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'{{short description|City in Pärnu County, Estonia}} {{redirect|Parnu|the Indian cradle|Ghodiyu}} {{Infobox settlement | subdivision_type = [[Countries of the world|Country]] | subdivision_name = [[Estonia]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Counties of Estonia|County]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Pärnu County]] | timezone = [[Eastern European Time|EET]] | utc_offset = +2 | timezone_DST = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]] | utc_offset_DST = +3 | mapsize = 230px | map_caption = Location of Pärnu in Estonia | pushpin_map = Estonia#Europe | pushpin_relief = 1 | image_skyline = Sunset in Pärnu beach (1).jpg | imagesize = 290 | image_caption = Pärnu beach | official_name = Pärnu | settlement_type = City | other_name = Pärnu linn<br />City of Pärnu | image_flag = Flag of et-Parnu.svg | image_shield = Et-Parnu coa.svg | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = Romek Kosenkranius | established_title = Founded | established_date = 1251 | area_total_km2 = 32.22 | population_total = 39375 | population_footnotes = <ref>[http://pub.stat.ee/px-web.2001/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=PO0240&lang=1 Population by sex, age and place of residence after the 2017 administrative reform, 1 January]. Statistics Estonia.</ref> | population_rank = [[List of cities and towns in Estonia|4th]] | population_as_of = 2018 | population_density_km2 = auto | demographics_type1 = [[Ethnicity]] | demographics1_footnotes = | demographics1_title1 = [[Estonians]] | demographics1_info1 = 83% | demographics1_title2 = [[Russians]] | demographics1_info2 = 12% | demographics1_title3 = other | demographics1_info3 = 5% | elevation_m = 10 | area_code = (+372) 44 | registration_plate = F | coordinates = {{coord|58|23|N|24|30|E|region:EE|display=inline,title}} | website = [http://www.parnu.ee/lang/eng/ www.parnu.ee] }} '''Pärnu''' ({{IPA-et|ˈpærˑnu}}; {{lang-de|Pernau}}) is the fourth largest [[city]] in [[Estonia]]. Located in southwestern Estonia on the coast of [[Pärnu Bay]], an inlet of the [[Gulf of Riga| Gulf of Livonia]] in the [[Baltic Sea]]. It is a popular summer [[Tourism|holiday]] resort with many [[hotel]]s, [[restaurant]]s, and large [[beach]]es. The [[Pärnu River]] flows through the city and drains into the [[Gulf of Riga]]. The city is served by [[Pärnu Airport]]. ==History== [[File:Pernau 1554.jpg|thumb|left|Pärnu in 1554]] Perona ({{lang-de|Alt-Pernau|links=no}}, {{lang-et|Vana-Pärnu|links=no}}) was founded by the bishop of [[Bishopric of Ösel–Wiek|Ösel–Wiek]] ca. 1251, suffered heavily under pressure of the concurrent town, and was finally destroyed ca. 1600. Another town, Embeke (later {{lang-de|Neu-Pernau}}, {{lang-et|Uus-Pärnu}}) was founded by the [[Livonian Order]], who began building an [[Ordensburg]] nearby in 1265. The latter town, then known by the German name of ''Pernau'', was a member of the [[Hanseatic League]] and an important ice-free harbor for [[Livonia]]. The [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] took control of town between 1560–1617; the [[Poland|Poles]] and [[Lithuania]]ns fought the [[Sweden|Swedes]] nearby in 1609. Sweden took control of the town during the 16th-century [[Livonian War]], but it was subsequently taken by the [[Russian Empire]] in the 1710 [[Capitulation of Estonia and Livonia]] and the 1721 [[Treaty of Nystad]], following the [[Great Northern War]]. It belonged to [[Imperial Russia]]n [[Governorate of Livonia]] then. The city is occasionally referred to as ''Pyarnu'', an incorrect reverse-[[transliteration]] from Russian ''Пярну''. The town became part of independent Estonia in 1918 following [[World War I]]. The city was occupied by the Soviet [[Red Army]] along with the rest of Estonia in 1940 during [[World War II]], and its German population left the town. It was then occupied by [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] from 1941 until 1944 before it was reoccupied by the Soviet Union as part of the [[Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic]] from 1944-1991. During the [[Great Northern War]], the [[University of Dorpat]] ([[Tartu]]) was relocated to Pernau from 1699–1710. The university has a branch campus in Pärnu today (1,000 students in the 2004/2005 school year).<ref>[https://www.pc.ut.ee/en University of Tartu Pärnu College]</ref> {{-}} == Geography == === Climate === Pärnu lies within the temperate humid continental climate zone. {{Weather box|location= Pärnu (1981–2010) |metric first=yes |single line=yes |Jan record high C=9.0 |Feb record high C=8.3 |Mar record high C=18.1 |Apr record high C=26.2 |May record high C=31.2 |Jun record high C=32.6 |Jul record high C=33.2 |Aug record high C=31.8 |Sep record high C=28.0 |Oct record high C=22.4 |Nov record high C=12.0 |Dec record high C=10.3 |year record high C=33.2 |Jan high C=−1.1 |Feb high C=−1.6 |Mar high C = 2.4 |Apr high C = 9.6 |May high C = 16.4 |Jun high C = 19.9 |Jul high C = 22.5 |Aug high C = 21.2 |Sep high C = 15.8 |Oct high C = 9.8 |Nov high C = 3.6 |Dec high C = 0.2 |year high C = 9.9 |Jan mean C = -3.5 |Feb mean C = -4.5 |Mar mean C = -1.0 |Apr mean C = 4.8 |May mean C = 11.4 |Jun mean C = 15.2 |Jul mean C = 18.0 |Aug mean C = 16.9 |Sep mean C = 11.9 |Oct mean C = 6.9 |Nov mean C = 1.6 |Dec mean C = -1.9 |year mean C = 6.3 |Jan low C = −5.9 |Feb low C = −7.2 |Mar low C = −4.0 |Apr low C = 1.1 |May low C = 6.6 |Jun low C = 10.8 |Jul low C = 13.7 |Aug low C = 13.0 |Sep low C = 8.5 |Oct low C = 4.2 |Nov low C = −0.5 |Dec low C = −4.4 |year low C = 3.0 |Jan record low C = −32.7 |Feb record low C = −28.5 |Mar record low C = −22.7 |Apr record low C = −10.7 |May record low C = −3.6 |Jun record low C = 1.6 |Jul record low C = 4.0 |Aug record low C = 3.7 |Sep record low C = −3.1 |Oct record low C = −10.3 |Nov record low C = −22.2 |Dec record low C = −24.2 |year record low C = −32.7 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 60 |Feb precipitation mm = 44 |Mar precipitation mm = 44 |Apr precipitation mm = 37 |May precipitation mm = 37 |Jun precipitation mm = 73 |Jul precipitation mm = 79 |Aug precipitation mm = 79 |Sep precipitation mm = 67 |Oct precipitation mm = 83 |Nov precipitation mm = 75 |Dec precipitation mm = 67 |year precipitation mm = 746 |Jan humidity = 88 |Feb humidity = 86 |Mar humidity = 82 |Apr humidity = 75 |May humidity = 70 |Jun humidity = 74 |Jul humidity = 76 |Aug humidity = 79 |Sep humidity = 83 |Oct humidity = 86 |Nov humidity = 89 |Dec humidity = 89 |year humidity = 81 |Jan sun = 35.9 |Feb sun = 67.9 |Mar sun = 130.7 |Apr sun = 198.7 |May sun = 288.9 |Jun sun = 281.3 |Jul sun = 297.4 |Aug sun = 246.9 |Sep sun = 159.7 |Oct sun = 95.5 |Nov sun = 39 |Dec sun = 26.1 |year sun = 1863.6 |source 1 = Estonian Weather Service<ref name=temp> {{cite web | url = http://www.ilmateenistus.ee/kliima/kliimanormid/ohutemperatuur/?lang=en | title = Climate normals-Temperature | publisher = Estonian Weather Service | accessdate = 27 September 2016}}</ref><ref name=precip> {{cite web | url = http://www.ilmateenistus.ee/kliima/kliimanormid/sademed/?lang=en | title = Climate normals-Precipitation | publisher = Estonian Weather Service | accessdate = 27 September 2016}}</ref><ref name=humidity> {{cite web | url = http://www.ilmateenistus.ee/kliima/kliimanormid/ohuniiskus/?lang=en | title = Climate normals-Humidity | publisher = Estonian Weather Service | accessdate = 27 September 2016}}</ref><ref name=sun> {{cite web | url = http://www.ilmateenistus.ee/kliima/kliimanormid/paikesepaiste-kestus/?lang=en | title = Climate normals-Sunshine | publisher = Estonian Weather Service | accessdate = 27 September 2016}}</ref> }} ===Waterbodies=== [[Pärnu jõgi]], [[Sauga (river)|Sauga jõgi]], [[Reiu (river)|Reiu jõgi]], [[Pärnu moat]], [[Pärnu bay]]. ==Demography== {{Wide image|Pärnu kesklinn - Aerial photo of Pärnu in Estonia (2).jpg|600px|Pärnu City Center}} ===Population change=== {| class="wikitable" ! Year || 1881||1897||1922||1934||1959||1970||1979||1989||2000||2011||2012||2017 |- ! Population |12,966||12,898||18,499||20,334||22,367||50,224||54,051||53,885||45,500 ||39,728||40,401||40,700 |} ===Ethnic groups=== {| class="wikitable floatleft" |+ '''Population of Pärnu by ethnicity''' |-bgcolor="#e0e0e0" ! rowspan="2" | Nationality ! colspan="2" | 2000 census ! colspan="2" | 2011 census<ref name="pub.stat.ee">http://pub.stat.ee/px-web.2001/I_Databas/Population_census/PHC2011/01Demographic_and_ethno_cultural_characteristics/04Ethnic_nationality_Languages_Dialects/04Ethnic_nationality_Languages_Dialects.asp</ref> |-bgcolor="#e0e0e0" ! Number ! % ! Number ! % |- | [[Estonians]] | align="right" | 36,112 | align="right" | 79.37 | align="right" | 33,000 | align="right" | 83.07 |- | [[Russians]] | align="right" | 6,951 | align="right" | 15.28 | align="right" | 5,076 | align="right" | 12.78 |- | [[Ukrainians]] | align="right" | 966 | align="right" | 2.12 | align="right" | 671 | align="right" | 1.69 |- | [[Finns]] | align="right" | 331 | align="right" | 0.73 | align="right" | 254 | align="right" | 0.64 |- | [[Belarusians]] | align="right" | 297 | align="right" | 0.65 | align="right" | 179 | align="right" | 0.45 |- | '''Total ! colspan="2" | '''45,500 ! colspan="2" | '''39,728 |} {| class="wikitable floatright" |+ '''Population of Pärnu by first language''' |-bgcolor="#e0e0e0" ! rowspan="2" | Language ! colspan="2" | 2000 census<ref>http://pub.stat.ee/px-web.2001/I_Databas/Population_census/PHC2000/08Ethnic_nationality._Mother_tongue._Command_of_foreign_languages/08Ethnic_nationality._Mother_tongue._Command_of_foreign_languages.asp</ref> ! colspan="2" | 2011 census<ref name="pub.stat.ee"/> |-bgcolor="#e0e0e0" ! Number ! % ! Number ! % |- | [[Estonian language|Estonian]] | align="right" | 35,928 | align="right" | 78.96 | align="right" | 32,762 | align="right" | 82.47 |- | [[Russian language|Russian]] | align="right" | 8,360 | align="right" | 18.37 | align="right" | 6,263 | align="right" | 15.77 |- | [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] | align="right" | 426 | align="right" | 0.94 | align="right" | 245 | align="right" | 0.62 |- | [[Finnish language|Finnish]] | align="right" | 163 | align="right" | 0.36 | align="right" | 129 | align="right" | 0.33 |- | [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] | align="right" | 100 | align="right" | 0.22 | align="right" | 32 | align="right" | 0.08 |- | '''Total ! colspan="2" | '''45,500 ! colspan="2" | '''39,728 |} {{br}} ==Administration== {{Update|section|date=June 2013}} Local administration consists of the town council and the town government. Town council elections take place every four years. The number of councillors depends on the population. The current number of councillors is 33. ==Economy== Today Pärnu is an economically balanced region with a comprehensive range of industries. Foreign investments and new businesses with up-to-date technologies have enhanced job creation and higher competitiveness of the businesses in the world markets. Several enterprises of Pärnu region stand out as the best in Estonia. Significant flows of exports from Pärnu region and South-Estonia pass through the Port of Pärnu which lies at the mouth of the Pärnu River. In recent years, the port has developed into an important regional harbour for south-western and southern Estonia. Pärnu’s fame as a rehabilitation and holiday resort dates back to the middle of the 19th century. The foundation of the first bathing facility in 1838 is considered the birth date of Pärnu resort. Today Pärnu has all desirable qualities of a modern holiday resort – it has spas and rehabilitation centres, hotels, conference and concert venues, golf courses and tennis courts, restaurants and pubs. Long tradition of as a resort has made Pärnu well known in [[Finland]] and other [[Scandinavian countries]]. ==Tourism== [[File:Pärnu mudaravila 2.JPG|thumb|Pärnu mud baths]] Majority of the tourists in Pärnu are [[Finnish people|Finns]], [[Swedes]] and [[Russians]]. In 1837, a tavern near the beach was made into a bathing establishment. The establishment accommodated 5–6 bathrooms that provided hot seawater baths in summer and operated as a sauna in winter. The wooden building was burnt down in the course of [[World War I]]. In 1927, the present stone building of Pärnu Mud Baths was erected at the same site. Since 1996 Pärnu has been known as [https://web.archive.org/web/20080803070050/http://www.victoriahotel.ee/index.php/Parnu.html Estonia's Summer Capital.]<ref>[http://www.suvepealinn.ee/ suvepealinn]</ref><ref>[http://www.visitparnu.ee/en/short-history Short history&nbsp;– VisitPärnu.com]</ref> Starting from 2015 the city of Pärnu hosts the annual [[Weekend Festival]], the largest dance music festival in the [[Nordic countries|Nordic]] and [[Baltic states|Baltic]] region. Stages are headlined by DJs from across the [[electronic dance music]] spectrum, with audiovisual support. Some of the past and upcoming artists to perform include [[Martin Garrix]], [[David Guetta]], [[Avicii]], [[Steve Aoki]], [[The Chainsmokers]], [[Tiësto]], [[Armin van Buuren]], [[Hardwell]], [[Robin Schulz]], [[Afrojack]], [[deadmau5]], [[Knife Party]] and many more. Pärnu is also known for its seawall. According to legend, if a couple holds hands while journeying along the wall and kisses at its endpoint they will stay together forever.<ref>https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/parnu-seawall</ref> {{Wide image|Pärnu banner.jpg|800px|Pärnu beach}} ==Twin towns and sister cities== {{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Estonia}} Pärnu is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.parnu.ee/index.php/en/linnakodanikule/omavalitsus/valissuhted/sopruslinnad/138-sopruslinnad|title=Sõpruslinnad|last=|first=|date=|website=Pärnu linn|language=Estonian|access-date=14 February 2017}}</ref> {|class="wikitable" |- valign="top" | *{{flagicon|LIT}} [[Šiauliai]], Lithuania *{{flagicon|LAT}} [[Jelgava]], Latvia *{{flagicon|NOR}} [[Gran, Norway|Gran]], Norway *{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Helsingborg]], Sweden || *{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Södertälje]], Sweden *{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Oskarshamn]], Sweden<ref name="Oskarshamn twinning">{{cite web|url=http://www.oskarshamn.se/templates/Page.aspx?id=218|title=Internationella frågor och vänorter|accessdate=2013-07-25|last=Lindquist|first=Ted|work=Oskarshamn Municipality|language=Swedish|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812100450/http://oskarshamn.se/templates/Page.aspx?id=218|archivedate=2013-08-12|df=}}</ref> *{{flagicon|FIN}} [[Vaasa]], Finland *{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Helsingør]], Denmark || *{{flagicon|HUN}} [[Siófok]], Hungary *{{flagicon|USA}} [[Ocean City, Maryland]], USA *{{flagicon|USA}} [[Portsmouth, New Hampshire]], USA *{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Sochi]], Russia |} ==Citizens of honour== * 1886 [[Konstantin Possiet]] * 1901 [[Friedrich Fromhold Martens]] * 1934 [[Konstantin Päts]] * 2007 [[Neeme Järvi]] * 2008 [[Valter Ojakäär]] * 2009 [[Jüri Jaanson]]<ref>[http://www.parnu.ee/index.php?id=1720 Pärnu linn: Pärnu aukodanik] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109133132/http://www.parnu.ee/index.php?id=1720 |date=2013-11-09 }}</ref> ==Notable residents== * [[Gustav Fabergé]], jeweller * [[Johann Voldemar Jannsen]], Estonian journalist and poet * [[Tõnis Kasemets]], race-car driver who has competed in [[ChampCar]] and [[International Motor Sports Association|IMSA]] * [[Paul Keres]], chess grandmaster * [[Lydia Koidula]], poet * [[Kaie Kõrb]], prima ballerina * [[Friedrich Martens]], lawyer * [[David Oistrakh]], violinist * [[Rasmus Rändvee]], singer * [[Salme Reek]], actress * [[Georg Wilhelm Richmann]], German physicist * [[David Samoylov]], poet * [[August Sang]], poet * [[Olev Siinmaa]], architect * [[David Shrayer-Petrov]], poet, fiction writer, translator, medical scientist * [[Maxim D. Shrayer]], author and literary scholar * [[Avo Sõmer]], musicologist, music theorist, composer ==References== {{reflist}} [[Maxim D. Shrayer]]. [http://fmwww.bc.edu/SL-V/ShrayerBalticWorldsSept2013.pdf Dunes of Happiness: Fifteen Summers in Estonia]. Baltic Worlds (September 2013). ==External links== {{commons category|Pärnu}} {{Wikivoyage}} * [http://www.visitparnu.com The Official Tourist Information Centre Foundation of Pärnu] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101119075055/http://www.parnu.ee/lang/eng/ City of Parnu: Official website (in English)] * [http://www.nwi.ru/id=6/city_id=11/lang=1/city.cgi Parnu tour overview] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080803070055/http://www.victoriahotel.ee/index.php/Sightseeing.html Sightseeing on Your own] * [http://www.merko.ee/en/projekt/parnu-moat-bank-fortification-and-park-area/ MERKO: 2010–2011 Pärnu moat and park area reconstruction, land reclamation and landscaping], with 6 photos {{Cities of Estonia}} {{Pärnumaa}} {{Hanseatic League}} {{Pärnu landmarks}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Parnu}} [[Category:Pärnu| Parnu]] [[Category:Cities and towns in Estonia]] [[Category:Municipalities of Estonia]] [[Category:Populated places in Pärnu County]] [[Category:Gulf of Riga]] [[Category:Populated coastal places in Estonia]] [[Category:Port cities and towns of the Baltic Sea]] [[Category:Spa towns in Estonia]] [[Category:13th-century establishments in Estonia]] [[Category:Populated places established in the 1250s]] [[Category:1251 establishments in Europe]] [[Category:Kreis Pernau]] [[Category:Members of the Hanseatic League]] [[Category:Port cities and towns in Estonia]]'