1009_3-57449375-83/u.n-could-tax-u.s.-based-web-sites-leaked-docs-show/ |title=CNET:U.N. could tax U.S.-based Web sites, leaked docs show |publisher=CNET |date=7 June 2012 |accessdate=12 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Trivedi|first=Shamik|title=FOR APPLE AND GOOGLE, IS AN UNAVOIDABLE U.N. 'TAX' COMING?|newspaper=Tax Notes Today – 2012 TNT 126-5|date=28 June 2012}}</ref>
The WCIT-12 activity has been attacked by [[Google]], which has characterized it as a threat to the "...free and open internet."<ref name="google-no-likey">{{cite news
| url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-20429625
| title = Google attacks UN net conference
| publisher = BBC News
| date = 21 November 2012
| accessdate = 21 November 2012
}}</ref>
On 22 November 2012, the [[European Parliament]] passed a resolution urging member states to prevent ITU WCIT-12 activity that would "negatively impact the internet, its architecture, operations, content and security, business relations, internet governance and the free flow of information online".<ref name="eu-no-likey">{{cite news
| url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-20445637
| title = European Parliament warns against UN internet control
| publisher = BBC News
| date = 22 November 2012
| accessdate = 23 November 2012
}}</ref> The resolution asserted that "the ITU [...] is not the appropriate body to assert regulatory authority over the internet".<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=MOTION&reference=B7-2012-0499&format=XML&language=EN
| title = European Parliament resolution on the forthcoming World Conference on International Telecommunications (WCIT-12) of the International Telecommunication Union, and the possible expansion of the scope of international telecommunication regulations
| date = 22 November 2012
| accessdate = 23 November 2012
}}</ref>
On 5 December 2012, the lower chamber of the [[United States Congress]] passed a resolution opposing U.N. governance of the Internet by a rare unanimous 397–0 vote. The resolution warned that "... proposals have been put forward for consideration at the [WCIT-12] that would fundamentally alter the governance and operation of the Internet ... [and] would attempt to justify increased government control over the Internet ...", and stated that the policy of the United States is "... to promote a global Internet free from government control and preserve and advance the successful [[Multistakeholder Model]] that governs the Internet today." The same resolution had previously been passed unanimously by the upper chamber of the Congress in September.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://thehill.com/blogs/floor-action/house/271153-house-approves-resolution-to-keep-internet-control-out-of-un-hands|title=House approves resolution to keep Internet control out of UN hands|publisher=The Hill|date=5 December 2012}}</ref>
On 14 December 2012, an amended version of the [http://www.itu.int/en/wcit-12/Documents/final-acts-wcit-12.pdf Regulations] was signed by 89 of the 152 countries. Countries that did not sign included the United States, Japan, Canada, Germany, New Zealand, India and the United Kingdom. The Head of the U.S. Delegation, Terry Kramer, said "We cannot support a treaty that is not supportive of the multistakeholder model of Internet governance".
<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/14/technology/14iht-treaty14.html?pagewanted=1&_r=0|title=U.S. Rejects Telecommunications Treaty|work=The New York Times|date=14 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nn20121216a7.html|title=Japan, West snub rules for Net curbs|work=Japan Times|date=16 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.itu.int/osg/wcit-12/highlights/signatories.html|title=WCIT-12 Final Acts Signatories|publisher=International Telecommunication Union|accessdate=16 December 2012}}</ref> The disagreement appeared to be over some language in the revised ITRs referring to ITU roles in addressing unsolicited bulk communications, network security, and a resolution on Internet governance that called for government participation in Internet topics at various ITU forums.<ref>Siy, Sherwin. (14 December 2012) [http://publicknowledge.org/blog/results-wcit On the Results at the WCIT]. Public Knowledge. Retrieved on 28 April 2014.</ref> Despite the significant number countries not signing, the ITU organisation came out with a press release: ''"[http://www.dubaichronicle.com/2012/12/14/new-global-telecoms-treaty-agreed-in-dubai/ New global telecoms treaty agreed in Dubai]". ''
===WCIT-12 conference participation===
The conference itself was managed by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). While certain parts of civil society and industry were able to advise and observe, active participation was restricted to member [[Nation-state|states]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/net/about/basic-texts/convention/chapteri.aspx#3 |title=Convention of the ITU |publisher=Itu.int |accessdate=12 October 2012}}</ref> The [[Electronic Frontier Foundation]] expressed concern at this, calling for a more transparent multi-stakeholder process.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2012/05/eff-joins-coalition-denouncing-secretive-wcit-planning-process |title=EFF Joins Coalition Denouncing Secretive WCIT Planning Process |publisher=Eff.org |date=17 May 2012 |accessdate=12 October 2012}}</ref> Some leaked contributions can be found on the [http://wcitleaks.org/ wcitleaks.org] web site. [[Google]]-affiliated researchers have suggested that the ITU should completely reform its processes to align itself with the openness and participation of other multistakeholder organizations concerned with the Internet.<ref>{{cite web|ssrn=2077095 |title=Ryan/Glick: The ITU Treaty Negotiations: A Call for Openness and Participation |publisher=Ssrn.com |accessdate=12 October 2012}}</ref>
==See also==
[[File:Union Internationale des Télécommunications, Genève.jpg|thumb|International Telecommunications Union, Geneva]]
* [[Federal Communications Commission (FCC)]]
* [[Internet Engineering Task Force]]
* [[Internet Governance Forum]]
* [[ICANN]]
* [[American Registry for Internet Numbers]] (ARIN)
* [[RIPE]]
* [[AfriNIC]]
* [[Latin America and Caribbean Network Information Centre]] (LACNIC)
* [[Internet Society]]
* [[International Amateur Radio Union]]
* [[H.331]]
* [[ITU-R|ITU Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R)]]
* [[ITU-D|ITU Telecommunication Development Sector (ITU-D)]]
* [[ITU-T|ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T)]]
* [[:Category:ITU-R recommendations|ITU-R Recommendations]]
* [[:Category:ITU-T recommendations|ITU-T Recommendations]]
* [[X.509]]
* [[World Information Society Day]]
* [[Working Group on Internet Governance]] (WGIG)
* [[Child Online Protection]] (COP)
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{United Nations}}
{{International broadcasting organizations}}
{{Telecommunications}}
{{Amateur radio topics}}
{{Authority control}}
<small><!-- Please respect alphabetical order --></small>
[[Category:International Telecommunication Union| ]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1865]]
[[Category:Digital divide]]
[[Category:United Nations organizations based in Geneva]]
[[Category:Telecommunications for development]]
[[Category:United Nations Development Group]]
[[Category:United Nations specialized agencies]]
[[Category:Radio organizations]]
[[Category:Internet governance organizations]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext ) | '<br />
[[Category:International Telecommunication Union| ]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1865]]
[[Category:Digital divide]]
[[Category:United Nations organizations based in Geneva]]
[[Category:Telecommunications for development]]
[[Category:United Nations Development Group]]
[[Category:United Nations specialized agencies]]
[[Category:Radio organizations]]
[[Category:Internet governance organizations]]' |
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-{{Use British English Oxford spelling|date=March 2019}}{{Redirect|ITU}}
-{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
-{{Short description|Specialised agency of the United Nations}}
-
-{{Infobox United Nations
-| name = International Telecommunication Union
-| image = International Telecommunication Union Logo.svg
-| image size = 150px
-| caption =
-| type = [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|United Nations specialised agency]]
-| acronyms = ITU
-| head = Secretary-General <br> {{flagdeco|China}} [[Houlin Zhao]]
-| status = Active
-| established = {{start date and age|1865|05|17|df=yes}}
-| headquarters = [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]]
-| website = [https://www.itu.int/en/Pages/default.aspx www.itu.int]
-| parent = [[United Nations Economic and Social Council]]
-| subsidiaries =
-| footnotes = {{portal-inline|United Nations|size=tiny}}
-}}
-
-{{Antennas|safety/regulation}}
-[[File:ITU monument, Bern.jpg|thumb|ITU Monument in [[Bern]], [[Switzerland]]]]
-
-The '''International Telecommunication Union''' ('''ITU'''; {{lang-fr|links=no|Union Internationale des Télécommunications}} ('''UIT''')), originally the '''International Telegraph Union''' ({{lang-fr|links=no|Union Télégraphique Internationale}}), is a [[list of specialized agencies of the United Nations|specialized agency]] of the [[United Nations]] (UN) that is responsible for issues that concern [[information and communications technology|information and communication technologies]].<ref>[http://www.itu.int/ International Telecommunication Union]</ref> It is the oldest among all the 15 specialised agencies of UN.
-
-The ITU coordinates the shared global use of the [[radio spectrum]], promotes international cooperation in assigning satellite [[orbit]]s, works to improve telecommunication infrastructure in the developing world, and assists in the development and [[Coordination number|coordination]] of worldwide [[technical standard]]s. The ITU is active in areas including broadband Internet, latest-generation wireless technologies, aeronautical and maritime navigation, radio astronomy, satellite-based meteorology, convergence in fixed-mobile phone, Internet access, data, voice, TV broadcasting, and [[next-generation network]]s. The agency also organizes worldwide and regional exhibitions and forums, such as [[ITU Telecom World]], bringing together representatives of government and the telecommunications and ICT industry to exchange ideas, knowledge and technology.
-
-ITU, based in [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]], is a member of the [[United Nations Development Group]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.undg.org/index.cfm?P=13 |title=UNDG Members |publisher=Undg.org |accessdate=15 May 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511144047/http://www.undg.org/index.cfm?P=13 |archivedate=11 May 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and has 12 regional and area offices in the world. ITU has been an intergovernmental [[public–private partnership]] organization since its inception. Its membership includes 193 Member States and around 800 public and private sector companies, and academic institutions as well as international and regional telecommunication entities, known as Sector Members and Associates, which undertake most of the work of each Sector.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.itu.int/en/about/Pages/default.aspx|title=About ITU|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=International Telecommunication Union|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=2018-01-30}}</ref>
-
-==History==
-ITU was formed in 1865, in [[Paris]], at the International Telegraph Convention; this makes it one of the oldest [[intergovernmental organization]]s in the [[world]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Norman A. Graham|author2=Robert S. Jordan|title=The International Civil Service: Changing Role and Concepts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CdxsBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA105|date=22 October 2013|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-1-4831-4799-4|page=105}}</ref><ref name="Malamud1992"/> The International Radiotelegraph Union was unofficially established at first International Radiotelegraph Convention in 1906. Both were merged into the International Telecommunication Union in 1932.<ref>[https://www.icao.int/secretariat/PostalHistory/icao_and_the_international_telecommunication_union.htm ICAO and the International Telecommunication Union] - ICAO official website</ref> ITU became a [[United Nations]] specialized agency in 1947.<ref name="Malamud1992">{{cite book|author=Carl Malamud|title=Exploring the Internet: A Technical Travelogue|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YDnbAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA384|year=1992|publisher=Carl Malamud|isbn=978-0-13-296898-0|page=384}}</ref>
-
-==ITU sectors==
-The ITU comprises three sectors, each managing a different aspect of the matters handled by the Union, as well as ITU Telecom.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.itu.int/en/membership/Pages/sector-members.aspx | title=Sector Members, Associates and Academia | publisher=ITU | accessdate=15 May 2014}}</ref> The sectors were created during the restructuring of ITU at its 1992 Plenipotentiary Conference.<ref name="DIN1998">{{cite book|title=An Introduction to Standards and Standardisation|author=Deutsches Institut für Normung|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NkPFu5vrjnoC&pg=PA266|year=1998|publisher=Beuth Verlag|isbn=9783410141495|page=266|accessdate=15 May 2014}}</ref>
-;Radio communication ([[ITU-R]]): Established in 1927 as the International Radio Consultative Committee or '''CCIR''' (from its French name "Comité consultatif international pour la radio"), this sector manages the international radio-frequency spectrum and satellite orbit resources. In 1992, the CCIR became the ITU-R.
-;Standardisation ([[ITU-T]]): Standardisation was the original purpose of ITU since its inception. Established in 1956 as the International Telephone and Telegraph Consultative Committee or '''CCITT''' (from its French name "Comité consultatif international téléphonique et télégraphique"), this sector standardizes global telecommunications (except for radio).<ref name="DIN1998"/> In 1993, the CCITT became the ITU-T.
-;Development ([[ITU-D]]): Established in 1992, this sector helps spread equitable, sustainable and affordable access to information and communication technologies (ICT).
-;'''ITU Telecom''': ITU Telecom organizes major events for the world's ICT community.
-
-A permanent '''General Secretariat''', headed by the Secretary General, manages the day-to-day work of the Union and its sectors.
-
-==Legal framework of ITU==
-[[File:International_Telecommunication_Union_11c_1965_issue_U.S._stamp.jpg|right|thumb|International Telecommunication Union – 100th anniversary. U.S. stamp, 1965.]]
-[[File:1990 CPA 6190.jpg|thumb|International Telecommunication Union – anniversary 125 years. Post of USSR, 1990.]]
-[[File:1977, Libya Postage Stamp.jpg|thumb|International Telecommunications Union, 1977 Postage Stamp from Libya]]
-[[File:Stamps of Azerbaijan, 2015-1223.jpg|thumb|International Telecommunication Union – anniversary 150 years. Post of [[Azerbaijan]], 2015.]]
-
-The basic texts of the ITU<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/net/about/basic-texts/index.aspx |title=Basic texts of the International Telecommunication Union |publisher=Itu.int |accessdate=15 May 2012}}</ref> are adopted by the ITU Plenipotentiary Conference.<ref>{{cite web|author=PP10contributions |url=http://www.itu.int/plenipotentiary/2010/index.html |title=2010 Plenipotentiary Conference |publisher=Itu.int |accessdate=15 May 2012}}</ref> The founding document of the ITU was the 1865 International Telegraph Convention, which has since been amended several times and is now entitled the "Constitution and Convention of the International Telecommunication Union". In addition to the Constitution and Convention, the consolidated basic texts include the Optional Protocol on the settlement of disputes, the Decisions, Resolutions and Recommendations in force, as well as the General Rules of Conferences, Assemblies and Meetings of the Union.{{citation needed|date=December 2012}}
-
-==Leadership==
-The ITU is headed by a Secretary-General, a Deputy Secretary General and the three directors of the Bureaux, who are elected to a four-year terms by the member states at the ITU Plenipotentiary Conference.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.pt/books?id=-egDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT90&lpg=PT90&dq=The+ITU+is+headed+by+a+Secretary-General,+who+is+elected+to+a+four-year+term+by+the+member+states+at+the+ITU+Plenipotentiary+Conference&source=bl&ots=td3YuOiSAH&sig=rL9QTope4i5HS9KmqUcVXoBl_mY&hl=pt-PT&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiP-YW_2eLRAhVhrVQKHcYfC-8Q6AEIQDAD#v=onepage&q=The%20ITU%20is%20headed%20by%20a%20Secretary-General,%20who%20is%20elected%20to%20a%20four-year%20term%20by%20the%20member%20states%20at%20the%20ITU%20Plenipotentiary%20Conference&f=false|title=Pratiyogita Darpan|last=Darpan|first=Pratiyogita|date=2017-01-27|publisher=Pratiyogita Darpan|language=en}}</ref>
-
-On 23 October 2014 [[Houlin Zhao]] was elected 19th Secretary-General of the ITU at the Plenipotentiary Conference in [[Busan]], [[Republic of Korea]]. His four-year mandate started on 1 January 2015, and he was formally inaugurated on 15 January 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/en/newsroom/Pages/2015inauguration.aspx|title=ITU Management team inauguration on 15 January 2015|accessdate=25 March 2015}}</ref> Houlin Zhao was reelected at the 2018 Plenipotentiary Conference in [[Dubai]].
-
-==Directors and Secretaries-General of ITU==
-
-{| class="wikitable" cellspacing="2" style="width:50%;"
-|- valign=top
-! colspan="4" | '''Directors of ITU'''
-|-
-!'''Name'''
-!'''Beginning of term'''
-!'''End of term'''
-!'''Country'''
-|-
-|[[Louis Curchod]]
-|1 January 1869
-|24 May 1872
-|Switzerland
-|-
-|[[Karl Lendi]]
-|24 May 1872
-|12 January 1873
-|Switzerland
-|-
-|[[Louis Curchod]]
-|23 February 1873
-|18 October 1889
-|Switzerland
-|-
-|[[August Frey]]
-|25 February 1890
-|28 June 1890
-|Switzerland
-|-
-|[[Timotheus Rothen]]
-|25 November 1890
-|11 February 1897
-|Switzerland
-|-
-|[[Emil Frey]]
-|11 March 1897
-|1 August 1921
-|Switzerland
-|-
-|[[Henri Étienne (International Telegraph Union)|Henri Étienne]]
-|2 August 1921
-|16 December 1927
-|Switzerland
-|-
-|[[Joseph Raber]]
-|1 February 1928
-|30 October 1934
-|Switzerland
-|-
-|[[Franz von Ernst]]
-|1 January 1935
-|31 December 1949
-|Switzerland
-|- valign=top
-! colspan="4" | '''Secretaries general'''
-|-
-|[[Léon Mulatier]]
-|1 January 1950
-|31 December 1953
-|France
-|-
-|[[Marco Aurelio Andrada]]
-|1 January 1954
-|18 June 1958
-|Argentina
-|-
-|[[Gerald C. Gross]]
-|1 January 1960
-|29 October 1965
-|United States
-|-
-| [[Manohar Balaji Sarwate]]
-|30 October 1965
-|19 February 1967
-|India
-|-
-| [[Mohamed Ezzedine Mili]]
-|20 February 1967
-|31 December 1982
-|Tunisia
-|-
-|[[Richard E. Butler]]
-|1 January 1983
-|31 October 1989
-|Australia
-|-
-|[[Pekka Tarjanne]]
-|1 November 1989
-|31 January 1999
-|Finland
-|-
-|[[Yoshio Utsumi]]
-|1 February 1999
-|31 December 2006
-|Japan
-|-
-|[[Hamadoun Touré]]
-|1 January 2007
-|31 December 2014
-|Mali
-|-
-|[[Houlin Zhao]]
-|1 January 2015
-|present
-|China
-|}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.itu.int/en/history/Pages/SeniorOfficials.aspx|title=Past and Present Senior Officials|website=www.itu.int|language=en-US|access-date=2018-11-05}}</ref>
-
-==Membership==
-[[File:Member states of the International Telecommunication Union.png|thumb|right|upright=1.5|International Telecommunication Union member states]]
-
-Membership of ITU is open to only Member States of the United Nations, which may join the Union as Member States, as well as to private organizations like carriers, equipment manufacturers, funding bodies, research and development organizations and international and regional telecommunication organizations, which may join ITU as non-voting Sector Members.<ref>{{cite web
-| url = http://www.itu.int/net/about/basic-texts/constitution/chapteri.aspx
-| title = Constitution of ITU: Chapter I – Basic Provisions
-| accessdate = 14 April 2013
-}}</ref>
-
-There are 193 Member States of the ITU, including all [[List of United Nations member states|UN member states]] except the [[Palau|Republic of Palau]], plus the [[Vatican City]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/online/mm/scripts/mm.list?_search=ITUstates&_languageid=1|title=International Telecommunication Union Member States|accessdate=18 July 2013|publisher=International Telecommunication Union}}</ref> The most recent member state to join the ITU is South Sudan, which became a member on 14 July 2011.<ref>[http://www.itu.int/net/pressoffice/press_releases/2011/25.aspx New Country, New Number – Country code 211 officially assigned to South Sudan] ITU Pressroom, 14 July 2011</ref>
-
-The Republic of China (Taiwan) was blocked from membership<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1084&context=annlsurvey|title=ITU and the Republic of China|last=Lin|first=Chun Hung|date=2004|website=digitalcommons|publisher=Academic Journals of GGU Law|access-date=2 January 2017}}</ref> by the People's Republic of China, but nevertheless received a country code, being listed as "Taiwan, China".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/oth/T02020000EB/en |title=ITU-T : International Numbering Resources : National Numbering Plans : China, Taiwan |publisher=Itu.int |date=26 January 2007 |accessdate=15 May 2012}}</ref> [[United Nations General Assembly observers#Palestine|Palestine]] was admitted as an observer in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.itu.int/osg/blog/2010/10/20/UpdatedResolutionsStatusOfPalestineAndAssistanceSupportForRebuildingItsTelecomsNetworks.aspx |title=Palestine ITU status |publisher=Itu.int |date=20 October 2010 |accessdate=15 May 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607174349/http://www.itu.int/osg/blog/2010/10/20/UpdatedResolutionsStatusOfPalestineAndAssistanceSupportForRebuildingItsTelecomsNetworks.aspx |archivedate=7 June 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
-
-===Regional groupings===
-Six Regional Offices and seven Area Offices guarantee a regional presence of ITU:
-Regional Office for CSI (in Moscow)
-Africa Regional Office in Addis Ababa, with Area Offices in Dakar, Harare and Yaoundé
-Arab States Regional Office in Cairo
-Asia-Pacific Regional Office in Bangkok, with Area Office in Jakarta
-America Regional Office in Brasilia, with Area Offices in Bridgetown, Santiago and Tegucigalpa.
-The sixth is a Coordination office for Europe Region Europe at ITU Headquarters.
-
-Other Regional organizations, connected to ITU, are:
-*[[Asia-Pacific Telecommunity]] (APT)
-*Arab Spectrum Management Group (ASMG)
-*[[African Telecommunications Union]] (ATU)
-*[[European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations]] (CEPT)
-*[[Inter-American Telecommunication Commission]] (CITEL)
-*Regional Commonwealth in the Field of Communications (RCC - representing [[former Soviet republics]])
-
-==World Summit on the Information Society==
-{{Main|World Summit on the Information Society}}
-
-The ITU was one of the UN agencies responsible for convening the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS), along with [[UNESCO]], [[UNCTAD]] and [[UNDP]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/wsis/index.html |title=World Summit on the Information Society |work=itu.int |accessdate=11 October 2012}}</ref> The Summit was held as two conferences in 2003 and 2005 in Geneva and Tunis, respectively, with the aim of bridging the [[digital divide]].
-
-==World Conference on International Telecommunications 2012 (WCIT-12)==
-In December 2012, the ITU facilitated The World Conference on International Telecommunications 2012 (WCIT-12) in [[Dubai]]. WCIT-12 was a [[treaty]]-level conference to address International Telecommunications Regulations, the international rules for [[telecommunications]], including international [[tariffs]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/en/wcit-12/Pages/default.aspx |title=World Conference on International Telecommunications 2012 |publisher=Itu.int |accessdate=12 October 2012}}</ref> The previous conference to update the Regulations (ITRs) was held in [[Melbourne]] in 1988.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-t/oth/3F/01/T3F010000010001PDFE.pdf |title=International Telecommunication Regulations |format=PDF |accessdate=12 October 2012}}</ref>
-
-In August 2012, ITU called for a public consultation on a draft document ahead of the conference.<ref>{{cite web
-| url = http://www.computerworlduk.com/news/public-sector/3376454/itu-opens-public-consultation-on-internet-regulation-treaty/
-| title = ITU opens public consultation on internet regulation treaty
-| date = 16 August 2012
-| access-date = 30 November 2012
-}}</ref> It is claimed the proposal would allow government restriction or blocking of information disseminated via the internet and create a global regime of monitoring internet communications, including the demand that those who send and receive information identify themselves. It would also allow governments to shut down the internet if there is the belief that it may interfere in the internal affairs of other states or that information of a sensitive nature might be shared.<ref name="news-com-au"/>
-
-Telecommunications ministers from 193 countries attended the conference in Dubai.<ref name="news-com-au">{{cite news
-| url = http://www.news.com.au/technology/united-nations-wants-control-of-web-kill-switch/story-e6frfro0-1226515006898#ixzz2C0P9cUM4
-| title = United Nations wants control of web kill switch
-| publisher = news.com.au
-| date = 12 November 2012
-| access-date = 30 November 2012}}</ref>
-
-===Changes to international telecommunication regulations===
-The current regulatory structure was based on voice telecommunications, when the Internet was still in its infancy.<ref>[[Global Internet usage]]</ref> In 1988, telecommunications operated under regulated monopolies in most countries. As the Internet has grown, organizations such as [[ICANN]] have come into existence to manage key resources such as [[Internet address]]es and [[Domain Name]]s. Some outside the United States believe that the United States exerts too much influence over the governance of the Internet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indrus.in/articles/2012/05/29/russia_calls_for_internet_revolution_15867.html |title=Russia calls for internet revolution |publisher=Indrus.in |date=29 May 2012 |accessdate=12 October 2012}}</ref>
-
-===Proposed changes to the treaty and concerns===
-Current proposals look to take into account the prevalence of data communications. Proposals under consideration would establish regulatory oversight by the UN over security, fraud, traffic accounting as well as traffic flow, management of Internet Domain Names and [[IP addresses]], and other aspects of the Internet that are currently governed either by community-based approaches such as [[Regional Internet Registries]], [http://www.icann.org ICANN], or largely national regulatory frameworks.<ref>Internet Society. [http://www.internetsociety.org/itr International Telecommunication Regulations]</ref> The move by the ITU and some countries has alarmed many within the United States and within the Internet community.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mcdowell |first=Robert M. |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204792404577229074023195322 |title=Robert McDowell:The U.N. Threat to Internet Freedom |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=21 February 2012 |accessdate=12 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=L. Gordon Crovitz |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303822204577470532859210296 |title=Crovitz: The U.N.'s Internet Power Grab |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=17 June 2012 |accessdate=12 October 2012}}</ref> Indeed, some European telecommunication services have proposed a so-called "sender pays" model that would require sources of Internet traffic to pay destinations, similar to the way funds are transferred between countries using the telephone.<ref>{{cite web|last=McCullagh |first=Declan |url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-1009_3-57449375-83/u.n-could-tax-u.s.-based-web-sites-leaked-docs-show/ |title=CNET:U.N. could tax U.S.-based Web sites, leaked docs show |publisher=CNET |date=7 June 2012 |accessdate=12 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Trivedi|first=Shamik|title=FOR APPLE AND GOOGLE, IS AN UNAVOIDABLE U.N. 'TAX' COMING?|newspaper=Tax Notes Today – 2012 TNT 126-5|date=28 June 2012}}</ref>
-
-The WCIT-12 activity has been attacked by [[Google]], which has characterized it as a threat to the "...free and open internet."<ref name="google-no-likey">{{cite news
-| url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-20429625
-| title = Google attacks UN net conference
-| publisher = BBC News
-| date = 21 November 2012
-| accessdate = 21 November 2012
-}}</ref>
-
-On 22 November 2012, the [[European Parliament]] passed a resolution urging member states to prevent ITU WCIT-12 activity that would "negatively impact the internet, its architecture, operations, content and security, business relations, internet governance and the free flow of information online".<ref name="eu-no-likey">{{cite news
-| url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-20445637
-| title = European Parliament warns against UN internet control
-| publisher = BBC News
-| date = 22 November 2012
-| accessdate = 23 November 2012
-}}</ref> The resolution asserted that "the ITU [...] is not the appropriate body to assert regulatory authority over the internet".<ref>{{cite web
-| url = http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=MOTION&reference=B7-2012-0499&format=XML&language=EN
-| title = European Parliament resolution on the forthcoming World Conference on International Telecommunications (WCIT-12) of the International Telecommunication Union, and the possible expansion of the scope of international telecommunication regulations
-| date = 22 November 2012
-| accessdate = 23 November 2012
-}}</ref>
-
-On 5 December 2012, the lower chamber of the [[United States Congress]] passed a resolution opposing U.N. governance of the Internet by a rare unanimous 397–0 vote. The resolution warned that "... proposals have been put forward for consideration at the [WCIT-12] that would fundamentally alter the governance and operation of the Internet ... [and] would attempt to justify increased government control over the Internet ...", and stated that the policy of the United States is "... to promote a global Internet free from government control and preserve and advance the successful [[Multistakeholder Model]] that governs the Internet today." The same resolution had previously been passed unanimously by the upper chamber of the Congress in September.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://thehill.com/blogs/floor-action/house/271153-house-approves-resolution-to-keep-internet-control-out-of-un-hands|title=House approves resolution to keep Internet control out of UN hands|publisher=The Hill|date=5 December 2012}}</ref>
-
-On 14 December 2012, an amended version of the [http://www.itu.int/en/wcit-12/Documents/final-acts-wcit-12.pdf Regulations] was signed by 89 of the 152 countries. Countries that did not sign included the United States, Japan, Canada, Germany, New Zealand, India and the United Kingdom. The Head of the U.S. Delegation, Terry Kramer, said "We cannot support a treaty that is not supportive of the multistakeholder model of Internet governance".
-<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/14/technology/14iht-treaty14.html?pagewanted=1&_r=0|title=U.S. Rejects Telecommunications Treaty|work=The New York Times|date=14 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nn20121216a7.html|title=Japan, West snub rules for Net curbs|work=Japan Times|date=16 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.itu.int/osg/wcit-12/highlights/signatories.html|title=WCIT-12 Final Acts Signatories|publisher=International Telecommunication Union|accessdate=16 December 2012}}</ref> The disagreement appeared to be over some language in the revised ITRs referring to ITU roles in addressing unsolicited bulk communications, network security, and a resolution on Internet governance that called for government participation in Internet topics at various ITU forums.<ref>Siy, Sherwin. (14 December 2012) [http://publicknowledge.org/blog/results-wcit On the Results at the WCIT]. Public Knowledge. Retrieved on 28 April 2014.</ref> Despite the significant number countries not signing, the ITU organisation came out with a press release: ''"[http://www.dubaichronicle.com/2012/12/14/new-global-telecoms-treaty-agreed-in-dubai/ New global telecoms treaty agreed in Dubai]". ''
-
-===WCIT-12 conference participation===
-The conference itself was managed by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). While certain parts of civil society and industry were able to advise and observe, active participation was restricted to member [[Nation-state|states]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/net/about/basic-texts/convention/chapteri.aspx#3 |title=Convention of the ITU |publisher=Itu.int |accessdate=12 October 2012}}</ref> The [[Electronic Frontier Foundation]] expressed concern at this, calling for a more transparent multi-stakeholder process.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2012/05/eff-joins-coalition-denouncing-secretive-wcit-planning-process |title=EFF Joins Coalition Denouncing Secretive WCIT Planning Process |publisher=Eff.org |date=17 May 2012 |accessdate=12 October 2012}}</ref> Some leaked contributions can be found on the [http://wcitleaks.org/ wcitleaks.org] web site. [[Google]]-affiliated researchers have suggested that the ITU should completely reform its processes to align itself with the openness and participation of other multistakeholder organizations concerned with the Internet.<ref>{{cite web|ssrn=2077095 |title=Ryan/Glick: The ITU Treaty Negotiations: A Call for Openness and Participation |publisher=Ssrn.com |accessdate=12 October 2012}}</ref>
-
-==See also==
-[[File:Union Internationale des Télécommunications, Genève.jpg|thumb|International Telecommunications Union, Geneva]]
-* [[Federal Communications Commission (FCC)]]
-* [[Internet Engineering Task Force]]
-* [[Internet Governance Forum]]
-* [[ICANN]]
-* [[American Registry for Internet Numbers]] (ARIN)
-* [[RIPE]]
-* [[AfriNIC]]
-* [[Latin America and Caribbean Network Information Centre]] (LACNIC)
-* [[Internet Society]]
-* [[International Amateur Radio Union]]
-* [[H.331]]
-* [[ITU-R|ITU Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R)]]
-* [[ITU-D|ITU Telecommunication Development Sector (ITU-D)]]
-* [[ITU-T|ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T)]]
-* [[:Category:ITU-R recommendations|ITU-R Recommendations]]
-* [[:Category:ITU-T recommendations|ITU-T Recommendations]]
-* [[X.509]]
-* [[World Information Society Day]]
-* [[Working Group on Internet Governance]] (WGIG)
-* [[Child Online Protection]] (COP)
-
-==References==
-{{Reflist|30em}}
-
-{{United Nations}}
-{{International broadcasting organizations}}
-{{Telecommunications}}
-{{Amateur radio topics}}
-
-{{Authority control}}
-
-<small><!-- Please respect alphabetical order --></small>
-
+<br />
[[Category:International Telecommunication Union| ]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1865]]
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0 => '{{Use British English Oxford spelling|date=March 2019}}{{Redirect|ITU}}',
1 => '{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}',
2 => '{{Short description|Specialised agency of the United Nations}}',
3 => false,
4 => '{{Infobox United Nations',
5 => '| name = International Telecommunication Union',
6 => '| image = International Telecommunication Union Logo.svg',
7 => '| image size = 150px',
8 => '| caption = ',
9 => '| type = [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|United Nations specialised agency]]',
10 => '| acronyms = ITU',
11 => '| head = Secretary-General <br> {{flagdeco|China}} [[Houlin Zhao]]',
12 => '| status = Active',
13 => '| established = {{start date and age|1865|05|17|df=yes}}',
14 => '| headquarters = [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]]',
15 => '| website = [https://www.itu.int/en/Pages/default.aspx www.itu.int]',
16 => '| parent = [[United Nations Economic and Social Council]]',
17 => '| subsidiaries = ',
18 => '| footnotes = {{portal-inline|United Nations|size=tiny}}',
19 => '}}',
20 => false,
21 => '{{Antennas|safety/regulation}}',
22 => '[[File:ITU monument, Bern.jpg|thumb|ITU Monument in [[Bern]], [[Switzerland]]]]',
23 => false,
24 => 'The '''International Telecommunication Union''' ('''ITU'''; {{lang-fr|links=no|Union Internationale des Télécommunications}} ('''UIT''')), originally the '''International Telegraph Union''' ({{lang-fr|links=no|Union Télégraphique Internationale}}), is a [[list of specialized agencies of the United Nations|specialized agency]] of the [[United Nations]] (UN) that is responsible for issues that concern [[information and communications technology|information and communication technologies]].<ref>[http://www.itu.int/ International Telecommunication Union]</ref> It is the oldest among all the 15 specialised agencies of UN.',
25 => false,
26 => 'The ITU coordinates the shared global use of the [[radio spectrum]], promotes international cooperation in assigning satellite [[orbit]]s, works to improve telecommunication infrastructure in the developing world, and assists in the development and [[Coordination number|coordination]] of worldwide [[technical standard]]s. The ITU is active in areas including broadband Internet, latest-generation wireless technologies, aeronautical and maritime navigation, radio astronomy, satellite-based meteorology, convergence in fixed-mobile phone, Internet access, data, voice, TV broadcasting, and [[next-generation network]]s. The agency also organizes worldwide and regional exhibitions and forums, such as [[ITU Telecom World]], bringing together representatives of government and the telecommunications and ICT industry to exchange ideas, knowledge and technology.',
27 => false,
28 => 'ITU, based in [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]], is a member of the [[United Nations Development Group]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.undg.org/index.cfm?P=13 |title=UNDG Members |publisher=Undg.org |accessdate=15 May 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511144047/http://www.undg.org/index.cfm?P=13 |archivedate=11 May 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and has 12 regional and area offices in the world. ITU has been an intergovernmental [[public–private partnership]] organization since its inception. Its membership includes 193 Member States and around 800 public and private sector companies, and academic institutions as well as international and regional telecommunication entities, known as Sector Members and Associates, which undertake most of the work of each Sector.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.itu.int/en/about/Pages/default.aspx|title=About ITU|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=International Telecommunication Union|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=2018-01-30}}</ref>',
29 => false,
30 => '==History==',
31 => 'ITU was formed in 1865, in [[Paris]], at the International Telegraph Convention; this makes it one of the oldest [[intergovernmental organization]]s in the [[world]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Norman A. Graham|author2=Robert S. Jordan|title=The International Civil Service: Changing Role and Concepts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CdxsBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA105|date=22 October 2013|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-1-4831-4799-4|page=105}}</ref><ref name="Malamud1992"/> The International Radiotelegraph Union was unofficially established at first International Radiotelegraph Convention in 1906. Both were merged into the International Telecommunication Union in 1932.<ref>[https://www.icao.int/secretariat/PostalHistory/icao_and_the_international_telecommunication_union.htm ICAO and the International Telecommunication Union] - ICAO official website</ref> ITU became a [[United Nations]] specialized agency in 1947.<ref name="Malamud1992">{{cite book|author=Carl Malamud|title=Exploring the Internet: A Technical Travelogue|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YDnbAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA384|year=1992|publisher=Carl Malamud|isbn=978-0-13-296898-0|page=384}}</ref>',
32 => false,
33 => '==ITU sectors==',
34 => 'The ITU comprises three sectors, each managing a different aspect of the matters handled by the Union, as well as ITU Telecom.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.itu.int/en/membership/Pages/sector-members.aspx | title=Sector Members, Associates and Academia | publisher=ITU | accessdate=15 May 2014}}</ref> The sectors were created during the restructuring of ITU at its 1992 Plenipotentiary Conference.<ref name="DIN1998">{{cite book|title=An Introduction to Standards and Standardisation|author=Deutsches Institut für Normung|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NkPFu5vrjnoC&pg=PA266|year=1998|publisher=Beuth Verlag|isbn=9783410141495|page=266|accessdate=15 May 2014}}</ref>',
35 => ';Radio communication ([[ITU-R]]): Established in 1927 as the International Radio Consultative Committee or '''CCIR''' (from its French name "Comité consultatif international pour la radio"), this sector manages the international radio-frequency spectrum and satellite orbit resources. In 1992, the CCIR became the ITU-R.',
36 => ';Standardisation ([[ITU-T]]): Standardisation was the original purpose of ITU since its inception. Established in 1956 as the International Telephone and Telegraph Consultative Committee or '''CCITT''' (from its French name "Comité consultatif international téléphonique et télégraphique"), this sector standardizes global telecommunications (except for radio).<ref name="DIN1998"/> In 1993, the CCITT became the ITU-T.',
37 => ';Development ([[ITU-D]]): Established in 1992, this sector helps spread equitable, sustainable and affordable access to information and communication technologies (ICT).',
38 => ';'''ITU Telecom''': ITU Telecom organizes major events for the world's ICT community.',
39 => false,
40 => 'A permanent '''General Secretariat''', headed by the Secretary General, manages the day-to-day work of the Union and its sectors.',
41 => false,
42 => '==Legal framework of ITU==',
43 => '[[File:International_Telecommunication_Union_11c_1965_issue_U.S._stamp.jpg|right|thumb|International Telecommunication Union – 100th anniversary. U.S. stamp, 1965.]]',
44 => '[[File:1990 CPA 6190.jpg|thumb|International Telecommunication Union – anniversary 125 years. Post of USSR, 1990.]]',
45 => '[[File:1977, Libya Postage Stamp.jpg|thumb|International Telecommunications Union, 1977 Postage Stamp from Libya]]',
46 => '[[File:Stamps of Azerbaijan, 2015-1223.jpg|thumb|International Telecommunication Union – anniversary 150 years. Post of [[Azerbaijan]], 2015.]]',
47 => false,
48 => 'The basic texts of the ITU<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/net/about/basic-texts/index.aspx |title=Basic texts of the International Telecommunication Union |publisher=Itu.int |accessdate=15 May 2012}}</ref> are adopted by the ITU Plenipotentiary Conference.<ref>{{cite web|author=PP10contributions |url=http://www.itu.int/plenipotentiary/2010/index.html |title=2010 Plenipotentiary Conference |publisher=Itu.int |accessdate=15 May 2012}}</ref> The founding document of the ITU was the 1865 International Telegraph Convention, which has since been amended several times and is now entitled the "Constitution and Convention of the International Telecommunication Union". In addition to the Constitution and Convention, the consolidated basic texts include the Optional Protocol on the settlement of disputes, the Decisions, Resolutions and Recommendations in force, as well as the General Rules of Conferences, Assemblies and Meetings of the Union.{{citation needed|date=December 2012}}',
49 => false,
50 => '==Leadership==',
51 => 'The ITU is headed by a Secretary-General, a Deputy Secretary General and the three directors of the Bureaux, who are elected to a four-year terms by the member states at the ITU Plenipotentiary Conference.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.pt/books?id=-egDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT90&lpg=PT90&dq=The+ITU+is+headed+by+a+Secretary-General,+who+is+elected+to+a+four-year+term+by+the+member+states+at+the+ITU+Plenipotentiary+Conference&source=bl&ots=td3YuOiSAH&sig=rL9QTope4i5HS9KmqUcVXoBl_mY&hl=pt-PT&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiP-YW_2eLRAhVhrVQKHcYfC-8Q6AEIQDAD#v=onepage&q=The%20ITU%20is%20headed%20by%20a%20Secretary-General,%20who%20is%20elected%20to%20a%20four-year%20term%20by%20the%20member%20states%20at%20the%20ITU%20Plenipotentiary%20Conference&f=false|title=Pratiyogita Darpan|last=Darpan|first=Pratiyogita|date=2017-01-27|publisher=Pratiyogita Darpan|language=en}}</ref> ',
52 => false,
53 => 'On 23 October 2014 [[Houlin Zhao]] was elected 19th Secretary-General of the ITU at the Plenipotentiary Conference in [[Busan]], [[Republic of Korea]]. His four-year mandate started on 1 January 2015, and he was formally inaugurated on 15 January 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/en/newsroom/Pages/2015inauguration.aspx|title=ITU Management team inauguration on 15 January 2015|accessdate=25 March 2015}}</ref> Houlin Zhao was reelected at the 2018 Plenipotentiary Conference in [[Dubai]].',
54 => false,
55 => '==Directors and Secretaries-General of ITU==',
56 => false,
57 => '{| class="wikitable" cellspacing="2" style="width:50%;"',
58 => '|- valign=top',
59 => '! colspan="4" | '''Directors of ITU'''',
60 => '|-',
61 => '!'''Name'''',
62 => '!'''Beginning of term'''',
63 => '!'''End of term'''',
64 => '!'''Country'''',
65 => '|-',
66 => '|[[Louis Curchod]]',
67 => '|1 January 1869',
68 => '|24 May 1872',
69 => '|Switzerland',
70 => '|-',
71 => '|[[Karl Lendi]]',
72 => '|24 May 1872',
73 => '|12 January 1873',
74 => '|Switzerland',
75 => '|-',
76 => '|[[Louis Curchod]]',
77 => '|23 February 1873',
78 => '|18 October 1889',
79 => '|Switzerland',
80 => '|-',
81 => '|[[August Frey]]',
82 => '|25 February 1890',
83 => '|28 June 1890',
84 => '|Switzerland',
85 => '|-',
86 => '|[[Timotheus Rothen]]',
87 => '|25 November 1890',
88 => '|11 February 1897',
89 => '|Switzerland',
90 => '|-',
91 => '|[[Emil Frey]]',
92 => '|11 March 1897',
93 => '|1 August 1921',
94 => '|Switzerland',
95 => '|-',
96 => '|[[Henri Étienne (International Telegraph Union)|Henri Étienne]]',
97 => '|2 August 1921',
98 => '|16 December 1927',
99 => '|Switzerland',
100 => '|-',
101 => '|[[Joseph Raber]]',
102 => '|1 February 1928',
103 => '|30 October 1934',
104 => '|Switzerland',
105 => '|-',
106 => '|[[Franz von Ernst]]',
107 => '|1 January 1935',
108 => '|31 December 1949',
109 => '|Switzerland',
110 => '|- valign=top',
111 => '! colspan="4" | '''Secretaries general'''',
112 => '|-',
113 => '|[[Léon Mulatier]]',
114 => '|1 January 1950',
115 => '|31 December 1953',
116 => '|France',
117 => '|-',
118 => '|[[Marco Aurelio Andrada]]',
119 => '|1 January 1954',
120 => '|18 June 1958',
121 => '|Argentina',
122 => '|-',
123 => '|[[Gerald C. Gross]]',
124 => '|1 January 1960',
125 => '|29 October 1965',
126 => '|United States',
127 => '|-',
128 => '| [[Manohar Balaji Sarwate]]',
129 => '|30 October 1965',
130 => '|19 February 1967',
131 => '|India',
132 => '|-',
133 => '| [[Mohamed Ezzedine Mili]]',
134 => '|20 February 1967',
135 => '|31 December 1982',
136 => '|Tunisia',
137 => '|-',
138 => '|[[Richard E. Butler]]',
139 => '|1 January 1983',
140 => '|31 October 1989',
141 => '|Australia',
142 => '|-',
143 => '|[[Pekka Tarjanne]]',
144 => '|1 November 1989',
145 => '|31 January 1999',
146 => '|Finland',
147 => '|-',
148 => '|[[Yoshio Utsumi]]',
149 => '|1 February 1999',
150 => '|31 December 2006',
151 => '|Japan',
152 => '|-',
153 => '|[[Hamadoun Touré]]',
154 => '|1 January 2007',
155 => '|31 December 2014',
156 => '|Mali',
157 => '|-',
158 => '|[[Houlin Zhao]]',
159 => '|1 January 2015',
160 => '|present',
161 => '|China',
162 => '|}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.itu.int/en/history/Pages/SeniorOfficials.aspx|title=Past and Present Senior Officials|website=www.itu.int|language=en-US|access-date=2018-11-05}}</ref>',
163 => false,
164 => '==Membership==',
165 => '[[File:Member states of the International Telecommunication Union.png|thumb|right|upright=1.5|International Telecommunication Union member states]]',
166 => false,
167 => 'Membership of ITU is open to only Member States of the United Nations, which may join the Union as Member States, as well as to private organizations like carriers, equipment manufacturers, funding bodies, research and development organizations and international and regional telecommunication organizations, which may join ITU as non-voting Sector Members.<ref>{{cite web',
168 => '| url = http://www.itu.int/net/about/basic-texts/constitution/chapteri.aspx',
169 => '| title = Constitution of ITU: Chapter I – Basic Provisions',
170 => '| accessdate = 14 April 2013',
171 => '}}</ref>',
172 => false,
173 => 'There are 193 Member States of the ITU, including all [[List of United Nations member states|UN member states]] except the [[Palau|Republic of Palau]], plus the [[Vatican City]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/online/mm/scripts/mm.list?_search=ITUstates&_languageid=1|title=International Telecommunication Union Member States|accessdate=18 July 2013|publisher=International Telecommunication Union}}</ref> The most recent member state to join the ITU is South Sudan, which became a member on 14 July 2011.<ref>[http://www.itu.int/net/pressoffice/press_releases/2011/25.aspx New Country, New Number – Country code 211 officially assigned to South Sudan] ITU Pressroom, 14 July 2011</ref>',
174 => false,
175 => 'The Republic of China (Taiwan) was blocked from membership<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1084&context=annlsurvey|title=ITU and the Republic of China|last=Lin|first=Chun Hung|date=2004|website=digitalcommons|publisher=Academic Journals of GGU Law|access-date=2 January 2017}}</ref> by the People's Republic of China, but nevertheless received a country code, being listed as "Taiwan, China".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/oth/T02020000EB/en |title=ITU-T : International Numbering Resources : National Numbering Plans : China, Taiwan |publisher=Itu.int |date=26 January 2007 |accessdate=15 May 2012}}</ref> [[United Nations General Assembly observers#Palestine|Palestine]] was admitted as an observer in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.itu.int/osg/blog/2010/10/20/UpdatedResolutionsStatusOfPalestineAndAssistanceSupportForRebuildingItsTelecomsNetworks.aspx |title=Palestine ITU status |publisher=Itu.int |date=20 October 2010 |accessdate=15 May 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607174349/http://www.itu.int/osg/blog/2010/10/20/UpdatedResolutionsStatusOfPalestineAndAssistanceSupportForRebuildingItsTelecomsNetworks.aspx |archivedate=7 June 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>',
176 => false,
177 => '===Regional groupings===',
178 => 'Six Regional Offices and seven Area Offices guarantee a regional presence of ITU:',
179 => 'Regional Office for CSI (in Moscow)',
180 => 'Africa Regional Office in Addis Ababa, with Area Offices in Dakar, Harare and Yaoundé',
181 => 'Arab States Regional Office in Cairo',
182 => 'Asia-Pacific Regional Office in Bangkok, with Area Office in Jakarta',
183 => 'America Regional Office in Brasilia, with Area Offices in Bridgetown, Santiago and Tegucigalpa.',
184 => 'The sixth is a Coordination office for Europe Region Europe at ITU Headquarters.',
185 => false,
186 => 'Other Regional organizations, connected to ITU, are: ',
187 => '*[[Asia-Pacific Telecommunity]] (APT)',
188 => '*Arab Spectrum Management Group (ASMG)',
189 => '*[[African Telecommunications Union]] (ATU)',
190 => '*[[European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations]] (CEPT)',
191 => '*[[Inter-American Telecommunication Commission]] (CITEL)',
192 => '*Regional Commonwealth in the Field of Communications (RCC - representing [[former Soviet republics]])',
193 => false,
194 => '==World Summit on the Information Society==',
195 => '{{Main|World Summit on the Information Society}}',
196 => false,
197 => 'The ITU was one of the UN agencies responsible for convening the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS), along with [[UNESCO]], [[UNCTAD]] and [[UNDP]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/wsis/index.html |title=World Summit on the Information Society |work=itu.int |accessdate=11 October 2012}}</ref> The Summit was held as two conferences in 2003 and 2005 in Geneva and Tunis, respectively, with the aim of bridging the [[digital divide]].',
198 => false,
199 => '==World Conference on International Telecommunications 2012 (WCIT-12)==',
200 => 'In December 2012, the ITU facilitated The World Conference on International Telecommunications 2012 (WCIT-12) in [[Dubai]]. WCIT-12 was a [[treaty]]-level conference to address International Telecommunications Regulations, the international rules for [[telecommunications]], including international [[tariffs]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/en/wcit-12/Pages/default.aspx |title=World Conference on International Telecommunications 2012 |publisher=Itu.int |accessdate=12 October 2012}}</ref> The previous conference to update the Regulations (ITRs) was held in [[Melbourne]] in 1988.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-t/oth/3F/01/T3F010000010001PDFE.pdf |title=International Telecommunication Regulations |format=PDF |accessdate=12 October 2012}}</ref>',
201 => false,
202 => 'In August 2012, ITU called for a public consultation on a draft document ahead of the conference.<ref>{{cite web',
203 => '| url = http://www.computerworlduk.com/news/public-sector/3376454/itu-opens-public-consultation-on-internet-regulation-treaty/',
204 => '| title = ITU opens public consultation on internet regulation treaty',
205 => '| date = 16 August 2012',
206 => '| access-date = 30 November 2012',
207 => '}}</ref> It is claimed the proposal would allow government restriction or blocking of information disseminated via the internet and create a global regime of monitoring internet communications, including the demand that those who send and receive information identify themselves. It would also allow governments to shut down the internet if there is the belief that it may interfere in the internal affairs of other states or that information of a sensitive nature might be shared.<ref name="news-com-au"/>',
208 => false,
209 => 'Telecommunications ministers from 193 countries attended the conference in Dubai.<ref name="news-com-au">{{cite news',
210 => '| url = http://www.news.com.au/technology/united-nations-wants-control-of-web-kill-switch/story-e6frfro0-1226515006898#ixzz2C0P9cUM4',
211 => '| title = United Nations wants control of web kill switch',
212 => '| publisher = news.com.au',
213 => '| date = 12 November 2012',
214 => '| access-date = 30 November 2012}}</ref>',
215 => false,
216 => '===Changes to international telecommunication regulations===',
217 => 'The current regulatory structure was based on voice telecommunications, when the Internet was still in its infancy.<ref>[[Global Internet usage]]</ref> In 1988, telecommunications operated under regulated monopolies in most countries. As the Internet has grown, organizations such as [[ICANN]] have come into existence to manage key resources such as [[Internet address]]es and [[Domain Name]]s. Some outside the United States believe that the United States exerts too much influence over the governance of the Internet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indrus.in/articles/2012/05/29/russia_calls_for_internet_revolution_15867.html |title=Russia calls for internet revolution |publisher=Indrus.in |date=29 May 2012 |accessdate=12 October 2012}}</ref>',
218 => false,
219 => '===Proposed changes to the treaty and concerns===',
220 => 'Current proposals look to take into account the prevalence of data communications. Proposals under consideration would establish regulatory oversight by the UN over security, fraud, traffic accounting as well as traffic flow, management of Internet Domain Names and [[IP addresses]], and other aspects of the Internet that are currently governed either by community-based approaches such as [[Regional Internet Registries]], [http://www.icann.org ICANN], or largely national regulatory frameworks.<ref>Internet Society. [http://www.internetsociety.org/itr International Telecommunication Regulations]</ref> The move by the ITU and some countries has alarmed many within the United States and within the Internet community.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mcdowell |first=Robert M. |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204792404577229074023195322 |title=Robert McDowell:The U.N. Threat to Internet Freedom |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=21 February 2012 |accessdate=12 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=L. Gordon Crovitz |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303822204577470532859210296 |title=Crovitz: The U.N.'s Internet Power Grab |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=17 June 2012 |accessdate=12 October 2012}}</ref> Indeed, some European telecommunication services have proposed a so-called "sender pays" model that would require sources of Internet traffic to pay destinations, similar to the way funds are transferred between countries using the telephone.<ref>{{cite web|last=McCullagh |first=Declan |url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-1009_3-57449375-83/u.n-could-tax-u.s.-based-web-sites-leaked-docs-show/ |title=CNET:U.N. could tax U.S.-based Web sites, leaked docs show |publisher=CNET |date=7 June 2012 |accessdate=12 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Trivedi|first=Shamik|title=FOR APPLE AND GOOGLE, IS AN UNAVOIDABLE U.N. 'TAX' COMING?|newspaper=Tax Notes Today – 2012 TNT 126-5|date=28 June 2012}}</ref>',
221 => false,
222 => 'The WCIT-12 activity has been attacked by [[Google]], which has characterized it as a threat to the "...free and open internet."<ref name="google-no-likey">{{cite news',
223 => '| url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-20429625',
224 => '| title = Google attacks UN net conference',
225 => '| publisher = BBC News',
226 => '| date = 21 November 2012',
227 => '| accessdate = 21 November 2012',
228 => '}}</ref>',
229 => false,
230 => 'On 22 November 2012, the [[European Parliament]] passed a resolution urging member states to prevent ITU WCIT-12 activity that would "negatively impact the internet, its architecture, operations, content and security, business relations, internet governance and the free flow of information online".<ref name="eu-no-likey">{{cite news',
231 => '| url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-20445637',
232 => '| title = European Parliament warns against UN internet control',
233 => '| publisher = BBC News',
234 => '| date = 22 November 2012',
235 => '| accessdate = 23 November 2012',
236 => '}}</ref> The resolution asserted that "the ITU [...] is not the appropriate body to assert regulatory authority over the internet".<ref>{{cite web',
237 => '| url = http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=MOTION&reference=B7-2012-0499&format=XML&language=EN',
238 => '| title = European Parliament resolution on the forthcoming World Conference on International Telecommunications (WCIT-12) of the International Telecommunication Union, and the possible expansion of the scope of international telecommunication regulations',
239 => '| date = 22 November 2012',
240 => '| accessdate = 23 November 2012',
241 => '}}</ref>',
242 => false,
243 => 'On 5 December 2012, the lower chamber of the [[United States Congress]] passed a resolution opposing U.N. governance of the Internet by a rare unanimous 397–0 vote. The resolution warned that "... proposals have been put forward for consideration at the [WCIT-12] that would fundamentally alter the governance and operation of the Internet ... [and] would attempt to justify increased government control over the Internet ...", and stated that the policy of the United States is "... to promote a global Internet free from government control and preserve and advance the successful [[Multistakeholder Model]] that governs the Internet today." The same resolution had previously been passed unanimously by the upper chamber of the Congress in September.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://thehill.com/blogs/floor-action/house/271153-house-approves-resolution-to-keep-internet-control-out-of-un-hands|title=House approves resolution to keep Internet control out of UN hands|publisher=The Hill|date=5 December 2012}}</ref>',
244 => false,
245 => 'On 14 December 2012, an amended version of the [http://www.itu.int/en/wcit-12/Documents/final-acts-wcit-12.pdf Regulations] was signed by 89 of the 152 countries. Countries that did not sign included the United States, Japan, Canada, Germany, New Zealand, India and the United Kingdom. The Head of the U.S. Delegation, Terry Kramer, said "We cannot support a treaty that is not supportive of the multistakeholder model of Internet governance".',
246 => '<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/14/technology/14iht-treaty14.html?pagewanted=1&_r=0|title=U.S. Rejects Telecommunications Treaty|work=The New York Times|date=14 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nn20121216a7.html|title=Japan, West snub rules for Net curbs|work=Japan Times|date=16 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.itu.int/osg/wcit-12/highlights/signatories.html|title=WCIT-12 Final Acts Signatories|publisher=International Telecommunication Union|accessdate=16 December 2012}}</ref> The disagreement appeared to be over some language in the revised ITRs referring to ITU roles in addressing unsolicited bulk communications, network security, and a resolution on Internet governance that called for government participation in Internet topics at various ITU forums.<ref>Siy, Sherwin. (14 December 2012) [http://publicknowledge.org/blog/results-wcit On the Results at the WCIT]. Public Knowledge. Retrieved on 28 April 2014.</ref> Despite the significant number countries not signing, the ITU organisation came out with a press release: ''"[http://www.dubaichronicle.com/2012/12/14/new-global-telecoms-treaty-agreed-in-dubai/ New global telecoms treaty agreed in Dubai]". ''',
247 => false,
248 => '===WCIT-12 conference participation===',
249 => 'The conference itself was managed by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). While certain parts of civil society and industry were able to advise and observe, active participation was restricted to member [[Nation-state|states]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/net/about/basic-texts/convention/chapteri.aspx#3 |title=Convention of the ITU |publisher=Itu.int |accessdate=12 October 2012}}</ref> The [[Electronic Frontier Foundation]] expressed concern at this, calling for a more transparent multi-stakeholder process.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2012/05/eff-joins-coalition-denouncing-secretive-wcit-planning-process |title=EFF Joins Coalition Denouncing Secretive WCIT Planning Process |publisher=Eff.org |date=17 May 2012 |accessdate=12 October 2012}}</ref> Some leaked contributions can be found on the [http://wcitleaks.org/ wcitleaks.org] web site. [[Google]]-affiliated researchers have suggested that the ITU should completely reform its processes to align itself with the openness and participation of other multistakeholder organizations concerned with the Internet.<ref>{{cite web|ssrn=2077095 |title=Ryan/Glick: The ITU Treaty Negotiations: A Call for Openness and Participation |publisher=Ssrn.com |accessdate=12 October 2012}}</ref>',
250 => false,
251 => '==See also==',
252 => '[[File:Union Internationale des Télécommunications, Genève.jpg|thumb|International Telecommunications Union, Geneva]]',
253 => '* [[Federal Communications Commission (FCC)]]',
254 => '* [[Internet Engineering Task Force]]',
255 => '* [[Internet Governance Forum]]',
256 => '* [[ICANN]]',
257 => '* [[American Registry for Internet Numbers]] (ARIN)',
258 => '* [[RIPE]]',
259 => '* [[AfriNIC]]',
260 => '* [[Latin America and Caribbean Network Information Centre]] (LACNIC)',
261 => '* [[Internet Society]]',
262 => '* [[International Amateur Radio Union]]',
263 => '* [[H.331]]',
264 => '* [[ITU-R|ITU Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R)]]',
265 => '* [[ITU-D|ITU Telecommunication Development Sector (ITU-D)]]',
266 => '* [[ITU-T|ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T)]]',
267 => '* [[:Category:ITU-R recommendations|ITU-R Recommendations]]',
268 => '* [[:Category:ITU-T recommendations|ITU-T Recommendations]]',
269 => '* [[X.509]]',
270 => '* [[World Information Society Day]]',
271 => '* [[Working Group on Internet Governance]] (WGIG)',
272 => '* [[Child Online Protection]] (COP)',
273 => false,
274 => '==References==',
275 => '{{Reflist|30em}}',
276 => false,
277 => '{{United Nations}}',
278 => '{{International broadcasting organizations}}',
279 => '{{Telecommunications}}',
280 => '{{Amateur radio topics}}',
281 => false,
282 => '{{Authority control}}',
283 => false,
284 => '<small><!-- Please respect alphabetical order --></small>',
285 => false
] |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node ) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp ) | 1555239961 |