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'{{use dmy dates|date=September 2014}} {{Infobox person | name = Zeev Sternhell | image = Zeev Sternhell in Berlin (2016).jpg | image_size = 225 | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1935|4|10|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Przemyśl]], [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]] | alma_mater = [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]]<br /> [[Paris Institute of Political Studies]] | death_date = | death_place = | occupation = Historian, writer | known_for = Research on the roots of [[fascism]] | spouse = Ziva Sternhell | children = 2 daughters | awards = [[Israel Prize]], 2008 }} '''Zeev Sternhell''' ({{lang-he-n|זאב שטרנהל}}, born 10 April 1935) is a [[Poles|Polish]]-born [[Israel]]i historian, political scientist, commentator on the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]], and writer. He is one of the world's leading experts on [[fascism]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Roger Griffin |title=The Nature of Fascism |publisher=Routledge |year=1993 |isbn=978-0415096614 |page=6}}</ref> Sternhell headed the Department of Political Science at the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]] and writes for ''[[Haaretz]]'' newspaper. ==Biography== Zeev Sternhell was born in [[Przemyśl]], [[Poland]], to an affluent secular Jewish family with [[Zionism|Zionist]] tendencies. His grandfather and father were textile merchants.<ref name=Shavit>{{cite news |author=[[Ari Shavit]] |date=6 March 2008 |title=Amazing grace |url=http://www.haaretz.com/amazing-grace-1.240739 |newspaper=[[Haaretz]] |accessdate=11 September 2014}}</ref> When the [[Soviet Union]] occupied eastern Poland, Soviet troops took over part of his home. His father died of natural causes. A few months after Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union, the family was sent to the ghetto.<ref name=Shavit /> His mother and older sister, Ada, were killed by the Nazis when he was seven years old. An uncle who had a permit to work outside the ghetto smuggled him to [[Lwów]].<ref name=Traubmann>{{cite news |author=Tamara Traubmann |date=8 February 2008 |title=Haaretz's Ze'ev Sternhell wins Israel Prize in political science |url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/haaretz-s-ze-ev-sternhell-wins-israel-prize-in-political-science-1.238934 |newspaper=[[Haaretz]] |accessdate=11 September 2014}}</ref> The uncle found a Polish officer who was willing to help them. Supplied with false [[Master race|Aryan]] papers, Sternhell lived with his aunt, uncle and cousin as a Polish Catholic. After the war, he was baptized, taking the Polish name Zbigniew Orolski.<ref name=Shavit /> He became an [[altar boy]] in the [[Wawel Cathedral|Cathedral of Kraków]]. In 1946, at the age of 11, Sternhell was taken to [[France]] on a [[Red Cross]] children's train, where he lived with an aunt. He learned French and was accepted to a school in [[Avignon]] despite stiff competition.<ref name=Shavit /> In the winter of 1951, at the age of 16, Sternhell immigrated to [[Israel]] under the auspices of [[Youth Aliyah]], and was sent to [[Magdiel (school)|Magdiel boarding school]].<ref name=Traubmann /> In the 1950s, he served as a [[platoon]] commander in the [[Golani Brigade|Golani infantry brigade]], including the [[Suez Crisis|Sinai War]]. He fought as a reservist in the [[Six-Day War]], the [[Yom Kippur War]] and the [[1982 Lebanon War]].<ref name=Shavit /> In 1957–1960, he studied history and [[political science]] at the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]], graduating with a BA [[Latin honors|cum laude]]. In 1969, he was awarded a Ph.D. from the [[Sciences Po|Institut d'études politiques de Paris]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nias.knaw.nl/fellows/year-group-1997-98/sternhell-z |title=Sternhell, Z. |publisher=Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study |accessdate=11 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911203911/http://www.nias.knaw.nl/fellows/year-group-1997-98/sternhell-z |archive-date=11 September 2014 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}</ref> for his thesis on ''The Social and Political Ideas of [[Maurice Barrès]]''. Sternhell lives in [[Jerusalem]] with his wife Ziva, an art historian. They have two daughters. ==Academic career== In 1976, Sternhell became co-editor of ''The Jerusalem Quarterly'', remaining an active contributor until 1990. In 1981, he became a professor of political science at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. In 1989, he was elected to the [[Léon Blum]] Chair of Political Science at the Hebrew University and became a member of the Editorial Board of ''History and Memory''. In 1991, the French government awarded him the title of "Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres" for his outstanding contribution to French culture. In 1996, he was a member of the Editorial Board of the ''[[Journal of Political Ideologies]]''. ==Awards== In 2008, Sternhell was awarded the [[Israel Prize]], for [[Political Science]].<ref name=Traubmann /><ref>{{Cite web| title = Israel Prize Official Site (in Hebrew) – Recipient's C.V. | url = http://cms.education.gov.il/EducationCMS/Units/PrasIsrael/Tashsah/SeevSternhell/CvZeevSternhell.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title = Israel Prize Official Site (in Hebrew) – Judges' Rationale for Grant to Recipient | url = http://cms.education.gov.il/EducationCMS/Units/PrasIsrael/Tashsah/SeevSternhell/NsZeevSternhell.htm}}</ref> Although the award was contested in court in light of his controversial statements (see "Controversies" below), the court decided not to intervene.<ref>{{cite news |author=Editorial |url=http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Editorials/Article.aspx?id=218605&R=R6 |title=Leave the prize winners in peace |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post |date=1 May 2011 |accessdate=11 September 2014}}</ref> ==Research== Zeev Sternhell traces the roots of [[fascism]] to [[revolutionary]] [[far-left]] [[France|French]] movements, adding a branch, called the 'revolutionary right', to the three traditional right-wing families cited by [[René Rémond]] – [[legitimists|legitimism]], [[Orléanist|Orleanism]], and [[Bonapartism]]. The main influences, according to Sternhell were: *''Boulangisme'', a [[Populism|populist]] movement led by [[Georges Boulanger]] who almost succeeded in his attempt at a coup d'état in 1889; *[[anarcho-syndicalism|Revolutionary syndicalism]], pointing out how some [[Italy|Italian]] anarcho-syndicalists, influenced by [[George Sorel]]'s thought, embraced fascism in its early stages; *[[Cercle Proudhon]]'s intellectual influence and the synthesis it would have provoked (the activities of [[Georges Valois]] and [[Edouard Berth]]). His research has sparked criticism, in particular from French scholars who argue that the [[Vichy France|Vichy regime]] (1940–1944) was of a more traditional [[conservatism|conservative]] persuasion, although belonging to the far-right, than it was [[counter-revolutionary]], counter-revolutionary ideas being a main characteristic of fascism. [[René Rémond]] has questioned Sternhell's attribution of 'boulangisme' to the revolutionary right-wing movements. Some scholars say that Sternhell's thesis may shed important light on intellectual influences of fascism, but fascism in itself was not born of a sole [[ideology]] and its sociological make-up and popularity among the working classes must also be taken into account. [[Stanley G. Payne]], for example, remarks in ''A History of Fascism'' that "Zeev Sternhell has conclusively demonstrated that nearly all the ideas found in fascism first appeared in France."<ref>{{cite book |author=[[Stanley G. Payne]] |title=A History of Fascism |year=1995 |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |isbn=978-0299148744 |page=291}}</ref> Fascism developed as a political movement in Italy, however, from where it exercised a prolonged influence on [[Nazism]].{{citation needed|date=February 2014}} Sternhell's identification of [[Spiritualism (religious movement)|Spiritualism]] with fascism has also given rise to debate, in particular his claim that [[Emmanuel Mounier]]'s [[personalism]] movement "shared ideas and political reflexes with Fascism". Sternhell has argued that Mounier's "revolt against individualism and materialism" would have led him to share the ideology of fascism.<ref>See Zeev Sternhell, "Sur le fascisme et sa variante française", in ''[[Le Débat]]'', November 1984, "Emmanuel Mounier et la contestation de la démocratie libérale dans la France des années 30", in ''Revue française de science politique'', December 1984, and also [[John Hellman]]'s book, from which he takes many of his sources, ''Emmanuel Mounier and the New Catholic Left, 1930–1950'', University of Toronto Press, 1981. See also [[Denis de Rougemont]], Mme Mounier et [[Jean-Marie Domenach]] dans ''Le personnalisme d'Emmanuel Mounier hier et demain'', Seuil, Paris, 1985.</ref> ==Political views== Sternhell describes himself as [[liberalism|liberal]].<ref>Daniel Williams, [http://articles.latimes.com/print/1991-07-08/news/mn-1354_1_liberal-values NEWS ANALYSIS : Liberalism on Defensive in Once-Receptive Israel], Los Angeles Times, July 8, 1991</ref> Regarding Zionism, Sternhell said in an interview with ''Haaretz'':<blockquote>I am not only a Zionist, I am a super-Zionist. For me, Zionism was and remains the right of the Jews to control their fate and their future. I consider the right of human beings to be their own masters a natural right. A right of which the Jews were deprived by history and which Zionism restored to them. That is its deep meaning. And as such, it is indeed a tremendous revolution that touches the lives of each of us. I felt that revolution when I immigrated to Israel alone at the age of 16. Only then, when I disembarked at Haifa from the ship Artza, did I stop being an object of others' action and became a subject. Only then did I become a person who is in control of himself and not dependent on others.<ref name=Shavit/> </blockquote> Sternhell is a long-time supporter of the [[Israeli peace camp]] and writes critically in the Israeli press about the Israeli occupation and policy toward the [[Palestinians]]. In ''[[The Founding Myths of Israel]]'' (published in Hebrew in 1995), Sternhell says the main moral justification the Zionists gave for the founding of Israel in 1948 was the Jews' historical right to the land. In the epilogue, he writes:<blockquote>In fact, from the beginning, a sense of urgency gave the first Zionists the profound conviction that the task of reconquering the country had a solid moral basis. The argument of the Jews' historical right to the land was merely a matter of politics and propaganda. In view of the catastrophic situation of the Jews at the beginning of the century, the use of this argument was justified in every way, and it is all the more legitimate because of the threat of death hanging over the Jews. Historical rights were invoked to serve the need of finding a refuge.<ref>{{cite book|author=Z. Sternhell|year=1998|title=The Founding Myths of Israel|isbn=0-691-01694-1|page=338}}</ref></blockquote> Sternhell argues that after the [[Six-Day War]] in 1967, the threat to the Jews had disappeared, which changed the moral basis for retaining conquests: <blockquote>No leader was capable of saying that the conquest of the West Bank lacked the moral basis of the first half of the twentieth century, namely the circumstances of distress on which Israel was founded. A much-persecuted people needed and deserved not only a shelter, but also a state of its own. [...] Whereas the conquests of 1949 were an essential condition for the founding of Israel, the attempt to retain the conquests of 1967 had a strong flavor of imperial expansion.<ref>{{cite book|author=Z. Sternhell|year=1998|title=The Founding Myths of Israel|isbn=0-691-01694-1|page=336}}</ref></blockquote> Sternhell sees Jewish settlement on the West Bank as a wish of religious Zionism and part of labour Zionism, that the more moderate part of labour Zionism was unable to withstand because this wish was in line with deep Zionist convictions. He sees settlement on the West Bank as a danger to "Israel's ability to develop as a free and open society", because it puts nationalistic aims over social and liberal aims.{{cn|date=May 2018}} He says something fundamental changed with the [[Oslo Accords|Oslo agreements]]: "In the history of Zionism the Oslo agreements constitute a turning point, a true revolution. For the first time in its history, the Jewish national movement recognized the equal rights of the Palestinian people to freedom and independence."<ref>{{cite book|author=Z. Sternhell|year=1998|title=The Founding Myths of Israel|isbn=0-691-01694-1|page=339}}</ref> He ends the epilogue with: "The only uncertain factor today is the moral and political price Israeli society will have to pay to overcome the resistance that the hard core of the settlers is bound to show to any just and reasonable solution."<ref>{{cite book|author=Z. Sternhell|year=1998|title=The Founding Myths of Israel|isbn=0-691-01694-1|page=345}}</ref> In a 2014 interview, Sternhell claimed indicators of fascism exist in Israel.<ref>{{cite web|title=Signs of Fascism in Israel Reached New Peak During Gaza Op, Says Renowned Scholar|url=http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-1.610368|website=Ha'aretz|accessdate=16 May 2018}}</ref> ==Controversies== ===Defamation=== Sternhell was taken to court by [[Bertrand de Jouvenel]], in 1983, after Sternhell published his work ''Ni Droite, ni gauche'' (''Neither Right nor Left''). Jouvenel sued Sternhell on nine counts, and Sternhell was subsequently convicted for defamation. In his book, Sternhell accused Jouvenel of having had Fascist sympathies. Convicted on two counts, Sternhell did not however need to retract his remarks from the book.<ref>Robert Wohl. French Fascism, Both Right and Left: Reflections on the Sternhell Controversy. ''The Journal of Modern History'', Vol. 63, No. 1, (1991), pp. 91–98.</ref> ===Controversy with settler movement=== Sternhell won the [[Israel Prize]] in political science in February 2008. His political views provoked a stormy reaction amongst supporters of the settlers' movement. Supporters of Sternhell have said he was repeatedly threatened with violence for his views.<ref name="Haaretz back to days">{{cite news|author=Shahar Ilan|author2=Roni Singer-Heruti|date=25 September 2008|title=Dichter: Prof attack takes us back to days of Rabin assassination|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/dichter-prof-attack-takes-us-back-to-days-of-rabin-assassination-1.254609|newspaper=[[Haaretz]]|accessdate=11 September 2014}}</ref> His opponents tend to claim that Sternhell's writings support terrorism and promote state violence against Jewish settlers in the [[West Bank]].<ref>{{cite news|date=8 February 2008|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/125186|title=Israel Prize to go to Pro-Terror, Pro-Civil War Prof|author=Gil Ronen|publisher=Arutz Sheva|accessdate=11 September 2014}}</ref> ''Haaretz'' writer Nadav Shragai wrote that Sternhell angered right-wing extremists in Israel because, in their view, some of Sternhell's statements "justified the murder of settlers by terrorists and tried to foment civil war." For instance, in a 2001 Hebrew op-ed piece in the Israeli newspaper ''Haaretz'', Sternhell wrote: "Many in Israel, perhaps even the majority of the voters, do not doubt the legitimacy of the armed resistance in the territories themselves. The Palestinians would be wise to concentrate their struggle against the settlements, avoid harming women and children and strictly refrain from firing on Gilo, Nahal Oz or Sderot; it would also be smart to stop planting bombs to the west of the Green Line. By adopting such an approach, the Palestinians would be sketching the profile of a solution that is the only inevitable one: The amended Green Line will be an international border and territory will be handed over to compensate the Palestinians for land that has already been or will be annexed to Israel."<ref>{{cite news|author=Zeev Sternhell|date=11 May 2001|script-title=he:מול ממשלה סהרורית|language=he|trans-title=Against the Government Sleepwalker|url=http://www.haaretz.co.il/misc/1.700439|newspaper=[[Haaretz]]|accessdate=11 September 2014}}</ref><ref name=Shragai>{{cite news|author=Nadav Shragai|authorlink=Nadav Shragai|date=26 September 2008|title=Red flag for the right|url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/red-flag-for-the-right-1.254658|newspaper=[[Haaretz]]|accessdate=11 September 2014}}</ref> He similarly wrote in ''Davar'' in 1988 that "Only those who are prepared to take Ofra with tanks can stop the fascist erosion threatening to drown Israel's democracy."<ref name=Shragai/> ==Attack== On 25 September 2008, Sternhell was the victim of a [[pipe bomb]] attack at his home, and was injured in the leg and hospitalized.<ref name="says_3rd_paragraph_long-time_supporter_of_Peace_Now">{{Cite news|title=Israeli peace advocate attacked|newspaper=The Guardian|accessdate=3 October 2008|author=Rory McCarthy|date=26 September 2008|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/sep/26/israelandthepalestinians.middleeast1 }}</ref> Jerusalem police, who found fliers offering more than 1 million [[shekel]]s (approximately $300,000) to anyone who kills members of [[Peace Now]] at the scene, suspected that he was attacked by right-wing settler extremists for his views. From his hospital bed, Sternhell said that "the very occurrence of the incident goes to illustrate the fragility of Israeli democracy, and the urgent need to defend it with determination and resolve."{{cn|date=May 2018}} "On the personal level", he continued, "if the intent was to terrorize, it has to be very clear that I am not easily intimidated; but the perpetrators tried to hurt not only me, but each and every one of my family members who could have opened the door, and for that there is no absolution and no forgiveness."<ref name="Haaretz back to days"/> After his release from the hospital, he said he would continue to voice his opinions. [[French Foreign Minister]] [[Bernard Kouchner]] condemned the attack, saying "The assault on Professor Sternhell is an assault on values of peace and brotherhood that served as an inspiration to Israel's founding fathers."<ref name="glickman">{{Cite news|last=Glickman|first=Aviad|title=Prof. Sternhell: I'll continue to voice my views|publisher=[[Ynetnews]]|accessdate=16 May 2018|date=26 September 2008|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3602507,00.html}}</ref> When the investigation was launched, right wing settler groups made claims that the bombing had been carried out by ''agents provocateurs''.<ref>{{cite news|date=3 October 2008|title=News in Brief|url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/news-in-brief-1.254900|newspaper=[[Haaretz]]|accessdate=11 September 2014|quote=The Campaign for Saving the People and the Country claims that the bombing, generally believed to have been carried out by right-wing extremists in response to Sternhell's left-wing political activism, was a provocation aimed at turning public opinion against the settlers to make future evacuations easier. 'The timing and nature of the operation leave no room for doubt it was the work of a provocateur', it wrote. (Ofra Edelman)}}</ref> In October 2009, Israel police arrested [[Yaakov Teitel|Jack Teitel]], a Florida-born religious Jew, for the attack on Sternhell. Israel police revealed that Teitel, who apparently acted alone, also admitted to a string of other terrorist attacks and attempted attacks, including murdering a Palestinian taxi driver and a West Bank shepherd in 1997 and an attack on the home of a [[Messianic Judaism|Messianic Jew]] in the city of [[Ariel (city)|Ariel]] in 2008.<ref>{{cite news|date=2 November 2009|title=Israeli Police Arrest West Bank Settler over Palestinian Killings|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/news/israeli-police-arrest-west-bank-settler-over-palestinian-killings-1.764683|newspaper=The Irish Times|accessdate=11 September 2014}}{{subscription required}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author= Amos Harel|author2=Chaim Levinson|date=2 November 2008|title=U.S.-born Jewish terrorist suspected of series of attacks over past 12 years|url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/u-s-born-jewish-terrorist-suspected-of-series-of-attacks-over-past-12-years-1.4973|newspaper=[[Haaretz]]|accessdate=11 September 2014}}</ref> ==Selected bibliography== *"Fascist Ideology", ''Fascism, A Reader's Guide, Analyses, Interpretations, Bibliography'', edited by [[Walter Laqueur]], University of California Press, Berkeley, 1976. pp 315–376. *''Ni droite ni gauche. L'idéologie fasciste en France'', Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 1983; transl. ''Neither Right nor Left: Fascist Ideology in France'', Princeton Univ. Press, 1995 ({{ISBN|0-691-00629-6}}) *''The Birth of Fascist Ideology'', with Mario Sznajder and Maia Asheri, published by Princeton University Press, 1989, 1994 ({{ISBN|0-691-03289-0}}) ({{ISBN|0-691-04486-4}}) *''[[The Founding Myths of Israel]]: Nationalism, Socialism, and the Making of the Jewish State'' Princeton Univ. Press, 1999 ({{ISBN|0-691-00967-8}}; e-book {{ISBN|1-4008-0770-0}}) ([http://student.cs.ucc.ie/cs1064/jabowen/IPSC/php/art.php?aid=243 abstract]) * ''Maurice Barrès et le nationalisme français'' ("Maurice Barrès and French nationalism") – Bruxelles : Editions Complexe, 1985; originally published by A. Colin, 1972. *''La droite révolutionnaire, 1885-1914. Les origines françaises du fascisme'', Paris: Seuil, 1978 and Paris: Gallimard, « Folio Histoire », 1998. *"Paul Déroulède and the origins of modern French nationalism", ''Journal of Contemporary History'', vol. 6, no. 4, 1971, pp.&nbsp;46–70. *"The Roots of Popular Anti-Semitism in the Third Republic", in Frances Malino and [[Bernard Wasserstein]], eds. ''The Jews in Modern France'', Hanover and London: University Press of New England, 1985. *"The political culture of nationalism", in Robert Tombs, ed. ''Nationhood and Nationalism in France, from Boulanger to the Great War, 1889–1918'', London: Harper Collins, 1991. *''Les anti-Lumières: Une tradition du XVIIe siècle à la guerre froide'', Paris: Fayard, 2006 and Paris: Gallimard, « Folio Histoire » (édition revue et augmentée), 2010 ; transl.: ''The Anti-Enlightenment Tradition'', Yale University Press, 2009 ({{ISBN|9780300135541}}) ==See also== *[[J. Salwyn Schapiro]] *[[List of Israel Prize recipients]] ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==External links== {{wikiquote}} *{{cite news |author=Zeev Sternhell |date=12 May 2005 |title='The Anatomy of Fascism': Zeev Sternhell, reply by Adrian Lyttelton |url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2005/may/12/the-anatomy-of-fascism/ |newspaper=[[The New York Review of Books]]}} *{{cite news |author=Nicolas Zomersztajn |title=Entretien avec Zeev Sternhell: Le phénomène fasciste |language=fr |trans-title=Interview with Zeev Sternhell: The fascist phenomenon |work=Regards |location=Brussels |year=2000 |url=http://www.resistances.be/sternhell.html}} *{{cite web |url=http://www2.coloradocollege.edu/Dept/PS/Finley/PS425/reading/Sternhell.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=28 August 2007 |deadurl=unfit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060803051322/http://www2.coloradocollege.edu/Dept/PS/Finley/PS425/reading/Sternhell.html |archivedate=3 August 2006 }} *{{cite news |author=Zeev Sternhell |title=Zionism's secular revolution |date=May 1998 |work=Le Monde diplomatique (English edition) |url=http://mondediplo.com/1998/05/03zion}} *{{cite web |title=Ze'ev Sternhell |publisher=Palestine: Information with Provenance (PIWP database) |url=http://cosmos.ucc.ie/cs1064/jabowen/IPSC/php/authors.php?auid=110}} Select material from Zeev Sternhell – English. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20060108132806/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/1998/378/pal2.htm "New History, Old Ideas"] by [[Edward Said]] on Sternhell, in ''[[Al-Ahram]] Weekly On-line'' 21–27 May 1998 Issue No. 378{{dead link|date=September 2014}} *{{cite web |title=The War of the Israeli Historians |author=Avi Shlaim |authorlink=Avi Shlaim |date=1 December 2003 |url=http://student.cs.ucc.ie/cs1064/jabowen/IPSC/php/art.php?aid=6322}} *{{cite web |title=Zeev Sternhell |url=http://www.denistouret.net/textes/Sternhell.html |publisher=Denis Touret}} Short extracts. *{{cite journal |title=The war against the Enlightenment |journal=European Journal of Political Theory |date=April 2011 |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=277–286 |doi=10.1177/1474885110395482 }}{{subscription required}} Review of Sternhell's book ''The Anti-Enlightenment Tradition'' (Yale, 2010). {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sternhell, Zeev}} [[Category:1935 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Hebrew University of Jerusalem alumni]] [[Category:Hebrew University of Jerusalem faculty]] [[Category:Historians of fascism]] [[Category:Historians of France]] [[Category:Israeli historians]] [[Category:Israeli Jews]] [[Category:Israeli political writers]] [[Category:Israel Prize in political science recipients]] [[Category:Jewish historians]] [[Category:People from Jerusalem]] [[Category:People from Przemyśl]] [[Category:Polish emigrants to Israel]] [[Category:Polish Jews]] [[Category:Sciences Po alumni]] [[Category:Writers on the Middle East]] [[Category:Writers on Zionism]] [[Category:Zionists]]'