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'{{Infobox protected area | name = Nino Konis Santana National Park<br/>Parque Nacional Nino Konis Santana | iucn_category = II | photo = LocationEastTimor.svg | photo_caption = East Timor with the park at the far eastern tip | location = [[East Timor]] | nearest_city = [[Tutuala]] |map_image = Nino Konis Nationalpark.png | coordinates = {{coord|8|27|00|S|127|20|00|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | area = 1,236 km² | established = 2007 | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | governing_body = Department of Protected Areas and National Parks, East Timor }} The '''Nino Konis Santana National Park ''' is [[East Timor]]'s first [[national park]]. The park, established on 3 August 2007, covers {{Convert|1236|km2}}.<ref name=Birdlife>{{Cite news|url=http://www.birdlife.org/news/news/2007/08/timor-leste_np.html|title= East Timor declares first national park|date=3 August 2007|accessdate=22 July 2013|publisher= BirdLife News}}</ref>{{sfn|Miksic|Goh|O'Connor|2011|pp=40-41}} It links [[important bird area]]s such as [[Lore (East Timor)|Lore]], Mount [[Paitchau]], Lake [[Ira Lalaro]], and [[Jaco Island]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Emu: Official Organ of the Australasian Ornithologists' Union|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=29QgAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=23 July 2013|year=2008|publisher=Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union.}}</ref> The park also includes {{Convert|556|km2}} of the [[Coral Triangle]], an underwater area which supposedly contains the world's greatest diversity of both [[coral]] and [[coral reef fish]]. Some of the rare birds protected by this park are the [[critically endangered]] [[yellow-crested cockatoo]], the [[Endemism|endemic]] [[Timor green-pigeon]], the [[endangered]] [[Timor imperial-pigeon]], and the vulnerable [[Timor sparrow]].<ref name=Birdlife/> The park is named in honor of the independence movement national hero [[Nino Konis Santana]], a former commander of [[Fretilin]], who was born in [[Tutuala]], a village within the borders of the national park.<ref name=Birdlife/>{{sfn|Miksic|Goh|O'Connor|2011|pp=40-41}} ==History== Part of the park is park of a park in the park of the first to became a natural conservation reserve during the occupation of the country by [[Indonesia]] in the period from 1975-1999. When the country was under the [[United Nations]] (UN) Control as United Nations Transitional Administration in Timor Leste (UNTEAT), the same area was declared a “protected wild area” (but combined [[Tutuala]] beach and its adjoining forest) in 2000 under Regulation Number 2000/19. The cultural heritage of the five villages and the 15,000 people with their ancient ancestral heritage was made integral to the protected area.{{sfn|Miksic|Goh|O'Connor|2011|pp=40-41}} It was designated as a Category V Landscape/Sea Scape under [[IUCN]], which considers both nature and culture of the area as one unit for conservation and preservation, and which is akin to the criteria of Cultural Landscapes adopted for [[UNESCO World Heritage Sites]].{{sfn|Miksic|Goh|O'Connor|2011|p=41}} Following the independence of the country in 2002, along with the scientific assessment of Important Bird Areas in the country, action to identify and declare the first National Park was also undertaken by [[Bird Life International]] in association with the Department of Environment and Climate Change (DECC), [[New South Wales]], ([[Australia]]) and [[Australian Volunteers International]], with financial assistance provided by Regional Natural Heritage Programme of the [[Australian Government]], Keidanren Nature Conservation Fund ([[Japan]]), and the Darwin Initiative of the [[Government of the United Kingdom]].<ref name=Birdlife/> ==Geography== {{multiple image |direction = vertical |align = right |width = 180 |footer = |image1 = Tutuala F-33.jpg |alt1 = |caption1 = A mountain near Tutuala |image2 = Lake Ira Lalaro floodplain and surrounding area.jpg |alt2 = |caption2 = Lake Ira Lalaro floodplain and surrounding area |image3 = Jaco Island.jpg |alt3 = |caption3 = View of Jaco Island from Valu Beach |image4 = Com Beach.jpg |alt4 = |caption4 = Com Beach }} Located at the eastern tip of the island, the park covers {{Convert|125600|ha}}, It is constituted by a terrestrial area of {{Convert|68000|ha}} constituting lowland, tropical and monsoon forest; and a marine area of {{Convert|55600|ha}}, part of the [[Coral Triangle]].{{Sfn|Sparks|2008|p=239}}{{sfn|Miksic|Goh|O'Connor|2011|pp=40, 43}} The national park also links the [[Important Bird Area]]s of [[Loré Important Bird Area|Loré]], [[Paitchau|Monte Paitchau]], [[Ira Lalaro|Lake Ira Lalaro]] and [[Jaco Island]], identified through biological surveys undertaken by [[BirdLife International]] after the country attained independence in 2002, which cover {{Convert|25000|ha}} of the park.<ref name=Birdlife/><ref>{{cite book|title=Southeast Asia on a Shoestring|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eTuUboxIQTsC&pg=PA1|year=2010|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74220-377-5|page=148}}</ref> There are six villages within the national park, including Com, Tutuala, Méhara and Maupitine, while Malahara is a hamlet. Former settlements include Mua Mimiraka, Lo Chami, and Lori Lata. Walled settlements are found at Tutuala, Lori Lata, Lopomalai, Ili Mimiraka, Mua Mimiraka, and Tutun (Tutunca'u). Lautem District features Lake Iralaloro. Shell midden sites are situated at Kusu Midden and Valu Beach Midden. Oirata Latamoko, situated at Manuméri Hoiku, is considered to be an ancestral landing site for the Koawatea villagers. Of the rock shelters, Léné Ara (or [[Lene Hara cave|Lene Hara]]) contains internationally exceptional heritage value; [[Jerimalai]]'s occupation is dated to more than 40,000 years BP, while Matja Kuru 2 is dated to 32,000 years BP, and Matja Kuru 1 is dated to c. 14,000 BP. The Paichao Range is situated along the south coast. Cape Hero is also known as Tanjung Tei. Jaco Island (or Totina) is seen from Ili Kérékéré cliff.{{sfn|Miksic|Goh|O'Connor|2011|pp=39-64}} The [[Fuiloro Plateau]] is also located with the NP. Moist deciduous lowland forest and [[evergreen forest]] on the hills are the vegetation types in the park, apart from the marshy lands of Lake Ira Lalaro. Primary forests are a notable feature of the flora in the park. Dry deciduous, [[swamp forest]] and coastal strand vegetation are also the floral varieties recorded in the park.<ref name=Life>{{Cite web|url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMDetails.asp&sid=15791&m=0|title= BirdLife IBA Factsheet|accessdate=22 July 2013|publisher=BirdLife International}}</ref> ==Wildlife== ===Flora=== Vegetation types which are part of the common usage of the people are medicinal plants, bamboo, and canoe trees.{{sfn|Miksic|Goh|O'Connor|2011|p=43}} The lake's flood plains have grass vegetation which are used by the villagers of Mehara and Maupitine for grazing their livestock. Wetlands of the flood plains are also used for growing rice and [[tobacco]], and also distilling [[palm liquor]] as part of their living needs.{{sfn|Miksic|Goh|O'Connor|2011|p=45}} ===Fauna=== {{multiple image |direction =vertical |align = left |width = 150 |footer = |image1 = Trimeresurus insularis.jpg |alt1 = |caption1 = ''[[Trimeresurus insularis]]'' snake from Lake Ira Lalaro's floodplain. |image2 = Asian house gecko (Hemidactylus platyurus).jpg |alt2 = |caption2 = [[Flat-tailed house gecko]] from Loré. |image3 = Nembrotha kubaryana.jpg |alt3 = |caption3 = ''[[Nembrotha kubaryana]]'' feeding on [[tunicate]]s }} There are Timor endemic and scientifically undescribed shrews and bat species in the park. More than 20 native bat species have been recorded in the park. There are also a series of described and undescribed giant rats known from sub-fossil deposits, which may now be extinct. Several mammals were introduced from outside the island during late prehistoric and historic times when people had started inhabiting the area. Some of the common species seen in the wild are birds, [[bat]]s, [[murid]]s and most commonly exploited [[northern common cuscus]] (''Phalanger orientalis'') which is reported to have been introduced from [[Papua New Guinea]] about 9,000 years ago.{{sfn|Miksic|Goh|O'Connor|2011|pp=43-45}} The Coral Triangle part of the park is one of the greatest diversity areas for coral and coral reef fish in the world.{{Sfn|Sparks|2008|p=239}} Marine resources which also form the livelihood of the coastal villages of Com and Tutuala are species of [[pelagic fish]], [[shellfish]], [[tutel]] (ipitu), [[meci]] (sea worms) during the season and [[sardines]] (''api moko''). [[Catfish]] and [[bream]] are harvested from Lake Ira Lalaro.{{sfn|Miksic|Goh|O'Connor|2011|p=45}} ====Avifauna==== The terrestrial area of the park has 200 bird species, of which the endangered species are [[Timor green pigeon]] (''Treron psittaceus'') (the cause for the species getting recorded under the [[endangered]] list is the loss of monsoon forest due to deforestation) and the [[yellow-crested cockatoo]] (''Cacatua sulphurea''), a [[critically endangered]] species affected due local captures in Wallacea for regional and global trade.<ref name=Birdlife/>{{sfn|Miksic|Goh|O'Connor|2011|p=43}} About 10 Timor-endemic bird species occur in the park. The globally threatened and globally restricted-range bird species listed by the Bird Life International are the following.<ref name=Life/> {{div col|colwidth=25em}} * [[Dusky cuckoo-dove]] ''Macropygia magna'' * [[Slaty cuckoo-dove]] ''Turacoena modesta'' (NT,RR), * [[Timor green-pigeon]] ''Treron psittaceus'' (EN,RR) * [[Pink-headed imperial-pigeon]] ''Ducula rosacea'' (NT,RR) * [[Yellow-crested cockatoo]] ''Cacatua sulphurea'' (CR) * [[Olive-shouldered parrot]] ''Aprosmictus jonquillaceus'' (RR) * [[Cinnamon-banded kingfisher]] ''Todiramphus australasia'' (RR) * [[Streaky-breasted honeyeater]] ''Meliphaga reticulata'' (RR) * [[Plain friarbird]] ''Philemon inornatus'' (RR) * [[Yellow-eared honeyeater]] ''Lichmera flavicans'' (RR) * [[Red-rumped myzomela]] ''Myzomela vulnerata'' (RR) * [[Plain gerygone]] ''Gerygone inornata'' (RR) * [[Fawn-breasted whistler]] ''Pachycephala orpheus'' (RR) * [[Timor figbird]] ''Sphecotheres viridis'' (RR) * [[Olive-brown oriole]] ''Oriolus melanotis'' (RR) * [[Timor stubtail]] ''Urosphena subulata'' (RR) * [[Spot-breasted white-eye]] ''Heleia muelleri'' (NT,RR) * [[Orange-banded thrush]] ''Zoothera peronii'' (NT,RR) * [[White-bellied bushchat]] ''Saxicola gutturalis'' (NT) * [[Black-banded flycatcher]] ''Ficedula timorensis'' (NT) * [[Timor blue-flycatcher]] ''Cyornis hyacinthinus'' (RR) * [[Red-chested flowerpecker]] ''Dicaeum maugei'' (RR) * [[Flame-breasted sunbird]] ''Nectarinia solaris'' (RR) * [[Tricoloured parrotfinch]] ''Erythrura tricolor'' (RR) {{div col end}} '''Legend''': CR - critically endangered; EN - endangered; NT - near threatened; RR - restricted-range (global range less than 50,000 km2) ==Cultural value== [[File:As casas elevadas da Ponta Leste--3.jpg|thumb|Ioro, Tutuala]] Over 200 cultural sites have been identified within the national park. The settlements in the park are inhabited by [[Fataluku]] people who speak a linguistically-distinct [[Fataluku language|language]] and consider themselves to be ethnically distinct from those who do not speak their language.{{sfn|Miksic|Goh|O'Connor|2011|p=41}} The Fataluku have many ritualistic sites (''lupurasa'') within the park. Nino Konis Santana National Park contains many [[rock art]] sites,{{sfn|Miksic|Goh|O'Connor|2011|p=49}} with paintings on walls of limestone terraces and also in caves, as well as a rock engraving site. Printed sacred cloth with some of the rock art forms is exchanged during marriage ceremonies. These art forms are also seen carved on ''ratu'' houses and on Catholic headstones.{{sfn|Miksic|Goh|O'Connor|2011|pp=53-61}} Many rock shelters and caves with ancestral figures of heritage value have also been recorded in the park, apart from ancient walled and open settlements, [[shell midden]]s, artifacts of pottery made of stone and shells, burial sites, and water sources.{{sfn|Miksic|Goh|O'Connor|2011|pp=53-61}} ==References== {{Reflist|3}} ==Bibliography== {{refbegin}} *{{cite book|first1=John Norman |last1=Miksic|first2=Geok Yian |last2=Goh|first3=Sue |last3=O'Connor|title=Rethinking Cultural Resource Management in Southeast Asia: Preservation, Development, and Neglect|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AJy2GXNxaxQC&pg=PA39|year=2011|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-0-85728-389-4|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|first=Karen Jacobs |last=Sparks|title=Encyclopædia Britannica 2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5wKvMZWcgKYC&pg=PP239|year=2008|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica (India) Pvt. Limited|isbn=978-1-59339-425-7|ref=harv}} {{refend}} [[Category:National parks of East Timor]] [[Category:Protected areas established in 2007]] [[Category:Lautém Municipality]] [[Category:Important Bird Areas of East Timor]]'